1) The document describes an innovative design concept for the New Bangkok International Airport that optimizes thermal and visual comfort through an integrated design approach.
2) Key aspects of the concept include a shaded building envelope with translucent membranes and fritted glass, radiant floor cooling, and displacement ventilation to minimize cooling loads.
3) Dynamic simulations were used to validate that the design concept could maintain indoor temperatures at 24°C while minimizing energy use through strategies like limiting conditioned space and utilizing thermal stratification.
Trombe walls in lTrombe Walls in Low-Energyow energyomaribr
- Trombe walls are thick, south-facing walls that trap heat from sunlight during the day and slowly release it at night to help heat buildings. They were incorporated into the design of the Zion National Park Visitor Center and an NREL building.
- The Zion Visitor Center Trombe wall is an 8-inch concrete wall that provided 20% of the building's heating over one winter. Infrared images show interior wall temperatures up to 96°F providing radiant heating in the evenings.
- Monitoring found the NREL building's thinner, 4-inch Trombe wall released heat more quickly, keeping interior spaces warm through the afternoons during the winter with no other heating needed.
A one day symposium on zero/low carbon sustainable homes took place at The University of Nottingham on the 24th October, 2012. The event offered professionals within the construction industry a unique opportunity to gain added and significant insight into the innovations, policies and legislation which are driving the construction of zero/low carbon energy efficient homes both here in the UK and elsewhere in Europe. It explored solutions to sustainability issues “beyond” the zero carbon agenda. BZCH followed on from the successful ‘Towards Zero Carbon Housing’ symposium the University hosted in 2007. This event is part of the Europe Wide Ten Act10n project which is supported by the European Commission Intelligent Energy Europe.
The building envelope is physical separator between the exterior and the interior of the building and fenestration systems.
Envelope design strongly affects the visual and thermal comfort of the occupants, as well as energy consumption in the building.
Natural ventilation and air movement could-be considered under the heading of 'structural controls’ as it does not rely on any form of energy supply or mechanical installation, but due to its importance for human comfort, it deserves a separate section.
Solar thermal walls (Trombe ,water and trans walls)srikanth reddy
Thermal storage walls like Trombe walls, water walls, and trans walls can passively heat buildings using solar energy. Trombe walls consist of a south-facing glass wall separated from a thick concrete wall by an air gap. During the day, solar radiation passes through the glass and heats the concrete wall. This stored heat is then radiated into the building. Trans walls use a semi-transparent absorber sandwiched between two water columns for rapid heat transfer and direct gain, while reducing heat loss. Different wall designs provide heating benefits like load leveling or daytime heating, depending on the application. Components like wall thickness, vent size, and overhangs influence heat transfer and storage. Advancements
This document provides an overview of composite climates and guidelines for building design in these climates. It describes the nature of composite climates, which have characteristics of both hot/dry and warm/humid climates, alternating between long hot periods and shorter rainy periods. The key design criteria are resisting heat gain in summer and heat loss in winter. Recommendations include proper orientation, thick walls and roofs, courtyards, shading, insulation, and ventilation. Traditional dwellings in Delhi and a contemporary solar energy center in Gurgaon are discussed as case studies.
This document discusses advancements in solar thermal walls, including zigzag Trombe walls, fluidized Trombe walls, Trombe walls with phase-change materials, composite Trombe walls, and photovoltaic Trombe walls. Zigzag Trombe walls reduce heat gain and glare using an inward V-shape. Fluidized Trombe walls improve heat transfer through a fluidized bed. Trombe walls with phase-change materials store more latent heat in a smaller space. Composite Trombe walls control heating rates and provide high insulation. Photovoltaic Trombe walls increase electrical efficiency by removing heat from photovoltaic panels.
This document provides an overview of thermal insulation in buildings. It discusses heat transfer mechanisms like conduction, convection, and radiation. It defines key terms like U-value and R-value and describes different types of thermal insulation materials. Benefits of insulation like reduced energy consumption and increased comfort are outlined. The significance of insulation for Saudi Arabian buildings given the hot climate is also reviewed. Finally, efforts by the Saudi government to promote energy efficiency and green building practices are briefly mentioned.
Trombe walls in lTrombe Walls in Low-Energyow energyomaribr
- Trombe walls are thick, south-facing walls that trap heat from sunlight during the day and slowly release it at night to help heat buildings. They were incorporated into the design of the Zion National Park Visitor Center and an NREL building.
- The Zion Visitor Center Trombe wall is an 8-inch concrete wall that provided 20% of the building's heating over one winter. Infrared images show interior wall temperatures up to 96°F providing radiant heating in the evenings.
- Monitoring found the NREL building's thinner, 4-inch Trombe wall released heat more quickly, keeping interior spaces warm through the afternoons during the winter with no other heating needed.
A one day symposium on zero/low carbon sustainable homes took place at The University of Nottingham on the 24th October, 2012. The event offered professionals within the construction industry a unique opportunity to gain added and significant insight into the innovations, policies and legislation which are driving the construction of zero/low carbon energy efficient homes both here in the UK and elsewhere in Europe. It explored solutions to sustainability issues “beyond” the zero carbon agenda. BZCH followed on from the successful ‘Towards Zero Carbon Housing’ symposium the University hosted in 2007. This event is part of the Europe Wide Ten Act10n project which is supported by the European Commission Intelligent Energy Europe.
The building envelope is physical separator between the exterior and the interior of the building and fenestration systems.
Envelope design strongly affects the visual and thermal comfort of the occupants, as well as energy consumption in the building.
Natural ventilation and air movement could-be considered under the heading of 'structural controls’ as it does not rely on any form of energy supply or mechanical installation, but due to its importance for human comfort, it deserves a separate section.
Solar thermal walls (Trombe ,water and trans walls)srikanth reddy
Thermal storage walls like Trombe walls, water walls, and trans walls can passively heat buildings using solar energy. Trombe walls consist of a south-facing glass wall separated from a thick concrete wall by an air gap. During the day, solar radiation passes through the glass and heats the concrete wall. This stored heat is then radiated into the building. Trans walls use a semi-transparent absorber sandwiched between two water columns for rapid heat transfer and direct gain, while reducing heat loss. Different wall designs provide heating benefits like load leveling or daytime heating, depending on the application. Components like wall thickness, vent size, and overhangs influence heat transfer and storage. Advancements
This document provides an overview of composite climates and guidelines for building design in these climates. It describes the nature of composite climates, which have characteristics of both hot/dry and warm/humid climates, alternating between long hot periods and shorter rainy periods. The key design criteria are resisting heat gain in summer and heat loss in winter. Recommendations include proper orientation, thick walls and roofs, courtyards, shading, insulation, and ventilation. Traditional dwellings in Delhi and a contemporary solar energy center in Gurgaon are discussed as case studies.
This document discusses advancements in solar thermal walls, including zigzag Trombe walls, fluidized Trombe walls, Trombe walls with phase-change materials, composite Trombe walls, and photovoltaic Trombe walls. Zigzag Trombe walls reduce heat gain and glare using an inward V-shape. Fluidized Trombe walls improve heat transfer through a fluidized bed. Trombe walls with phase-change materials store more latent heat in a smaller space. Composite Trombe walls control heating rates and provide high insulation. Photovoltaic Trombe walls increase electrical efficiency by removing heat from photovoltaic panels.
This document provides an overview of thermal insulation in buildings. It discusses heat transfer mechanisms like conduction, convection, and radiation. It defines key terms like U-value and R-value and describes different types of thermal insulation materials. Benefits of insulation like reduced energy consumption and increased comfort are outlined. The significance of insulation for Saudi Arabian buildings given the hot climate is also reviewed. Finally, efforts by the Saudi government to promote energy efficiency and green building practices are briefly mentioned.
passive heating system with trombe wall GrkemDiken
This document discusses passive heating systems for buildings. It describes how 35-40% of energy is used for building heating and 85% of that is for space heating alone. Passive heating technologies are introduced that can heat buildings without energy usage through building design. Direct solar gain and Trombe walls are passive solar systems explained in detail. Trombe walls consist of a dark wall with glazing in front to capture solar heat. Design plans, elevations, sections and details of a sample building project using a Trombe wall system are presented, showing how passive heating is integrated into the design. The conclusion states that passive heating can significantly reduce heating bills and improve comfort through simple techniques.
