this is one of my projects that I had made for my class X holiday homework, I hope this can help you gain some information about tsunamis and if you also want to make a project like this, I hope I have helped you. - mansvini
Tsunami is a Japanese word Tsu means ‘harbour’ and nami means ‘wave’.
They are called tidal waves but they have actually nothing to do with the tides. However their appearance from shore is similar to rapidly rising or falling tides.
Tsunami is a series of wave created when water is moved very quickly.
Tsunami is gravity wave system, triggered by vertical disturbances in ocean. They are long waves sometime with hundreds of miles b/w their crests, just like the concentric waves generated by an object dropped into a pool.
First tsunami was recorded in 1480 B.C. in eastern Mediterranean, when the Minoan civilization was wiped out.
A large tsunami accompanied by the earthquake of Lisbon in 1755.
The Kutch earthquake of June 16, 1819 generated strong tsunami which submerged the coastal areas and damage to ships and country made boats of fishermen.
North and South American records have dated such
events back to 1788 for Alaska and 1562 for Chile. Records of Hawaiian tsunami go back to 1821.
Tsunami hits the Mona Passage off Puerto Rico in 1918, grand banks of Canada in 1929.
A disaster is a serious disruption, occurring over a relatively short time, of the functioning of a community or a society involving widespread human, material, economic or environmental loss and impacts, which exceeds the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources.
This is a PowerPoint Presentation based strictly on Tsunami.
Here one can find the following details about Tsunami:
Definition of Tsunami
Major Causes of Tsunami
Pictures Related to Tsunami
Analytical and Statistical information
And other more useful details .
So Hope you like it
Thankyou
Tsunami is a Japanese word Tsu means ‘harbour’ and nami means ‘wave’.
They are called tidal waves but they have actually nothing to do with the tides. However their appearance from shore is similar to rapidly rising or falling tides.
Tsunami is a series of wave created when water is moved very quickly.
Tsunami is gravity wave system, triggered by vertical disturbances in ocean. They are long waves sometime with hundreds of miles b/w their crests, just like the concentric waves generated by an object dropped into a pool.
First tsunami was recorded in 1480 B.C. in eastern Mediterranean, when the Minoan civilization was wiped out.
A large tsunami accompanied by the earthquake of Lisbon in 1755.
The Kutch earthquake of June 16, 1819 generated strong tsunami which submerged the coastal areas and damage to ships and country made boats of fishermen.
North and South American records have dated such
events back to 1788 for Alaska and 1562 for Chile. Records of Hawaiian tsunami go back to 1821.
Tsunami hits the Mona Passage off Puerto Rico in 1918, grand banks of Canada in 1929.
A disaster is a serious disruption, occurring over a relatively short time, of the functioning of a community or a society involving widespread human, material, economic or environmental loss and impacts, which exceeds the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources.
This is a PowerPoint Presentation based strictly on Tsunami.
Here one can find the following details about Tsunami:
Definition of Tsunami
Major Causes of Tsunami
Pictures Related to Tsunami
Analytical and Statistical information
And other more useful details .
So Hope you like it
Thankyou
An updated & re-imagined version of a popular resource that I created two years ago. As always, any feedback would be really really useful.
Thanks Simon
The History of Coastal Flood Hazard Assessments in the Great LakesDaryl Shepard
Brian Caufield presented "The History of Coastal Flood Hazard Assessments in the Great Lakes" at the 2016 Association of State Floodplain Managers conference.
A Review on Finite Element Analysis of Beam to Column Endplate Bolted ConnectionIOSR Journals
This paper gives a bibliographical review of the methods which are applied for the analysis of
Beam to column bolted end plate connection from the theoretical as well as practical points of view. The
bibliography at the end of the paper contains 84 references of papers and conference proceedings on the subject
that were published between 1914 and 2011. These are classified in the following categories:
Conventional methods like experimental, empirical, analytical, mechanical, informational and other
methods.
Finite Element Method(s) (FEM) using different software like ANSYS, ABACUS etc
FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF A PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BEAM USING FRP TENDONGirish Singh
Concrete prestressed structural components exist in buildings and bridges in different forms. Understanding the response of these components during loading is crucial to the development of an overall efficient and safe structure. Different methods have been utilized to study the response of structural components. Experimental based testing has been widely used as a means to analyse individual elements and the effects of concrete strength under loading.
