The ophthalmic nerve is the smallest of the three divisions of the trigeminal nerve. It arises from the upper part of the semi lunar ganglion and passes forward along the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus before dividing into three branches - the lacrimal, frontal, and nasociliary nerves. These branches innervate sensory structures of the eye, upper face, and nasal cavity. The ophthalmic nerve also transmits parasympathetic fibers that control functions of the iris, ciliary muscle, and lacrimal gland.
Trigeminal nerve maxillary nerve and clinical implicationDr Ravneet Kour
The document discusses the maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve and its clinical implications. It begins by describing the basic anatomy of neurons, nerves and cranial nerves. It then focuses on the trigeminal nerve as the fifth cranial nerve, describing its nuclei, ganglion and three main branches - the ophthalmic, maxillary and mandibular nerves. Most of the document details the anatomy and branches of the maxillary nerve, including those in the pterygopalatine fossa, orbit, infraorbital canal and face. It concludes by discussing three clinical implications - trigeminal neuralgia, herpes zoster ophthalmicus and Wallenberg syndrome.
Fifth cranial nerve
Have a large sensory root and a small motor root.
Motor root arises – arises from the lateral aspect of lower pons (cranially) the motor root cross the apex of the petrous temporal bone beneath the superior petrosal sinus, to enter the middle cranial fossa.
Sensory root – arises from the lateral aspect of lower pons (caudally).
RELATIONS
Medially
(a) internal carotid artery
(b) posterior part of cavernous sinus
Laterally - middle meningeal artery
Superiorly - parahippocampal gyrus
Inferiorly
motor root of trigeminal nerve
(b) greater petrosal nerve
(c) apex of the petrous temporal bone
(d) foramen lacerum.OPTHALIMIC DIVISION
Terminal branches of Ophthalmic division of trigeminal nerve, are
1. Frontal
Supratrochlear
Supraorbital
2. Nasociliary
Branch of ciliray ganglion
2-3 long ciliary nerves
Posterior ethmoidal
Infratrochlear
Anterior ethmoidal
3. Lacrimal
Branches
From main trunk
Meningeal branch
Nerve to medial pterygoid
From the anterior trunk
Sensory branch
Buccal nerve
Motor branch
Masseteric
Deep temporal nerve
Nerve to lateral pterygoid
From the posterior trunk
Auriculotemporal
Lingual
Inferior alveolar nerves
prosthodontic implications of maxillary nerveDR PAAVANA
The maxillary nerve divides into several branches that innervate different areas of the palate and maxilla. These branches include the greater palatine nerve, which innervates the hard palate, and the nasopalatine nerve, which descends through the incisive canal and supplies the premaxilla. In prosthodontic treatment, failure to properly relieve the incisive canal during impressions can cause nerve impingement and tingling or necrosis. The posterior, middle, and anterior superior alveolar nerves innervate the maxillary teeth and mucosa; preparation of subgingival finish lines during fixed prosthodontics can potentially cause pain or discomfort due to nerve exposure or impingement.
this presentation consist of introduction to types of nerves, structure of nerve and cranial nerves. there is a detail description about, origin , course of the trigeminal nerve and its branches and the structures supplying the nerve. it also contains applied anatomy of the nerve and its importance of the nerve in oral and maxillofacial surgeries. a detail description about the examination of the trigeminal nerve is also mentioned in the presentation. hoping that it would be useful to the students and people seeking for knowledge about the trigeminal nerve.
This document provides an overview of the trigeminal nerve (CN V), including its origins, branches, and functions. It notes that the trigeminal nerve has three main divisions - the ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular nerves. The cell bodies of the trigeminal nerve's sensory neurons are located in the trigeminal ganglion. The document then describes the individual branches and functions of the ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular nerves. It provides details on the sensory distributions and innervations of each branch.
Crispy seminar on trigeminal or dentists nerve
treatment of trigeminal neuralgia in detail
including gamma knife cryotherapy glycerol injections
radiofrequency lesioning
pretty useful for last minute brush ups at both undergraduate as well as masters level from both theory as well as practical point of view
The document discusses the trigeminal nerve (CN V), which is the largest of the cranial nerves. It has both sensory and motor components and innervates the face. The trigeminal nerve consists of three major divisions - the ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular nerves. Each division has its own branches that supply different regions of the face, scalp and oral cavity. Trigeminal neuralgia is also mentioned. The document provides detailed information on the anatomy and branches of each division of the trigeminal nerve.
The ophthalmic nerve is the smallest of the three divisions of the trigeminal nerve. It arises from the upper part of the semi lunar ganglion and passes forward along the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus before dividing into three branches - the lacrimal, frontal, and nasociliary nerves. These branches innervate sensory structures of the eye, upper face, and nasal cavity. The ophthalmic nerve also transmits parasympathetic fibers that control functions of the iris, ciliary muscle, and lacrimal gland.
Trigeminal nerve maxillary nerve and clinical implicationDr Ravneet Kour
The document discusses the maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve and its clinical implications. It begins by describing the basic anatomy of neurons, nerves and cranial nerves. It then focuses on the trigeminal nerve as the fifth cranial nerve, describing its nuclei, ganglion and three main branches - the ophthalmic, maxillary and mandibular nerves. Most of the document details the anatomy and branches of the maxillary nerve, including those in the pterygopalatine fossa, orbit, infraorbital canal and face. It concludes by discussing three clinical implications - trigeminal neuralgia, herpes zoster ophthalmicus and Wallenberg syndrome.
Fifth cranial nerve
Have a large sensory root and a small motor root.
Motor root arises – arises from the lateral aspect of lower pons (cranially) the motor root cross the apex of the petrous temporal bone beneath the superior petrosal sinus, to enter the middle cranial fossa.
Sensory root – arises from the lateral aspect of lower pons (caudally).