Climate responsive architecture and PEDA literature study Ubaid Khan
This document discusses climate responsive architecture and design. It begins by outlining elements of climate like temperature, humidity, precipitation, and wind that should be considered. It then discusses concepts like daylight factor, site climate deviations, local factors like topography, and temperature variations. Specific climates of India are examined like hot and dry, warm and humid, and strategies for different climates. The document also examines a case study building in Chandigarh with an innovative design that uses elements like a hyperbolic paraboloid roof, insulation, natural ventilation strategies, and landscaping to be responsive to the local composite climate.
The document discusses various passive cooling architecture techniques including earth berming, earth air tunnels, wind towers, and thermal walls. Earth berming involves partially burying homes underground or behind earthen walls for insulation. Earth air tunnels use underground pipes to exchange air with stable earth temperatures for natural heating and cooling. Wind towers catch breezes at higher elevations and direct air downward into buildings. Thermal walls made of materials like concrete and brick absorb and store heat to moderate indoor temperatures without mechanical cooling.
Passive solar systems utilize natural means like building materials and design to collect, store, and distribute solar energy for heating and cooling. They include direct gain systems using windows to let sunlight in for floor/wall storage, thermal storage walls behind south-facing glazing, attached sunspaces with storage walls, and thermal storage roofs with water bags or ponds that absorb heat from the sun. Passive systems provide heating and cooling without mechanical equipment by integrating solar design into the building structure and envelope.
Sen Kapadia is an Architect, Planner and Educationist, based in Mumbai. He has worked with eminent American Architect Louis Kahn in Philadelphia and the Space Management office in New York.
150316 principles of solar oriented designTieng Wei
Principles of Solar Oriented Design, that would help in designing the building in term of active and passive solar design strategies. It's a group assignment, thus, credits go to my group members too.
This document provides a case study analysis of the courtyard design at Su-Garden in Beijing as a passive cooling system. It begins with an abstract that outlines the purpose is to identify if the courtyard fully acts as a passive cooling system. It then provides an introduction on Su-Garden and outlines 5 research questions. It defines passive cooling systems and how courtyards work through 3 cycles: at night cool air descends into the courtyard; during the day hot air rises from the courtyard; and in the late afternoon cool air descends again. It analyzes factors like Su-Garden's building orientation, structure, materials, and vegetation that influence its passive cooling performance.
Lecture 8 heating ventilation & air-conditioningBekark
This document discusses heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. It begins by explaining how HVAC principles influence architectural design. It then provides descriptions of common HVAC components and systems, including air handlers, makeup air units, rooftop units, fan coil units, constant air volume systems, and variable air volume systems. The document also discusses heating systems such as fireplaces, stoves, heat pumps, solar heating, and portable units. It covers ventilation methods and factors like indoor air quality. Finally, it addresses HVAC energy efficiency considerations for heating, air conditioning, and thermodynamics.
Cool Roofs Are Ready to Save Energy, Cool Urban Heat Islands, and Help Slow G...Tony Loup
U.S. Department of Energy Building Technologies Program fact sheet about cool roofs, including how they work, the energy-saving benefits, and how to buy and select cool roofs.
Project Punjab Energy Development Agency, Office Building, Chandigarharvindkrishan
This document summarizes a case study analysis of the Punjab Energy Development Agency (PEDA) office building in Chandigarh, India. The building was designed to be responsive to solar geometry and integrate renewable energy systems. Key findings of the study include:
1) The atrium space effectively uses a passive downdraught evaporative cooling system (PDEC) to maintain temperatures 10-12°C lower than ambient, helping cool neighboring office spaces.
2) Elements like the hyperbolic paraboloid roof, solar chimneys, and light vaults help minimize solar gain and passive heating/cooling.
3) Overall building performance is good throughout the year except peak summer periods, which could be improved
Summary of Climate Responsive Design by Richard Hydemaram krimly
The document provides an overview of climate responsive design strategies. It discusses how building form, structure, roofs, walls, floors, and courtyards can be designed to moderate the local climate for human comfort. Key strategies mentioned include using overhangs, light-weight structures, operable walls and roofs, thermal mass, natural ventilation, courtyards, and re-entrant spaces to allow airflow while blocking solar heat gain. The document emphasizes designing based on analytical understanding of the climate and site conditions.
The document discusses thermal comfort in buildings. It states that thermal comfort requires balancing heat loss from the human body with heat production. It also notes that thermal comfort depends on air temperature, surface temperatures, air speed, and humidity. The document explains that the building envelope and mechanical systems work together to maintain thermal comfort conditions. Highly insulated buildings with minimal air leakage and heat recovery ventilation can provide a reliable comfort zone with reduced need for heating and cooling.
The Torrent Research Centre in Ahmedabad, India is a complex of research laboratories that uses passive downdraft evaporative cooling to provide human comfort without mechanical HVAC systems. A system of inlets, outlets, and ventilation towers creates air movement through the building by using the thermal buoyancy effect without electricity. Field tests showed interior temperatures up to 12°C cooler than exterior temperatures of 44°C, demonstrating the effectiveness of this passive cooling approach. The additional construction costs of around 12-13% provide energy savings that result in a payback period of less than 1 year for the additional costs.
The document discusses various types of thermal loads in buildings that affect energy efficiency, including external loads from the environment, internal loads from occupants and equipment, infiltration loads from air leakage, and ventilation loads. It provides details on calculating each type of load, such as defining thermal load, external load factors like solar radiation and conduction, internal loads from lighting and occupant activity levels, infiltration causes and measurement, and ventilation system design considerations. Indoor and outdoor design conditions that impact load calculations are also outlined.
Natural ventilation uses the Bernoulli principle and stack effect to ventilate buildings without mechanical systems. It provides fresh air through passive airflow driven by wind and pressure differences. The BedZED development in London successfully uses natural ventilation methods like wind cowls that scoop air into buildings and outlets that release air, as well as stack ventilation with low inlets and high outlets to draw in cool air and expel warm air. Natural ventilation is a cost-effective and environmentally friendly alternative to active cooling systems.
climate responsive architecture somalilandzakir Mo Saed
The document discusses sustainable architectural design strategies for different climates. It describes how factors like temperature, humidity, wind and sunlight impact building design. Some key strategies mentioned include using courtyards for cross ventilation, overhangs and fins for shading, and optimizing window placement and insulation. Design approaches are tailored for hot/dry, warm/humid, cold/sunny, and other climate types by considering elements like roof pitch, wall thickness, ventilation and solar orientation.
This document proposes a radiant cooling system for a building project utilizing an underfloor cooling system embedded in screed below flooring and a Thermally Active Building System installed in ceilings. Both systems would connect to earth piles for geothermal energy use. Controls would manage supply temperature according to dew point to prevent condensation. Two reference projects are described that achieved energy class A+ ratings using similar radiant cooling systems coupled with geothermal energy - a 750m2 villa in Greece and the 4500m2 American University of Beirut student center project utilizing seawater cooling.
PUNJAB ENERGY DEVELOPMENT AGENCY BUILDING , CHANDIGARHSiddiq Salim
The Punjab Energy Development Agency (PEDA) office building in Chandigarh, India utilizes passive solar design principles to provide lighting, cooling, and heating with minimal energy usage. Constructed in 2004, the building's design incorporates elements like solar shells, a hyperbolic paraboloid roof, and photovoltaic panels to maximize natural light and thermal regulation. As a result, the building achieves the highest rating of energy efficiency and has the lowest energy performance index in India for a non-air-conditioned building.
This document discusses various passive architecture designs that utilize wind and solar energy. It describes the working of a Trombe wall, which uses a hollow wall to circulate air and heat it with solar energy. Overhang walls and winged walls are designed to prevent solar radiation from entering rooms in the summer and allow it to enter in the winter. The document also discusses wind energy conversion systems, including the basic components and working of a wind turbine. It notes some disadvantages of wind energy and explains that the theoretical maximum efficiency of a wind turbine is 59.3% according to Betz's law.
PEDA OFFICE
CHANDIGARH
PEDA OFFICE COMPLEX, CHANDIGARH
• Punjab Energy Development Agency (PEDA)
• Solar Passive Complex
• Location -Plot No. 1 & 2, Sector 33-D
• Plot size -1.49 acre
• Total covered area 68,224 Sq.Ft. including 23,200 Sq.Ft. basement
• COST -5.5 CRORES
INTRODUCTION
Location: Solar Passive Complex sector 33D, Chandigarh (Latitude 30°N)
About:- Chandigarh the modern and planned city designed by Le-Corbusier, lies in the plains at the foot of the Lower Himalayas, is the capital of Punjab and Haryana .
Punjab Energy Development Agency (PEDA), Chandigarh is a state nodal agency responsible for development of new & renewable energy and non-conventional energy in the state of Punjab.
