11. The Adjective.
The Adjective Modifies or describes a noun or pronoun .
◦Is that a wool sweater?
◦ Just give me five
minutes.
◦Did you lose your
address book?
◦Answers these
questions:
◦What kind?
◦Which?
◦How many?
14. The Adverb
◦The Adverb Modifies or describes a verb, an
adjective, or another adverb.
◦Answers the questions :
◦How? He ran quickly.
When? She left yesterday
Where? We went there. To what degree or how
much? It was too hot!
15. Interrogative Adverbs
Interrogative Adverbs
introduce questions
◦ How? When? Where? How
often? How did you break
your leg? When does your
plane leave? How often do
you run? Where did you put
the mouse trap? Kinds of
Adverbs
16. A Preposition
◦. A preposition introduces a noun or pronoun or a
phrase or clause functioning in the sentence as a
noun.
◦The word or word group that the preposition
introduces is its object. They received a postcard from
Themba telling about his trip to Cape town.
17. N.B
◦ The preposition never stands alone! preposition noun
pronoun object of preposition preposition object can have
more than one object object can have modifiers You can
press those leaves under glass . It happened during the last
examination. Her incoming call from Nina and Sipho brought
good news.
19. CONNECTORS IN ENGLISH GRAMMER
◦ Connectors Connector is something which joins two
words, two phrases, two ideas or two sentences.
◦ Example: “Johannesburg is a very exciting city;
nevertheless it is also very expensive” or “Despite the
fact that Johannesburg is very expensive, it is also
very exciting”
20. Types of connectors
◦There are various types of connectors.
◦We can divide them into:
◦1. Coordinating Conjunctions
◦2. Correlative Conjunctions
◦3. Subordinating Conjunctions
21. Coordinating Conjunctions
◦• They connect words, phrases and clauses.
◦They are usually found in the middle of a sentence
with a comma (,) just before the conjunction, or at the
beginning of the sentence.
25. Subordinating Conjunctions
• They connect a dependent clause and an
independent clause and establish a relationship
between them. They happen at the beginning of a
sentence (with a comma in the middle separating the
clauses) or in the middle of a sentence with no comma.
26.
27. Writing coherent
◦. Subject – Verb Agreement.
◦Rules:
1. S or es adding rules with verb.
◦2. Verb simple form.
◦3. Ing form
◦4. Verb past participle form.
28. Subject – Verb Agreement
◦Rules:
◦S or es adding rules with verb.
◦Verb simple form.
◦Ing form
◦Verb past participle form.
29. Rule for verb form (singular or plural) as
per subject
◦ (a). V α S: A verb always follows a subject.
◦ E.g if a subject is singular, its verb will be a singular and vice
versa.
◦ Themba recites the holy Quran. They eat fish.
◦ Verb Plural/Singular: 1. in case of main verb: It’s a opposition
of noun.
◦ See = plural form of verb. Without s
◦ Sees = singular form of verb. Jointed s
30. Rule for verb form (singular or plural) as
per subject
◦ 2. In case of helping verb:
◦ Singular helping verb:is, was, will, has and does.
◦ Plural helping verb: are, were, shall, have and do.
◦ (b). Easiest Method: NS α 1/V, If noun subject is with s , verb will
without s.
◦ The cat chases a rat.
◦ The cats chase a rat.
◦ The girl has talked to me.
◦ The girls have talked to me.
◦ The car was broken.
31. Rule for verb form (singular or plural) as
per subject
◦ (C). Either/ Neither as a subject in the sentence i.e without or &
nor.
◦ In this case verb always be singular. i.e verb will be sample form
(with s / es)
◦ Example: Neither of them is available to speak right now.
Either of us is capable of doing the job.
◦ (D). In case of Either or/ Neither nor , verb will depend on subject
which is after or/nor(2nd subject).
◦ Example: Either he or his boys do it.
32. Rule for verb form (singular or plural) as per
subject.
◦ NB:
◦ When I is one of the two subjects connected by either
/or or neither/nor, put it second and follow it with the
singular verb am.
33. Rule for verb form (singular or plural) as per
subject
◦ (E). Verb will be a plural if and use a conjunction.
◦ Example: Ali and his boys go home.The ranger and the camper see the
bear.
◦ (F). Or Conjunction , verb will depend on 2nd subject i.e subject after or.
◦ Example: Sipho or Sami does it. Nosipho or his friends do it.
◦ Cats or dog chases a rat. Cat or dogs chase a rat.
34. Rule for verb form (singular or plural) as
per subject.
◦ (g). Along with, as well as , together with etc in this case, verb will depend on
1st subject.
◦ Example : The teacher along with students plays football in the play ground.
◦ (h).Each,everyone, someone, anyone,anybody,somebody follows singular verb
◦ Example:Each of the girls sings well. Every one of the cakes is gone
◦ (i). some or all percent, fraction, part, majority, some, all, none, remainder, and
so in a sentence, the verb can be either singular or plural depending on
whether the subject can be counted or not.
35. Rule for verb form (singular or plural) as
per subject.
◦ Use a singular verb with sums of money or periods of time.
