In this presentation, the interactions that a rainforest has with the atmosphere are described. The implications of deforestation on these processes are also explored.
Proyecto dinámicas biológicas de los fragmentos de bosques - Thomas LovejoyInstituto Humboldt
The document discusses the threats posed by climate change to tropical forests and biodiversity. It notes that 20% of annual greenhouse gas emissions come from deforestation. The warming climate has led to increased bark beetle outbreaks and range shifts of species. A CO2 target of 450ppm is considered too high and 350ppm is proposed as a safer level. Adaptation and limiting greenhouse gas concentrations through reducing emissions and deforestation are recommended approaches. Restoring ecosystems can help lower atmospheric CO2 levels.
Climate Science Literacy Brochure Final V4 1sbrumber
The document discusses several key principles of climate science:
1. The sun is the primary source of energy for Earth's climate system and drives natural cycles like seasons and ice ages.
2. Climate is regulated by complex interactions among components of the Earth system, including the sun, atmosphere, oceans, ice, land, and life.
3. Climate varies over space and time through both natural and human-influenced processes. Significant climate change can disrupt ecosystems and threaten species.
Photosynthetic rates of Camassia quamash under different burn regimesClaire Cook
1) The study examined the effect of varying burn regimes on the photosynthetic rates of Camassia quamash, a native prairie forb.
2) Productivity of C. quamash, as measured by photosynthetic rates, declined with increasing time since the last burn, with the highest rates found in plots burned in 2013.
3) Soil and foliar nitrogen levels did not significantly vary with burn regime. However, the 2013 burn plot, which had the highest photosynthetic rates, also had the highest percentages of nitrogen in the soil and foliage.
This document contains the answers to various questions about the Earth's atmosphere. It defines the atmosphere as a simplified description of reality designed to show its structure and workings. It lists several factors that influence the atmosphere, including ocean circulation, ice, human activity, and land features. It also lists the main gases that make up the atmosphere. It describes several human impacts such as increased global temperatures from fossil fuel burning and reduced rainfall from deforestation. Finally, it summarizes the strengths of conceptual models of the atmosphere as showing interactions within the system, and limitations such as not fully depicting the nature of interactions and relative importance of different parts.
Fire and Forest Dynamics in Northern Boreal Forestsakfireconsortium
This webinar was presented by Jill Johnston on Oct 28, 2010. For more information about this webinar, visit the Alaska Fire Science Consortium website at http://akfireconsortium.uaf.edu
CANOPY PHOTOSYNTHESIS & FACTOR AFFECTING PHOTOSYNTHESISAbhishek Das
This document discusses factors that affect canopy photosynthesis in plants, including sunlight, leaf architecture, wind, temperature, vapor pressure deficit, leaf nitrogen, water relations, and season. It provides examples of how each factor influences the rate of photosynthesis at the canopy level, such as erect leaves allowing higher photosynthetic rates than horizontal leaves, and soil moisture deficits reducing photosynthesis through effects on stomatal conductance. The document also discusses seasonal variations in canopy photosynthesis and models predictions for how rising CO2, warming temperatures, and other environmental changes may impact future photosynthesis.
Lecture 2 anthropogenic climate change - the current state of knowledge and...polylsgiedx
This document discusses climate change and global warming. It begins by explaining the greenhouse effect and how the Earth's climate system works. It then discusses evidence of a changing climate, such as rising temperatures, melting ice sheets and glaciers, rising sea levels, and increasing carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere. The document addresses skepticism around human-caused climate change and argues that climate science has been thoroughly tested and validated through induction, deduction, and consistency of evidence from multiple independent sources. It outlines how doubt has been deliberately spread by certain groups for political or economic reasons, similar to how the tobacco industry denied the health risks of smoking. In the end, the evidence overwhelmingly shows that human activity such as fossil fuel burning is disrupting the
This document discusses dendrogeomorphology, which is the study of geological evidence contained within tree rings. It provides three examples of studies using dendrogeomorphology to reconstruct past natural hazards:
1) A 1997 Nature study used tree rings to show that an earthquake and tsunami damaged the Cascadia subduction zone along the west coast of North America between 1700-1720.
2) Tree rings were able to converge on the year 1700 to show that earthquake hazards could affect Canada and the northwest U.S.
3) Dendrogeomorphic studies of trees in hazardous locations tend to be short because trees do not live long in such areas.
Proyecto dinámicas biológicas de los fragmentos de bosques - Thomas LovejoyInstituto Humboldt
The document discusses the threats posed by climate change to tropical forests and biodiversity. It notes that 20% of annual greenhouse gas emissions come from deforestation. The warming climate has led to increased bark beetle outbreaks and range shifts of species. A CO2 target of 450ppm is considered too high and 350ppm is proposed as a safer level. Adaptation and limiting greenhouse gas concentrations through reducing emissions and deforestation are recommended approaches. Restoring ecosystems can help lower atmospheric CO2 levels.
Climate Science Literacy Brochure Final V4 1sbrumber
The document discusses several key principles of climate science:
1. The sun is the primary source of energy for Earth's climate system and drives natural cycles like seasons and ice ages.
2. Climate is regulated by complex interactions among components of the Earth system, including the sun, atmosphere, oceans, ice, land, and life.
3. Climate varies over space and time through both natural and human-influenced processes. Significant climate change can disrupt ecosystems and threaten species.
Photosynthetic rates of Camassia quamash under different burn regimesClaire Cook
1) The study examined the effect of varying burn regimes on the photosynthetic rates of Camassia quamash, a native prairie forb.
2) Productivity of C. quamash, as measured by photosynthetic rates, declined with increasing time since the last burn, with the highest rates found in plots burned in 2013.
3) Soil and foliar nitrogen levels did not significantly vary with burn regime. However, the 2013 burn plot, which had the highest photosynthetic rates, also had the highest percentages of nitrogen in the soil and foliage.
This document contains the answers to various questions about the Earth's atmosphere. It defines the atmosphere as a simplified description of reality designed to show its structure and workings. It lists several factors that influence the atmosphere, including ocean circulation, ice, human activity, and land features. It also lists the main gases that make up the atmosphere. It describes several human impacts such as increased global temperatures from fossil fuel burning and reduced rainfall from deforestation. Finally, it summarizes the strengths of conceptual models of the atmosphere as showing interactions within the system, and limitations such as not fully depicting the nature of interactions and relative importance of different parts.