PEDA– Solar Passive Complex, Chandigarh is a unique and successful model of Energy Efficient Solar Building, designed on solar passive architecture with the partial financial support of Ministry of New & Renewable Energy, GOI and Dept. of Science, Technology, Environment and Non-conventional Energy, Govt. of Punjab. It is setup at Plot No. 1 & 2, Sector 33-D, Chandigarh.
Site Area : 1.49 acre (268ft. x 243 ft.)
Total covered area : 68,224 Sq.Ft. including 23,200 Sq.Ft. Basement.
Architecture style : Sustainable architecture
SITE ANALYSIS
LOCATION: PEDA Office ,Solar Passive Complex sector 33D,Chandigarh
COUNTRY: INDIA
STATE: PUNJAB
TIME ZONE: IST(UTC+05:30)
COORDINATES:
GEOGRAPHY
ELEVATION: 350M
CLIMATE: COMPOSITE
MAX.SUMMER TEMPERATURE: 44°C
MIN. WINTER TEMPERATURE: 5°C
ANNUAL AVG RAINFALL: 1110.7MM
Context & Site micro-climatic Analysis
Architectural building design needs store pond to the composite climatic context of the site. The final design solution needs to satisfy the diverse and often conflicting conditions of a hot-dry, hot-humid, temperate and cold period of Chandigarh
BUILDING: PEDA Office Complex
ARCHITECT: Prof. Dr. Arvind Krishan
ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN: Sustainable Architecture
This building has a 3Dimensional form responding to solar geometry i.e., minimizing solar heat gain in hot dry period and maximizing solar heat gain in cold period.
Passive cooling is a design approach that focuses on controlling heat gain and dissipating heat without energy usage. It involves preventing heat entry, storing heat in thermal mass, and releasing heat at night. Key techniques include site design for climate/wind, solar shading, insulation, natural ventilation like cross/stack ventilation, night flushing to release stored heat, radiative cooling of roofs at night, evaporative cooling using water, and coupling buildings to cooler earth temperatures underground.
The Energy Research Institute building in Bangalore utilizes passive design strategies to reduce energy usage. It is oriented along an east-west axis for maximum northern exposure. A double cavity wall on the south side insulates from heat. Skylights and fenestrations provide natural lighting while solar panels and heaters harness solar energy. Landscaping, terraces, and earth berming maintain indoor thermal comfort. Passive ventilation is enhanced through solar chimneys. The design skillfully integrates natural elements like sun, air, water, and earth with the built form.
passive heating system with trombe wall GrkemDiken
This document discusses passive heating systems for buildings. It describes how 35-40% of energy is used for building heating and 85% of that is for space heating alone. Passive heating technologies are introduced that can heat buildings without energy usage through building design. Direct solar gain and Trombe walls are passive solar systems explained in detail. Trombe walls consist of a dark wall with glazing in front to capture solar heat. Design plans, elevations, sections and details of a sample building project using a Trombe wall system are presented, showing how passive heating is integrated into the design. The conclusion states that passive heating can significantly reduce heating bills and improve comfort through simple techniques.
Climate responsive architecture and PEDA literature study Ubaid Khan
This document discusses climate responsive architecture and design. It begins by outlining elements of climate like temperature, humidity, precipitation, and wind that should be considered. It then discusses concepts like daylight factor, site climate deviations, local factors like topography, and temperature variations. Specific climates of India are examined like hot and dry, warm and humid, and strategies for different climates. The document also examines a case study building in Chandigarh with an innovative design that uses elements like a hyperbolic paraboloid roof, insulation, natural ventilation strategies, and landscaping to be responsive to the local composite climate.
The document discusses various passive cooling architecture techniques including earth berming, earth air tunnels, wind towers, and thermal walls. Earth berming involves partially burying homes underground or behind earthen walls for insulation. Earth air tunnels use underground pipes to exchange air with stable earth temperatures for natural heating and cooling. Wind towers catch breezes at higher elevations and direct air downward into buildings. Thermal walls made of materials like concrete and brick absorb and store heat to moderate indoor temperatures without mechanical cooling.
Passive solar systems utilize natural means like building materials and design to collect, store, and distribute solar energy for heating and cooling. They include direct gain systems using windows to let sunlight in for floor/wall storage, thermal storage walls behind south-facing glazing, attached sunspaces with storage walls, and thermal storage roofs with water bags or ponds that absorb heat from the sun. Passive systems provide heating and cooling without mechanical equipment by integrating solar design into the building structure and envelope.
Sen Kapadia is an Architect, Planner and Educationist, based in Mumbai. He has worked with eminent American Architect Louis Kahn in Philadelphia and the Space Management office in New York.
150316 principles of solar oriented designTieng Wei
Principles of Solar Oriented Design, that would help in designing the building in term of active and passive solar design strategies. It's a group assignment, thus, credits go to my group members too.
This document provides a case study analysis of the courtyard design at Su-Garden in Beijing as a passive cooling system. It begins with an abstract that outlines the purpose is to identify if the courtyard fully acts as a passive cooling system. It then provides an introduction on Su-Garden and outlines 5 research questions. It defines passive cooling systems and how courtyards work through 3 cycles: at night cool air descends into the courtyard; during the day hot air rises from the courtyard; and in the late afternoon cool air descends again. It analyzes factors like Su-Garden's building orientation, structure, materials, and vegetation that influence its passive cooling performance.
Lecture 8 heating ventilation & air-conditioningBekark
This document discusses heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. It begins by explaining how HVAC principles influence architectural design. It then provides descriptions of common HVAC components and systems, including air handlers, makeup air units, rooftop units, fan coil units, constant air volume systems, and variable air volume systems. The document also discusses heating systems such as fireplaces, stoves, heat pumps, solar heating, and portable units. It covers ventilation methods and factors like indoor air quality. Finally, it addresses HVAC energy efficiency considerations for heating, air conditioning, and thermodynamics.
Cool Roofs Are Ready to Save Energy, Cool Urban Heat Islands, and Help Slow G...Tony Loup
U.S. Department of Energy Building Technologies Program fact sheet about cool roofs, including how they work, the energy-saving benefits, and how to buy and select cool roofs.
Project Punjab Energy Development Agency, Office Building, Chandigarharvindkrishan
This document summarizes a case study analysis of the Punjab Energy Development Agency (PEDA) office building in Chandigarh, India. The building was designed to be responsive to solar geometry and integrate renewable energy systems. Key findings of the study include:
1) The atrium space effectively uses a passive downdraught evaporative cooling system (PDEC) to maintain temperatures 10-12°C lower than ambient, helping cool neighboring office spaces.
2) Elements like the hyperbolic paraboloid roof, solar chimneys, and light vaults help minimize solar gain and passive heating/cooling.
3) Overall building performance is good throughout the year except peak summer periods, which could be improved
Summary of Climate Responsive Design by Richard Hydemaram krimly
The document provides an overview of climate responsive design strategies. It discusses how building form, structure, roofs, walls, floors, and courtyards can be designed to moderate the local climate for human comfort. Key strategies mentioned include using overhangs, light-weight structures, operable walls and roofs, thermal mass, natural ventilation, courtyards, and re-entrant spaces to allow airflow while blocking solar heat gain. The document emphasizes designing based on analytical understanding of the climate and site conditions.
The document discusses thermal comfort in buildings. It states that thermal comfort requires balancing heat loss from the human body with heat production. It also notes that thermal comfort depends on air temperature, surface temperatures, air speed, and humidity. The document explains that the building envelope and mechanical systems work together to maintain thermal comfort conditions. Highly insulated buildings with minimal air leakage and heat recovery ventilation can provide a reliable comfort zone with reduced need for heating and cooling.
The Torrent Research Centre in Ahmedabad, India is a complex of research laboratories that uses passive downdraft evaporative cooling to provide human comfort without mechanical HVAC systems. A system of inlets, outlets, and ventilation towers creates air movement through the building by using the thermal buoyancy effect without electricity. Field tests showed interior temperatures up to 12°C cooler than exterior temperatures of 44°C, demonstrating the effectiveness of this passive cooling approach. The additional construction costs of around 12-13% provide energy savings that result in a payback period of less than 1 year for the additional costs.
The document discusses various types of thermal loads in buildings that affect energy efficiency, including external loads from the environment, internal loads from occupants and equipment, infiltration loads from air leakage, and ventilation loads. It provides details on calculating each type of load, such as defining thermal load, external load factors like solar radiation and conduction, internal loads from lighting and occupant activity levels, infiltration causes and measurement, and ventilation system design considerations. Indoor and outdoor design conditions that impact load calculations are also outlined.