While this is a method that produces real life response, it is extremely time consuming, and the use of materials can be quite costly. In this paper we used finite element analysis to study behaviour of these components. The use of computer software (Ansys) to model these elements is much faster, and extremely cost- effective. To fully understand the capabilities of finite element computer software (Ansys), we look back to experimental data and simple analysis.
Data obtained from a finite element analysis package is not useful unless the necessary steps are taken to understand what is happening within the model that is created using the software. Also, executing the necessary checks along the way, is key to make sure that what is being output by the Ansys is valid.
This paper is a study of prestressed concrete beams using finite element
analysis to understand the response of prestressed concrete beams due to transverse loading and to analyse the behaviour of FRP material under these circumstances.
This paper also includes the comparison of steel and FRP on the same module and also gives the final load v/s deflection curve under the both linear and non-linear properties of the materials.
A series of waves in a water body caused by the displacement of a large volume of water, generally in an ocean or a large lake. Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and other underwater explosions (including detonations, landslides, glacier calvings, meteorite impacts and other disturbances) above or below water all have the potential to generate a tsunami. Unlike normal ocean waves, which are generated by wind, or tides, which are generated by the gravitational pull of the Moon and the Sun, a tsunami is generated by the displacement of water by a large event.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
Follow us on: Pinterest
Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
2. 1) What is Tsunami?
2) Why is it important to study about Tsunami?
3) Causes of Tsunami
4) Movement of Tsunami
5) Life of a Tsunami
6) Tsunami Watch and Warning
7) Tsunami Precautions – Safety tips
8) Impact of Tsunamis on Human Life
9) World’s Deadliest Tsunamis
10) The Indian Ocean Tsunami
11) Countries affected by The Indian Ocean Tsunami
12) Indian Ocean Tsunami in India
13) Special Thanks to the Sources used in this Project
INDEX
3. What is Tsunami?
A tsunami is a series of ocean waves that are generated
by large movements or other disturbances on the ocean's
floor. Such disturbances include volcanic eruptions,
landslides and underwater explosions,
but earthquakes are the most common cause. Tsunamis
can occur close to the shore or travel thousands of miles
if the disturbance occurs in the deep ocean. The word
Tsunami is derived from a Japanese word translating into
“harbor waves”.
4. Why is it important to study about Tsunami?
Tsunamis are important to study because they are natural hazard that can occur
at any time in coastal areas around the world. In an effort to gain a more
complete understanding of tsunamis and generate stronger warning systems,
there are monitors throughout the world's oceans to measure wave height and
potential underwater disturbances. The Tsunami Warning System in the Pacific
Ocean is one of the largest monitoring systems in the world and it is made up of
26 different countries and a series of monitors placed throughout the Pacific.
The Pacific Tsunami Warning Center (PTWC) in Honolulu, Hawaii collects and
processes data gathered from these monitors and provides warnings throughout
the Pacific Basin.
5. Causes of Tsunami
Tsunamis are also called a seismic sea waves because they are
most commonly caused by earthquakes. Because tsunamis
are caused mainly by earthquakes, they are most common in
the Pacific Ocean's Ring of Fire - the margins of the Pacific
with many plate tectonic boundaries and faults that are
capable of producing large earthquakes and volcanic
eruptions.
6. In order for an earthquake to cause a tsunami, it must occur below the ocean's surface or
near the ocean and be a magnitude large enough to cause disturbances on the sea floor.
Once the earthquake or other underwater disturbance occurs, the water surrounding the
disturbance is displaced and radiates away from the initial source of the disturbance (i.e.
the epicenter in an earthquake) in a series of fast moving waves.
Not all earthquakes or underwater disturbances cause tsunamis - they must be large
enough to move a significant amount of material. In addition, in the case of an earthquake,
its magnitude, depth, water depth and the speed at which the material moves all factor
into whether or not a tsunami is generated.
7. Movement of Tsunami
Once a tsunami is generated, it can travel thousands of miles at speeds of
up to 500 miles per hour (805 km per hour). If a tsunami is generated in
the deep ocean, the waves radiate out from the source of the disturbance
and move toward land on all sides. These waves usually have a large
wavelength and a short wave height so they are not easily recognized by
the human eye in these regions.
8. As the tsunami moves toward shore and the ocean's depth decreases, its speed slows
quickly and the waves begin to grow in height as the wavelength decreases .This is called
amplification and it is when the tsunami is the most visible. As the tsunami reaches the
shore, the trough of the wave hits first which appears as a very low tide. This is a warning
that a tsunami is imminent. Following the trough, the peak of the tsunami comes ashore.
