Current control scheme is commonly used in high voltage direct current (HVDC) to transmit power delivery. This scheme is done by adjusting trigger angle to regulate direct current (DC) in thyristor devices. The adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) control is widely applied for start and fault operation. But, solution for transient response of DC current in HVDC system is not clearly studied before. In this paper, supplementary control (SC) based on ANFIS is proposed to improve the transient response of the current. The SC control is designed by learning-processes and SC parameters are obtained by data-training automatically. For current reference at 1.05 pu and up-ramp at 20 pu/s, maximum overshoot is achieved at 5.12% and 7.72% for the SC and proportional integral controller (PIC), respectively. When the up-ramp is increased to 28 pu/s, the maximum overshoot is achieved at 10.01% for the SC. While, the peak overshoot for the PIC is 14.28%.
Impact of LCC–HVDC multiterminal on generator rotor angle stability IJECEIAES
Multiterminal High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) transmission utilizing Line Commutated Converter (LCC-HVDC) technology is on the increase in interconnecting a remote generating station to any urban centre via long distance DC lines. This Multiterminal-HVDC (MTDC) system offers a reduced right of way benefits, reduction in transmission losses, as well as robust power controllability with enhanced stability margin. However, utilizing the MTDC system in an AC network bring about a new area of associated fault analysis as well as the effect on the entire AC system during a transient fault condition. This paper analyses the fault current contribution of an MTDC system during transient fault to the rotor angle of a synchronous generator. The results show a high rotor angle swing during a transient fault and the effectiveness of fast power system stabilizer connected to the generator automatic voltage regulator in damping the system oscillations. The MTDC link improved the system performance by providing an alternative path of power transfer and quick system recovery during transient fault thus increasing the rate at which the system oscillations were damped out. This shows great improvement compared to when power was being transmitted via AC lines.
DFIG wind turbine under unbalanced power system conditions using adaptive fuz...Dr. Mohamed ZELLAGUI
The document proposes an adaptive virtual inertia controller (VIC) for a doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) wind turbine to improve both inter-area oscillations and frequency stability in a power system. The adaptive VIC uses fuzzy logic to dynamically adjust the VIC gain based on the inter-area angular speed deviations and its derivative between two areas of a power system. Simulation results on a two-area network integrated with a DFIG wind farm show that the adaptive fuzzy VIC improves both inter-area oscillations and frequency stability compared to a DFIG without a VIC or with a fixed-gain VIC.
IRJET- Different Control Strategies for Power Control of Voltage Source Conve...IRJET Journal
This document discusses and compares different control strategies for power control of voltage source converters in microgrids, including proportional-integral controllers, proportional-resonant controllers, vector control, and hysteresis current control. It describes issues with traditional PI control approaches and how alternative strategies can help address these issues. Specific control methods covered include a novel self-tuning PI controller, proportional-resonant controllers, vector control of voltage source converters to suppress voltage fluctuations, a vector control strategy for grid-tied converters, and hysteresis current control for interfacing renewable energy sources to a microgrid.
Seamless Transitions between Grid-Connected and Stand-Alone Operations of Dis...IJERD Editor
Control of the Distributed Generation (DG) system is important in both grid-connected and standalone
modes and the system stability becomes very crucial during the transfer between these two modes. If the
system does not have a proper transfer procedure, severe transient voltages or currents will occur, which may
damage the entire system. A seamless transfer can ensure smooth operation and quick attainment of steady state.
In order to solve these transition problems, this paper presents the development and test of a control strategy for
DG capable of working in grid-connected and intentional islanding connection modes with seamless transitions
from both operational modes.
Voltage Regulation with Hybrid RES based Distributed Generation in the for Ac...IJMTST Journal
In this paper adaptive zone-based Volt/VAR management is proposed, which coordinates active
participation of DGs with conventional voltage regulation equipment. To achieve a flexible and scalable
solution while minimizing complexity and requirements for data-handling capability, DG management
systems are integrated with decentralized parts of the Volt/VAR management system in smaller
geographical zones. Coordination of DGs with conventional voltage regulation equipment is based on
predefined control hierarchies. However, to reduce requirements for data handling capability, the distribution
grid is divided into zones with individual voltage regulation and reactive support schemes. To add flexibility
and scalability, these zones can be combined into larger zones with a common Volt/VAR management
scheme. This is referred to as adaptive zoning. The results indicate that the control schemes successfully
restore voltage to within limits after disturbance of grid conditions. Adaptive zoning effectively reduces
system complexity and requirements for data handling capability, while still ensuring a grid-wide solution.
The proposed concept is implemented to hybrid RES method the simulation results are presented by using
Matlab/Simulink platform.
This paper studies the suitability of a vector based current control which is mostly employed for its faster response in the reactive current applications of static compnesators (STATCOMs). The current control is mostly achieved using proportional-integral (PI) controllers because of the advantage of their good tracking and small variations. However, due to the dependency of PI controllers on the modular multilevel converter (MMC) system dynamics, performance variations arise during steady-state STATCOM non-ideal operations. This paper presents an improved MMC based STATCOM control with a d-q compensation algorithm added to the vector based current control. The algorithm is derived to tackle the effects of the dynamics of the MMC and the STATCOM ideal variations without the use of any additional controller. The control is achieved by providing a power compensation in the d,q-axis which injects currents at the input of the PI controllers in order to improve the steady-state performance of the STATCOM control.
These slides focus on preliminary discussions about wide area monitoring, protection and control in future smart grid. Later in the class i will show its application through simulation and case study results.
This slide presents the control aspects of Energy Storage System in Microgrid. Later I will discuss about the control strategy with integration to DGs and EVs.
Impact of LCC–HVDC multiterminal on generator rotor angle stability IJECEIAES
Multiterminal High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) transmission utilizing Line Commutated Converter (LCC-HVDC) technology is on the increase in interconnecting a remote generating station to any urban centre via long distance DC lines. This Multiterminal-HVDC (MTDC) system offers a reduced right of way benefits, reduction in transmission losses, as well as robust power controllability with enhanced stability margin. However, utilizing the MTDC system in an AC network bring about a new area of associated fault analysis as well as the effect on the entire AC system during a transient fault condition. This paper analyses the fault current contribution of an MTDC system during transient fault to the rotor angle of a synchronous generator. The results show a high rotor angle swing during a transient fault and the effectiveness of fast power system stabilizer connected to the generator automatic voltage regulator in damping the system oscillations. The MTDC link improved the system performance by providing an alternative path of power transfer and quick system recovery during transient fault thus increasing the rate at which the system oscillations were damped out. This shows great improvement compared to when power was being transmitted via AC lines.
DFIG wind turbine under unbalanced power system conditions using adaptive fuz...Dr. Mohamed ZELLAGUI
The document proposes an adaptive virtual inertia controller (VIC) for a doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) wind turbine to improve both inter-area oscillations and frequency stability in a power system. The adaptive VIC uses fuzzy logic to dynamically adjust the VIC gain based on the inter-area angular speed deviations and its derivative between two areas of a power system. Simulation results on a two-area network integrated with a DFIG wind farm show that the adaptive fuzzy VIC improves both inter-area oscillations and frequency stability compared to a DFIG without a VIC or with a fixed-gain VIC.
IRJET- Different Control Strategies for Power Control of Voltage Source Conve...IRJET Journal
This document discusses and compares different control strategies for power control of voltage source converters in microgrids, including proportional-integral controllers, proportional-resonant controllers, vector control, and hysteresis current control. It describes issues with traditional PI control approaches and how alternative strategies can help address these issues. Specific control methods covered include a novel self-tuning PI controller, proportional-resonant controllers, vector control of voltage source converters to suppress voltage fluctuations, a vector control strategy for grid-tied converters, and hysteresis current control for interfacing renewable energy sources to a microgrid.
Seamless Transitions between Grid-Connected and Stand-Alone Operations of Dis...IJERD Editor
Control of the Distributed Generation (DG) system is important in both grid-connected and standalone
modes and the system stability becomes very crucial during the transfer between these two modes. If the
system does not have a proper transfer procedure, severe transient voltages or currents will occur, which may
damage the entire system. A seamless transfer can ensure smooth operation and quick attainment of steady state.
In order to solve these transition problems, this paper presents the development and test of a control strategy for
DG capable of working in grid-connected and intentional islanding connection modes with seamless transitions
from both operational modes.
Voltage Regulation with Hybrid RES based Distributed Generation in the for Ac...IJMTST Journal
In this paper adaptive zone-based Volt/VAR management is proposed, which coordinates active
participation of DGs with conventional voltage regulation equipment. To achieve a flexible and scalable
solution while minimizing complexity and requirements for data-handling capability, DG management
systems are integrated with decentralized parts of the Volt/VAR management system in smaller
geographical zones. Coordination of DGs with conventional voltage regulation equipment is based on
predefined control hierarchies. However, to reduce requirements for data handling capability, the distribution
grid is divided into zones with individual voltage regulation and reactive support schemes. To add flexibility
and scalability, these zones can be combined into larger zones with a common Volt/VAR management
scheme. This is referred to as adaptive zoning. The results indicate that the control schemes successfully
restore voltage to within limits after disturbance of grid conditions. Adaptive zoning effectively reduces
system complexity and requirements for data handling capability, while still ensuring a grid-wide solution.