Fire and Forest Dynamics in Northern Boreal Forestsakfireconsortium
This webinar was presented by Jill Johnston on Oct 28, 2010. For more information about this webinar, visit the Alaska Fire Science Consortium website at http://akfireconsortium.uaf.edu
CANOPY PHOTOSYNTHESIS & FACTOR AFFECTING PHOTOSYNTHESISAbhishek Das
This document discusses factors that affect canopy photosynthesis in plants, including sunlight, leaf architecture, wind, temperature, vapor pressure deficit, leaf nitrogen, water relations, and season. It provides examples of how each factor influences the rate of photosynthesis at the canopy level, such as erect leaves allowing higher photosynthetic rates than horizontal leaves, and soil moisture deficits reducing photosynthesis through effects on stomatal conductance. The document also discusses seasonal variations in canopy photosynthesis and models predictions for how rising CO2, warming temperatures, and other environmental changes may impact future photosynthesis.
Lecture 2 anthropogenic climate change - the current state of knowledge and...polylsgiedx
This document discusses climate change and global warming. It begins by explaining the greenhouse effect and how the Earth's climate system works. It then discusses evidence of a changing climate, such as rising temperatures, melting ice sheets and glaciers, rising sea levels, and increasing carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere. The document addresses skepticism around human-caused climate change and argues that climate science has been thoroughly tested and validated through induction, deduction, and consistency of evidence from multiple independent sources. It outlines how doubt has been deliberately spread by certain groups for political or economic reasons, similar to how the tobacco industry denied the health risks of smoking. In the end, the evidence overwhelmingly shows that human activity such as fossil fuel burning is disrupting the
This document discusses dendrogeomorphology, which is the study of geological evidence contained within tree rings. It provides three examples of studies using dendrogeomorphology to reconstruct past natural hazards:
1) A 1997 Nature study used tree rings to show that an earthquake and tsunami damaged the Cascadia subduction zone along the west coast of North America between 1700-1720.
2) Tree rings were able to converge on the year 1700 to show that earthquake hazards could affect Canada and the northwest U.S.
3) Dendrogeomorphic studies of trees in hazardous locations tend to be short because trees do not live long in such areas.
This document discusses tree ring dendroclimatology and how tree ring records can be used to understand past climates. Tree ring growth is influenced by climate factors like temperature and precipitation. Multiple tree ring records from a region can be combined and correlated with observed climate data to develop climate reconstructions spanning centuries. However, tree ring growth can be affected by non-climatic factors as well, and some recent studies have found a divergence or weakening correlation between tree growth and temperatures in some northern sites. Overall, tree ring records are a valuable but imperfect proxy for understanding past climate variability over centuries to millennia when used carefully.
Dendroecology is the study of tree rings to analyze interactions between trees and their environment over time. It provides long-term perspectives on ecosystem processes and dynamics that are difficult to observe directly. Reconstructing forest demography, growth patterns, and disturbance history from tree rings helps understand how climate affects ecosystems. However, tree-ring data have limitations like missing or fragmentary records, and past conditions may differ from present ones.
This document discusses the effects of soil and air temperature on plant growth. It covers several topics:
1. Soil temperature affects plant growth both directly and indirectly, and different crops thrive at different soil temperature ranges. Solar radiation, organic matter decomposition, and microbial activity contribute to soil heating.
2. Canopy architecture and leaf orientation impact photosynthesis by influencing light interception. Temperature, along with other factors, also affects canopy temperature depression.
3. Both high and low air and soil temperatures can inhibit plant growth. Optimal temperatures exist for photosynthesis, root development, and germination for different plant species. Temperature impacts plant metabolic processes and disease susceptibility.
The document discusses several key pieces of evidence that show the climate is changing due to human activity:
1) Satellite data shows that while the sun's energy output has remained stable, the Earth has been warming since 1979.
2) Greenhouse gas levels, especially carbon dioxide, are higher now than at any other time in the last 800,000 years due to human fossil fuel use.
3) Computer models used to study past and present climates indicate that the observed warming is only explained when human greenhouse gas emissions are included.
Carbon footprint refers to the total greenhouse gases produced directly and indirectly by human activities. One's carbon footprint includes emissions from transportation, housing, food consumption, and goods. A carbon footprint calculates all the carbon dioxide and other emissions from an individual or organization's activities.
The greenhouse effect is a natural process that warms the Earth through greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide trapping heat in the atmosphere. However, human activities like burning fossil fuels have increased greenhouse gas levels in the atmosphere, enhancing the greenhouse effect and contributing to global warming.
A habitat is the natural environment where a species lives and meets its needs for food, shelter, and reproduction. Habitats can change over time due to natural events or human activities like
This study mapped the vegetation types in the Jama Coaque Reserve in Ecuador using GPS waypoints collected along trails. Five vegetation types were identified: primary and secondary tropical moist forest, primary and secondary premontane cloud forest, and agroforestry. Vegetation maps showed general patterns of increasing elevation between forest types. The average starting elevation of cloud forest was 518m, agreeing with prior predictions of 525m, except along northern trails where cloud forest began at lower elevations. Future research could use drones to map forest types between trails at the reserve.
This document discusses natural mechanisms that may contribute to climate change, including variations in the sun's energy output, astronomical variations, and changes in the atmosphere's composition. Variations in sunspot activity and the sun's diameter can influence temperatures. Astronomical cycles like the Milankovitch cycles affect climate over long time periods. Volcanic eruptions inject aerosols that can linger for years and cool the Earth. Some evidence links changes in the Earth's magnetic field to past climate variations.
This document discusses evapotranspiration and the Penman-Monteith method for calculating reference evapotranspiration. It states that evapotranspiration depends on solar radiation, temperature, humidity and wind speed, and transpiration also depends on crop characteristics and cultivation practices. Reference evapotranspiration is defined as the evapotranspiration rate from a uniform surface of actively growing vegetation, and is used to study the atmospheric evaporative demand independently of crop factors. The document provides equations and variables for calculating reference evapotranspiration using the Penman-Monteith method.