The waves hit the land like a strong, fast tide, instead of a giant wave. Giant waves only
occur if the tsunami is very large. This is called runup and it is when the most flooding and
damage from the tsunami occurs as the waters often travel farther inland than normal
waves would.
9. Life of a Tsunami
Panel 1—Initiation: Earthquakes are commonly associated with ground shaking that
is a result of elastic waves traveling through the solid earth.
However, near the source of submarine earthquakes, the seafloor is "permanently"
uplifted and down-dropped, pushing the entire water column up and down. The
potential energy that results from pushing water above mean sea level is then
transferred to horizontal propagation of the tsunami wave (kinetic energy). For the
case shown above, the earthquake rupture occurred at the base of the continental
slope in relatively deep water. Situations can also arise where the earthquake rupture
occurs beneath the continental shelf in much shallower water.
Note: In the figure, the waves are greatly exaggerated compared to water depth. In
the open ocean, the waves are at most several meters high spread over many tens to
hundreds of kilometers in length.
10. Panel 2—Split: Within several minutes of the earthquake, the initial tsunami
(Panel 1) is split into a tsunami that travels out to the deep ocean (distant
tsunami) and another tsunami that travels towards the nearby coast (local
tsunami). The height above mean sea level of the two oppositely traveling
tsunamis is approximately half that of the original tsunami (Panel 1). (This is
somewhat modified in three dimensions, but the same idea holds.) The
speed at which both tsunamis travel varies as the square root of the water
depth. Therefore, the deep-ocean tsunami travels faster than the local
tsunami near shore.
11. Panel 3—Amplification: Several things happen as the local tsunami travels over
the continental slope. Most obvious is that the amplitude increases. In addition,
the wavelength decreases. This results in steepening of the leading wave--an
important control of wave runup at the coast (next panel). Note that the first part
of the wave reaching the local shore is a trough, which will appear as the sea
receding far from shore. This is a common natural warning sign for tsunamis.
Note also that the deep ocean tsunami has traveled much farther than the local
tsunami because of the higher propagation speed. As the deep ocean tsunami
approaches a distant shore, amplification and shortening of the wave will occur,
just as with the local tsunami shown above.
12. Panel 4—Runup: Tsunami runup occurs when a peak in the tsunami wave travels from
the near-shore region onto shore. Runup is a measurement of the height of the water
onshore observed above a reference sea level.
Except for the largest tsunamis, such as the 2004 Indian Ocean event, most tsunamis do
not result in giant breaking waves (like normal surf waves at the beach that curl over as
they approach shore). Rather, they come in much like very strong and fast-moving tides
(i.e., strong surges and rapid changes in sea level). Much of the damage inflicted by
tsunamis is caused by strong currents and floating debris. The small number of tsunamis
that do break often form vertical walls of turbulent water called bores. Tsunamis will
often travel much farther inland than normal waves.
Do tsunamis stop once on land? No! After runup, part of the tsunami energy is reflected
back to the open ocean and scattered by sharp variations in the coastline. In addition, a
tsunami can generate a particular type of coastal trapped wave called edge waves that
travel back-and forth, parallel to shore. These effects result in many arrivals of the
tsunami at a particular point on the coast rather than a single wave as suggested by Panel
3. Because of the complicated behavior of tsunami waves near the coast, the first runup
of a tsunami is often not the largest, emphasizing the importance of not returning to a
beach many hours after a tsunami first hits.
13. Tsunami Watch and Warning
Because tsunamis are not easily seen until they are close to shore, researchers and
emergency managers rely on monitors that are located throughout the oceans that
track slight changes in the height of waves. Whenever there is an earthquake with a
magnitude greater than 7.5 in the Pacific Ocean, a Tsunami Watch is automatically
declared by the PTWC if it was in a region capable of producing a tsunami.
Once a tsunami watch is issued, PTWC watches tide monitors in the ocean to determine
whether or not a tsunami was generated. If a tsunami is generated, a Tsunami Warning
is issued and coastal areas are evacuated. In the case of deep ocean tsunamis, the
public is normally given time to evacuate, but if it is a locally generated tsunami, a
Tsunami Warning is automatically issued and people should immediately evacuate
coastal areas.