The proposed concept is implemented to hybrid RES method the simulation results are presented by using
Matlab/Simulink platform.
This paper studies the suitability of a vector based current control which is mostly employed for its faster response in the reactive current applications of static compnesators (STATCOMs). The current control is mostly achieved using proportional-integral (PI) controllers because of the advantage of their good tracking and small variations. However, due to the dependency of PI controllers on the modular multilevel converter (MMC) system dynamics, performance variations arise during steady-state STATCOM non-ideal operations. This paper presents an improved MMC based STATCOM control with a d-q compensation algorithm added to the vector based current control. The algorithm is derived to tackle the effects of the dynamics of the MMC and the STATCOM ideal variations without the use of any additional controller. The control is achieved by providing a power compensation in the d,q-axis which injects currents at the input of the PI controllers in order to improve the steady-state performance of the STATCOM control.
These slides focus on preliminary discussions about wide area monitoring, protection and control in future smart grid. Later in the class i will show its application through simulation and case study results.
This slide presents the control aspects of Energy Storage System in Microgrid. Later I will discuss about the control strategy with integration to DGs and EVs.
A review on SVC control for power system stability with and without auxiliary...journalBEEI
Since the beginning of the last century, power system stability has been recognized as a vital problem in securing system operation. Power system instability has caused many major blackouts. This paper reviewed the previous technical works consisting of various methods of optimization in controlling power system stability. The techniques presented were compared to optimize the control variables for optimization of power system stability. Power system stability enhancement has been investigated widely in literature using different ways. This paper is focusing on SVC performance for enhancing power system stability either through SVC controlled itself or SVC controlled externally by other controllers. Static VAR compensators (SVCs) are used primarily in power system for voltage control as either an end in itself or a means of achieving other objectives, such as system stabilization.The analysis on performance of the previous work such as advantages and findings of a robust method approach in each technique was included in this paper.
Enhanced Crowbar Protection for Fault Ride through Capability of Wind Generat...IAES-IJPEDS
Due to increasing demand in power, the integration of renewable sources like
wind generation into power system is gaining much importance nowadays.
The heavy penetration of wind power into the power system leads to many
integration issues mainly due to the intermittent nature of the wind and the
desirability for variable speed operation of the generators. As the wind power
generation depends on the wind speed, its integration into the grid has
noticeable influence on the system stability and becomes an important issue
especially when a fault occurs on the grid. The protective disconnection of a
large amount of wind power during a fault will be an unacceptable
consequence and threatens the power system stability. With the increasing
use of wind turbines employing Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG)
technology, it becomes a necessity to investigate their behavior during grid
faults and support them with fault ride through capability. This paper
presents the modeling and simulation of a doubly fed induction generator
according to grid code compatibility driven by a wind turbine connected to
the grid. This paper analyses the voltage sag due to a three-phase fault in the
wind connected grid. A control strategy including a crowbar circuit has been
developed in MATLAB/SIMULINK to bypass the rotor over currents during
grid fault to enhance the fault ride through capability and to maintain system
stability. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed control
strategies in DFIG based grid connected wind turbine system.
These slides present about islanding detection techniques in microgrid systems. Later on the classes other aspects of microgrid protection will be discussed in more detail
The document discusses various maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithms for wind energy systems. It describes three main MPPT control methods: tip speed ratio control, power signal feedback control, and hill-climb search control. For each control method, it provides the basic principles, block diagrams, and examples of implementations for different types of wind turbine generators including permanent magnet synchronous generators, squirrel cage induction generators, and doubly fed induction generators.
This document discusses various control strategies for power sharing in AC microgrids, including droop control approaches. It provides details on several types of droop control methods and their advantages and drawbacks. Specifically, it describes conventional droop control based on frequency-power (P/f) and voltage-reactive power (Q/V) drooping characteristics. It also discusses voltage-power droop and frequency-reactive power boosting control for microgrids with resistive lines, as well as complex line impedance-based droop control methods.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
SRF CONTROLLED DVR FOR COMPENSATION OF BALANCED AND UNBALANCED VOLTAGE DISTUR...IAEME Publication
The growth of power electronictechnology in the field of electric power sector has caused a greater awarenesson the power quality of distribution systems. With the re-structuring of powersystems and with shifting trend towards distributed and dispersed generation,the issue of power quality is going to take newer dimensions. The presentresearch is to identify the prominent concerns in this area and hence themeasures that can enhance the quality of power. This paper investigates theproblems of voltage sag, swell and its severe impact on nonlinear loads,sensitive loads.
IRJET- A Review of Power Control Strategies for DFIG based Wind Energy Conver...IRJET Journal
This document reviews several power control strategies for a Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) based wind energy conversion system. It discusses DFIG configurations using static Kramer drive and SCR converters, as well as DFIG configurations that provide active filter capabilities to mitigate harmonics. It also reviews a DFIG control strategy based on a power transfer matrix that directly controls real and reactive power, and DFIG configurations using PI controllers and fuzzy logic controllers to independently control active and reactive power exchange. The strategies are compared based on factors like cost, efficiency, power consumption, and harmonic distortion.
Analysis of Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) Level of Distribution Network Usi...IJERA Editor
The modern sensitive, Non-linear and sophisticated load affects the power quality. Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) provides the fast, flexible and efficient solution to improve the power quality for such distribution network [8]. The active power, reactive power, variation of voltage, flicker, harmonics, and electrical behavior of switching operations are the major source of affecting power quality. The intent of this paper is to demonstrate the improvements obtained with DVR in power system network using MATLAB/SIMULINK. In this paper, an overview of the DVR, its functions, configurations, components, control strategies are reviewed. The Simulation results are presented to illustrate the performance of DVR in Total Harmonic Distortion (THD). The results showed clearly the performance of using DVR in improving THD level.
Influencing Power Flow and Transient Stability by Static Synchronous Series C...ijeei-iaes
This document summarizes research on using a Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC) to improve power flow and transient stability in a Single Machine Infinite Bus (SMIB) system. The research models an SMIB system and analyzes its power angle curve and transient stability both with and without an SSSC. Results show that the SSSC is effective at stabilizing the system after a transient fault by controlling voltage injection and virtual line impedance. The SSSC allows the system to regain stability faster than without the SSSC. Therefore, the SSSC is concluded to be an effective means of influencing power flow and improving transient stability in power systems.
This paper presents a thorough control structure of the distributed generators inside the microgrid during both grid-connected and islanded operation modes. These control structures of the DGs voltage source inverters are implemented in synchronous reference frame (SRF) and controlled using linear PI controllers. By implementing the control structures, the desired real and reactive power can be efficiently transferred to the local loads and the utility load by the microgrid generating units. A modified droop control technique is introduced to facilitate the microgrid performance during both modes of operation. The active and reactive power sharing of the load demand between the utility grid and the microgrid can be performed by this drop control technique during the islanded mode. The system performance during intentional islanding event and utility load increase is investigated. The effectiveness of the offered control structures is confirmed through simulation results during both modes of operation.
This article proposes a novel scheme to improve the doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) behavior during grid fault. The DFIG’s are sensitives to voltage variations when abrupt variations of the wind velocity arrive. For enhancing DFIG behavior, protecting the converters, and smoothing the fluctuations power output of the DFIG under sag voltage; a novel hybrid energy storage system scheme and its controller are proposed. The main advantages of our approach are a faster response and suppressing overvoltage on DC bus and globally less stress in the storage system. The control structure decreases the tiredness on the battery and restores the DC bus voltage rapidly, globally the battery system operating time increases. The results obtained by simulations in MATLAB validate the benefits of the suggested control.
This document discusses distributed generation (DG), defined as small power generation units connected to distribution networks. It covers DG definitions, drivers for DG integration including environmental, economic, technological and regulatory factors. Key benefits of DG integration are improved reliability, power quality, reduced losses and costs. Various DG technologies are classified and compared. Optimal DG planning techniques aim to minimize losses and costs while satisfying constraints like voltage limits.
Class-20 These slides explain about the basic approach and requirements of re synchronization of micro-grid to utility grid. Other names very often used in place of re-synchronization are re-connection or transition. Later , I will explain about the implementation of one approach through simulation in MATLAB/SIMULINK software
Fault Ride-Through capability of DSTATCOM for Distributed Wind Generation SystemIJPEDS-IAES
In this paper, fault ride through analysis of a low voltage distribution system
augmented with distributed wind generation using squirrel cage induction
generator and distribution static compensator (DSTATCOM) is carried out
through modeling and simulation study in MATLAB. The impact of
unbalanced (single line to ground) fault in a low voltage distribution system
in normal and severe conditions is studied and analyzed in details. Analysis
on system instability is also shown in case of sever fault condition. A
distribution Static Compensator (DSTATCOM) is used to improve fault ride
through (FRT) capability of wind generation system by compensating
positive sequence voltage. A comparison of dynamic response of the system
with and without DSTATCOM and effects of DSTATCOM on voltage and
generator speed are presented. The simulation results shows that
DSTATCOM is capable of reducing the voltage dips and improving the
voltage profiles by providing reactive power support to distributed wind
generation system under unbalanced fault condition and enhances the fault
ride through capability of the wind generator.