The freeze-thaw threshold of 0°C is crucial in polar regions. Large changes in physical, biological, and human systems occur when temperature crosses this threshold. Therefore, any climate change that shifts the freeze-thaw line, whether in space or time, will bring about important impacts
Certain atmospheric gases like carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide trap heat from the sun in the lower atmosphere, causing the greenhouse effect. Without this effect, the average temperature on Earth would be much colder and unsuitable for life. The greenhouse effect is enhanced by human activities that release more of these gases such as burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and agriculture. Global warming occurs when too much greenhouse gas builds up in the atmosphere and causes the average temperature to increase, leading to changes in climate patterns and sea levels that threaten ecosystems and societies.
Global warming a geological and thermodynamic new theoryFernando Crocco
The document discusses the greenhouse effect and how human activities have disrupted its natural balance. It states that before the industrial era, the energy received from the sun was equal to the energy released at night, maintaining equilibrium. However, energy from human fossil fuel use and other activities has introduced excess energy that is stored in the earth's systems and atmosphere. This is causing the greenhouse effect to become imbalanced and global warming to occur as the extra heat cannot freely escape into space. The key factors driving climate change are tied to humanity's increasing consumption and release of stored energy.
The document discusses the components of the environment. It is divided into three main sections:
1) The physical component includes abiotic factors like soil, air, water, climate and temperature that determine habitat conditions. It is divided into atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere.
2) The biological component contains all living things that interact with physical factors to form ecosystems. It includes producers, consumers and decomposers.
3) The social component consists of human and animal populations and their social structures and interactions. Humans are social animals that establish laws and policies for societies.
Climate Change and Wilderness - A Scottish PerspectiveforestryCommission
The document discusses the impacts of climate change from a Scottish perspective. It notes that the effects of releasing fossil fuel CO2 into the atmosphere will persist for hundreds of thousands of years. Comparison of modern temperatures with paleoclimate data suggests the planet is currently at its warmest in the past one million years, constituting dangerous climate change. The impacts of climate change are already being observed globally through rising temperatures and sea levels as well as decreasing snowfall.
This document discusses the relationship between solar variation and climatic changes. It introduces that the sun provides the energy that drives Earth's climate and any changes in the sun's output can affect the climate. It then covers topics like how solar variation is measured, records of past solar activity, the relationship between solar activity and historical climate changes like the Little Ice Age, and conclusions that the climate appears to be highly sensitive even to small changes in solar irradiance.
This lecture discusses the basics of climate change including:
1) The key factors that influence Earth's climate system and how human activity has impacted atmospheric composition and global warming.
2) Methods used by climate scientists to study past and present climate trends through direct observation and proxy indicators.
3) The potential future impacts of climate change and ways to respond to rising temperatures and other changes.
The document discusses ecosystems and their components. It explains that ecosystems consist of biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) factors that interact. A change to one component, like removing trees from a forest, impacts other elements. It also defines key terms like organism, species, population, community, biosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere.
Primary productivity and climatic factors affecting rate of plant production.nishakataria10
Productivity refers to the rate at which biomass is generated in an ecosystem. Primary productivity describes the generation of biomass by producers, such as plants, through photosynthesis using sunlight as an energy source. There are two types of primary productivity: gross primary productivity, which is the total amount of biomass produced by producers, and net primary productivity, which is the amount of biomass remaining after producers use some to meet their energy needs through cellular respiration. Secondary productivity then refers to the generation of biomass by heterotrophic consumers as they feed on the organic compounds transferred between trophic levels.
This document provides an overview of biogeochemical cycles and the geologic cycle. It discusses how biogeochemical cycles involve the movement of chemical elements through the biosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere. The six main macronutrients that are essential for life - carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur - form the basis of key biochemical compounds and play important roles in organisms. The geologic cycle encompasses related cycles like the tectonic, hydrologic, and rock cycles that describe the formation and alteration of Earth's crust, water movement, and rock transformations through weathering, sedimentation and metamorphism. Plate tectonics, volcanism, and weathering
This document summarizes the potential impacts of climate change on European forest ecosystems. It finds that forests will need to adapt to changes in both average climate conditions and increased climate variability/extreme weather events. The most significant impacts are expected to include increased drought risk and disturbance from pests, diseases and fires. Effects will vary regionally, with northern and western Europe potentially benefiting from higher temperatures and CO2 levels in the short-term, while southern and eastern Europe are expected to face more severe negative impacts like drought and productivity declines. The adaptive capacity of forests also varies by region and is most limited in Mediterranean areas.
Tropical forests in a changing world: Investigating global change impacts in ...Christine O'Connell
The document summarizes a presentation on the impacts of land use change and climate change on tropical forests in Amazonia and Puerto Rico. In Amazonia, the presentation examines how agricultural expansion and intensification impact carbon storage, energy balance, and habitat. It finds that the location of future agricultural expansion will largely determine impacts on ecosystem services. In Puerto Rico, it analyzes the effects of a severe drought on soil biogeochemistry and greenhouse gas emissions, finding complex impacts varying by topography. The presentation concludes that land use change likely has larger biogeochemical effects than agricultural intensification, and climate impacts on tropical forests will involve nutrient cycle feedbacks.
This document discusses tree ring dendroclimatology and how tree ring records can be used to understand past climates. Tree ring growth is influenced by climate factors like temperature and precipitation. Multiple tree ring records from a region can be combined and correlated with observed climate data to develop climate reconstructions spanning centuries. However, tree ring growth can be affected by non-climatic factors as well, and some recent studies have found a divergence or weakening correlation between tree growth and temperatures in some northern sites. Overall, tree ring records are a valuable but imperfect proxy for understanding past climate variability over centuries to millennia when used carefully.
Dendroecology is the study of tree rings to analyze interactions between trees and their environment over time. It provides long-term perspectives on ecosystem processes and dynamics that are difficult to observe directly. Reconstructing forest demography, growth patterns, and disturbance history from tree rings helps understand how climate affects ecosystems. However, tree-ring data have limitations like missing or fragmentary records, and past conditions may differ from present ones.
This document discusses the effects of soil and air temperature on plant growth. It covers several topics:
1. Soil temperature affects plant growth both directly and indirectly, and different crops thrive at different soil temperature ranges. Solar radiation, organic matter decomposition, and microbial activity contribute to soil heating.