RELATIONS
Medially
(a) internal carotid artery
(b) posterior part of cavernous sinus
Laterally - middle meningeal artery
Superiorly - parahippocampal gyrus
Inferiorly
motor root of trigeminal nerve
(b) greater petrosal nerve
(c) apex of the petrous temporal bone
(d) foramen lacerum.OPTHALIMIC DIVISION
Terminal branches of Ophthalmic division of trigeminal nerve, are
1. Frontal
Supratrochlear
Supraorbital
2. Nasociliary
Branch of ciliray ganglion
2-3 long ciliary nerves
Posterior ethmoidal
Infratrochlear
Anterior ethmoidal
3. Lacrimal
Branches
From main trunk
Meningeal branch
Nerve to medial pterygoid
From the anterior trunk
Sensory branch
Buccal nerve
Motor branch
Masseteric
Deep temporal nerve
Nerve to lateral pterygoid
From the posterior trunk
Auriculotemporal
Lingual
Inferior alveolar nerves
prosthodontic implications of maxillary nerveDR PAAVANA
The maxillary nerve divides into several branches that innervate different areas of the palate and maxilla. These branches include the greater palatine nerve, which innervates the hard palate, and the nasopalatine nerve, which descends through the incisive canal and supplies the premaxilla. In prosthodontic treatment, failure to properly relieve the incisive canal during impressions can cause nerve impingement and tingling or necrosis. The posterior, middle, and anterior superior alveolar nerves innervate the maxillary teeth and mucosa; preparation of subgingival finish lines during fixed prosthodontics can potentially cause pain or discomfort due to nerve exposure or impingement.
this presentation consist of introduction to types of nerves, structure of nerve and cranial nerves. there is a detail description about, origin , course of the trigeminal nerve and its branches and the structures supplying the nerve. it also contains applied anatomy of the nerve and its importance of the nerve in oral and maxillofacial surgeries. a detail description about the examination of the trigeminal nerve is also mentioned in the presentation. hoping that it would be useful to the students and people seeking for knowledge about the trigeminal nerve.
This document provides an overview of the trigeminal nerve (CN V), including its origins, branches, and functions. It notes that the trigeminal nerve has three main divisions - the ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular nerves. The cell bodies of the trigeminal nerve's sensory neurons are located in the trigeminal ganglion. The document then describes the individual branches and functions of the ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular nerves. It provides details on the sensory distributions and innervations of each branch.
Crispy seminar on trigeminal or dentists nerve
treatment of trigeminal neuralgia in detail
including gamma knife cryotherapy glycerol injections
radiofrequency lesioning
pretty useful for last minute brush ups at both undergraduate as well as masters level from both theory as well as practical point of view
The document discusses the trigeminal nerve (CN V), which is the largest of the cranial nerves. It has both sensory and motor components and innervates the face. The trigeminal nerve consists of three major divisions - the ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular nerves. Each division has its own branches that supply different regions of the face, scalp and oral cavity. Trigeminal neuralgia is also mentioned. The document provides detailed information on the anatomy and branches of each division of the trigeminal nerve.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The document discusses the trigeminal nerve (CN V), which has three main divisions - the ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular nerves. It describes the anatomy and branches of each division. The ophthalmic nerve is the smallest and is wholly sensory. It has three branches - the lacrimal, frontal, and nasociliary nerves. The maxillary nerve is the second division and is also wholly sensory. It has several branches including the zygomatic and posterior superior alveolar nerves. The mandibular nerve is the third and largest division and has both sensory and motor components.
The document summarizes several cranial nerves and associated ganglia. It describes the Trigeminal nerve as the 5th cranial nerve that provides motor innervation to the muscles of mastication. It also outlines the three main branches of the Trigeminal nerve - the Ophthalmic, Maxillary, and Mandibular nerves. Each branch innervates different facial regions and structures such as the eyes, nose, mouth, and face. The document also briefly discusses some associated parasympathetic ganglia like the Ciliary, Pterygopalatine, and Otic ganglia.
The document provides information about the trigeminal nerve (CN V), which is the largest of the cranial nerves. It has both sensory and motor components. The trigeminal nerve has three main divisions - the ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular nerves. It innervates most of the face and provides sensory innervation to the teeth and oral cavity. The trigeminal nerve nuclei are located in the pons and midbrain. The trigeminal ganglion contains the cell bodies of pseudounipolar neurons. The branches and distribution of the three divisions of the trigeminal nerve are described in detail.
This document summarizes the trigeminal nerve, including its embryology, anatomy, branches, functions and clinical considerations. It begins with the embryology of the pharyngeal arches and how they relate to nerve development. It then describes the trigeminal ganglion, roots and nuclei. The three divisions of the trigeminal nerve and their branches are outlined. Clinical tests for examining the trigeminal nerve and classifying injuries are summarized. Common causes of trigeminal nerve injuries and their treatment approaches are briefly discussed.
The trigeminal nerve is a mixed nerve that is the largest of the cranial nerves. It has both sensory and motor functions. Sensory branches provide sensation to the face and motor branches innervate the muscles of mastication. The trigeminal nerve has three major divisions - ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular nerves. These divisions branch further to innervate specific regions of the face. The trigeminal ganglion contains the cell bodies of pseudounipolar neurons that relay sensory information from the face to the brainstem trigeminal nuclei.
The trigeminal nerve is the largest cranial nerve and is a mixed nerve containing both sensory and motor fibers. It has three major divisions - the ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular nerves. The ophthalmic nerve innervates the face above the eyes. The maxillary nerve innervates the midface, and the mandibular nerve innervates the lower face and jaw muscles. The trigeminal ganglion contains the cell bodies of the pseudounipolar neurons whose axons make up the trigeminal nerve. The trigeminal nuclei in the brainstem are involved in relaying sensory information from the trigeminal nerve.
The document discusses the trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V) in three sentences: It describes the trigeminal nerve as the largest cranial nerve, a mixed nerve with both motor and sensory components. It originates from the trigeminal ganglion and divides into three main branches - the ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular nerves - which innervate the face and associated structures. The document provides detailed information on the embryology, nuclei, course and branches of the trigeminal nerve.
The trigeminal nerve is the largest cranial nerve with both motor and sensory components. It has three main divisions - ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular. The motor root originates in the pons and supplies muscles of mastication. The sensory root contains sensory fibers and divides into the three divisions. The ophthalmic nerve innervates the eye and parts of the face. The maxillary nerve innervates parts of the face, nasal cavity and palate. The mandibular nerve has motor fibers that innervate muscles of mastication and a large sensory component that provides sensation to parts of the face and oral cavity.
The facial nerve is a mixed nerve that is predominantly motor. It innervates the muscles of facial expression and the scalp, ear, and neck. It has motor, sensory, and parasympathetic secretomotor functions. The facial nerve exits the brainstem and travels through the internal acoustic meatus, facial canal, and stylomastoid foramen before branching in the parotid gland. It gives off several branches including the chorda tympani, nerve to stapedius, and branches to neck muscles.