Natural ventilation uses the Bernoulli principle and stack effect to ventilate buildings without mechanical systems. It provides fresh air through passive airflow driven by wind and pressure differences. The BedZED development in London successfully uses natural ventilation methods like wind cowls that scoop air into buildings and outlets that release air, as well as stack ventilation with low inlets and high outlets to draw in cool air and expel warm air. Natural ventilation is a cost-effective and environmentally friendly alternative to active cooling systems.
climate responsive architecture somalilandzakir Mo Saed
The document discusses sustainable architectural design strategies for different climates. It describes how factors like temperature, humidity, wind and sunlight impact building design. Some key strategies mentioned include using courtyards for cross ventilation, overhangs and fins for shading, and optimizing window placement and insulation. Design approaches are tailored for hot/dry, warm/humid, cold/sunny, and other climate types by considering elements like roof pitch, wall thickness, ventilation and solar orientation.
This document proposes a radiant cooling system for a building project utilizing an underfloor cooling system embedded in screed below flooring and a Thermally Active Building System installed in ceilings. Both systems would connect to earth piles for geothermal energy use. Controls would manage supply temperature according to dew point to prevent condensation. Two reference projects are described that achieved energy class A+ ratings using similar radiant cooling systems coupled with geothermal energy - a 750m2 villa in Greece and the 4500m2 American University of Beirut student center project utilizing seawater cooling.
PUNJAB ENERGY DEVELOPMENT AGENCY BUILDING , CHANDIGARHSiddiq Salim
The Punjab Energy Development Agency (PEDA) office building in Chandigarh, India utilizes passive solar design principles to provide lighting, cooling, and heating with minimal energy usage. Constructed in 2004, the building's design incorporates elements like solar shells, a hyperbolic paraboloid roof, and photovoltaic panels to maximize natural light and thermal regulation. As a result, the building achieves the highest rating of energy efficiency and has the lowest energy performance index in India for a non-air-conditioned building.
This document discusses various passive architecture designs that utilize wind and solar energy. It describes the working of a Trombe wall, which uses a hollow wall to circulate air and heat it with solar energy. Overhang walls and winged walls are designed to prevent solar radiation from entering rooms in the summer and allow it to enter in the winter. The document also discusses wind energy conversion systems, including the basic components and working of a wind turbine. It notes some disadvantages of wind energy and explains that the theoretical maximum efficiency of a wind turbine is 59.3% according to Betz's law.
PEDA OFFICE
CHANDIGARH
PEDA OFFICE COMPLEX, CHANDIGARH
• Punjab Energy Development Agency (PEDA)
• Solar Passive Complex
• Location -Plot No. 1 & 2, Sector 33-D
• Plot size -1.49 acre
• Total covered area 68,224 Sq.Ft. including 23,200 Sq.Ft. basement
• COST -5.5 CRORES
INTRODUCTION
Location: Solar Passive Complex sector 33D, Chandigarh (Latitude 30°N)
About:- Chandigarh the modern and planned city designed by Le-Corbusier, lies in the plains at the foot of the Lower Himalayas, is the capital of Punjab and Haryana .
Punjab Energy Development Agency (PEDA), Chandigarh is a state nodal agency responsible for development of new & renewable energy and non-conventional energy in the state of Punjab.
PEDA– Solar Passive Complex, Chandigarh is a unique and successful model of Energy Efficient Solar Building, designed on solar passive architecture with the partial financial support of Ministry of New & Renewable Energy, GOI and Dept. of Science, Technology, Environment and Non-conventional Energy, Govt. of Punjab. It is setup at Plot No. 1 & 2, Sector 33-D, Chandigarh.
Site Area : 1.49 acre (268ft. x 243 ft.)
Total covered area : 68,224 Sq.Ft. including 23,200 Sq.Ft. Basement.
Architecture style : Sustainable architecture
SITE ANALYSIS
LOCATION: PEDA Office ,Solar Passive Complex sector 33D,Chandigarh
COUNTRY: INDIA
STATE: PUNJAB
TIME ZONE: IST(UTC+05:30)
COORDINATES:
GEOGRAPHY
ELEVATION: 350M
CLIMATE: COMPOSITE
MAX.SUMMER TEMPERATURE: 44°C
MIN. WINTER TEMPERATURE: 5°C
ANNUAL AVG RAINFALL: 1110.7MM
Context & Site micro-climatic Analysis
Architectural building design needs store pond to the composite climatic context of the site. The final design solution needs to satisfy the diverse and often conflicting conditions of a hot-dry, hot-humid, temperate and cold period of Chandigarh
BUILDING: PEDA Office Complex
ARCHITECT: Prof. Dr. Arvind Krishan
ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN: Sustainable Architecture
This building has a 3Dimensional form responding to solar geometry i.e., minimizing solar heat gain in hot dry period and maximizing solar heat gain in cold period.
Passive cooling is a design approach that focuses on controlling heat gain and dissipating heat without energy usage. It involves preventing heat entry, storing heat in thermal mass, and releasing heat at night. Key techniques include site design for climate/wind, solar shading, insulation, natural ventilation like cross/stack ventilation, night flushing to release stored heat, radiative cooling of roofs at night, evaporative cooling using water, and coupling buildings to cooler earth temperatures underground.
The Energy Research Institute building in Bangalore utilizes passive design strategies to reduce energy usage. It is oriented along an east-west axis for maximum northern exposure. A double cavity wall on the south side insulates from heat. Skylights and fenestrations provide natural lighting while solar panels and heaters harness solar energy. Landscaping, terraces, and earth berming maintain indoor thermal comfort. Passive ventilation is enhanced through solar chimneys. The design skillfully integrates natural elements like sun, air, water, and earth with the built form.
General principles – Direct gain systems - Glazed walls, Bay windows,
Attached sun spaces etc. Indirect gain systems – Trombe wall, Water wall, Solar Chimney, Transwall, Roof
pond, etc - Isolated gain systems – Natural convective loop etc. Active Heating Systems : Solar water
heating systems
Bioclimatic design at the site planning scaleKomal Arora
Bioclimatic design aims to create buildings and spaces that meet energy needs without harming the environment. It focuses on integrating architectural design with local climate conditions like sunlight, wind and vegetation. Key principles include considering the local weather, reducing energy usage, and using passive solar heating and natural ventilation. Examples of bioclimatic design techniques at the site planning scale include using landforms and plants for wind protection, shading, and directing summer breezes to naturally condition outdoor spaces and buildings.
A Pitched Roof with Forced Ventilation to Limit
Solar Gains by Enrico Caffagni, Antonio Libbra, Alberto Muscio* and Luca Tarozzi in Advancements in Civil Engineering & Technology
TERI -BANGLORE_Case study
this case study is prepared for my studio project _sustainable corporate office . we did a study tour at TERI for a day and report is made in accordance with the goals of sustainable (12 point's )
The document discusses several methods to reduce operational energy in buildings, including:
1. Using energy efficient building envelopes with high insulation to control air, water, and heat flow. This includes roofs, walls, foundations, and thermal barriers.
2. Considering the solar heat gain coefficient and U-values of facade materials like windows to reduce unwanted solar heat gain and heat loss.
3. Implementing efficient lighting technologies, energy efficient appliances, renewable energy sources, and energy monitoring systems to reduce overall energy usage.
The document discusses various passive design strategies for buildings to optimize the use of natural light, heat, and ventilation. It describes approaches for day lighting with apertures, top lighting with rooftop openings, and the effects of glazing options and shading devices on solar heat gain. Passive solar heating is explained as designing for winter sun exposure while excluding summer heat. Natural ventilation techniques of wind-driven ventilation and stack ventilation are also covered. The conclusion advocates adopting passive design approaches that utilize environmental elements like sun, light, and wind to create healthy, low-cost, and energy efficient buildings.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
The document discusses a study that assessed the performance of window films in reducing solar heat gain in buildings in Kurdistan, Iraq. A test wooden cabinet was constructed and measurements were taken over 9 hours both with and without a window film installed. Results showed that the window film reduced maximum indoor temperatures by 10°C and blocked 50-97% of solar radiation depending on weather conditions. Calculations estimated that applying the window film reduced the solar heat gain of the cabinet by 477.15 Watts, with the largest reduction due to decreased light transmission through the windows. The study demonstrates that window films can effectively support environmental protection by lowering energy use for cooling in hot climates like Kurdistan.