2. Canopy architecture and leaf orientation impact photosynthesis by influencing light interception. Temperature, along with other factors, also affects canopy temperature depression.
3. Both high and low air and soil temperatures can inhibit plant growth. Optimal temperatures exist for photosynthesis, root development, and germination for different plant species. Temperature impacts plant metabolic processes and disease susceptibility.
The document discusses several key pieces of evidence that show the climate is changing due to human activity:
1) Satellite data shows that while the sun's energy output has remained stable, the Earth has been warming since 1979.
2) Greenhouse gas levels, especially carbon dioxide, are higher now than at any other time in the last 800,000 years due to human fossil fuel use.
3) Computer models used to study past and present climates indicate that the observed warming is only explained when human greenhouse gas emissions are included.
Carbon footprint refers to the total greenhouse gases produced directly and indirectly by human activities. One's carbon footprint includes emissions from transportation, housing, food consumption, and goods. A carbon footprint calculates all the carbon dioxide and other emissions from an individual or organization's activities.
The greenhouse effect is a natural process that warms the Earth through greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide trapping heat in the atmosphere. However, human activities like burning fossil fuels have increased greenhouse gas levels in the atmosphere, enhancing the greenhouse effect and contributing to global warming.
A habitat is the natural environment where a species lives and meets its needs for food, shelter, and reproduction. Habitats can change over time due to natural events or human activities like
This study mapped the vegetation types in the Jama Coaque Reserve in Ecuador using GPS waypoints collected along trails. Five vegetation types were identified: primary and secondary tropical moist forest, primary and secondary premontane cloud forest, and agroforestry. Vegetation maps showed general patterns of increasing elevation between forest types. The average starting elevation of cloud forest was 518m, agreeing with prior predictions of 525m, except along northern trails where cloud forest began at lower elevations. Future research could use drones to map forest types between trails at the reserve.
This document discusses natural mechanisms that may contribute to climate change, including variations in the sun's energy output, astronomical variations, and changes in the atmosphere's composition. Variations in sunspot activity and the sun's diameter can influence temperatures. Astronomical cycles like the Milankovitch cycles affect climate over long time periods. Volcanic eruptions inject aerosols that can linger for years and cool the Earth. Some evidence links changes in the Earth's magnetic field to past climate variations.
This document discusses evapotranspiration and the Penman-Monteith method for calculating reference evapotranspiration. It states that evapotranspiration depends on solar radiation, temperature, humidity and wind speed, and transpiration also depends on crop characteristics and cultivation practices. Reference evapotranspiration is defined as the evapotranspiration rate from a uniform surface of actively growing vegetation, and is used to study the atmospheric evaporative demand independently of crop factors. The document provides equations and variables for calculating reference evapotranspiration using the Penman-Monteith method.
The freeze-thaw threshold of 0°C is crucial in polar regions. Large changes in physical, biological, and human systems occur when temperature crosses this threshold. Therefore, any climate change that shifts the freeze-thaw line, whether in space or time, will bring about important impacts
Certain atmospheric gases like carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide trap heat from the sun in the lower atmosphere, causing the greenhouse effect. Without this effect, the average temperature on Earth would be much colder and unsuitable for life. The greenhouse effect is enhanced by human activities that release more of these gases such as burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and agriculture. Global warming occurs when too much greenhouse gas builds up in the atmosphere and causes the average temperature to increase, leading to changes in climate patterns and sea levels that threaten ecosystems and societies.
Global warming a geological and thermodynamic new theoryFernando Crocco
The document discusses the greenhouse effect and how human activities have disrupted its natural balance. It states that before the industrial era, the energy received from the sun was equal to the energy released at night, maintaining equilibrium. However, energy from human fossil fuel use and other activities has introduced excess energy that is stored in the earth's systems and atmosphere. This is causing the greenhouse effect to become imbalanced and global warming to occur as the extra heat cannot freely escape into space. The key factors driving climate change are tied to humanity's increasing consumption and release of stored energy.
The document discusses the components of the environment. It is divided into three main sections:
1) The physical component includes abiotic factors like soil, air, water, climate and temperature that determine habitat conditions. It is divided into atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere.
2) The biological component contains all living things that interact with physical factors to form ecosystems. It includes producers, consumers and decomposers.
3) The social component consists of human and animal populations and their social structures and interactions. Humans are social animals that establish laws and policies for societies.
Climate Change and Wilderness - A Scottish PerspectiveforestryCommission
The document discusses the impacts of climate change from a Scottish perspective. It notes that the effects of releasing fossil fuel CO2 into the atmosphere will persist for hundreds of thousands of years. Comparison of modern temperatures with paleoclimate data suggests the planet is currently at its warmest in the past one million years, constituting dangerous climate change. The impacts of climate change are already being observed globally through rising temperatures and sea levels as well as decreasing snowfall.
This document discusses the relationship between solar variation and climatic changes. It introduces that the sun provides the energy that drives Earth's climate and any changes in the sun's output can affect the climate. It then covers topics like how solar variation is measured, records of past solar activity, the relationship between solar activity and historical climate changes like the Little Ice Age, and conclusions that the climate appears to be highly sensitive even to small changes in solar irradiance.
This lecture discusses the basics of climate change including:
1) The key factors that influence Earth's climate system and how human activity has impacted atmospheric composition and global warming.
2) Methods used by climate scientists to study past and present climate trends through direct observation and proxy indicators.
3) The potential future impacts of climate change and ways to respond to rising temperatures and other changes.
The document discusses ecosystems and their components. It explains that ecosystems consist of biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) factors that interact. A change to one component, like removing trees from a forest, impacts other elements. It also defines key terms like organism, species, population, community, biosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere.
Primary productivity and climatic factors affecting rate of plant production.nishakataria10
Productivity refers to the rate at which biomass is generated in an ecosystem. Primary productivity describes the generation of biomass by producers, such as plants, through photosynthesis using sunlight as an energy source. There are two types of primary productivity: gross primary productivity, which is the total amount of biomass produced by producers, and net primary productivity, which is the amount of biomass remaining after producers use some to meet their energy needs through cellular respiration. Secondary productivity then refers to the generation of biomass by heterotrophic consumers as they feed on the organic compounds transferred between trophic levels.