The trigeminal nerve is the fifth cranial nerve that emerges from the pons and has both sensory and motor functions. It has three main branches - the ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular nerves. The ophthalmic nerve innervates parts of the face, eye, and nasal cavity. The maxillary nerve supplies sensation to the face, upper lip and teeth, and nose. The mandibular nerve is both sensory and motor, innervating muscles of mastication and supplying sensation to the lower face and lip.
The trigeminal nerve is the largest of the cranial nerves. It has both sensory and motor fibers. It has three main divisions - the ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular nerves. The ophthalmic nerve innervates parts of the face around the eyes. The maxillary nerve innervates parts of the face around the nose and mouth. The mandibular nerve is mixed and innervates muscles of mastication as well as parts of the face, tongue and mouth.
The facial nerve is the 7th cranial nerve with motor, sensory and parasympathetic fibers. It originates from 3 nuclei and has an intracranial and extracranial course through the facial canal and parotid gland. It gives off several branches including the chorda tympani, posterior auricular nerve, and 5 branches on the face. It is associated with 3 ganglia and is tested by movements of the forehead, eye closing, and cheek puffing. Injury can occur at different points along its course, causing varying degrees of motor and sensory deficits depending on the location of injury. Care must be taken during surgeries in the parotid and temporal regions to avoid damaging its branches.
The document discusses the 12 pairs of cranial nerves. It provides detailed information on the olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducent, and facial cranial nerves. It describes the embryology, course, distribution and functions of these nerves. It also discusses various clinical conditions that can arise from injuries or lesions to the different cranial nerves.
facial nerve is the 7th cranial nerve. it supplies the parts of the face and also the muscles of mastication. it helps in the expression of the face too.
The facial nerve is the seventh cranial nerve that emerges from the brainstem and supplies motor innervation to the muscles of facial expression. It has three parts - a motor root, an intermedius nerve that carries taste and parasympathetic fibers, and branches that innervate the muscles of the face and neck. The facial nerve travels through the internal acoustic meatus, has three segments within the facial canal, and exits the skull through the stylomastoid foramen before branching within the parotid gland and terminating on individual facial muscles.
The trigeminal nerve is the largest of the 12 cranial nerves. It has both sensory and motor functions, supplying sensation to the face and motor innervation to the muscles of mastication. The trigeminal nerve has three main divisions - the ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular nerves. These divisions and their branches innervate different regions of the face and head. Injuries or disorders of the trigeminal nerve can result in numbness, pain, or muscle dysfunction in the territories it supplies. Trigeminal neuralgia is a painful condition characterized by episodes of intense, stabbing pain in areas innervated by the trigeminal nerve.
The document discusses the trigeminal and facial nerves, which provide sensory and motor innervation to the face. It covers their anatomy, clinical assessment, and common injuries. The trigeminal nerve has three main branches - the ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular nerves. It provides sensory innervation and some motor functions. The facial nerve innervates the muscles of facial expression. Common causes of injury include local anesthetic injections, surgery like third molar removal or dental implants, and traumatic injuries. Assessing trigeminal nerve function involves testing sensation and motor functions like the jaw jerk reflex.
The document discusses the trigeminal and facial nerves, which provide sensory and motor innervation to the face. It covers their anatomy, clinical assessment, and common injuries. The trigeminal nerve has three main branches - the ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular nerves. It provides sensory innervation and some motor functions. The facial nerve innervates the muscles of facial expression. Common causes of injury include local anesthetic injections, surgery like third molar removal or dental implants, and traumatic injuries. Assessing trigeminal nerve function involves testing sensation and motor functions like the jaw jerk reflex.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The document discusses the trigeminal nerve (CN V), which has three main divisions - the ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular nerves. It describes the anatomy and branches of each division. The ophthalmic nerve is the smallest and is wholly sensory. It has three branches - the lacrimal, frontal, and nasociliary nerves. The maxillary nerve is the second division and is also wholly sensory. It has several branches including the zygomatic and posterior superior alveolar nerves. The mandibular nerve is the third and largest division and has both sensory and motor components.
The document summarizes several cranial nerves and associated ganglia. It describes the Trigeminal nerve as the 5th cranial nerve that provides motor innervation to the muscles of mastication. It also outlines the three main branches of the Trigeminal nerve - the Ophthalmic, Maxillary, and Mandibular nerves. Each branch innervates different facial regions and structures such as the eyes, nose, mouth, and face. The document also briefly discusses some associated parasympathetic ganglia like the Ciliary, Pterygopalatine, and Otic ganglia.
The document provides information about the trigeminal nerve (CN V), which is the largest of the cranial nerves. It has both sensory and motor components. The trigeminal nerve has three main divisions - the ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular nerves. It innervates most of the face and provides sensory innervation to the teeth and oral cavity. The trigeminal nerve nuclei are located in the pons and midbrain. The trigeminal ganglion contains the cell bodies of pseudounipolar neurons. The branches and distribution of the three divisions of the trigeminal nerve are described in detail.
This document summarizes the trigeminal nerve, including its embryology, anatomy, branches, functions and clinical considerations. It begins with the embryology of the pharyngeal arches and how they relate to nerve development. It then describes the trigeminal ganglion, roots and nuclei. The three divisions of the trigeminal nerve and their branches are outlined. Clinical tests for examining the trigeminal nerve and classifying injuries are summarized. Common causes of trigeminal nerve injuries and their treatment approaches are briefly discussed.
The trigeminal nerve is a mixed nerve that is the largest of the cranial nerves. It has both sensory and motor functions. Sensory branches provide sensation to the face and motor branches innervate the muscles of mastication. The trigeminal nerve has three major divisions - ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular nerves. These divisions branch further to innervate specific regions of the face. The trigeminal ganglion contains the cell bodies of pseudounipolar neurons that relay sensory information from the face to the brainstem trigeminal nuclei.
The trigeminal nerve is the largest cranial nerve and is a mixed nerve containing both sensory and motor fibers. It has three major divisions - the ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular nerves. The ophthalmic nerve innervates the face above the eyes. The maxillary nerve innervates the midface, and the mandibular nerve innervates the lower face and jaw muscles. The trigeminal ganglion contains the cell bodies of the pseudounipolar neurons whose axons make up the trigeminal nerve. The trigeminal nuclei in the brainstem are involved in relaying sensory information from the trigeminal nerve.