LOAD SHEDDING DESIGN FOR AN INDUSTRIAL COGENERATION SYSTEMELELIJ
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes using an artificial neural network (ANN) to design an adaptive load shedding scheme for an industrial cogeneration power system. The paper describes modeling the cogeneration system in ETAP software and using it to generate training data for the ANN by simulating different operating scenarios. The ANN is trained to determine the minimum amount of load shedding needed based on inputs like generation, load, and frequency change rate. Compared to conventional under-frequency relay load shedding, the ANN approach aims to more accurately calculate the needed load reduction while maintaining power to critical loads. Simulation results demonstrate the ANN scheme's effectiveness at stabilizing system frequency during contingencies with generation-load mismatches
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes control techniques for improving the performance of a modular multilevel converter (MMC) based static synchronous compensator (STATCOM). The control aims to minimize variations in STATCOM operation with the grid and within the MMC itself. It achieves this by employing voltage compensation in the external control and virtual impedance in the capacitor voltage control of a five-level MMC. The proposed control is evaluated to provide an enhanced overall system response by reducing transient disturbances and balancing capacitor voltages more effectively compared to conventional proportional-integral control alone.
Power system operation & control( Switching & Controlling System)UthsoNandy
This document discusses a course on power system operation and control. It includes:
- An overview of principles like SCADA systems, unit commitment, and security analysis.
- A list of recommended textbooks and software like PowerWorld and Matlab.
- A description of the general structure of modern power systems including generation, transmission, distribution, and loads.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Transient response mitigation using type-2 fuzzy controller optimized by grey...IJECEIAES
Long high voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission link is commonly used to transmit electrical energy via land or under-sea cable. The long HVDC avoids reactive power losses (RPL) and power stability problems (PSP). On the contrary, the RPL and PSP phenomena occur in long high voltage alternative current-link (HVAC) caused by the high reactive component in the HVAC-link. However, the HVDC produces a high and slow transient current response (TCR) on the high value of the up-ramp rate. Interval type-2 fuzzy (IT2F) control on converter-side HVDC is proposed to mitigate this TCR problem. The IT2F is optimized by grey wolf optimizer (GWO) to adjust input-output IT2F parameters optimally. The performance of IT2F-GWO is assessed by the minimum value of integral time squared error (ITSE), peak overshoot, and settling time of the TCR. The IT2FCGWO performance is validated by the performance of IT2F control that is optimized by genetic algorithm (IT2F-GA) and proportional integral (PI) controller. Simulation results show that the IT2F-GWO performs better with small ITSE, low peak overshoot, and shorter settling times than competing controllers.
IRJET- Comparative Study of Common Methods of Frequency Response using MTDC G...IRJET Journal
This document compares different control strategies for exchanging frequency support between AC power systems connected by a multi-terminal HVDC grid. It studies synthetic inertia control using frequency derivative input, classical frequency droop control, and an integrated synthetic inertia emulation control scheme. Time domain simulations show the impact of these controls on both HVDC grid voltage response and AC system frequency stability. Frequency droop control improves one AC system's frequency at the cost of disturbance to the other. Integrated synthetic inertia emulation control facilitates primary frequency reserve exchange similarly to droop control. The control strategies allow artificial coupling of HVDC-connected AC systems for frequency support.
In this paper, using a neural controller and a genetic optimization algorithm to control the voltage as well as, control the frequency of the grid along with the management of the reactive power of the micro-grid to control the output power during islanding using Simultaneous bilateral power converters with voltage/frequency droop strategy and optimization of PI coefficients of parallel power converters by genetic-neural micro-grid algorithm to suppress AC side-current flow that increases stability and improvement of conditions frequency and voltage are discussed. Given the performance of the micro-grid in two simulation scenarios, namely transition from on-grid to off-grid, the occurrence of a step change in load in island mode as well as return to working mode is connected. The ability to detect the robust performance and proper performance of two-level neural controller. The controller performance time was also very good, indicating the appropriate features of the method used to design the controller, namely two-level neural, genetics. The main advantage of this method is its simplicity of design. The method used is also efficient and resistant to changes in the system, which results from the simulations.
A review on SVC control for power system stability with and without auxiliary...journalBEEI
Since the beginning of the last century, power system stability has been recognized as a vital problem in securing system operation. Power system instability has caused many major blackouts. This paper reviewed the previous technical works consisting of various methods of optimization in controlling power system stability. The techniques presented were compared to optimize the control variables for optimization of power system stability. Power system stability enhancement has been investigated widely in literature using different ways. This paper is focusing on SVC performance for enhancing power system stability either through SVC controlled itself or SVC controlled externally by other controllers. Static VAR compensators (SVCs) are used primarily in power system for voltage control as either an end in itself or a means of achieving other objectives, such as system stabilization.The analysis on performance of the previous work such as advantages and findings of a robust method approach in each technique was included in this paper.
Enhanced Crowbar Protection for Fault Ride through Capability of Wind Generat...IAES-IJPEDS
Due to increasing demand in power, the integration of renewable sources like
wind generation into power system is gaining much importance nowadays.
The heavy penetration of wind power into the power system leads to many
integration issues mainly due to the intermittent nature of the wind and the
desirability for variable speed operation of the generators. As the wind power
generation depends on the wind speed, its integration into the grid has
noticeable influence on the system stability and becomes an important issue
especially when a fault occurs on the grid. The protective disconnection of a
large amount of wind power during a fault will be an unacceptable
consequence and threatens the power system stability. With the increasing
use of wind turbines employing Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG)
technology, it becomes a necessity to investigate their behavior during grid
faults and support them with fault ride through capability. This paper
presents the modeling and simulation of a doubly fed induction generator
according to grid code compatibility driven by a wind turbine connected to
the grid. This paper analyses the voltage sag due to a three-phase fault in the
wind connected grid. A control strategy including a crowbar circuit has been
developed in MATLAB/SIMULINK to bypass the rotor over currents during
grid fault to enhance the fault ride through capability and to maintain system
stability. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed control
strategies in DFIG based grid connected wind turbine system.
These slides present about islanding detection techniques in microgrid systems. Later on the classes other aspects of microgrid protection will be discussed in more detail
The document discusses various maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithms for wind energy systems. It describes three main MPPT control methods: tip speed ratio control, power signal feedback control, and hill-climb search control. For each control method, it provides the basic principles, block diagrams, and examples of implementations for different types of wind turbine generators including permanent magnet synchronous generators, squirrel cage induction generators, and doubly fed induction generators.
This document discusses various control strategies for power sharing in AC microgrids, including droop control approaches. It provides details on several types of droop control methods and their advantages and drawbacks. Specifically, it describes conventional droop control based on frequency-power (P/f) and voltage-reactive power (Q/V) drooping characteristics. It also discusses voltage-power droop and frequency-reactive power boosting control for microgrids with resistive lines, as well as complex line impedance-based droop control methods.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
SRF CONTROLLED DVR FOR COMPENSATION OF BALANCED AND UNBALANCED VOLTAGE DISTUR...IAEME Publication
The growth of power electronictechnology in the field of electric power sector has caused a greater awarenesson the power quality of distribution systems. With the re-structuring of powersystems and with shifting trend towards distributed and dispersed generation,the issue of power quality is going to take newer dimensions. The presentresearch is to identify the prominent concerns in this area and hence themeasures that can enhance the quality of power. This paper investigates theproblems of voltage sag, swell and its severe impact on nonlinear loads,sensitive loads.
IRJET- A Review of Power Control Strategies for DFIG based Wind Energy Conver...IRJET Journal
This document reviews several power control strategies for a Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) based wind energy conversion system. It discusses DFIG configurations using static Kramer drive and SCR converters, as well as DFIG configurations that provide active filter capabilities to mitigate harmonics. It also reviews a DFIG control strategy based on a power transfer matrix that directly controls real and reactive power, and DFIG configurations using PI controllers and fuzzy logic controllers to independently control active and reactive power exchange. The strategies are compared based on factors like cost, efficiency, power consumption, and harmonic distortion.
Analysis of Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) Level of Distribution Network Usi...IJERA Editor
The modern sensitive, Non-linear and sophisticated load affects the power quality. Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) provides the fast, flexible and efficient solution to improve the power quality for such distribution network [8]. The active power, reactive power, variation of voltage, flicker, harmonics, and electrical behavior of switching operations are the major source of affecting power quality. The intent of this paper is to demonstrate the improvements obtained with DVR in power system network using MATLAB/SIMULINK. In this paper, an overview of the DVR, its functions, configurations, components, control strategies are reviewed. The Simulation results are presented to illustrate the performance of DVR in Total Harmonic Distortion (THD). The results showed clearly the performance of using DVR in improving THD level.