This document provides an overview of biogeochemical cycles and the geologic cycle. It discusses how biogeochemical cycles involve the movement of chemical elements through the biosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere. The six main macronutrients that are essential for life - carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur - form the basis of key biochemical compounds and play important roles in organisms. The geologic cycle encompasses related cycles like the tectonic, hydrologic, and rock cycles that describe the formation and alteration of Earth's crust, water movement, and rock transformations through weathering, sedimentation and metamorphism. Plate tectonics, volcanism, and weathering
This document summarizes the potential impacts of climate change on European forest ecosystems. It finds that forests will need to adapt to changes in both average climate conditions and increased climate variability/extreme weather events. The most significant impacts are expected to include increased drought risk and disturbance from pests, diseases and fires. Effects will vary regionally, with northern and western Europe potentially benefiting from higher temperatures and CO2 levels in the short-term, while southern and eastern Europe are expected to face more severe negative impacts like drought and productivity declines. The adaptive capacity of forests also varies by region and is most limited in Mediterranean areas.
Tropical forests in a changing world: Investigating global change impacts in ...Christine O'Connell
The document summarizes a presentation on the impacts of land use change and climate change on tropical forests in Amazonia and Puerto Rico. In Amazonia, the presentation examines how agricultural expansion and intensification impact carbon storage, energy balance, and habitat. It finds that the location of future agricultural expansion will largely determine impacts on ecosystem services. In Puerto Rico, it analyzes the effects of a severe drought on soil biogeochemistry and greenhouse gas emissions, finding complex impacts varying by topography. The presentation concludes that land use change likely has larger biogeochemical effects than agricultural intensification, and climate impacts on tropical forests will involve nutrient cycle feedbacks.
This document discusses climates of vegetated surfaces. It covers several topics:
1. Special features of vegetation systems including energy and water storage, photosynthesis, and effects of plant architecture.
2. Properties of leaves such as their radiation budget, energy balance, and role in local climate.
3. Impacts of plant covers and crops including their mass and energy balances and how they influence climate.
4. Similar impacts of orchards and forests which can intercept more precipitation and have radiation budgets affected by canopy structure.
In 3 sentences it summarizes key interactions between vegetation and climate.
Abstract: Now a days climate change is the biggest problem of the human being. It is already happening and represents one of the greatest environmental, social and economic threats facing the planet. The warming of the climate system is unequal, as is now evident from observations of increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice, and rising global mean sea level. Climate change, also called global warming, refers to the rise in average surface temperatures on Earth. An overwhelming scientific consensus maintains that climate change is due primarily to the human use of fossil fuels, which releases carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the air. The gases trap heat within the atmosphere, which can have a range of effects on ecosystems, including rising sea levels, severe weather events, and droughts that render landscapes more susceptible to wildfires. The main causes of climate change are Increase in CO2 concentration, Ozone depletion, Deforestation, Methane and Nitrous oxide emissions from agriculture, Aerosols present in the Atmosphere, Sunspots, Burning of Fossil Fuels and Increase in population. India also affected by climate change. Drougths, extreme heat, changing rainfall patterns, glacier melting, rising sea level and health related issues are faced by India due to climate change. Indian government sets new climate change targets in 2015. The government has pledged to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions intensity — the ratio between a country’s gross emissions to its gross domestic product at a particular point — by 33-35 per cent by 2030. For this, India has to ensure about 40 per cent of its electricity comes from non-fossil fuel sources. The government will launch new, more efficient and cleaner technologies in thermal power generation, reduction of emissions from the transportation sector, promotion of energy efficiency in industry, transportation, buildings and appliances, and reduction of emissions from waste.
Keywords: global warming, Climate change, transportation sector.
Beckel - Leaf physiology response across a disturbance gradient in a temperat...Rick Beckel
This document summarizes a study that examined the photosynthetic efficiency of sapling trees across four common species in a disturbed northern Michigan forest. Light response curves and measurements of apparent quantum yield and maximum photosynthetic rate (Amax) were taken for 117 saplings across a disturbance gradient caused by girdling over 6700 trees. Amax was found to significantly increase over the disturbance gradient for red oak and American beech saplings. This suggests these species have a strong capacity to take advantage of canopy gaps, which may impact future forest composition. The physiological responses observed could help refine parameters in earth systems models regarding forest response to disturbance.
This study found a correlation between increased climate change-driven droughts and widespread declines in tree crown condition, disruptions to food webs, and increased tree mortality across European forests over a 20-year period. The researchers analyzed defoliation and mortality data from forests in the Iberian Peninsula and found significant increases in crown damage and species-wide impacts associated with more frequent and severe droughts linked to climate change. The results support the hypothesis that climate change is causing more prolonged and intense droughts in northern hemisphere forests, threatening forest health, carbon storage abilities, and economic services like recreation and fuel production.
The document summarizes the effects of climate change on different aspects of the biosphere, including land cover, marine life, forests, biodiversity, and humans. It discusses how land cover change affects surface albedo and evaporation. It also describes how ocean acidification impacts marine life by reducing the ability of some species to form shells and skeletons. Forests are threatened by diseases and wildfires fueled by climate change. Climate change endangers Arctic mammals that rely on sea ice. Humans face health risks from heat waves, storms, and changing disease patterns.
The document summarizes the benefits of sports participation for children's development in 3 areas: self-esteem, social skills, and emotional balance. It provides background information on how sports can boost children's self-esteem through developing physical competence. It also discusses how team sports foster social skills by promoting interaction, cooperation, and a sense of belonging. Finally, it notes that physical activity through sports can stabilize moods and reduce anxiety or depression by increasing endorphin production.
The document discusses greenhouse gases and their effect on the environment. It defines greenhouse gases as gases that trap heat in the atmosphere and contribute to global warming. The main greenhouse gases are water vapor, carbon dioxide, and methane. The document discusses how human activities like burning fossil fuels and deforestation have greatly increased greenhouse gas levels since the Industrial Revolution. This intensified greenhouse effect has led to consequences like rising global temperatures, changes in weather patterns, and sea level rise. The document also examines potential solutions to mitigate the greenhouse effect through sectors like industry, transportation, renewable energy, and forestry.