The document discusses the trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V) in three sentences: It describes the trigeminal nerve as the largest cranial nerve, a mixed nerve with both motor and sensory components. It originates from the trigeminal ganglion and divides into three main branches - the ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular nerves - which innervate the face and associated structures. The document provides detailed information on the embryology, nuclei, course and branches of the trigeminal nerve.
The trigeminal nerve is the largest cranial nerve with both motor and sensory components. It has three main divisions - ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular. The motor root originates in the pons and supplies muscles of mastication. The sensory root contains sensory fibers and divides into the three divisions. The ophthalmic nerve innervates the eye and parts of the face. The maxillary nerve innervates parts of the face, nasal cavity and palate. The mandibular nerve has motor fibers that innervate muscles of mastication and a large sensory component that provides sensation to parts of the face and oral cavity.
The facial nerve is a mixed nerve that is predominantly motor. It innervates the muscles of facial expression and the scalp, ear, and neck. It has motor, sensory, and parasympathetic secretomotor functions. The facial nerve exits the brainstem and travels through the internal acoustic meatus, facial canal, and stylomastoid foramen before branching in the parotid gland. It gives off several branches including the chorda tympani, nerve to stapedius, and branches to neck muscles.
The trigeminal nerve is the fifth cranial nerve that emerges from the pons and has both sensory and motor functions. It has three main branches - the ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular nerves. The ophthalmic nerve innervates parts of the face, eye, and nasal cavity. The maxillary nerve supplies sensation to the face, upper lip and teeth, and nose. The mandibular nerve is both sensory and motor, innervating muscles of mastication and supplying sensation to the lower face and lip.
The trigeminal nerve is the largest of the cranial nerves. It has both sensory and motor fibers. It has three main divisions - the ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular nerves. The ophthalmic nerve innervates parts of the face around the eyes. The maxillary nerve innervates parts of the face around the nose and mouth. The mandibular nerve is mixed and innervates muscles of mastication as well as parts of the face, tongue and mouth.
The facial nerve is the 7th cranial nerve with motor, sensory and parasympathetic fibers. It originates from 3 nuclei and has an intracranial and extracranial course through the facial canal and parotid gland. It gives off several branches including the chorda tympani, posterior auricular nerve, and 5 branches on the face. It is associated with 3 ganglia and is tested by movements of the forehead, eye closing, and cheek puffing. Injury can occur at different points along its course, causing varying degrees of motor and sensory deficits depending on the location of injury. Care must be taken during surgeries in the parotid and temporal regions to avoid damaging its branches.
The document discusses the 12 pairs of cranial nerves. It provides detailed information on the olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducent, and facial cranial nerves. It describes the embryology, course, distribution and functions of these nerves. It also discusses various clinical conditions that can arise from injuries or lesions to the different cranial nerves.
facial nerve is the 7th cranial nerve. it supplies the parts of the face and also the muscles of mastication. it helps in the expression of the face too.
The facial nerve is the seventh cranial nerve that emerges from the brainstem and supplies motor innervation to the muscles of facial expression. It has three parts - a motor root, an intermedius nerve that carries taste and parasympathetic fibers, and branches that innervate the muscles of the face and neck. The facial nerve travels through the internal acoustic meatus, has three segments within the facial canal, and exits the skull through the stylomastoid foramen before branching within the parotid gland and terminating on individual facial muscles.
The trigeminal nerve is the largest of the 12 cranial nerves. It has both sensory and motor functions, supplying sensation to the face and motor innervation to the muscles of mastication. The trigeminal nerve has three main divisions - the ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular nerves. These divisions and their branches innervate different regions of the face and head. Injuries or disorders of the trigeminal nerve can result in numbness, pain, or muscle dysfunction in the territories it supplies. Trigeminal neuralgia is a painful condition characterized by episodes of intense, stabbing pain in areas innervated by the trigeminal nerve.
The document discusses the trigeminal and facial nerves, which provide sensory and motor innervation to the face. It covers their anatomy, clinical assessment, and common injuries. The trigeminal nerve has three main branches - the ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular nerves. It provides sensory innervation and some motor functions. The facial nerve innervates the muscles of facial expression. Common causes of injury include local anesthetic injections, surgery like third molar removal or dental implants, and traumatic injuries. Assessing trigeminal nerve function involves testing sensation and motor functions like the jaw jerk reflex.
The document discusses the trigeminal and facial nerves, which provide sensory and motor innervation to the face. It covers their anatomy, clinical assessment, and common injuries. The trigeminal nerve has three main branches - the ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular nerves. It provides sensory innervation and some motor functions. The facial nerve innervates the muscles of facial expression. Common causes of injury include local anesthetic injections, surgery like third molar removal or dental implants, and traumatic injuries. Assessing trigeminal nerve function involves testing sensation and motor functions like the jaw jerk reflex.
The trigeminal nerve is the largest of the cranial nerves. It has both sensory and motor functions. The trigeminal nerve divides into three main branches - the ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular nerves. The ophthalmic nerve is purely sensory and innervates parts of the face including the eye, forehead, and nose. It divides further into the lacrimal, frontal, and nasociliary nerves. The frontal nerve gives off the supraorbital and supratrochlear nerves which supply the forehead.
The document provides information on the trigeminal nerve (CN V), including its anatomy, branches, and distribution. Some key points:
- CN V is the largest cranial nerve, supplying sensation to the face and motor function to the muscles of mastication.
- It has three main branches - the ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular nerves. The ophthalmic nerve innervates the forehead and orbit. The maxillary nerve innervates the midface, and the mandibular nerve innervates the lower face and jaw.
- Each branch has smaller divisions that provide both sensory and motor function to the face, mucosa, and muscles of the head and neck
The trigeminal nerve is the largest cranial nerve, providing sensory and motor functions. It has three major divisions - ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular. The trigeminal ganglion contains the cell bodies of pseudounipolar neurons which relay sensory information from the face to the brainstem nuclei. Trigeminal neuralgia is a painful condition characterized by sudden, severe facial pain that may be triggered by light touch. Herpes zoster ophthalmicus affects the ophthalmic division and can cause eye and skin lesions. Wallenberg syndrome results in loss of sensation in patterns due to a stroke affecting the trigeminal nerve tracts.
The facial nerve is the seventh cranial nerve that emerges from the brainstem and supplies motor innervation to the muscles of facial expression. It has three parts - a motor root, an intermedius nerve that carries taste and parasympathetic fibers, and branches that innervate the muscles of the face and neck. The facial nerve travels through the internal acoustic meatus, has three segments within the facial canal, and exits the skull through the stylomastoid foramen before branching within the parotid gland and terminating on the face.