Influencing Power Flow and Transient Stability by Static Synchronous Series C...ijeei-iaes
This document summarizes research on using a Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC) to improve power flow and transient stability in a Single Machine Infinite Bus (SMIB) system. The research models an SMIB system and analyzes its power angle curve and transient stability both with and without an SSSC. Results show that the SSSC is effective at stabilizing the system after a transient fault by controlling voltage injection and virtual line impedance. The SSSC allows the system to regain stability faster than without the SSSC. Therefore, the SSSC is concluded to be an effective means of influencing power flow and improving transient stability in power systems.
This paper presents a thorough control structure of the distributed generators inside the microgrid during both grid-connected and islanded operation modes. These control structures of the DGs voltage source inverters are implemented in synchronous reference frame (SRF) and controlled using linear PI controllers. By implementing the control structures, the desired real and reactive power can be efficiently transferred to the local loads and the utility load by the microgrid generating units. A modified droop control technique is introduced to facilitate the microgrid performance during both modes of operation. The active and reactive power sharing of the load demand between the utility grid and the microgrid can be performed by this drop control technique during the islanded mode. The system performance during intentional islanding event and utility load increase is investigated. The effectiveness of the offered control structures is confirmed through simulation results during both modes of operation.
This article proposes a novel scheme to improve the doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) behavior during grid fault. The DFIG’s are sensitives to voltage variations when abrupt variations of the wind velocity arrive. For enhancing DFIG behavior, protecting the converters, and smoothing the fluctuations power output of the DFIG under sag voltage; a novel hybrid energy storage system scheme and its controller are proposed. The main advantages of our approach are a faster response and suppressing overvoltage on DC bus and globally less stress in the storage system. The control structure decreases the tiredness on the battery and restores the DC bus voltage rapidly, globally the battery system operating time increases. The results obtained by simulations in MATLAB validate the benefits of the suggested control.
This document discusses distributed generation (DG), defined as small power generation units connected to distribution networks. It covers DG definitions, drivers for DG integration including environmental, economic, technological and regulatory factors. Key benefits of DG integration are improved reliability, power quality, reduced losses and costs. Various DG technologies are classified and compared. Optimal DG planning techniques aim to minimize losses and costs while satisfying constraints like voltage limits.
Class-20 These slides explain about the basic approach and requirements of re synchronization of micro-grid to utility grid. Other names very often used in place of re-synchronization are re-connection or transition. Later , I will explain about the implementation of one approach through simulation in MATLAB/SIMULINK software
Fault Ride-Through capability of DSTATCOM for Distributed Wind Generation SystemIJPEDS-IAES
In this paper, fault ride through analysis of a low voltage distribution system
augmented with distributed wind generation using squirrel cage induction
generator and distribution static compensator (DSTATCOM) is carried out
through modeling and simulation study in MATLAB. The impact of
unbalanced (single line to ground) fault in a low voltage distribution system
in normal and severe conditions is studied and analyzed in details. Analysis
on system instability is also shown in case of sever fault condition. A
distribution Static Compensator (DSTATCOM) is used to improve fault ride
through (FRT) capability of wind generation system by compensating
positive sequence voltage. A comparison of dynamic response of the system
with and without DSTATCOM and effects of DSTATCOM on voltage and
generator speed are presented. The simulation results shows that
DSTATCOM is capable of reducing the voltage dips and improving the
voltage profiles by providing reactive power support to distributed wind
generation system under unbalanced fault condition and enhances the fault
ride through capability of the wind generator.
LOAD SHEDDING DESIGN FOR AN INDUSTRIAL COGENERATION SYSTEMELELIJ
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes using an artificial neural network (ANN) to design an adaptive load shedding scheme for an industrial cogeneration power system. The paper describes modeling the cogeneration system in ETAP software and using it to generate training data for the ANN by simulating different operating scenarios. The ANN is trained to determine the minimum amount of load shedding needed based on inputs like generation, load, and frequency change rate. Compared to conventional under-frequency relay load shedding, the ANN approach aims to more accurately calculate the needed load reduction while maintaining power to critical loads. Simulation results demonstrate the ANN scheme's effectiveness at stabilizing system frequency during contingencies with generation-load mismatches
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes control techniques for improving the performance of a modular multilevel converter (MMC) based static synchronous compensator (STATCOM). The control aims to minimize variations in STATCOM operation with the grid and within the MMC itself. It achieves this by employing voltage compensation in the external control and virtual impedance in the capacitor voltage control of a five-level MMC. The proposed control is evaluated to provide an enhanced overall system response by reducing transient disturbances and balancing capacitor voltages more effectively compared to conventional proportional-integral control alone.
Power system operation & control( Switching & Controlling System)UthsoNandy
This document discusses a course on power system operation and control. It includes:
- An overview of principles like SCADA systems, unit commitment, and security analysis.
- A list of recommended textbooks and software like PowerWorld and Matlab.
- A description of the general structure of modern power systems including generation, transmission, distribution, and loads.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Transient response mitigation using type-2 fuzzy controller optimized by grey...IJECEIAES
Long high voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission link is commonly used to transmit electrical energy via land or under-sea cable. The long HVDC avoids reactive power losses (RPL) and power stability problems (PSP). On the contrary, the RPL and PSP phenomena occur in long high voltage alternative current-link (HVAC) caused by the high reactive component in the HVAC-link. However, the HVDC produces a high and slow transient current response (TCR) on the high value of the up-ramp rate. Interval type-2 fuzzy (IT2F) control on converter-side HVDC is proposed to mitigate this TCR problem. The IT2F is optimized by grey wolf optimizer (GWO) to adjust input-output IT2F parameters optimally. The performance of IT2F-GWO is assessed by the minimum value of integral time squared error (ITSE), peak overshoot, and settling time of the TCR. The IT2FCGWO performance is validated by the performance of IT2F control that is optimized by genetic algorithm (IT2F-GA) and proportional integral (PI) controller. Simulation results show that the IT2F-GWO performs better with small ITSE, low peak overshoot, and shorter settling times than competing controllers.
IRJET- Comparative Study of Common Methods of Frequency Response using MTDC G...IRJET Journal
This document compares different control strategies for exchanging frequency support between AC power systems connected by a multi-terminal HVDC grid. It studies synthetic inertia control using frequency derivative input, classical frequency droop control, and an integrated synthetic inertia emulation control scheme. Time domain simulations show the impact of these controls on both HVDC grid voltage response and AC system frequency stability. Frequency droop control improves one AC system's frequency at the cost of disturbance to the other. Integrated synthetic inertia emulation control facilitates primary frequency reserve exchange similarly to droop control. The control strategies allow artificial coupling of HVDC-connected AC systems for frequency support.
In this paper, using a neural controller and a genetic optimization algorithm to control the voltage as well as, control the frequency of the grid along with the management of the reactive power of the micro-grid to control the output power during islanding using Simultaneous bilateral power converters with voltage/frequency droop strategy and optimization of PI coefficients of parallel power converters by genetic-neural micro-grid algorithm to suppress AC side-current flow that increases stability and improvement of conditions frequency and voltage are discussed. Given the performance of the micro-grid in two simulation scenarios, namely transition from on-grid to off-grid, the occurrence of a step change in load in island mode as well as return to working mode is connected. The ability to detect the robust performance and proper performance of two-level neural controller. The controller performance time was also very good, indicating the appropriate features of the method used to design the controller, namely two-level neural, genetics. The main advantage of this method is its simplicity of design. The method used is also efficient and resistant to changes in the system, which results from the simulations.
To eliminate the adverse effect from parameter variations as well as distorted grid conditions, a current control scheme of an LCL-filtered grid-connected inverter using a discrete integral sliding mode control (ISMC) and resonant compensation is presented. The proposed scheme is constructed based on the cascaded multiloop structure, in which three control loops are composed of grid-side current control, capacitor voltage control, and inverter-side current control. An active damping to suppress the resonance caused by LCL filter can be effectively realized by means of the inverter-side feedback control loop. Furthermore, the seamless transfer operation between the grid-connected mode and islanded mode is achieved by the capacitor voltage control loop. To retain a high tracking performance and robustness of the ISMC as well as an excellent harmonic compensation capability of the resonant control (RC) scheme at the same time, two control methods are combined in the proposed current controller. As a result, the proposed scheme yields a high quality of the injected grid currents and fast dynamic response even under distorted grid conditions. Furthermore, to reduce the number of sensors, a discrete-time reduced-order state observer is introduced. Simulation and experimental results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.
This document discusses a proposed tool using support vector regression (SVR) and fuzzy logic controller (FLC) for online voltage stability monitoring and estimation of reactive power (VAR) support in deregulated power systems. The tool uses bus voltage angle and reactive power load as inputs to SVR to predict the voltage stability margin index (VSMI) and voltage stability factor (VSF) of the most critical bus. The results of SVR are compared to artificial neural networks in terms of accuracy and computation time on IEEE 14 bus and 30 bus test systems. The tool estimates voltage stability margins for different transactions and contingencies and determines the minimum VAR support needed to enhance stability.