This document discusses the role of tropical peat swamp forests in climate change adaptation and mitigation. It notes that peat swamp forests store large amounts of carbon but releasing greenhouse gases when degraded. Intact forests help maintain ecosystem services and increase landscape resilience to climate impacts. The document advocates for sustainable management of peatland landscapes to balance environmental, climate and development goals through approaches like rewetting degraded lands, restoration and agroforestry systems that don't require drainage.
The document summarizes a study on the effects of rising CO2 concentration on the water use efficiency of Eucalyptus saligna trees. The study used whole tree chambers to expose trees to ambient (390 ppm) and elevated (630 ppm) CO2 levels, with half of each group also subjected to periodic drought. It found that trees exposed to elevated CO2 had much lower water loss but similar carbon uptake levels. This supported the Ball-Berry model that transpiration efficiency increases under elevated CO2 levels due to downregulation of stomatal conductance, with no acclimation of this response to CO2. The implications are that forest growth models may need updating to account for effects of CO2 and
Rainforest biome and its characteristicshafzan roslan
The document discusses the characteristics and importance of rainforests and how climate change impacts tropical forests. It outlines that rainforests have high precipitation, warm climates between the tropics, distinct canopy layers, and high biodiversity. Tropical forests store a large amount of the world's carbon and help regulate climate. Climate change is expected to significantly impact tropical forests through changes in weather patterns, temperature, rainfall and sea level rise. This could damage many tropical forest ecosystems.
This study examines the biophysical controls of transpiration and evaporation in the Amazon Basin using data from six eddy covariance tower sites representing different plant functional types. A radiometric surface temperature-driven model is used to quantify canopy-scale conductance without using empirical leaf-scale parameterizations. The results show that during wet seasons, net radiation is the main driver of transpiration, explaining 75-80% of its variance. However, during dry seasons and drought, biophysical controls increase in importance, explaining 50-65% of transpiration variance and indicating soil moisture is the main driver. Both forests and pastures showed similar coupling between canopy and atmosphere due to decreases in canopy conductance under dry conditions.
Raymond Desjardins - Impacto de la agricultura sobre el cambio climáticoFundación Ramón Areces
Los días 20 y 21 de mayo de 2014, la Fundación Ramón Areces organizó el Simposio Internacional 'Microorganismos beneficiosos para la agricultura y la protección de la biosfera' dentro de su programa de Ciencias de la Vida y de la Materia.
Microclimates are local atmospheric conditions that differ from the surrounding areas, sometimes substantially. They can exist on scales as small as a few square meters in a garden or as large as many square kilometers. Because climate involves spatial and temporal variation, distinct microclimates can form and persist within a larger region. Microclimates are common and can be found in most places.
Climate Change and Forest Management: Adaptation of Geospatial Technologiesrsmahabir
eraction with the environment, has led to increased concerns about the impact of such disruption on major areas of sustainable development. This has resulted in various innovations in technology, policy and forged alliances at regional and international scales in an effort to reduce humans’ impact on climate. Forests provide a suitable option for reducing the net amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere by acting as carbon sinks, thereby forming one part of a more complete solution for combating climate change. At the same time, forests are also sensitive to changes in climate, making sustainable forest management a critical component of present and future climate change strategies. This paper examines the contribution of geospatial technologies in supporting sustainable forest management, emphasizing its use in the classification of forests, estimation of their structure, detecting change and modeling of carbon stocks.
This document discusses the greenhouse effect and global warming. It defines the greenhouse effect as the trapping of the sun's heat by certain gases in the atmosphere like carbon dioxide. These gases allow visible light to pass through but absorb infrared light radiated from the Earth, causing the surface temperature to rise. The major greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and halogen gases. The largest sources of greenhouse gas emissions are fossil fuel burning in power plants, factories, vehicles, and deforestation. The consequences of global warming include rising sea levels, worsening health effects, climate change disruption, and threats to ecosystems, agriculture, and biodiversity. Affluent countries are responsible for the majority of historical greenhouse gas emissions
A tsunami in South Wales? The 1607 flood in the Bristol Channel and Severn Es...Prof Simon Haslett
The flood of 1607 was the worst natural disaster ever recorded in the British Isles. The flood affected most of the South Wales coast from Carmarthenshire in the west to Monmouthshire in the east. On the other side of the Bristol Channel and Severn Estuary, parts of Southwest England were also severely affected stretching from North Devon, through to Somerset and Gloucestershire, which together with South Wales amounts to 570 km of coastline. The coastal population was devastated with at least 2000 fatalities according to one of the contemporary sources. In some parts of the coast the population never recovered from the social and economic disaster. But what caused the flood? This seminar looks at historical documentary and geographical fieldwork evidence collected by Professor Simon Haslett and co-workers in proposing that the 1607 flood may have been due to a tsunami.
Getting Published! Exploring strategies, myths and barriers of academic publi...Prof Simon Haslett
Publications are an important aspect of the work of an academic; remaining the principal vehicle through which research is reported, opinions aired, reviews undertaken, and knowledge transferred, and writing is also a useful learning exercise. For many, it also underpins teaching and curricula, means greater success in research grant applications, and a good publication track record is still seen by many institutions as a key recruitment and promotion criteria. Yet traditionally how to get your work published has not been taught, but learnt through trial and error, mainly from rejection by journal editors. This seminar is aimed at inexperienced academic authors and explores and discusses the issues surrounding the strategy and publication of academic work, and addresses some of the myths and barriers that might discourage would-be authors after the research and writing process is complete.
A geological journey along the south Ceredigion coast.Prof Simon Haslett
This document provides a summary of the geology along the southern coast of Ceredigion, Wales. It describes the different geological time periods represented in the local rock formations, from the Quaternary period to the Ordovician period from over 400 million years ago. It focuses on the Yr Allt Formation from the Ashgill series of the Silurian period, which dates to the Hirnantian global ice age around 445 million years ago. Features of this formation like slumping, ripples marks, and dewatering structures provide evidence of rapid deposition in shallow seas during a period of falling sea levels.
Projection of Wales as an internationally engaged/forward-looking nation.Prof Simon Haslett
Presented at the 'Universities as Global Communities' event at Bangor University on Thursday 13th February 2020. The event was jointly organised by the Learned Society of Wales and Universities Wales, and is part of the 'Wales and the World' series.