The document provides information about the anatomy and function of the trigeminal nerve (CN V) and the condition of trigeminal neuralgia. It discusses the embryology, nuclei, course and branches of the trigeminal nerve. It also describes trigeminal neuralgia as a condition involving sudden, severe pain in the face triggered by light touch. The document summarizes treatment options for trigeminal neuralgia which include medications and surgical procedures. It also briefly discusses herpes zoster ophthalmicus and Wallenberg syndrome in relation to the trigeminal nerve.
This document provides an overview of the trigeminal nerve (CN V), which is the largest of the cranial nerves and contains both sensory and motor fibers. It has three major divisions - ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular. The trigeminal ganglion contains the cell bodies of the pseudounipolar sensory neurons. The nerve has sensory and motor nuclei in the brainstem and connects to various ganglia. The three divisions and their branches innervate different regions of the face and head. Clinical implications of lesions or damage to parts of the trigeminal nerve are also discussed.
This document provides an overview of the trigeminal nerve, which is the fifth cranial nerve. It begins with an introduction to cranial nerves and then discusses the specific nuclei, ganglia, and divisions of the trigeminal nerve. The three divisions - ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular nerves - are described in detail regarding their course, branches, and sensory and motor functions. Key structures discussed include the trigeminal ganglion, gasserian ganglion, pterygopalatine ganglion, and submandibular ganglion. The document concludes with a recap of the main branches of the trigeminal nerve.
Trigeminal Nerve and its applied aspectsAMBARKHAN4
The trigeminal nerve is the largest cranial nerve. It has both sensory and motor components. The sensory root relays sensory information from the face to the trigeminal ganglion, and the motor root controls muscles of mastication. The trigeminal ganglion contains cell bodies of pseudounipolar neurons. The trigeminal nerve then divides into three main branches: the ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular nerves. These branches provide both sensory and motor innervation to the face, scalp, and associated structures.
The mandibular nerve is a mixed nerve that emerges from the middle cranial fossa through the foramen ovale. It has both sensory and motor components. It divides into anterior and posterior divisions, with the posterior division being larger. The branches of the mandibular nerve include the auriculo-temporal nerve, inferior alveolar nerve, lingual nerve, and mylohyoid nerve. The chorda tympani nerve joins the lingual nerve and carries parasympathetic fibers. The otic ganglion is located below the foramen ovale and receives postganglionic parasympathetic fibers.
The trigeminal nerve is the largest of the cranial nerves and provides sensory and motor innervation to the face. It has three major branches - the ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular nerves. The ophthalmic nerve further divides into the frontal, lacrimal, and nasociliary nerves. The nasociliary nerve branches into the anterior and posterior ethmoidal nerves which supply sensory innervation to the paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity.
The facial nerve emerges from the brainstem and has both motor and sensory components. It has several branches that innervate the muscles of facial expression and branches that supply the parotid and lacrimal glands. The main branches include the posterior auricular nerve, the great auricular nerve, and the branches that make up the pes anserinus. The facial nerve travels through the skull bones before exiting through the stylomastoid foramen and entering the parotid gland. It has important surgical landmarks for procedures of the middle ear and parotid gland.
The trigeminal nerve is the 5th cranial nerve and is a mixed nerve responsible for sensation in the face and motor function of the muscles of mastication. It has 3 major divisions - the ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular nerves. The ophthalmic nerve provides sensory innervation to the upper face and eye region. The maxillary nerve provides sensory innervation to the mid face region including the maxillary teeth. The mandibular nerve provides sensory innervation to the lower face and motor innervation to the muscles of mastication.
The vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII) has both a vestibular and cochlear component. The vestibular component senses balance and equilibrium via the vestibular ganglia, while the cochlear component is responsible for hearing via the spiral ganglia. Damage to CN VIII can result in symptoms like vertigo, hearing loss, and tinnitus. Lesions of the vestibular branch cause vestibular neuritis with vertigo and nystagmus, while lesions of both vestibular and cochlear branches cause labyrinthitis with additional symptoms of hearing loss and tinnitus.
The mandibular nerve is a mixed nerve that emerges from the foramen ovale and divides into anterior and posterior divisions. The posterior division gives off branches like the auriculotemporal nerve, inferior alveolar nerve, and lingual nerve. The auriculotemporal nerve innervates the skin over the ear and temple. The inferior alveolar nerve carries sensory fibers to the teeth and chin and motor fibers to the mylohyoid muscle. The lingual nerve carries sensory fibers to the anterior two-thirds of the tongue. The otic ganglion is a small parasympathetic ganglion that provides secretomotor fibers to the parotid gland via the auriculotemporal
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Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
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1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
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Diagnosis and Staging
The diagnosis of HR+ breast cancer begins with clinical evaluation, imaging, and biopsy. Imaging modalities such as mammography, ultrasound, and MRI help in assessing the extent of the disease. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining of the biopsy sample confirm the diagnosis and hormone receptor status by identifying the presence of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) on the tumor cells.
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Treatment Options
Endocrine Therapy
Endocrine therapy is the cornerstone of treatment for HR+ breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The primary goal is to reduce the levels of estrogen or block its effects on cancer cells. Commonly used agents include:
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs): Tamoxifen is a SERM that binds to estrogen receptors, blocking estrogen from stimulating breast cancer cells. It is effective but may have side effects such as increased risk of endometrial cancer and thromboembolic events.
Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs): These drugs, including anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane, lower estrogen levels by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme, which converts androgens to estrogen in peripheral tissues. AIs are generally preferred in postmenopausal women due to their efficacy and safety profile compared to tamoxifen.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulators (SERDs): Fulvestrant is a SERD that degrades estrogen receptors and is used in cases where resistance to other endocrine therapies develops.
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Endocrine Therapy with CDK4/6 Inhibitors: Palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib are CDK4/6 inhibitors that, when combined with endocrine therapy, significantly improve progression-free survival in advanced HR+ breast cancer.
Endocrine Therapy with mTOR Inhibitors: Everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, can be added to endocrine therapy for patients who have developed resistance to aromatase inhibitors.
Chemotherapy
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Test bank for karp s cell and molecular biology 9th edition by gerald karp.pdf
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/Pt1nA32sdHQ
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/uFdc9F0rlP0
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Trigeminal nerve - ROHIT N RATHOD
1.