Enhanced dynamic performance of grid feeding distributed generation under va...IJECEIAES
Controlling weak grid-connected systems is very challenging. In transient, frequency and voltage oscillations may lead to voltage and/or frequency stability problems and finally lead to system collapse. During steady-state operation and at the point of common coupling (PCC), voltage degradation and grid voltage background harmonics restrict the inverter's functionality, reduce the power flow capability and cause poor power quality. With weak grid connection, grid impedance variance will contaminate the voltage waveform by harmonics and augment the resonance, destabilizing the inverter operation. In this paper, complete mathematical modeling is carried out and state feedback-plus-integral control is implemented to support the stabilization of the system. The proposed controller is adopted to provide a smooth transient under sudden load change by controlling the injected grid current under different grid inductance values. Furthermore, the proposed control is used to reduce the order and size of the inverter output filter while maintaining system stability. The proposed control has been compared with the conventional proportional integral (PI) controller under different scenarios to validate its effectiveness and to strengthen its implementation as a simple controller for distributed generator applications.
Low Voltage Ride-through for Doubly Fed Induction Generator Using Battery-Sto...IJPEDS-IAES
In this paper, enhanced field oriented control technique (EFOC) was adopted
in Rotor Side Control (RSC) of DFIG converter for improved response
during severe faults. The work is intended to damp pulsations in
electromagnetic torque, improve voltage mitigation and limit surge currents
and to enhance the operation of DFIG during voltage sags. The converter
topology uses a battery energy storage system with capacitor storage system
to further enhance operation of DFIG during faults. The battery and capacitor
system in coordination provide additional real and reactive power support
during faults and nearly constant voltage profile at stator and rotor terminals
and limit overcurrents. For EFOC technique, rotor flux reference changes its
value from synchronous speed to zero during fault for injecting current at the
rotor slip frequency. In this process DC-Offset component of flux is
controlled, decomposition during overvoltage faults. The offset
decomposition of flux will be oscillatory in a conventional FOC, whereas in
EFOC it will damp quickly. A comparison is made with proposed
methodology with battery energy storage system and a conventional system.
Later the system performance with under voltage of 50% the rated voltage
with fault at PCC during 0.8 to 1.2 seconds is analysed using simulation
studies.
Power-Sharing of Parallel Inverters in Micro-Grids via Droop control and Virt...IRJET Journal
This document discusses two power-sharing control strategies - droop control and virtual impedance - for parallel inverters in microgrids. Droop control simulates the frequency-power characteristics of conventional power systems but has limitations like load-dependent voltage regulation. Virtual impedance modifies the output impedance of inverters to improve current sharing. The document analyzes these approaches and compares their performance in sharing power between parallel inverters through MATLAB simulations under different weather conditions. It finds that both techniques effectively share load power while improving system stability and response, with virtual impedance providing better voltage regulation.
This document describes a VSC-HVDC transmission system connecting a strong AC system to a weak island AC system. It investigates the AC filter requirements and designs controllers for the VSC using optimal techniques. The controllers designed are a active power controller for the rectifier, reactive power controller for the rectifier, DC voltage controller for the inverter, and AC voltage controller for the inverter. Simulations are performed in MATLAB to analyze the system's performance for load variations in the island system.
Controllers For A VSC-HVDC Link Connected To A Weak AC SystemIOSR Journals
This document describes a VSC-HVDC transmission system connecting a strong AC system to a weak island AC system. It investigates the AC filter requirements and designs controllers for the VSC using optimal techniques. The controllers designed are a active power controller for the rectifier, reactive power controller for the rectifier, DC voltage controller for the inverter, and AC voltage controller for the inverter. Simulations are performed in MATLAB to analyze the system's performance for load variations in the island system.
This work includes the establishment of a Photovoltaic system connected to the grid by means of an inverter. The fundamental goal of the work is to incorporate an advanced active power flow management scheme in order to adopt load at any weather condition along with the advantage of maximum active power flow and zero harmonics from PV inverter to the grid. The outcome of analysis and control design of grid connected PV inverter using a Proportional-Integral (PI) control technique is based on synchronous dq rotating reference frame so as to achieve maximum output voltage and record the active power. It has been observed that the model provides a better rate of stability as compared to the existing topology.
IRJET- Improvement of Power System Stability in Wind Turbine by using Facts D...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes using a predictive power control strategy to improve the stability of power systems with wind farms that use doubly fed induction generator wind turbines. The strategy involves using a super capacitor energy storage system to control the active power from the grid side converter and using a static synchronous series compensator to reduce low frequency oscillations. A model predictive control approach is used to predict the future system response and increase damping. Simulation results on MATLAB/Simulink show the control strategy is able to stabilize voltage and current signals within 0.25 and 0.29 seconds respectively, improving upon conventional PI control.
A novel fuzzy based controller to reduce circulating currents in parallel int...IJECEIAES
This paper exhibits suppression strategy of low frequency circulating current components for parallel inter-leaved converters. Here inverters are parallelized by magnetically coupled inductors. Traditionally, carrier interleaved technique was used to get lower distorted output voltage, but it gives a higher circulating currents to flow through the Two-VSC‘s. The mutual inductance of the coupled inductors (CI) is utilized for minimizing circulating currents of high frequency components. Nevertheless, CI can‘t have capability to riddle the components generated by low frequency. When these circulating currents extremely increases may leads to CI saturation, elevated switching losses and diminishes the entire performance of system. Here author identified a novel control technique for a grid-connected parallel inter-leaved converter depending on approach of energy shaping control (ECS). This controller diminishes the value of the low frequency components of circulating current (LFCC). The performance of the proposed circuit is evaluated in simulation mode and correlated with the conventional proportional integral control (PIC) and the linear quadratic control (LQC). The Fuzzy controller is also included in this work to enhance the converter performance effectively and to diminish the circulating currents along with the healthy harmonic performance analysis.
Coordination of Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) and Type-2 Fuzz...IJECEIAES
This document summarizes a research paper that coordinates an adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) and type-2 fuzzy logic system (T2FLS) power system stabilizer (PSS) to improve the stability of a large-scale power system. The ANFIS parameters are obtained through an offline training process, while the T2FLS parameters are determined based on knowledge gained from the ANFIS parameters. Simulation results show that the T2FLS-PSS is able to maintain stability better than conventional/ANFIS-PSS by decreasing peak overshoot and settling time for rotor speed and angle during local and inter-area oscillations. The T2FLS-PSS also performs better than other PSS types
Improved Transient Compensation using PI-SRF Control Scheme Based UHVDC for O...IRJET Journal
This document presents a PI controller-based unified high voltage direct current (UHVDC) system for offshore wind power plants to improve transient compensation. The proposed UHVDC system includes both series and shunt compensators to provide symmetrical and asymmetrical fault handling, smooth power transfer, regulated DC link voltage, and improved reliability. A PI controller using synchronous reference frame (SRF) control is proposed to achieve fast transient management. Simulation results in MATLAB/Simulink show the PI-SRF control technique regulates the DC link voltage and reduces transients during faults compared to conventional control schemes. The control strategy independently controls the shunt and series compensators to maintain power flow and voltage stability under normal and fault conditions.
IRJET-Robot Control by using Human Hand GesturesIRJET Journal
The document discusses the design and analysis of a micro inverter for connecting photovoltaic (PV) systems to the power grid. It begins by introducing the need for renewable energy sources like solar and issues with grid connectivity. Then it describes two common inverter control methods - voltage source inverter control and power type PWM inverter control. The document proposes an improved PWM inverter control system that can achieve maximum power point tracking from the PV panels and inject a sinusoidal current into the grid while maintaining stability. It presents the simulation results showing the effectiveness of the improved control system. Finally, it discusses objectives in modeling a micro inverter, including components of the flyback converter and full bridge inverter topology.
Modeling Optimization Voltage Index Unified Power Flow Controller Equivalent ...IJMTST Journal
This paper presents an active-reactive power control strategy for voltage source converters (VSCs) based on derivation of the direct and quadrature components of the VSC output current. The proposed method utilizes a multivariable proportional-integral controller and provides almost completely decoupled control capability of the active and reactive power with almost full disturbance rejection due to step changes in the power exchanged between the VSC and the grid. It also imposes fast transient response and zero steady-state error as compared to the conventional power control approaches. The applicability of the proposed power control strategy for providing the robust stability of the system against the uncertainties of the load parameters is also investigated. The superiority of the proposed control strategy over conventional approaches in the new condition of supplying the load is demonstrated. The theoretical aspects of the proposed multivariable-based power control strategy and the conventional approaches are reviewed and simulation results are presented in two separate sections. MATLAB/Simulink 2009a is used to simulate different scenarios of the simulation.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a FACTS-based Static Switched Filter Compensator (SSFC) scheme for improving power quality when integrating wind energy into smart grids. The SSFC scheme uses controlled switching between two capacitor banks to provide series and shunt compensation. It is controlled using a tri-loop dynamic error controller and VSC controller to mitigate harmonics, stabilize voltages, improve power factor, and reduce losses. Simulation results using Matlab/Simulink show the SSFC scheme improves voltage regulation, reduces current and voltage harmonics to within IEEE limits, and enhances the power factor at generator, load and grid buses compared to without SSFC.