14. Tsunamis can wreak havoc on coastal populations and landscapes.
The December 26, 2004, tsunami in the Indian Ocean claimed some
150,000 lives and cleared the landscape on millions of acres of
oceanfront terrain. Here are some measures you can take to avoid
trouble if you're caught in a tsunami.
Safety Tips
When in coastal areas, stay alert for tsunami warnings.
Plan an evacuation route that leads to higher ground.
Know the warning signs of a tsunami: rapidly rising or falling coastal
waters and rumblings of an offshore earthquake.
Never stay near shore to watch a tsunami come in.
A tsunami is a series of waves. Do not return to an affected coastal
area until authorities say it is safe.
Tsunami Precautions – Safety Tips
15. Impact of Tsunamis on Human Life
Data on the impact of tsunamis from 1900 to mid-2009 was collected via a review
of tsunami events from multiple databases and a literature review of publications.
Between 1900 and 2009, 94 tsunamis that affected human populations were
recorded. There were 255,195 deaths and 48,462 injuries as a result of these
tsunamis. Tsunami frequency and deaths were concentrated in the Western Pacific,
Southeast Asia, and Americas regions, each of which accounted for almost one third
of tsunami events and deaths, but Southeast Asia accounted for 52 percent of the
tsunami-affected population from 1900 through 2009 and 95 percent of the
tsunami affected population from 1980 through 2009. An estimated 2.5 million
people were affected by tsunamis during this time.
16. World’s Deadliest Tsunamis
1) Indian Ocean (Sumatra, Indonesia)
Estimated Number of Deaths: 350,000
Year: 2004
2) Ancient Greece (Islands of Crete and Santorin)
Estimated Number of Deaths: 100,000
Year: 1410 B.C.E
3) Portugal, Morocco, Ireland and the United Kingdom
Estimated Number of Deaths: 100,000
Year: 1755
4) Messina, Italy
Estimated Number of Deaths: 100,000
Year: 1908
5) South China Sea (Taiwan)
Estimated Number of Deaths: 40,000
Year: 1782
17. The Indian Ocean Tsunami
Although tsunami's impact is only limited to the coastal areas, it can be enormously
destructive. It can It can also affect the entire ocean's basins. In 2004, the Indian Ocean
tsunami was marked as the deadliest natural calamities in the history of human. During
this disaster, 14 countries having Indian Ocean as their border witnessed more than 2,
30,000 people killed. The first tsunami to struck India was back in December 31, 1881.
However, the government of India indicated that around 11,000 people died and more
than 5,000 were missing and were assumed dead by the Home Affairs Ministry. An
estimation points out that about 380,000 Indians displaced by this tsunami. It is
expected that reconstruction of these affected places would cost over 1.2 billion dollars
from the World Bank.
18. Countries effected by the Indian Ocean Tsunami
On December 26, 2004, most of the countries located around the Indian Ocean and Bay of
Bengal were struck by tsunami. During this time, the Richter scale measured the earthquake at
8.9 with an epicenter near Sumatra's west coast in Indonesia. The Andaman Island was said to
be extensively damaged due to this tsunami. The regions affected the most by tsunami were
the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and south-eastern coast.
Due to this earthquake resulting tsunami, many countries affected Southeast Asia and area
beyond. Countries such as Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India, Thailand, the Maldives, Somalia,
Myanmar, Malaysia, Seychelles and many others had to go through the devastating calamities.
Several people from countries like Australia and Europe, who had travelled to these tsunami
affected areas, lost their lives in this disaster.
19. Indian Ocean Tsunami in India
Factor Andhra Pradesh Kerala Tamil Nadu Pondcherry Total
Population affected 211000 2470000 691000 43000 3415000
Area affected (Ha) 790 Unknown 2487 790 4067
Length of coast
affected (Km)
985 250 1000 25 2260
Extent of
penetration (Km)
0.5 - 2.0 01/02/12 01/01/05 0.30 - 3.0
Reported height of
tsunami (m)
5 03/05/12 07/10/12 10
Villages affected 301 187 362 26 876
Dwelling units 1557 11832 91037 6403 110829
Cattle lost 195 Unknown 5476 3445 9116
20. Special Thanks to the Sources Used in this Project
-> Google
-> Official Tsunami research paper by Chris
Goldfinger (OCU Oceanographer)
-> Mapsofindia.com
-> The Tsunami countdown (book)
-> shree lakshmi library
Special thanks to Dr. Monica Misra, who was a project
making inspiration and a true support.
Mansvini misra, X-B