2. • It is the 5th cranial
nerve
• Largest cranial nerve
• It is the main sensory
nerve of the face and
head
• It was described by
Fallopius & Meckle in
1748
4
3. • As this nerve has
three identical
peripheral branches
so that called as
trigeminal nerve
• “Tri-Geminus”
means thrice twinned
• This term is coined
by Winslow.
5
4. Basic components
• This three roots are basically sensory by nature
• Along with this sensory branch their is a motor root of
this trigeminal nerve
• It is mixed nerve.
• Contains 170,000 sensory fibres
7,700 motor fibres
• The 3 divisions have approx ophthalmic 26,000
maxillary 50,000
mandibular 78,000
7
5. • 2 Roots:
Larger Sensory Root
Smaller Motor Root
3 primary divisions:
Ophthalmic ( V1) - sensory
- innervates the upper portion of the face
Maxillary (V2)- sensory – innervates the mid face
region
Mandibular (V3) -sensory+motor – innervates the
lower facial region
8
8. Principle sensory nuclei
• lies in pons lat to motor nucleus
• relays discriminitive touch
12
continuous superiorly with main
sensory nucleus and extends
inferiorly through medulla
oblongata and into upper part
of spinal cord as far as second
cervical segment.
where its continuous with
sub.Gelatinosa.
9. • PARS ORALIS
• associated with the
transmission of discriminative
(fine) tactile sense from the
orofacial region
• PARS INTERPOLARIS
• associated with the
transmission of tactile sense,
as well as dental pain
• PARS CAUDALIS
• associated with the
transmission of nociception
and thermal sensations from
the head
13
10. Mesencephalic nuclei
• first order sensory
nucleus .
• cell body of
pseudounipolar neurons
• relay proprioception
from muscles of
mastication, facial
muscles.
• forms monosynaptic
reflex arc .
• situated in midbrain just
lat to aqueduct
15
11. Motor nucleus
• Innervates muscles of
mastication and
tensor tympani and
tensor palatini
• Located in pons med.
to princi sen. Nucleus
16
13. Trigeminal ganglion
• SEMILUNAR OR GASSERIAN GANGLION.
• Sensory ganglion corresponding to DRG of spinal nerves.
• Cresentric in shape with convexity anterolat.
• Contains cell bodies of pseudounipolar neurons.
• LOCATION: lies in a bony fossa at apex of the petrous
temporal bone on floor of middle cranial fossa , just lat
to post. Part of lat wall of the cavernous sinus.
5 cm deep to the preauricular point
18
14. • Give off minute branches -
tentorium cerebelli and to dura
mater in the middle cranial
fossa.
• From its convex border three
large nerves arises
Ophthalmic
Maxillary
Mandibular.
• Ophthalmic and Maxillary -
exclusively of sensory fibers.
• Mandibular is joined outside
the cranium by the motor root.
21
15. Opthalmic branch
• Smallest div.
• Only sensory
• Supplies : cornea,conjuctiva,upper
lid,forehead,ant part of scalp,nose.
• Course:
emerges from trigeminal ganglion
lat wall cavernous sinus
3 branches in ant part of cavernous sinus
nasocilliary, frontal, lacrimal
superior orbital fissure
orbit
23
16. LACRIMAL NERVE
Smallest
• Passes into orbit through lat
compartment of the sup orbital
fissure outside the tendinous ring.
• Receives communicating branch
from trochlear nerve
• Receives branch from
zygomaticotemporal nerve
• Passes along sup border of LR with
lacrimal art
• Sensory to lat conjunctiva,UL,
lacrimal gland(parasym
secretomotor).
24
17. FRONTAL NERVE
• Largest
• Enters through lat part of sup orbital fissure outside tendinous ring
• Passes forward between roof of orbit and LPS
• Divides midway into SUPRATROCHLEAR NERVE
SUPRAORBITAL NERVE
25
18. SUPRATROCHLEAR N SUPRAORBITAL N
• Smaller nerve
• Medial
• Receives commu
branch from
infratrochlear n
• Curves around sup med
margin of orbit
• supplies: med
conjunctiva and UL
lower part of forehead
• Lies betwn frontalis and
corrugator supercilli
26
• Larger
• Lies lateral
• Passes through
supraorbital notch
• Lies beneath frontalis
• Divides in med and lat
branches.
• Supplies: conjunctiva,
scalp upto vertex,
mucous membrane of
frontal sinus
19. NASOCILLIARY NERVE
• Sensory only
• Passes through med part of sup. Orbital
fissure within the tendenious ring betwn
the two div of occulomotor nerve.
• Crosses from lat to med above Optic
Nerve with ophthalmic art
• Runs along med wall of orbit betwn SO
and MR
• Divides into terminal branches ANT
ETHMOIDAL NERVE and
INFRATROCHLEAR NERVE
• 5 branches in orbit.
27
20. 1. Communicating branch to cilliary
ganglion:
passes along short cilliary nerves.
carries symp fibres from IC plexus and
sensory fibres from the eyeball.
2. LONG CILLIARY NERVES : 2 or 3.
run along med side of the ON
pierce sclera and supply cornea, iris,
cilliary body.
carry pain temp and touch.
sympathetic motor supply to
dilator pupillae.
3. POST ETHMOIDAL NERVE:
passes thru post ethmoidal foramen
to supply the ethmoid and sphenoid
PNS.
28
21. 4. INFRATROCHLEAR NERVE:
smaller terminal branch
emerges below trochlea
appears on face above med angle the eye.
supplies: upper half of external nose
skin of med most part of UL andLL
medial conjunctiva
lacrimal sac
caruncle
29
22. 5. ANT ETHMOIDAL NERVE:
larger terminal branch
course: ant ethmoidal foramen and canal
into ant cranial fossa on sup surf of cribriform plate
Through slit lat to crista galli into nasal cavity
Med internal nasal branch lat internal nasal branch
Supplies ant nasal septum supplies ant part lat
nasal
cavity emerges as
external nasal nerve to
skin of ala,vestibule,and
tip of nose
30
23. Maxillary division
• Second division of the trigeminal nerve.
• Is a sensory nerve.
• It begins - middle of semilunar ganglion as a flattened plexiform band,
passing horizontally forward - leaves the skull , foramen rotundum.