IRJET- Enhancement of Power Flow Capability in Power System using UPFC- A RevieWIRJET Journal
This document reviews the use of a Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) to enhance power flow capability in power systems. The UPFC is a flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) device that can control both real and reactive power flows on a transmission line. It consists of two voltage source converters connected by a DC link: a static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) and a static synchronous series compensator (SSSC). The STATCOM controls reactive power and the DC link voltage, while the SSSC injects a controlled AC voltage in series with the transmission line to vary the transmission line impedance and power flow. Simulation results show that a UPFC installed on the IEEE 5 bus test system can control power flows and
IRJET- Level of Service & Throughput Maximization at Operational Toll PlazasIRJET Journal
This document discusses different control strategies for power control of voltage source converters in microgrids. It begins by summarizing a novel self-tuning PI controller that uses a critic agent to continuously assess performance and adjust PI gains. It then discusses proportional resonant controllers that can eliminate steady state error and selectively compensate harmonics. Another method proposes controlling vector-controlled voltage source converters to suppress dc-link voltage fluctuations during faults. Finally, it examines a hysteresis current controller for an inverter interfacing renewable energy sources with a microgrid.
Similar to Transient response improvement of direct current using supplementary control based on ANFIS for rectifier in HVDC (20)
The aim of this research is the speed tracking of the permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) using an intelligent Neural-Network based adapative backstepping control. First, the model of PMSM in the Park synchronous frame is derived. Then, the PMSM speed regulation is investigated using the classical method utilizing the field oriented control theory. Thereafter, a robust nonlinear controller employing an adaptive backstepping strategy is investigated in order to achieve a good performance tracking objective under motor parameters changing and external load torque application. In the final step, a neural network estimator is integrated with the adaptive controller to estimate the motor parameters values and the load disturbance value for enhancing the effectiveness of the adaptive backstepping controller. The robsutness of the presented control algorithm is demonstrated using simulation tests. The obtained results clearly demonstrate that the presented NN-adaptive control algorithm can provide good trackingperformances for the speed trackingin the presence of motor parameter variation and load application.
The document presents a new method for fault classification and direction discrimination in transmission lines using 1D convolutional neural networks (1D-CNNs). A 132kV transmission line model is simulated to generate training and testing data for the 1D-CNN algorithm. The proposed 1D-CNN approach directly uses the voltage and current signals from one end as input, merging feature extraction and classification into a single learning process. Testing shows the 1D-CNN method accurately classifies and discriminates fault direction with higher accuracy than conventional neural network and fuzzy neural network methods under different fault conditions.
Among the most widespread renewable energy sources is solar energy; Solar panels offer a green, clean, and environmentally friendly source of energy. In the presence of several advantages of the use of photovoltaic systems, the random operation of the photovoltaic generator presents a great challenge, in the presence of a critical load. Among the most used solutions to overcome this problem is the combination of solar panels with generators or with the public grid or both. In this paper, an energy management strategy is proposed with a safety aspect by using artificial neural networks (ANNs), in order to ensure a continuous supply of electricity to consumers with a maximum solicitation of renewable energy.
In this paper, the artificial neural network (ANN) has been utilized for rotating machinery faults detection and classification. First, experiments were performed to measure the lateral vibration signals of laboratory test rigs for rotor-disk-blade when the blades are defective. A rotor-disk-blade system with 6 regular blades and 5 blades with various defects was constructed. Second, the ANN was applied to classify the different x- and y-axis lateral vibrations due to different blade faults. The results based on training and testing with different data samples of the fault types indicate that the ANN is robust and can effectively identify and distinguish different blade faults caused by lateral vibrations in a rotor. As compared to the literature, the present paper presents a novel work of identifying and classifying various rotating blade faults commonly encountered in rotating machines using ANN. Experimental data of lateral vibrations of the rotor-disk-blade system in both x- and y-directions are used for the training and testing of the network.
This paper focuses on the artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm, which is a nonlinear optimization problem. is proposed to find the optimal power flow (OPF). To solve this problem, we will apply the ABC algorithm to a power system incorporating wind power. The proposed approach is applied on a standard IEEE-30 system with wind farms located on different buses and with different penetration levels to show the impact of wind farms on the system in order to obtain the optimal settings of control variables of the OPF problem. Based on technical results obtained, the ABC algorithm is shown to achieve a lower cost and losses than the other methods applied, while incorporating wind power into the system, high performance would be gained.
The significance of the solar energy is to intensify the effectiveness of the Solar Panel with the use of a primordial solar tracking system. Here we propounded a solar positioning system with the use of the global positioning system (GPS) , artificial neural network (ANN) and image processing (IP) . The azimuth angle of the sun is evaluated using GPS which provide latitude, date, longitude and time. The image processing used to find sun image through which centroid of sun is calculated and finally by comparing the centroid of sun with GPS quadrate to achieve optimum tracking point. Weather conditions and situation observed through AI decision making with the help of IP algorithms. The presented advance adaptation is analyzed and established via experimental effects which might be made available on the memory of the cloud carrier for systematization. The proposed system improve power gain by 59.21% and 10.32% compare to stable system (SS) and two-axis solar following system (TASF) respectively. The reduced tracking error of IoT based Two-axis solar following system (IoT-TASF) reduces their azimuth angle error by 0.20 degree.
Kosovo has limited renewable energy resources and its power generation sector is based on fossil fuels. Such a situation emphasizes the importance of active research and efficient use of renewable energy potential. According to the analysis of meteorological data for Kosovo, it can be concluded that among the most attractive potential wind power sites are the locations known as Kitka (42° 29' 41" N and 21° 36' 45" E) and Koznica (42° 39′ 32″ N, 21° 22′30″E). The two terrains in which the analysis was carried out are mountain areas, with altitudes of 1142 m (Kitka) and 1230 m (Koznica). the same measuring height, about 84 m above the ground, is obtained for these average wind speeds: Kitka 6,667 m/s and Koznica 6,16 m/s. Since the difference in wind speed is quite large versus a difference in altitude that is not being very large, analyses are made regarding the terrain characteristics including the terrain relief features. In this paper it will be studied how much the roughness of the terrain influences the output energy. Also, that the assumption to be taken the same as to how much they will affect the annual energy produced.
The document summarizes a research paper that proposes using a battery energy storage system (BESS) with droop control to reduce frequency fluctuations in a multi-machine power system connected to a large-scale photovoltaic (PV) plant. The paper develops a droop control strategy for the BESS that incorporates a frequency error signal and dead-band. Simulation results using PSCAD/EMTDC software show that the proposed droop control-based BESS can efficiently curtail frequency oscillations caused by fluctuations in PV power injection due to changing solar irradiance.
This study investigates experimentally the performance of two-dimensional solar tracking systems with reflector using commercial silicon based photovoltaic module, with open and closed loop control systems. Different reflector materials were also investigated. The experiments were performed at the Hashemite University campus in Zarqa at a latitude of 32⁰, in February and March. Photovoltaic output power and performance were analyzed. It was found that the modified photovoltaic module with mirror reflector generated the highest value of power, while the temperature reached a maximum value of 53 ̊ C. The modified module suggested in this study produced 5% more PV power than the two-dimensional solar tracking systems without reflector and produced 12.5% more PV power than the fixed PV module with 26⁰ tilt angle.
This paper focuses on the modeling and control of a wind energy conversion chain using a permanent magnet synchronous machine. This system behaves a turbine, a generator, DC/DC and DC/AC power converters. These are connected on both sides to the DC bus, where the inverter is followed by a filter which is connected to the grid. In this paper, we have been used two types of controllers. For the stator side converter, we consider the Takagi-Sugeno approach where the parameters of controller have been computed by the theory of linear matrix inequalities. The stability synthesis has been checked using the Lyapunov theory. According to the grid side converter, the proportional integral controller is exploited to keep a constant voltage on the DC bus and control both types of powers. The simulation results demonstrate the robustness of the approach used.
The development of modeling wind speed plays a very important in helping to obtain the actual wind speed data for the benefit of the power plant planning in the future. The wind speed in this paper is obtained from a PCE-FWS 20 type measuring instrument with a duration of 30 minutes which is accumulated into monthly data for one year (2019). Despite the many wind speed modeling that has been done by researchers. Modeling wind speeds proposed in this study were obtained from the modified Rayleigh distribution. In this study, the Rayleigh scale factor (Cr) and modified Rayleigh scale factor (Cm) were calculated. The observed wind speed is compared with the predicted wind characteristics. The data fit test used correlation coefficient (R2), root means square error (RMSE), and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE). The results of the proposed modified Rayleigh model provide very good results for users.
This paper deals with an advanced design for a pump powered by solar energyto supply agricultural lands with water and also the maximum power point is used to extract the maximum value of the energy available inside the solar panels and comparing between techniques MPPT such as Incremental conductance, perturb & observe, fractional short current circuit, and fractional open voltage circuit to find the best technique among these. The solar system is designed with main parts: photovoltaic (PV) panel, direct current/direct current (DC/DC) converter, inverter, filter, and in addition, the battery is used to save energy in the event that there is an increased demand for energy and not to provide solar radiation, as well as saving energy in the case of generation more than demand. This work was done using the matrix laboratory (MATLAB) simulink program.