◦ Ten Rands is a high price to pay.
Five years is the maximum sentence for that offense.
◦ (k). The expression the number is followed by a singular verb
while the expression a number is followed by a plural verb.
◦ The number of people we need to hire is thirteen.
A number of people have written in about this subject.
36. Rule for verb form (singular or plural) as
per subject
◦(l). Prepositional phrases do not effect in verb.
◦Example: The boy at the door is my brother.
◦m). Any kind of clause does not effect verb.
◦Example: The car with many riders was speeding
around the curve.
37. Rule for verb form (singular or plural) as
per subject.
38. In case of Group Nouns
◦ (1). Some nouns which name groups can be either singular or plural
depending upon their meaning in individual sentences.
39. (2). Group nouns with s (plural forms /with
an s).
◦ Example
◦ Clubs companies governments families
◦ E.g The Clubs are having a meeting today.
40. Some nouns are regularly plural in form,
but singular in meaning.
◦ Examples
◦ News mumps measles
◦ examples the News looks good today.
◦ Generally measies lasts about two weeks.
41. (3).Another group of plural form nouns
end in –ics.
◦ Examples
◦ Mathematics politics athletics economics
◦ Similarly, it is a more suitable substitute for any of these words than is they
Mathematics is my favorite subject. Politics has made people do strange things
Plural form singular form ‘s’
singular meaning
plural form singular form ‘s’
singular meaning
42. (4).These nouns appear to be plural (end in s),
but generally refer to only one thing and are,
therefore, generally considered singular.
Example
Statistics is offered every year at the university of Johannesburg.
plural form singular form ‘s’ STATISTICS= a single course, one
unit.
singular meaning
The statistics show that the candidate will win
Plural meaning plural form no ‘s’ STATISTICS= individual places information.
43. (5).As subjects, the following indefinite pronouns
ALWAYS take singular verbs. Look at them
closely
◦ Examples
◦ Either anybody somebody everybody nobody each.
Neither anyone someone everyone no one on
Other anything something everything nothing.
Examples
Each sees the value of the course. singular singular ‘s’
Everybody has gone to the movies.
Nothing seems right around this house anymore!
Another is on the way.
44. (6). However, the following indefinite
pronouns ALWAYS take plural verbs.
◦ Both few many several others.
Examples
Many have answer the invitation for Friday evening.
Plural plural no ‘s’
A few are not coming at all.
Plural plural no ‘s’
Several indicate that they will be late.
Plural plural no ‘s’
45. EXCEPTIONS:
A third group of indefinite pronouns takes either a singular or
plural verb depending on the pronoun’s meaning in the
sentence. Look at them closely.
◦ Some any none all most (“SANAM”)
Examples
Some of the debt has been paid off. = some refers to debt. Therefore, some is singular
singular singular and takes a singular verb.
Some of the debts are still outstanding. = here, some refers to debts. Therefore, some is
plural and takes a plural verb.
Plural plural
46. (7). There
◦ There is…
◦ Here is… singular verb “is”
◦ There are…
◦ Here are… plural verb “are”
Examples
Verb subject verb subject
There is a book on the table. There are books on the table.
47. . Verb-ing rules
i. After any form of be verb, ing will add with main verb. E.g I am
reading.
ii. After preposition, ing will with main verb. E.g I often think about
visiting my family.
iii. When two verbs in a sentence , ing will add with 2nd verb. E.g I
given a book to him reading it.
iv. After finish, enjoy, practice, avoid, admit, appreciate, can’t, don’t mind
, ing will add with main verb. E.g I have finished reading the book.
48. Verb simple (Present form)
i. After any modal verb, verb will be simple. E.g. I may
go home.
ii. After infinite To, verb will be simple. E.g. I give him
to read it.
iii.always/never/often/sometimes/usually etc,. E.g. I
usually go to office by rickshaw sometimes I walk.
49. Verb past participle rules
i. Main verb will be past participle after any kind of be verb in
passive sentence. Be verb: am, is, are, was & were. E.g. The
tiger was killed by the hunter.
ii. . Main verb will be PP form after any kind of have.
Example: I have heard the news before you.
I had purchased it .
50. Reference list.
◦ Group, P. (2014). Complete rule of Verb Noun Agreement. Available from slideshare at
https://www.slideshare.net/MdAmzadHossainAmu/noun-verses-verb
◦ Aggarwal, K. (2011). Presentation of english. Available from slideshare at
https://www.slideshare.net/kunnuaggarwal/presentation-of-english-9500207
◦ Choube, A. (2016). Connectors in english grammer. Available from slideshare at
https://www.slideshare.net/AmitChoube2/connectors-in-english-grammer?qid=a93972eb-cca8-
4fd5-90ad-d91012b1906c&v=&b=&from_search=8
◦ Liebo, A. (2006). Grammar Powerpoint. Available from slideshare at
https://www.slideshare.net/lieb0049/grammar-powerpoint-presentation
◦ Pantiuchina, O. (2010). English tenses. Available from slideshare at
https://www.slideshare.net/aoksana/english-tenses-5610444