• Then crosses - pterygopalatine fossa - enters the orbit through the
inferior orbital fissure - it traverses the infraorbital groove and canal in
the floor of the orbit and appears on the face - infraorbital foramen
32
24. 33
In the cranium Middle Meningeal Nerve
In the Pterygopalatine
fossa
Zygomatic
Sphenopalatine
Posterior Superior
Alveolar
In the Infraorbital Canal Anterior Superior
Alveolar
Middle Superior Alveolar
On the Face Inferior Palpebral
External Nasal
Superior Labial
Branches of Maxillary Nerve
25. From middle of the gasserion ganglion it travels
anteriorly & downwards
Branch Within cranium –Middle minengial nerve
Run along with middle minengial artery,
-- sensory innervation to dura matter.
Exit cranium from foramen rotundum
34
26. Within pterigopalatine fossa
• Zygomatic nerve
• Lies within inferior orbital
fissure
• Give two branches
• Zygomaticotemporal
• Supplies skin of
temporal region after
peircing temporal
fascia 2 cm above
zygoma
• Gives communicating
branch to lacrimal N
suppling parasymp.
Secretomotor fibres
to lacrimal gland
• Zygomaticofacial
• Supply skin of face
35
27. Pterygopalatine nerve
• Two short nerve trunk
• Unite with Pterygopalatine ganglion
• Triangular or heart-shaped, of a
reddish-gray color.
• Situated just below the
maxillary nerve as it crosses the
fossa.
• It receives a sensory, a motor,
and a sympathetic root.
• Redistribute in 4 branches
• Orbital
• Nasal/ nasopalatine
• Palatine
• Pharyngeal
36
28. • Orbital
• Periosteum of orbit
• Post.ethmoid cells & sphenoid sinus
• Secretory to lacrimal gland
• Nasopalatine
• Posterior superior lateral nasal branch
• Carry sensation from mucous memb.of nasal septum & post.ethmoid cells
• Medial/septal branch
• Mucous membrane on vomer
• Nasopalatine
• Come out through incisal canal & supply premaxilla
• Palatine
• Greater/Anterior palatine
• Emerge from greater palatine foramen
• Carries secretory & sensory fibers to mucous of hard palate & palatal gingivae
• Middle palatine
• Emerge from small foramen of pyramidal part of palatine bone
• Supply sensory & secretory fibers to soft palate
• Posterior/ Lesser palatine
• Emerge from lesser palatine foramen
• Supply sensory and secretory fibers to tonsillar area
• Pharyngeal
• Sensory and secretory fibers to nasopharynx
37
29. Post. Superior alveolar nv
• 1st Trunk
• External to bone
• Buccal gingiva of maxillary molar
• 2nd Trunk
• Enters into maxilla
• Sensory to maxillary sinus, maxillary
molar (except mesio buccal root of 1st
max.molar)
38
30. In infra orbital canal
39MSA nerve ASA nerve
1st & 2nd PM region supplies antarior
wall of
Mesiobuccal root of 1st M maxillray sinus &
supplies 1 to 3.
PDL, buccal soft tissue, bone
(in 30% cases, it is absent then
Psa & Asa
Provides its supplies).
31. Terminal branches on face
40In the face (emerge through inferior orbital foramen)
Inferior pulpaberal external nasal sup. Labial
Skin of lower eyelid skin of lateral skin,mucous
aspect of nose memb.,upper
lip.
32. Mandibular division
41
Largest
Mixed
Motor root- from motor sensory root- gasserian ganglion
nucleus in pons
exit through foramen ovale in grt. Wing of shenoid
from trunk in infratemporal fossa
travels between lat. Pterygoid and otic ganglion laterally and
tensor palatine medially anteriorly to med. Meningeal A.
small ant. Division large post. division
33. Branches
• Trunk
• Nervous spinosus
• N. to med. Pterygoid
• Ant. Division
• Massetric N.
• Deep temporal N.
• N. to lat. Pterygoid
• Buccal N.
• Post. Division
• Auriculo temporal
• Inf. Alveolar
• Lingual N.
42
34. Branches from trunk
• Nervous spinosus
• Through foramen spinosus
• Dura mid cranial fossa
• Nerve to med. Pterygoid
• Supplies medial pterygoid
• Through otic ganglion without interruption to
Tensor tympani
Tensor palatini
43
35. Branches from the anterior division
• Nerve to lat pterygoid
• Massetric nerve- lies sup to lat pterygoid,inf to
temporalis tendon and ant to TMJ. supplies
masseter and TMJ
• Buccal nerve-is the only sensory branch of ant div.
travels betwn 2 heads of lat pterygoid and emerges in
cheek at ant border of masseter. Supplies skin and mm
of cheek.
• Deep temporal nerve -the 2 nerves ascend deep to lat
pterygoid and supply temporalis.
44
36. Branches from the posterior division
1.Auriculotemporal nerve-
Arises from 2 roots which encircle the middle
meningeal art
The trunk passes post to lat pterygoid betwn neck of
mandible and sphenomandibular lig sup to 1st part of
maxillary art.
Lies behind the TMJ close to the parotid
Ascends behind sup temporal vessels and then in
temporal region divides into superficial temporal
branches.
45
37. Branches of auriculotemporal nerve
• auricular branches -supply
tragus,upper part of aurical,roof of
ext auditory meatus,anterosup
part of tympanic memb
• Superficial temporal branches-
supply skin of temple
• Articular branches-supply the TMJ.
46
38. 2. Inferior alveolar nerve:
Is mixed nerve
Passes between mandible and sphenomandibular lig inf to lat
pterygoid,
Enters mandible through mandibular foramen to run in a
bony canal below the teeth
Branches: to molars and premolars
incisive nerve
mental nerve
mylohyoid nerve-mylohyoid and ant belly
of diagastric
communicating nerve to lingual nerve
47
39. 3.Lingual nerve: lies ant to inf. alveolar n between lat
pterygoid and tensor palatini
receives chorda tympani (SVA)
Emerges from inf border of lat pterygoid to lie betwn ramus
and med pterygoid
Between origins of sup constrictir and mylohyoid
1 cm below and behind 3rd molar in gingiva
Rests on hypoglossus lat to the tongue where it is
related to the submandibular ganglion
Gives sensory supply to presulcal tongue ,floor of mouth,
mandibular gums,and carries proprioception from tongue.
48
40. Branches of lingual nerve and its communications:
1.Chorda tympani
2.Communications with submandibular ganglion
3.Hypoglossal nerve
49
41. Ganglions in relation to
mandibular nerve
• Submandibular/ Submaxillary
ganglion
• Otic ganglion
50
42. SUBMAXILLARY / SUBMANDIBULAR GANGLION:
• Small size & fusiform in shape.