The document compares the thermal performance of Madras terrace roofing and concrete roofing (RCC) in the warm, humid climate of Coimbatore, India. An experiment was conducted on a residence with both roof types over 3 weeks in summer. Outdoor and indoor temperatures and humidity were recorded every 2 hours. Results showed RCC roofing gained more heat than Madras terrace roofing during the day. Peak indoor temperatures under RCC roofing were often 2-3°C higher. Therefore, Madras terrace roofing provided better thermal comfort for occupants in this climate compared to RCC roofing.
Passive cooling refers to techniques used to cool buildings without energy consumption, such as those in passive house design. Passive cooling aims to slow heat transfer into buildings and remove unwanted heat through principles of physics like shading, natural ventilation strategies like stack effect and cross ventilation, evaporative cooling, and using thermal mass. Effective passive cooling provides indoor comfort while having low maintenance and energy consumption.
Comparison of Intelligent Façade’s Energy Efficiency in Hot and Humid Climate...paperpublications3
Abstract: Energy conservation and sustainable designs are very hot topics in the world today. Currently architects and building designers greatly influence the level of energy conservation in the world, since buildings are the highest energy consumers. Generally the use of passive heating and cooling systems has had a huge impact in energy conservation, especially in the warm and humid climate. This research will therefore focus on comparing intelligent skins (case in point: double skin façade), which are adaptive and/or responsive to the surrounding environment and how efficient they can be in their energy conservation on the principles of passive designs for warm and humid climate such as natural ventilation and free air movement, providing ample shading systems, glare control and so on.
Passive cooling refers to techniques used to cool buildings without energy consumption, such as those used in passive house designs. Passive cooling aims to slow heat transfer into buildings and remove unwanted heat through principles of physics like shading, natural ventilation strategies like stack ventilation and cross ventilation, evaporative cooling, and using thermal mass materials. Some key passive cooling techniques discussed are shading, natural ventilation methods, night ventilation to pre-cool buildings, evaporative cooling, desiccant cooling, and underground cooling pipes or storage chambers.
This document describes the design of a solar absorption chiller for an air conditioning laboratory in India. It begins with an introduction to solar cooling systems and their advantages over traditional cooling methods. It then provides details on the laboratory space that requires cooling, including its dimensions, materials, and heat-generating equipment. Next, it outlines the methodology for designing the solar absorption chiller, which includes calculating the cooling load, selecting an appropriate solar cooling technology, and optimizing the system design. The document concludes by providing theoretical results for the cooling system, such as the monthly cooling load requirement and cost analysis. The overall goal is to utilize solar energy and reduce emissions from air conditioning the laboratory.
Green Architecture also known as “sustainable architecture” and “green building” is an approach to architectural design which emphasizes the place of the buildings with both local ecosystems & global environment.
this power point discuses about pcm material s and recently applications on green house
and introduce kind of pcm system
this power point priority created by some other authors
Wind turbines produce energy from wind by converting the kinetic energy of wind into electrical energy. The size of the turbine and wind speed determine the amount of energy produced. There are two main types of wind turbine systems: grid-connected systems that feed power directly into the electrical grid, and stand-alone or hybrid systems that store excess power in batteries for off-grid use. When designing a wind turbine system, architects must consider site wind resources, zoning laws, energy needs, and whether the site can connect to the electrical grid.
The document provides information about TERI University located in New Delhi, India. It was established in 1998 and is spread over 2 acres of land. The campus was designed to be sustainable and energy efficient using techniques like passive solar design, daylighting, an earth air tunnel system for cooling, and rooftop solar panels. It aims to minimize its ecological footprint through sustainable design features and the use of renewable energy sources.
Similar to Transsolar%20 concept%20for%20the%20nbia (20)
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
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Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
1. Preprint from
Symposium on Improving Building Systems in Hot and Humid Climates
Dallas 2004
Innovative Design Concept for the
New Bangkok International Airport, NBIA
Wolfgang KESSLING, Stefan HOLST, Matthias SCHULER
Transsolar Energietechnik, Munich, Germany
ABSTRACT the desired indoor climate conditions of 24 °C room
Thermal and visual comfort for the occupants of a temperature and 50 to 60 % relative humidity call for
room are not defined by air temperature only, but also permanent cooling and dehumidification within the
radiation with its three components solar radiation, building and a sophisticated concept for the envelope to
daylight and heat radiation has to be taken into account minimize the effects of the external solar loads.
(among other factors such as humidity, air speed and
CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT
occupant activity and clothing levels). In hot climates the
This approach was used in the design of the New
optimization of room comfort is a challenging task due
Bangkok International Airport, to develop an optimized
to the high solar radiation over the whole year.
building concept in a design team comprising the
In intelligent buildings new material developments architects, structural and mechanical engineers, HVAC,
are applied optimizing the building envelope in an acoustic and climate engineers.
integral building design process. New solutions for
For the terminal building of the NBIA with a length of
weather, noise and heat protection are developed, where
440 m and a width of 110 m the technique of shading by
building envelope and installed mechanical equipment
large overhangs was applied, but at the same time a roof
work together creating optimal comfort at minimum
created that allows daylight to pass through. Large
energy consumption.
external trellis blades that face to the south and open up
This approach was used in the design of the New to the north provide effective shading for direct sunlight
Bangkok International Airport, NBIA to develop an allowing diffuse indirect light from the sky to enter the
optimized building concept in a design team comprising building. Proper daylighting levels for the terminal hall
the architects, structural and mechanical engineers, and views through the roof to the sky in combination with
HVAC, acoustic and climate engineers. sun protection are achieved. The shading trellis blades are
naturally ventilated and located outside the building
envelope, so their absorbed solar heat does not enter the
building.
Figure 1 Model of the terminal and concourse buildings
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
In Bangkok, the climate is characterized by
temperatures of 25 to 35 °C and a high level of relative
humidity all the year round. The annual horizontal solar Figure 2 Model of the New International Bangkok
radiation total is more than 1,500 kWh/m²a and results in Airport
a solar radiation of 1,000 W/m² on many days of the year
In this case the separation of weather and sun
with solar altitudes near the zenith.
protection layers leads to an optimized result as a starting
The situation of an international airport with 24- situation for the air conditioning in the terminal hall,
hours working days and high internal heat loads from because most of the solar radiation is prevented from
people, electric equipment and lighting combined with entering the terminal hall.
TRANSSOLAR Energietechnik GmbH, Goethestrasse 28, D-80336 Munich, Germany 1/9
2. Air conditioning of large volume enclosures with different densities and a sun protection coating the
internal building elements creates a high cooling demand intended material properties of the glass are achieved. In
in relation to the actually occupied space. In the case of the lower parts of the envelope more glazing is applied
the NBIA the total volume of the building is split into and a lower degree of fritting is used to allow a good
unconditioned zones at higher levels and cooled view to the outside. In the roof parts less glazing with a
occupied zones at low levels drastically reducing the denser frit is used to achieve good solar protection against
total cooling demand because mechanical cooling is the high sun of Thailand keeping these parts of the
applied only in spaces where it is actually needed. envelope optically transparent.
Two different mechanical systems for cooling are The membrane parts of the envelope are constructed
used. First there is a radiant floor cooling directly using a translucent multi-layer membrane assembly that
removing solar and heat radiation hitting the floor. The allows a part of the sunlight to pass as diffuse light into
floor surface stays cool and therefore thermal comfort is the building. Due to its low specific weight and its high
increased. strength these membranes can be used in wide spanning
roof constructions. The achieved savings in the amount of
The second is an air displacement system with
material used results in a cost effective building envelope
controllable air stream supplying cooled air to the room
construction. This translucent roof construction ensures
at floor level and at low velocity. The system uses a
sufficient daylighting levels for the building interior.
share of return air for the rejection of convective heat
loads and provides the room with the required amount of
cooled and dehumidified fresh air. Due to the fact that membrane
warm air rises, a thermal stratification in the hall is solar
reflection
induced, with cool air at the bottom and warm air at the fritted glass absorption 70%
28%
top, which is supported by the radiant floor cooling. The solar absorption low-e coating
reflection
conditioned zone is limited to the air volume up to a 60%
36,5%
height of 2.5 m directly above the floor in each occupied transmission
2%
space.
transmission reduced long wave radiation
3,5%
solar reflection supply air 18°C floor surface
shading louvers
60 % +sunprotection glass
Low-e coating 4 ac/h 21°C
absorption Tair= 24°C
39 %
Toperative= 27°C
13°C 19°C
transmission reduced longwave
radiation 13°C
1%
19°C
13°C 19°C Figure 4 Climate concept for the concourse areas
In addition to this, the membrane construction works
Tair= 24°C
Toperative= 27°C
displacement ventilation
supply air 18°C 1 ac/h
mixed ventilation
airconditioned
as a buffer layer for sound protection from the outside
(aircraft noise) and from the inside (room acoustics).