The objective of this paper is to provide an overview of the current state of renewable energy resources in Bangladesh, as well as to examine various forms of renewable energies in order to gain a comprehensive understanding of how to address Bangladesh's power crisis issues in a sustainable manner. Electricity is currently the most useful kind of energy in Bangladesh. It has a substantial influence on a country's socioeconomic standing and living standards. Maintaining a stable source of energy at a cost that is affordable to everyone has been a constant battle for decades. Bangladesh is blessed with a wealth of natural resources. Bangladesh has a huge opportunity to accelerate its economic development while increasing energy access, livelihoods, and health for millions of people in a sustainable way due to the renewable energy system.
When the irradiance distribution over the photovoltaic panels is uniform, the pursuit of the maximum power point is not reached, which has allowed several researchers to use traditional MPPT techniques to solve this problem Among these techniques a PSO algorithm is used to have the maximum global power point (GMPPT) under partial shading. On the other hand, this one is not reliable vis-à-vis the pursuit of the MPPT. Therefore, in this paper we have treated another technique based on a new modified PSO algorithm so that the power can reach its maximum point. The PSO algorithm is based on the heuristic method which guarantees not only the obtaining of MPPT but also the simplicity of control and less expensive of the system. The results are obtained using MATLAB show that the proposed modified PSO algorithm performs better than conventional PSO and is robust to different partial shading models.
A stable operation of wind turbines connected to the grid is an essential requirement to ensure the reliability and stability of the power system. To achieve such operational objective, installing static synchronous compensator static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) as a main compensation device guarantees the voltage stability enhancement of the wind farm connected to distribution network at different operating scenarios. STATCOM either supplies or absorbs reactive power in order to ensure the voltage profile within the standard-margins and to avoid turbine tripping, accordingly. This paper present new study that investigates the most suitable-location to install STATCOM in a distribution system connected wind farm to maintain the voltage-levels within the stability margins. For a large-scale squirrel cage induction generator squirrel-cage induction generator (SCIG-based) wind turbine system, the impact of STATCOM installation was tested in different places and voltage-levels in the distribution system. The proposed method effectiveness in enhancing the voltage profile and balancing the reactive power is validated, the results were repeated for different scenarios of expected contingencies. The voltage profile, power flow, and reactive power balance of the distribution system are observed using MATLAB/Simulink software.
The electrical and environmental parameters of polymer solar cells (PSC) provide important information on their performance. In the present article we study the influence of temperature on the voltage-current (I-V) characteristic at different temperatures from 10 °C to 90 °C, and important parameters like bandgap energy Eg, and the energy conversion efficiency η. The one-diode electrical model, normally used for semiconductor cells, has been tested and validated for the polemeral junction. The PSC used in our study are formed by the poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and [6,6]-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM). Our technique is based on the combination of two steps; the first use the Least Mean Squares (LMS) method while the second use the Newton-Raphson algorithm. The found results are compared to other recently published works, they show that the developed approach is very accurate. This precision is proved by the minimal values of statistical errors (RMSE) and the good agreement between both the experimental data and the I-V simulated curves. The obtained results show a clear and a monotonic dependence of the cell efficiency on the studied parameters.
The inverter is the principal part of the photovoltaic (PV) systems that assures the direct current/alternating current (DC/AC) conversion (PV array is connected directly to an inverter that converts the DC energy produced by the PV array into AC energy that is directly connected to the electric utility). In this paper, we present a simple method for detecting faults that occurred during the operation of the inverter. These types of faults or faults affect the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of the photovoltaic system, especially the inverter, which is the main component responsible for the conversion. Hence, we have shown first the faults obtained in the case of the short circuit. Second, the open circuit failure is studied. The results demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed method. Good monitoring and detection of faults in the inverter can increase the system's reliability and decrease the undesirable faults that appeared in the PV system. The system behavior is tested under variable parameters and conditions using MATLAB/Simulink.
The document describes a proposed modified bridge-type nonsuperconducting fault current limiter (NSFCL) for distribution networks. The NSFCL consists of a bridge rectifier, two DC reactors (one small in series and one large in parallel), and an IGBT semiconductor switch controlled by a command circuit. During normal operation, the IGBT is on and the parallel reactor is bypassed, making the NSFCL invisible. During a fault, the IGBT turns off, inserting the parallel reactor to limit fault current. Simulation results showed the design effectively limits fault current while minimally affecting normal operation.
This paper provides a new approach to reducing high-order harmonics in 400 Hz inverter using a three-level neutral-point clamped (NPC) converter. A voltage control loop using the harmonic compensation combined with NPC clamping diode control technology. The capacitor voltage imbalance also causes harmonics in the output voltage. For 400 Hz inverter, maintain a balanced voltage between the two input (direct current) (DC) capacitors is difficult because the pulse width modulation (PWM) modulation frequency ratio is low compared to the frequency of the output voltage. A method of determining the current flowing into the capacitor to control the voltage on the two balanced capacitors to ensure fast response reversal is also given in this paper. The combination of a high-harmonic resonator controller and a neutral-point voltage controller working together on the 400 Hz NPC inverter structure is given in this paper.
Direct current (DC) electronic load is a useful equipment for testing the electrical system. It can emulate various load at a high rating. The electronic load requires a power converter to operate and a linear regulator is a common option. Nonetheless, it is hard to control due to the temperature variation. This paper proposed a DC electronic load using the boost converter. The proposed electronic load operates in the continuous current mode and control using the integral controller. The electronic load using the boost converter is compared with the electronic load using the linear regulator. The results show that the boost converter able to operate as an electronic load with an error lower than 0.5% and response time lower than 13 ms.
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Transient response improvement of direct current using supplementary control based on ANFIS for rectifier in HVDC
1. International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive System (IJPEDS)
Vol. 11, No. 4, December 2020, pp. 2107~2115
ISSN: 2088-8694, DOI: 10.11591/ijpeds.v11.i4.pp2107-2115 2107
Journal homepage: http://ijpeds.iaescore.com
Transient response improvement of direct current using
supplementary control based on ANFIS for rectifier in HVDC
I Made Ginarsa, Agung Budi Muljono, I Made Ari Nrartha, Sultan
Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Mataram, Indonesia
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received Nov 14, 2019
Revised Apr 26, 2020
Accepted Jun 16, 2020
Current control scheme is commonly used in high voltage direct current
(HVDC) to transmit power delivery. This scheme is done by adjusting trigger
angle to regulate direct current (DC) in thyristor devices. The adaptive neuro-
fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) control is widely applied for start and fault
operation. But, solution for transient response of DC current in HVDC
system is not clearly studied before. In this paper, supplementary control
(SC) based on ANFIS is proposed to improve the transient response of the
current. The SC control is designed by learning-processes and SC parameters
are obtained by data-training automatically. For current reference at 1.05 pu
and up-ramp at 20 pu/s, maximum overshoot is achieved at 5.12% and 7.72%
for the SC and proportional integral controller (PIC), respectively. When the
up-ramp is increased to 28 pu/s, the maximum overshoot is achieved at
10.01% for the SC. While, the peak overshoot for the PIC is 14.28%.
Keywords:
Firing angle
HVDC
Response improvement
Supplementary control
Up-ramp
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.
Corresponding Author:
I Made Ginarsa,
Department of Electrical Engineering,
University of Mataram,
Jln. Majapahit No. 62, Mataram 63125 NTB, Indonesia.
Email: kadekgin@unram.ac.id
1. INTRODUCTION
Indonesia is an archipelago country that consists of main-islands such as: Sumatera, Java, Sulawesi,
Kalimantan, Nusa Tenggara, Maluku and Papua. Most of the main-island electrical power systems are
independent and separate from each other. Application of high voltage alternating current (HVAC) through
long distance submarine power cable (SPC) is difficult to be built because the SPC has very high line-
charging, high reactive power losses and stability problems [1]. While, high voltage direct current (HVDC)
system is very promising to overcome these problems and to be implemented in Indonesia especially for long
distance HVDC using SPC. Pre-analysis of Java-Sumatra HVDC transmission has been conducted to realize
the HVDC application in Indonesia power system inter-connection [2, 3].
The HVDC transmission is applied to transmit bulk electric power through transmission line over a
long distance using overhead conductors or SPC [4]. The HVDC technology has several advantages
compared to competing HVAC technology such as: Power plant can be located far from consumer, not need
reactive power compensation in long distance HVDC transmission, can be inter-connected to HVAC for
difference frequencies, to transmit more capacity of power delivery [5, 6]. Also, development and operation
costs of the HVDC are cheaper than the HVAC for long-distance transmission and friendly for
environment [7]. A HVDC-link connected to a HVAC will prevent fault and oscillation propagate to
neighbor the HVAC. Moreover, the HVDC is able to improve stability of inter-connected HVAC by
modulating power in response to small/large disturbances [8], line commutated converter (LCC)-HVDC links
are applied to enhance stability of permanent magnet synchronous generator offshore wind turbine [9] and
2. ISSN: 2088-8694
Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst, Vol. 11, No. 4, December 2020 : 2107 – 2115
2108
large-scale integration of wind, solar and marine-current generation [10] fed to multi-machine
power systems (PS).