• Situated above the deep portion of the submaxillary /
Submandibular gland.
DISTRIBUTION:
• Arise - from the lower part of the ganglion.
• Supply - mucous membrane of the mouth and the duct
of the submaxillary gland.
51
43. OTIC GANGLION:
• Small, oval shaped,reddish-gray color ganglion
- situated immediately below the foramen ovale.
• Lies - medial surface of the mandibular nerve.
DISTRIBUTION:
• A filament to the
Tensor tympani.
Tensor veli palatini.
52
48. CLINICAL APPLICATION OF TRIGEMINAL
GANGLION
• Shingles and varicella-zoster: The trigeminal
ganglion, as any sensory ganglion, may be the site
of infection by the herpes zoster virus causing
shingles, a painful vesicular eruption in the sensory
distribution of the nerve.
• Trigeminal neuralgia (tic douloureux): This is severe
pain in the distribution of the trigeminal nerve or
one of its branches, the cause often being
unknown. It may require partial destruction of the
ganglion.
62
49. CLINICAL APPLICATION of opthalmic division
• Ethmoid tumours
Malignant tumours of the mucous lining of the ethmoid
air cells may expand into the orbits, damaging branches
of opthalmic nerve. This may lead to displacement of
the orbital contents causing proptosis and squint, and
sensory loss over the anterior nasal skin.
• Nasal fractures
Trauma to the nose may damage the nasociliary nerve.
Sensory loss of the skin down to the tip of the nose may
result.
63
50. • Corneal reflex: When the cornea is touched, usually
with a wisp of cotton, the subject blinks. This tests V
and VII. The nerve impulses pass through cornea and
then through nasociliary nerve to the brain.
• Supraorbital injuries
Trauma to the supraorbital margin may damage the
supraorbital and supratrochlear nerves causing sensory
loss in the scalp.
64
51. CLINICAL APPLICATION of maxillary division
• Infraorbital injuries (malar fractures): Trauma to
infraorbital margin may cause sensory loss of
infraorbital skin.
• Maxillary antrum tumours: Malignant tumors of the
mucous lining of the maxillary antrum may expand into
the orbit, damaging branches of maxillary nerve,
particularly the infraorbital. This may lead to
anaesthesia over the facial skin.
65
52. • Maxillary sinus infections: Infections of the maxillary
sinus may cause infraorbital pain or may cause referred
pain to other structures supplied by maxillary nerve e.g.
upper teeth.
• Maxillary teeth abscesses: The roots of the maxillary
teeth (especially the second molars) are intimately
related to the maxillary sinus. Root abscesses are
painful.
66
53. CLINICAL APPLICATION of mandibular division
• Lingual nerve: Careless
extractions of the third lower
molar, abscesses of its root, or
fractures of the angle of the
mandible may all damage the
lingual nerve. This may result in
loss of somatic sensation from
the anterior portion of the tongue
and loss of taste sensation.
• Protection of lingual nerve::
during surgical removal of
mandibular third molar-
reflection of lingual
mucoperiosteal flap is raised and
Howarth’s periosteal elevetor is
placed.
67
54. • Inferior alveolar nerve: Trauma to the
mandible may damage or tear the inferior
alveolar nerve in the mandibular canal leading
to sensory loss distal to the lesion.
68
55. • Mumps: Mumps is inflammation of the parotid gland
causing tension in the parotid capsule which is
innervated by the auriculotemporal nerve. It gives both
local tenderness and referred ear ache.
• Submandibular duct: The intimate relationship between the
submandibular duct and the lingual nerve is significant in duct infections
and surgery. If the lingual nerve were damaged during a submandibular
surgery, there would be sensory loss, both somatic and taste, in the
anterior portion of the tongue.
69
56. • Referred pain to the ear: Disease of the TMJ or
swelling of the parotid gland may cause ear ache
because of referred pain. Also, pain from the lower
teeth, oral cavity and tongue may be referred to the
ear.
• Superficial temporal artery biopsy: The
auriculotemporal nerve accompanies the superficial
temporal artery on the temple. In cases of temporal
arteritis, the nerve is anaesthetized so that the
overlying skin can be incised to obtain a biopsy of the
artery.
70
57. LESIONS ASSOCIATED WITH INTRACRANIAL PART OF
TRIGEMINAL
• Infections and neoplasia most commonly involve the
peripheral divisions of the trigeminal nerve rather than
the intracranial part.
• The Meckel’s cavity can be involved either by extrinsic
or intrinsic disease. Extrinsic lesions, usually bony
metastasis, chordoma, or chondrosarcoma, destroy
adjacent bone as they extend toward the Meckel’s
cavity. Intrinsic lesions simply expand the Meckel’s
cavity.
71
58. • Pituitary fossa and cavernous sinus lesions may extend
to the Meckel’s cavity or involve the cavernous portion
of the trigeminal nerve divisions as well.
• The trigeminal nerve has three sensory and one motor
nuclei. The sensory nuclei are the principal,
mesencephalic, and spinal sensory.
• The cervical extension of the spinal sensory nucleus
explains the relation of upper cervical disk herniation
and its association with trigeminal sensory neuropathy.
72
59. • Multiple sclerosis, glioma, and infarction are the most
common brainstem and upper cervical cord lesions
resulting in fifth cranial nerve symptom.
• Less common lesions include metastasis, cavernous
hemangiomas, hemorrhage, and arteriovenous
malformation.
• Rarely, rhombencephalitis may develop as a result of
retrograde extension of herpes simplex virus type 1
from the trigeminal ganglion into the brainstem.
73
60. THE AURICULOTEMPRAL NERVE
SYNDROME(FREY SYNDROME)
• Consists of flushing and sweating of the ipsilateral face
in the distribution of the auriculotemporal nerve upon
eating or tasting.
• It is occasionally seen following injury or infection of
the parotid gland area .
74
61. THE PARATRIGEMINAL SYNDROME
• It is also known as the Reader Syndrome and is a rare
disorder produced by tumors arising in the semilunar
ganglion.
• Characterised by trigeminal neuralgia at the onest
,followed by facial anesthesias on the affected side.
• The muscles of mastication are found weakened or
paralysed.
75
62. CONCLUSION
• In conclusion, a variety of conditions may involve the
different segments of the trigeminal nerve.
• Knowledge of its anatomic course and its application
allows an understanding of disorders involving the
brainstem, the nerve parts and adjacent skull base.
76