Between the weather protecting outer membrane made of
Figure 3 Climate concept for the terminal building
teflon coated glass fibres and the inner membrane
In the unconditioned higher levels below the roof the translucent sound baffles are mounted with an air gap on
air warms up to about ambient temperature. The both sides. This baffle layer absorbs noise from the
reduction of conditioned air volume is reducing the outside and the inside.
cooling loads of the building and also decreases the need
The inner membrane is a laminate of two layers. The
for thermal insulation of a large part of the building
layer facing the room is a low-e coated transparent foil
envelope.
being in radiative exchange with all internal surfaces of
The passenger lounges are situated in the concourse the building.
building, which adjoins the terminal and has a total
Thin metal coatings block the radiative heat exchange
length of about 3500 m. The same concept for air
between the warm membrane construction and the
conditioning is used here, but in this case the boundary
internal building parts and is transparent for daylight and
conditions are different.
sound due to its very low thickness. This low-e coated
The envelope is constructed using two different surface has an additional advantage. Instead of radiating
groups of materials which are alternating along the heat from the hot roof the radiation of the cooled floor
concourses, transparent glazed facades for outside views surfaces is reflected to the room by this low-e coating
and a translucent membrane roof for daylighting. which is improving thermal comfort for the occupants as
they thermally sense cooler surrounding surface.
The glazed parts use single laminated glass units with
different values for transmission, reflection and
absorption of solar radiation and daylight depending on
their position on the envelope. Using ceramic frit of
TRANSSOLAR Energietechnik GmbH, Goethestrasse 28, D-80336 Munich, Germany 2/9
3. CONCEPT VERIFICATION BY SIMULATION To achieve a true model of such a building, it is
The energy and ventilation concept developed by the crucial to create an accurate representation of the solar
project team was checked by simulation programs in radiation passing through the membrane roof and the
order to prove that the suggested solutions will work in fritted glass units and of the resulting heat transfer to the
reality. room. Another important aspect is the long-wave
radiative exchange between the warm inner surfaces of
A dynamic building simulation was carried out to
the enclosing walls and the floor surfaces cooled by
examine the thermal loads of the building and the change
mechanical cooling systems. The low-e layers on the
in temperature and humidity, to detect possible problems
inner side of the glass units and the membrane roof also
with condensation and to determine the expected cooling
need to be taken into account.
loads and the effects of the radiant floor cooling.
This is important for the evaluation of the heat
Furthermore, daylight simulations help evaluate
radiation entering the room, which is considerably
illuminance levels throughout the building resulting from
reduced by the layers, and of the thermal comfort,
daylight passing through the translucent / transparent
because the coolness of the floor surfaces is reflected and
building envelope, and can be used to detect problems
further lowers the mean temperature of the enclosing
with glare effects.
surfaces.
Stationary and transient fluid dynamic simulations
A dynamic finite element model of the radiant floor
(CFD) have examined the structure of the thermal
cooling was integrated into the building model so that the
stratification and the movement of humidity within the
time-dependend behaviour of the floor cooling system
building. The CFD simulations help specify ascending
can also be represented.
and descending air streams and identify the need to
separate some areas from one another with regard to air
movements.
Figure 5 Cross-section view of a typical concourse
building showing separated zones of the thermal
building model and cooled floor areas Figure 6 Radiant floor cooling system in construction
Thermal concept evaluation is based on selected For the selected floor cooling system (see Fig. 6) the
crucial parts of the building, which have been carefully chilled water pipes are arranged at a distance of 150 mm
examined in a dynamic building simulation carried out (200 mm in partly shaded areas). They are covered by a
with the simulation program TRNSYS (1). From the 7 cm thick layer of plaster and a 10 cm thick insulation
existing hourly weather data for Bangkok a period with layer beneath. The system is run with a permanent supply
extremely high daily top temperatures of 34 °C and a temperature of 13 °C and is designed for a maximum
horizontal solar radiation of 1,000 W/m² was chosen as cooling capacity of 80 W/m² and a return temperature of
the basis for comparing several concept variants. 19 °C.
The model has four thermal zones: First, an air Fig. 7 shows relevant building and system
conditioned zone, situated on the bottom level, temperatures and their change during the day. With the
comprising passenger lounges and corridors. Second, air displacement system working with a supply air
above the former, a zone with multi-level corridors and temperature of 18 °C, the air temperature in the occupied
wide-ranging people mover, which is also supplied by an areas is maintained at 24 °C as is required, while the air
air displacement system. Both zones are provided with in unconditioned areas above the occupied spaces heats
radiant floor cooling. There are two more zones above up considerably to temperatures well above the ambient
the former, which have no air conditioning, no supply air air temperature.
inlets and no discharge air outlets.
TRANSSOLAR Energietechnik GmbH, Goethestrasse 28, D-80336 Munich, Germany 3/9
4. Ambient
NBIA Concourse Case 1 Air (Conditioned Levels)
Air (Lower Unconditioned Zone) NBIA Concourse Case 1
East-West oriented, Fritted Glass 76% -> 0% Air (Higher Unconditioned Zone)
East-West oriented, Fritted Glass 76% -> 0% Total Sensible + Latent Load
constant temperature of 13°C for floor cooling Floor Cooling Inlet
225 Total Sensible Cooling Load
Floor Cooling Outlet constant inlet temperature of 13°C for floor cooling
46 realistic schedules for occupancy Surface of Cooled Floor Floor Cooling Fluid
Operative Temperature
realistic schedules for occupancy
44 Sensible Cooling Recirculating Air
200
42 Sensible Cooling Supply Air
Dehumidifcation Supply Air
40 175
38
Cooling Power in kW
36
Temperature in °C
150
34
32
125
30
28
100
26
24
75
22
20
18 50
16
14 25
12
10 0
2496 2520 2544 2496 2520 2544
Hours of Year Hours of Year
Figure 7 Building and system temperatures of a typical Figure 8 Cooling load for a typical concourse segment
concourse segment in extreme ambient conditions in extreme ambient temperatures
With convection reduced to minimum by thermal Fig. 8 shows the cooling loads to be rejected from the
stratification, heat gains by air mixing to the conditioned system in a building segment measuring 45 m in width
areas are almost completely prevented. Therefore, and 27 m in length. The total of sensible and latent
thermal insulation of the facade is only of minor cooling loads is 165 kW for this building segment.
importance so that plain glazing with its rather poor Transferring this to the building’s total occupied surface
parameters in thermal insulation can be used instead of area of 1,593 m² the cooling load to be rejected amounts
expensive high-quality insulation glass. to 104 W/m².
The indoor climate is not defined by the air The maximum dehumidification capacity for the fresh
temperature only, but also by long-wave radiation within air required for reasons of hygiene is 35 kW. As most
the room. (Other factors such as humidity and air speed flights in international air traffic are scheduled for the
are assumed to be within the comfort range. Occupant night, maximum room occupancy also happens during the
activity and clothing levels are given.) For the occupants night hours so that only 20 kW add to the peak load at
in the room the building envelope heating up during the midday. The same applies to sensible cooling of the fresh
day has the same effect as a radiant ceiling heating air down to the supply air temperature.
running at a mean surface temperature of about 55 °C at
Cooling capacity of the radiant floor cooling is
day peak.
90 kW, which is equivalent to about 55 % of the
To achieve an acceptable quality of thermal comfort maximum cooling load in the concourse segment.
under these circumstances, long-wave radiation has to be Considering the coverage of the floor surface by chilled
minimized. To this end a pyrolytic low-e layer with an water pipes of 68 % the radiant floor cooling has a
emission coefficient of 0.17 is applied to the inner glazed specific cooling capacity of 83 W/m². This is a fairly high
surfaces. This reduces long-wave thermal radiation from value, which can be achieved with a temperature
the glazed surfaces by 80 %. Furthermore, a transparent difference of only 2 Kelvin compared to the ambient,
PET foil with a metallic low-e coating featuring which results from the fact that the radiation heat that hits
enhanced resistance to scratching is applied to the the floor directly is immediately absorbed by the building
membrane roof surfaces to serve the same purpose. component before it is transferred to the air.