This seminar presentation aimed to help academics overcome barriers to publishing their research. It explored motivations for publishing, approaches to writing for publication, and submitting work to publishers. The presenter, who has extensive publishing experience, provided tips on choosing the right journal, preparing manuscripts, common reasons for rejection, and responding to editor and reviewer feedback. The presentation encouraged participants to develop plans and timelines for their own publishing goals.
Flexible Provision: Rising to Challenges in Learning and Teaching - An Inst...Prof Simon Haslett
Presentation by Professor Simon Haslett at the Annual Learning and Teaching Conference 2015 at the University of Wales Trinity Saint David, Carmarthen Campus.
A presentation by Professor Simon Haslett (University of Wales) at the International University of Malaya-Wales (IUMW) on Wednesday 19th February 2014.
This workshop aimed to help participants overcome barriers to publishing their research. It covered motivations for publishing, choosing appropriate journals, writing manuscripts, submitting papers, and responding to reviewer feedback. The facilitator had extensive publishing experience and shared tips on getting started, choosing journals, writing strategies, common reasons for rejection, and responding to editorial decisions. Participants were encouraged to develop plans and timelines for their own publishing goals.
Keynote presentation by Professor Simon Haslett at the University of Wales: Trinity Saint David Research, Innovation, Enterprise & Commercialisation Staff Development Day at the Townhill Campus, Swansea, on Monday 16th December 2013.
Exploring Links between Research and Teaching in Higher EducationProf Simon Haslett
A presentation by Professor Simon Haslett, Associate Pro Vice-Chancellor of the University of Wales. The presentation is part of the HEA Research Seminar/Webinar Series, 11th June 2013, at The Higher Education Academy, York. This seminar examines the ways in which research and teaching may be linked in academic practice in Higher Education. It seeks to unravel the various linkages through scholarship, research (both subject-based and pedagogic) and curriculum. The presentation draws upon the presenters’ recent experience as a leader in learning and teaching in Wales, including the activity and contribution of the Research-Teaching Nexus Action Set, and the current challenges to forging and maintaining research-teaching links in Higher Education. He also provides examples of research-teaching links from his own professional practice.
The document provides an overview of publishing in academic journals presented by Professor Simon Haslett. It discusses the academic writing process, making your name known, choosing the right journal, preparing manuscripts, dealing with rejection, and responding to reviewer comments. The goal is to guide researchers through getting published, including tips on collaboration, networking, choosing suitable journals, writing for specific publications, and overcoming rejection.
Presentation by Professor Simon Haslett to the Geographical Association at King's College, Taunton, on Tuesday 15th November 2012.
A presentation based on research featured in 'Killer Wave of 1607' as broadcast by BBC2 Timewatch. The flood of that year in the Bristol Channel and Severn Estuary was the worst ever recorded in the British Isles. The area affected stretched from North Devon, through Somerset and Gloucestershire, and along the South Wales coast from Monmouthshire to Carmarthenshire, some 570 km of coast! The coastal population was devastated with at least 2000 fatalities according to one of the contemporary sources. In some parts of the coast the population never recovered from the social and economic disaster. Simon and his co-worker have used documentary and fieldwork evidence to propose a new interpretation of its cause as a tsunami. The BBC produced a follow-up Timewatch programme entitled 'Britain’s Forgotten Floods' that followed Simon around the British coastline examining further evidence for tsunami impact.
Presentation by Professor Simon Haslett at the University of the Third Age Mendip Hills Study Day at Draycott, Somerset, on 1st March 2012.
Simon Haslett is Professor of Physical Geography and Associate Pro Vice-Chancellor at the University of Wales.
The talk is based on extracts from S. K. Haslett (2010) Somerset Landscapes: Geology and Landforms. Blackbarn Books. Available from:
https://sites.google.com/site/blackbarnbooks/publications/somerset-landscapes-geology-and-landforms
The 2011 Annual Kelliwic Lecture presented by Professor Simon Haslett at Callington Town Hall, Cornwall, on Sunday 29th May 2011. Simon Haslett is Professor of Physical Geography and Dean of the School of STEM at the University of Wales.
Presentation by Professor Simon Haslett at the Aegean Omiros College, Athens, Greece, on Thursday 19th May 2011. Simon Haslett is Professor of Physical Geography and Dean of the School of STEM at the University of Wales.
Lecture by Professor Simon Haslett at the University of Wales Student Research Conference, Cardiff, on Friday 13th May 2011. Simon Haslett is Professor of Physical Geography and Dean of the School of STEM at the University of Wales.
Presentation by Professor Simon Haslett at the University of Wales, Newport, Centre for Excellence in Learning and Teaching (CELT) Writing Retreat Workshop at Gregynog Hall, Wales, on Wedmesday 11th May 2011. Simon Haslett is Professor of Physical Geography and Dean of the School of STEM at the University of Wales. He is also Visiting Professor of Pedagogic Research at the University of Wales, Newport.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
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What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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1. Tropical Forests and Climate Professor Simon K. Haslett Centre for Excellence in Learning and Teaching Simon.haslett@newport.ac.uk 23rd February 2010
2. Introduction Forests influence exchanges of energy, mass and momentum through structure, morphology and physiology. Especially tropical moist forests, because: High leaf-area index High evapotranspiration High roughness lengths In this presentation, the physical relationships a forest has with the atmosphere are examined. Wet tropics, Queensland, Australia
3. Atmospheric – forest interactions: albedo (reflection coefficient) Important for understanding climate as it influences radiant energy exchange. Ratio between incident and reflected solar radiation. Canopy radiation absorption influenced by: Vegetation (leaf) colour Angle of solar incidence (variable) Lighter canopy (high albedo, high reflectivity) Darker canopy (low albedo, low reflectivity)
4. Atmospheric – forest interactions: albedo (reflection coefficient) Radiation penetration, radiation trapping and shading is influenced by: Leaf radiative properties (e.g. thickness) Vegetation height Vegetation structure Greater height and complexity, less penetration but more trapping. Hence, dark and humid forest floors in the tropics.