The floor temperature in spaces with radiant floor The remaining sensible cooling load of 55 kW is
cooling ranges between 22 °C during the day and 19 °C covered by the return air share of the air displacement
at night, thus reducing the mean radiative temperature in system. In these areas the radiant floor cooling helps
the room. The floor temperature being reflected from the reduce the required cooling capacity of the ventilation
low-e layers in the roof construction back into the room, system to about half of the former value.
affects the mean temperature of the enclosing surfaces
If a translucent / transparent building envelope like
accordingly. Adding to this the direct and diffuse solar
this one was not optimized, there may be the risk of glare
radiation that hits the occupants, an operative (sensed)
effects and the overall illuminance level may be too high,
temperature is achieved, which can be used in evaluating
thus causing disturbance to the occupants.
the thermal comfort of the room.
The aim of optimizing the envelope was to improve
During the day the maximum operative temperature
its thermal parameters and to adjust daylight incidence
is slightly above 27 °C. At night the operative
into the the building in such a way that artificial lighting
temperature is slightly below ambient air temperature,
is not required during daytime even with overcast skies
because the envelope cools down to ambient temperature
and that at the same time the overall illuminance is
and the room is further cooled by the radiant floor
reduced so that no glare effects occur.
cooling.
TRANSSOLAR Energietechnik GmbH, Goethestrasse 28, D-80336 Munich, Germany 4/9
5. Figure 9 Illuminance on the lower level of a typical
concourse segment with overcast skies
The solution is the reduction of daylight transmission Figure 10 Distribution of air temperatures in a typical
through the membrane roof sections by applying concourse segment during the day
additional sound insulation layers and reducing the
These calculations were processed by the CFD
ceramic frit density on the glazed parts from 75 % at the
program FIDAP (4), which allows the user to create a
top of the roof to zero on the walls.
perfect image of the long-wave radiative exchange
The facade structure was optimized with regard to between the surfaces within a room.
daylight transmission based on the results of detailed
Starting from the night time situation with an ambient
daylight simulations carried out with the SUPERLITE
air temperature of 25 °C and a homogeneous air
(2) and RADIANCE (3) programs in combination with
temperature of 25 °C across the whole indoor air volume,
the thermal simulations.
the outdoor temperature in the CFD simulation was raised
Fig. 9 shows the illuminance of the occupied areas on to 34 °C and a solar radiation of 900 W/m² and the
the lower level for an overcast sky in Bangkok. The maximum internal heat loads resulting from occupants
distribution of illuminance is determined by the envelope and equipment were added. A floor surface temperature
structure with an increasing share of glazed surfaces in of 22 °C as determined in thermal simulation, and a
the side walls. With light transmission rates of 2 % supply air temperature of 18 °C from the air displacement
through membrane sections and 7.5 % through glass system were used for calculations.
sections with a maximum ceramic frit densitiy an even
Transient fluid simulations examined the change in
distribution of illuminance is achieved, while only a
structure of the thermal stratification over the course of
small area between the supports of the upper level shows
time. The distribution of temperatures in the examined
a daylight illuminance of less than 300 lux, which is the
concourse segments 80 minutes after switching on the
minimum value for a working place. Daylight
day time conditions are shown in Fig. 9. In the occupied
simulations proved that the target requirement to be able
areas of the lower level and in the corridors on the upper
to go without artificial lighting even on days with
level, a lake of cool air from the displacement system
overcast sky can be met.
with a temperature of 22 to 24 °C has formed and stays
The major precondition for the feasability of the stable over the whole day.
whole energy concept is the forming of a stable thermal
Only some metres above these areas, the air
stratification in the areas without air conditioning, which
temperature rises quickly to about 30 °C. Directly under
are situated above the air conditioned areas. It is crucial
the roof a temperature of 55 °C is reached. The maximum
to safeguard that the thermal stratification cannot be
temperatures of the glazing and the membrane roof
distroyed by convection of warm air along the heated
construction can be as high as 60 °C.
facade or by other disturbances from the lower level, and
to know how long it takes the stratification to form in the The stratification of the indoor air stays stable despite
morning and what happens when the facade cools down convection resulting from air rising at the glazed facade.
in the evening. Even the overspill of cool air from the multi-level
corridors over the glass balustrades does not destroy the
To find out about this and to verify the approach to
thermal stratification. In comparable scenarios without
air movements between the areas with and without air
any floor cooling system the floor surface temperature
conditioning, extensive fluid-dynamic simulations
rises to 30 °C and completely destroys the intended
accompanied the thermal evaluation of the concept.
thermal stratification. Due to convection the whole air
Several different concourse segments were examined
volume is being mixed so that minimizing the air volume
and transient calculations were carried out to determine
to be cooled is no longer possible and the cooling demand
the stratification and de-stratification processes in the
rises considerably.
morning and in the evening.
TRANSSOLAR Energietechnik GmbH, Goethestrasse 28, D-80336 Munich, Germany 5/9
6. respectively. With pre-cooling of aircrafts and jetbridges
added the maximum demand amounts to 50.5 MW.
Transferred to an air conditioned occupied surface area of
about 375,000 m², the specific cooling demand is
135 W/m².
Optimizing the building envelope and adjusting the
cooling system (base line: mixed air-only cooling
concept) helped reduce the total cooling demand of
77 MW or 205 W/m² in the starting situation by about
35 %. Although energy input was reduced, the thermal
comfort for the occupants of the airport was considerably
improved.
The annual energy demand for the cooling system
amounts to 191 GWh/a, which is equivalent to
Figure 11 Segmentation of concourses into typical zones
513 kWh/m²a for the occupied area. The share of heat
to determine the total cooling demand of the building
covered by the radiant floor cooling is about 40 %.
50 000
Cooling Load of Entire Airport NBIA
Energy demand is reduced by about 84 GWh/a
45 000 Optimized Concept compared to the starting situation, which is equivalent to
40 000
a reduction by about 30 %.
35 000 Radiant Floor [kW]
Recirculation Air [kW]
30 000 Supply Air [kW] MATERIAL DEVELOPMENTS AND CONCEPT
Load in kW
25 000
Total Cooling Load [kW]
ANALYSIS BY MEASUREMENTS
20 000
To achieve thermal comfort in a transparent building
in the extreme climate of Thailand, the building envelope
15 000
needs to be perfectly optimized.
10 000
5 000
In cooperation with our partners in industry, the
0
findings from the simulation processes were used to
1 731 1461 2191 2921 3651 4381 5111 5841 6571 7301 8031 develop practical solutions to achieve the required optical
Hours and energetical parameters in the glass structure.
Figure 12 Annual change in cooling demand of the Fig. 13 shows the structure of optimized laminated
building for the optimized building concept glass. There is an 8 mm thick clear tempered safety glass
To determine the cooling demand for the whole pane with a double-fritt pattern of ceramic frit on the
airport, the whole building complex is segmented into inner surface with white dots to the outer and black dots
several representative zones. The terminal building was to the inner space in densities of 75 %, 65 %, 55 %, 37 %
segmented into its 6 occupied levels, and the concourses and 20 % down to zero. The ceramic frit layer is followed
were segmented into zones of typical cross-sectional by a highly selective and anti-reflective sun protection
structures and for different purposes, and all zones were coating and a 6 mm thick heat strengthened clear glass
processed in thermal simulation. pane with a pyrolytic low-e coating on the inner surface.
Fig. 11 shows the typical concourse segements that This structure shows transmission rates of 30 % in the
were examined and their occurrence in the building visible region and 15 % in the solar spectrum for glass
complex. Figures on a grey background show the sections without ceramic frit, although the light reflection
respective conditioned air volume. The total dynamic rate of such panes is not higher than that of uncoated
cooling demand of the airport was determined by glazing.
analysis of these results in the correct sequence in time.
Fig. 12 shows a graph of the annual change in
cooling demand for the whole airport as well as the share
for the radiant floor cooling, fresh air cooling and
dehumidification and the return air for the ventilation
system according to the optimized building concept. In
this diagram maximum passenger occupation of the
airport was moved to midday with maximum solar
radiation, to show that the concept will work even if
flight schedules are drastically changed.
The building has a maximum cooling demand of
44 MW, where a third is covered by radiant floor
cooling, fresh air conditioning and return air cooling Figure 13 Structure of optimized glazing
TRANSSOLAR Energietechnik GmbH, Goethestrasse 28, D-80336 Munich, Germany 6/9
7. The black frit pattern on the inner surface when ANALYSIS OF THERMAL STRATIFICATION
looked at from a certain distance in the building creates The crucial step in verifying if the energy concept is
an optical effect that is similar to that of wearing sun feasible in practice was to prove by experiment that the
glasses: there is a clear undisturbed view from inside to thermal stratification is really formed as predicted by
the outside, but the brightness is reduced. This effect is fluid simulations.
facilitated by the ability of the human eye to supply the
missing information in the image. Fig. 14 shows the
view through glazing with a high ceramic frit density in
a test building.