5. Atmospheric – forest interactions: albedo (reflection coefficient) Tropical forests have low albedos, 0.11-0.13. Deforested surfaces have high albedos, 0.17-0.25 (crops = 0.17, soil = 0.24, grass = 0.25). Deforested surface exchanges less energy. Reflected energy warms atmosphere. Cloud structure changes (cumulus cirrus (lower albedo)), enhances greenhouse effect.
6. Atmospheric – forest interactions: roughness length Roughness length is the height above the surface at which the forest canopy has an effect on the horizontal airflow around its edges. Planetary boundary-layer airflow More protrusions, higher roughness. Notice the roughness of the canopy.
7. Atmospheric – forest interactions: roughness length Greater roughness increases heat transfer from surface to atmosphere. Increased turbulence, particle momentum and energy exchange. Tropical forests are relatively rough and porous. Deforestation decreases energy flux between surface and atmosphere. Therefore, higher surface temperatures.
8. Atmospheric – forest interactions: energy partitioning Absorbed energy is partitioned into various heat fluxes. Partitioning represented by the Bowen ratio. High Bowen ratios = decrease in evapotranspiration. Less latent heat available to cause phase change of water to vapour. Evapotranspiration operates via: Plant stomata Vegetation surfaces – interception loss (12.5%) Ground surfaces Evaporate 50% rainfall
9. Atmospheric – forest interactions: energy partitioning 70% of absorbed energy drives evapotranspiration. Deforestation increases albedo which reduces surface energy absorption. Therefore, less energy available for partitioning. Reduction in transpiration. Reduced interception loss. Soil moisture becomes important (but soil ceases to evaporate once top 5-20cm is dry). Run-off will increase, removing water from the system. Deforestation decreases evaporation by <30%. Results in higher surface temperatures.
10. Atmospheric – forest interactions: precipitation effects Evapotranspiration influences precipitation e.g. 47% of Amazon rainfall is recycled via evapotranspiration. More evapotranspiration, more precipitation. Deforestation may: Increase surface run-off. Reduce evapotranspiration. Reduce atmospheric water vapour. Reduce cloud cover less precipitation. Reduce total system water. Increase radiation receipt.
11. Atmospheric – forest interactions: precipitation effects Vertical motion in the atmosphere may also be important. High roughness lengths decrease wind speed. Force air masses to rise. Air masses rise, cool, condense, rain. Deforestation reduces roughness length and vertical motion. Wind remains cooler than surrounding air, does not rise.
12. Modelling deforestation and climate change Models assume forest removal is instantaneous and complete (but in reality is often gradual and fragmentary). Models assume no regrowth of forests (might offset some impacts of deforestation). All general circulation models (GCMs) appear to agree that climate will undergo an increase in temperature and a decrease in rainfall. All GCMs are regional, not global.
13. Exercise Carefully examine Table 1, based on the figures in Houghton et al. (1996), and calculate the annual flux of carbon sourced from deforestation. Table 2 gives data concerning both carbon sequestration through tropical forestation between 1995-2050 (Brown et al., 1996), and global anthropogenic emissions for the same period (Houghton et al., 1996). Using these data: Calculate the sequestered carbon for the years given both for each region and in total Plot your results on graph paper Calculate the cumulative total of anthropogenic carbon emissions through 1995-2050 Calculate the % of anthropogenic carbon emissions offset by forest carbon sequestration Table 1. Perturbations to the carbon budget
16. Summary Tropical moist forests have a particularly important interactive relationship with the atmosphere. Forest albedo is an important contributor to climate change. Tropical forests have low albedos, deforested surfaces have high albedos. Roughness length determines atmosphere-canopy exchange of any radiation that is locked within the rainforest. Most of the energy that is absorbed by a forest is used to drive evapotranspiration. Deforestation reduces the energy available for partitioning. Less evapotranspiration, less precipitation. Important ecosystem to understand when studying climate.
17. Further Reading Brown, S., Sathaye, J., Cannell, M.G.R. and Kauppi, P. ‘Management of forests for mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions’. In: Watson, R.T., Zinyowera, M.C., Moss, R.H. and Dokken, D.J. eds. Climate Change 1995. Impacts, Adaptations and Mitigation of Climate Change: Scientific-Technical Analyses, contribution of Working Group II to the Second Assessment Report of the IPCC, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1996, pp. 773-797. Cannell, M.G.R. 1999. Forests, Kyoto and climate. Outlook on Agriculture, 28: 171-177. Houghton, J.T., MeiroFilho, L.G., Callander, B.A., Harris, N., Kattenberg, A. and Maskell, K. ‘Climate change 1995. The science of climate change’, contribution of Working Group I to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1996. O’Brien, K.L. 1996. Tropical deforestation and climate change. Progress in Physical Geography, 20(3): 311-335. Pickering, K.T. & Owen, L.A. 1997. An Introduction to Global Environmental Issues (2nd Edition).Routledge, 512pp. (pp. 129-138, 353-355).
18. This resource was created by the University of Wales, Newport and released as an open educational resource through the 'C-change in GEES' project exploring the open licensing of climate change and sustainability resources in the Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences. The C-change in GEES project was funded by HEFCE as part of the JISC/HE Academy UKOER programme and coordinated by the GEES Subject Centre. This resource is licensed under the terms of the Attribution-Non-Commercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.0/uk/). All images courtesy of Professor Simon Haslett. However the resource, where specified below, contains other 3rd party materials under their own licenses. The licenses and attributions are outlined below: The name of the University of Wales, Newport and its logos are unregistered trade marks of the University. The University reserves all rights to these items beyond their inclusion in these CC resources. The JISC logo, the C-change logo and the logo of the Higher Education Academy Subject Centre for the Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences are licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution -non-commercial-No Derivative Works 2.0 UK England & Wales license. All reproductions must comply with the terms of that license.
Editor's Notes
Incidence with which the sun’s rays hit the earth’s surfaceAlbedo – surface reflectivity
Fragmented penetration = ‘light climates’
Evapotranspiration is the sum of evaporation and plant transpiration from the Earth’s land surface to the atmosphere.Interception loss – water evaporates directly back into atmosphere.
Less litter, stems and trunks to slow water running away. Normally trap precipitation which then percolates to groundwater systems, so water that is usually recycled is lost in run-off. Transpired water comes from the roots!