Figure 15 Measuring indoor air movements in an indoor
tennis hall, experimental setting
Figure 14 Testing glazings with different densities of
ceramic frit
The membrane roof construction was also put into Figure 16 Verification of the forming of a stable thermal
practice in this test building. The optimized transparent stratification by a smoke test
sound absorbing layer, which was developed specifically
In summer, indoor air movements were measured in
for this project, is installed directly under a 1 mm thick
an indoor tennis hall having translucent membrane roof
glass fiber PTFE membrane functioning as an enclosure
and an air conditioning concept similar to that of the
and weather protection for the building. On the inner
project. With a length of 37 m, a width of 18 m and a
side of the roof is a thin transparent foil with a low-e
height of 7 m the tennis hall is comparable to the
coating on its inner surface. For reasons of statics the foil
concourse segments in a scale of 1:3. In the experimental
is applied to a perforated membrane, which lets the
setting shown in Fig. 15 the lower part of the hall is
internal sound pass. Daylight transmission rates of about
supplied with cooled supply air from the ventilation
2 % through the translucent membrane roof were proved
system with discharge air being removed via an air
by measurements with a coefficient of thermal
discharge, which is variable in height. Thus, no air
conductance of 2.5 W/m²K.
conditioning is applied in the upper part of the hall.
The upper part of Fig. 14 shows the membrane roof.
During a summer period with high ambient
Although light transmission rates are low, the
temperatures the system was run with parameters similar
combination of membrane construction and glazing
to those of the planned energy concept. The occupied
helped achieve a building that is bright with daylight.
area was cooled down to a temperature of 24 °C by air
conditioning and the floor was kept humid and cool,
while temperatures in the upper parts reached 30 °C.
TRANSSOLAR Energietechnik GmbH, Goethestrasse 28, D-80336 Munich, Germany 7/9
8. Fig. 16 shows that the smoke test proves the forming Total Annual Costs of Energy Concepts
of a stable stratification. 22
20
20.4
18.8 18.4
18.0
The injection of smoke into the air conditioned and 18
3.7
17.4
16.9
4.4
7.1
16
permanently exchanged air volume up to a height of
3.4
6.0
14 1.6 5.7
2.4 m on the one hand, and into the heated air volume
1.4 1.8 1.4
Mio US$/a
12 13.5
12.6
with stable stratification directly below the roof of the 10 3.2
3.0 12.1
11.9
hall results in the forming of a smoke-free layer between
8
8.8
8.2
6
the two air zones. This layer stayed stable despite a 4
Annual
Energy
Annual
Operating
Annuity of
Installation
temperature gradient that was smaller than under real 2
Costs Costs Costs
conditions and was not even disturbed by the ventilation 0
Basis Concept Cogeneration Storage Cogeneration Solar Thermal Photovoltaik
Concept Concept with Storage Concept Concept
system or occupants. Concept
This experiment proves that the fluid simulations
Figure 17 Investment costs for several energy supply
provided correct results and that the energy concept will
concepts
definitely function in reality.
Installation Costs of Energy Concepts
The measurements taken in the experimental setting 70
64.9
show that the verification of a complex concept requires 60
not only the use of a wide range of simulation 51.7
48.7
technologies, but also the support for concept 50
suggestions by experimental measurements. 40
38.0
Mio US$
31.6
28.9
30
ENERGY SUPPLY CONCEPT 20
After optimizing the energy demand of the building, 10
the energy supply for the building had to be considered,
0
and several concepts for energy supply were compared. Basis Concept Cogeneration
Concept
Storage
Concept
Cogeneration
with Storage
Solar Assisted
Concept
Photovoltaik
Concept
The existing supply concept for the new airport Concept
comprises a chilled water network with system Figure 18 Total annual costs for several energy supply
temperatures of 6 / 12 °C and chilled water generation by concepts
an electrically powered compression chiller system.
The total annual costs including not only the
This concept was compared with a co-generation investment costs broken down to an annual value, but
concept using gas turbines on the one hand, and another also the energy and operational costs for the system show
concept using absorption chiller systems on the other that the integration of a storage tank reduces the
hand. For both concepts the effect of using a chilled investment costs because of a decrease in cooling demand
water storage tank with a capacity of 285 MWh to level and annual regular costs.
out the changes in cooling demand over the course of the
day was examined. It showed that the chilled water The co-generation concept in combination with a
storage is usefull to cut cooling peaks (investment cost) storage tank accounts for the least annual costs. It is
and reduce energy cost (due to lower off peak electricity remarkable that the thermal use of solar energy produces
cost) whereas the cooling energy demand is hardly less annual costs than the conventional concept.
changed.
To evaluate the different concepts under the aspect of
Furthermore, the use of highly efficient solar ecology, the concept using regenerative solar energy and
collectors covering a surface area of 35,000 m² in the approach for an efficient use of energy by co-
combination with an absorption chiller system and gas generation were compared to the conventional concept
heating as a back-up system was examined. Under using an electrically powered vapour compression chiller
climatic conditions as in Thailand with high solar system in combination with a storage tank.
radiation, high-efficiency evacuated tube collectors with
CPC reflectors can be used to generate a temperature of
190 °C required for the operation of a double-effect
absorption chiller system.
A concept using photovoltaic modules covering a
surface area of 55,000 m² for the immediate generation
of electric power in combination with an electrically
powered compression chiller system was compared to
other concepts under the aspect of economy. Fig. 17
shows the investment costs for severel different
concepts.
TRANSSOLAR Energietechnik GmbH, Goethestrasse 28, D-80336 Munich, Germany 8/9
9. Annual CO2 Savings DESIGN - TEAM
60 000
55 000
Systems compared to Energy Storage System
Total Annual CO2 Emission: 217 634 t/a
Architects: Murphy / Jahn Architects,
50 000
CO2 Emission of Electricity Production : 0.629 t/MWhel
Chicago
Annual CO2 Reduction in t/a
45 000
- 18.9 % - 18.9 % Project Management: TAMS, Chicago
40 000
35 000 Structural engineers: Werner Sobek Ingenieure,
30 000 Stuttgart
25 000
20 000
Energy, comfort: Transsolar Energietechnik GmbH,
15 000 Stuttgart
10 000
5 000
- 3.3 %
- 1.5 %
HVAC engineers: Flack+Kurtz Consulting Engineers
0 San Franscisco
Photovoltaic System Solar Thermal Cogeneration without Cogeneration System Acoustics: Laboratorium für Optik und
Collectors Storage
Dynamik, Dr. R. Blum, Leonberg
Figure 19 CO2 reduction potential for several energy SIMULATION PROGRAMS USED FOR ANALYSIS
supply concepts (1) TRNSYS 14.2, A Transient System Simulation
Program, Solar Energy Laboratory, University of
Cost of CO2 Savings Wisconsin, Madison, U.S.A. 1996
Systems compared to Energy Storage System
475
425 413
CO2 Emission of Electricity Production : 0.629 t/MWhel
(2) SUPERLITE, Adeline 2.0 IEA Solar Heating and
375
Cooling Program ,Task 12
Cost in US $ per ton CO 2
325 306
275
(3) RADIANCE , Lighting Systems Research Group,
225 Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory
175
125
(4) FIDAP 7.52, Fluid Dynamics International,
75 Evanston, Illinois, U.S.A.
25 14
-11
-25
Photovoltaic System Solar Thermal Cogeneration without Cogeneration System
Collectors Storage
Figure 20 Specific costs for the reduction of CO2
emissions for several energy supply concepts
Fig. 19 shows that with the determined specific CO2
emissions for power production in Thailand, co-
generation of power and refrigeration achieves
considerably higher reductions in CO2 emissions than the
use of solar energy.
When the total annual reduction in CO2 emissions is
divided by the additional annual costs for each system,
the result are the specific costs for reducing emissions by
one tonne of CO2 (see Fig. 20).
For the co-generation concept, costs for the reduction
of CO2 emissions are very low, or even negative if the
storage tank is used, which means that this concept
provides the required amount of energy at lower costs
than the other concept. As a consequence, this energy
supply concept featuring very favourable ecological
parameters is strongly recommended for the airport.
For additional investment costs energy contractors
can provide preliminary financing without charges for
the constructor.
This study shows that not only under the aspect of
investment costs, but also with regard to costs for
environmentally friendly systems, optimized innovative
concepts using thermal solar collectors should be given
preference over systems using photovoltaics technology.
TRANSSOLAR Energietechnik GmbH, Goethestrasse 28, D-80336 Munich, Germany 9/9