To help the HVDC in operation and control managements, a comprehensive small-signal model of a
LCC-voltage source converter (VSC) HVDC-link and their eigen-analysis of the model are built and impact
of parameter to system damping is studied. The DC-current control parameters of LCC, DC-voltage control
parameters of VSC DC-side capacitor of VSC and smoothing reactor of LCC have large effect to the
damping oscillatory mode of power systems. Also, larger PI gain of the VSC, and smaller PI gain of the LCC
are able to improve damping of the dominant mode [11]. A model for hybrid multi-in-feed HVDC (H-MIDC)
link and its controller are developed to simulate small-signal model. The H-MIDC link is located close in a
common receiving AC grid. The dynamic performances of H-MIDC are improved using optimized
parameters control [12]. Analysis of HVDC-line with off-shore resources and storage devices is done using
optimal power flow strategy [13]. Some differential equation sets are designed to develop HVDC in average-
value model to simplify the HVDC model without including switching-device mechanism and neglected high
frequency [14], and this model is applied to power system analysis [15]. Dynamic properties in both AC/DC
of HVDC-link are presented on frequency-domain model. This model is used to control and stability analysis
of overall power systems, that Part I describes fixed-commutation overlap method [16] and Part II explains
the model upgraded by varying-overlap angle [17].
However, HVDC control has non-linear characteristics include several properties in
converter/inverter devices, transformer saturation and presence of filters in AC/DC-side and harmonic
generation. The non-linear characteristics make the regulation of HVDC are complicated and challenged in
PS and power electronic fields. Predictive control is proposed to improve PS stability [18]. Control parameter
is optimized to improve the HVDC performance using electromagnetic transient analysis program [19]. The
HVDC control is simplified by building a novel space-vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) [20] and
simplification of SVPWM 3-dimension control is applied to regulate 3-phase 4-leg of inverters [21].
Artificial intelligent application is very attractive research and it is implemented in some fields such
as: Genetic algorithm to optimize robustness and efficiency of micro-grid DC solar-system structures [22],
firefly algorithm to optimize PID parameter of automatic generation control in multi-area [23]. Grey wolf
optimizer (GWO) is used to optimize power flow wind farm integrated to PS [24], to optimize power
allocation to realize plug-and-play capability of micro-grid system [25], to minimize operating cost and
active power loss by optimizing reactive power generation [26] and to estimate input-output parameters of
thermal plant [27]. The GWO is also applied on power system stabilizer to damp local oscillation in multi-
machine [28] and inter-area oscillation in wide-area [29]. While, development of neural control is done
in [30] to improve stability of power transmission and in [31] to help dispatcher in decision making on
mapping of PS fault instantaneously. Fuzzy control is developed to design of wind-PV combined-generator
model [32], to regulate induction motor speed combined by proportional-integral control [33], and fuzzy
type-2 to control permanent magnet synchronous machine through digital-signal processing [34]. The neural
network-fuzzy model is applied to advance direct power control for grid-connected to distributed
generator [35]. An adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) has been designed to regulate
converter [36] and inverter [37] of HVDC-line, and to control voltage collapse in PS [38]. Also, the ANFIS
scheme is used to control, detect fault, and protect [39, 40] of HVDC, and to protect HVDC-light from AC
fault [41]. Moreover, combination of ANFIS and fuzzy type-2 has been used to maintain large-scale
PS stability [42].
Transient responses of voltage/current are very important in PS and power electronic researches
because these responses should be constrained to protect the systems and devices from over-voltage/current
on its operation. To improve transient response, some control schemes are proposed such as: ANFIS
algorithm based on additional PID-loop to improve transient voltage response in PS [43], feed-forward
compensation method [44], feed-forward capacitor [45], triangular wave generator through to adjust its
slope [46] for DC-DC converters and feed-forward compensation model for DC-AC converter based on
space vector-pulse width modulation [47]. However, research topic of transient responses improvement in
HVDC using ANFIS control scheme has not been clearly discussed. This remaining paper is organized as
follows: Design of supplementary control based on ANFIS model is described in Section 2. Results and
discussion are explained in Section 3. And, finally conclusion is summarized in Section 4.
2. DESIGN OF SUPPLEMENTARY CONTROL BASED ON ANFIS MODEL
Supplementary control (SC) is proposed in thyristor-based rectifier of HVDC system to help the PI
regulator to reduce transient direct current response, especially when the up-ramp value was higher (such as:
20 pu/s or more). Where, the SC is defined by PI control plus ANFIS-based control. The HVDC and its
control blocks are taken from [48] and controller of the system is shown in Figure 1(a). While, current
3. Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694
Transient response improvement of direct current using supplementary control based … (I.M. Ginarsa)
2109
reference pattern of HVDC at start-up is illustrated in Figure 1(b). The ANFIS-based controller is built by
ANFIS model [49]. Block diagram of SC is depicted in Figure 2.
The ANFIS controller of SC is developed by training process. Inputs data of training process are
current error (Ierr), its derivative (dIerr) and additional trigger angle from the supplementary control (AlphaSC,
αSC). Where, the current error was obtained by difference of direct current (Id) and reference current (Iref). In
the training process, the (Ierr; dIerr) and (AlphaSC, αSC) were formed into 5,000 input-output matrix data. The
training process was done in off-line session. Result of the training process was a SC controller based on
ANFIS model as shown in Figure 3. The ANFIS structure and pattern of input-output control are shown in
Figures 4(a) and (b), respectively. Furthermore, the ANFIS model is embedded to fuzzy controller in
Simulink [50] model as described in Figure 3. Next, the SC performance is evaluated in Section 3.
(a) (b)
Figure 1. Control scheme for HVDC transmission system,
(a) diagram block of thyristor-based rectifier, (b) current reference (Iref) pattern at up-ramp 20 pu/s
Figure 2. Trigger angle (Alpha) controller using PI regulator
Figure 3. Supplementary controller (SC) to improve transient current response
4. ISSN: 2088-8694
Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst, Vol. 11, No. 4, December 2020 : 2107 – 2115
2110
(a) (b)
Figure 4. Supplementary control (SC) based on ANFIS Sugeno model,
(a) ANFIS structure for SC, (b) pattern of input-output control
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In this research, simulation was done by using Matlab/Simulink [50] on a PC computer. Which is
specified as follows: Proc. Intel-i5-7400, cache capacity 6,0 MB, Freq. 3.0 GHz, LGA 1151 windows 7
operating system. The SC was tested to regulate firing angle on rectifier-side of HVDC system.
3.1. Improvement of transient response when final value of current reference set at 0.95 pu
In this case, PI controller parameters were set at the default values P=4500; and I = 45 [48]. The
master controller parameters were set as follows. Up-ramp rate was increased at the values of 20, 22, 24, 26
and 28 pu/s. Moreover, the up-ramp time and up-ramp final value were taken at the time of 0.3 s and the
value of 0.95 pu, respectively. The simulation results are described in Figures 5, 6 and listed in Table 1.
Figure 5 and Table 1 show the transient responses of direct current for respective controllers when
the up-ramp rate of current reference was set at 20 pu/s. There are depicted that response parameters for PI
controller (PIC) were as follows: 9.85%, 3.843%, 0.459 s, 0.548 s and 5.953×10−2% for maximum overshoot
(Mp), start-time error (estr), peak time (tp), settling time (ts) and steady-state error (ess), respectively.
Meanwhile, the response parameters that given by SC were as follows: 5.63%, 3.797%, 0.458 s, 0.545 s and
3.233×10−2% for maximum overshoot, start-time error, peak time, settling time and steady-state error,
respectively. Figure 6 and Table 1 illustrate the transient responses when the up-ramp rate of current
reference was increased to 28 pu/s. Responses of the PI controller were as follows: 15.18%, 2.708%, 0.452 s,
0.568 s and 5.651×10−2% for maximum overshoot, start-time error, peak time, settling time and steady-state
error. While, the responses that given by the SC were: 9.77%, 2.856 %, 0.451 s, 0.550 s and 2.564×10−2%
for maximum overshoot, start-time error, peak time, settling time and steady-state error, respectively. The SC
is able to improve the transient response of direct current based on the response parameters are given in
this scenario.
Figure 5. Transient response improvement for direct
current at current reference 0.95 pu.
Figure 6. Transient response for current reference
0.95 and up-ramp 28.0 pu/s.
5. Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694
Transient response improvement of direct current using supplementary control based … (I.M. Ginarsa)
2111
Table 1. The performance of SC when final value of current reference at 0.95 pu.
PI control (PIC) Supplementary control (SC)
up-ramp
(pu/s)
Mp
(%)
estr
(%)
tp
(t)
ts
(t)
ess
×10−2
(%)
Mp
(%)
estr
(%)
tp
(t)
ts
(t)
ess
×10−2
(%)
20 9.85 3.843 0.459 0.548 5.953 5.63 3.797 0.458 0.545 3.233
22 11.84 3.446 0.461 0.557 0.669 6.91 3.666 0.454 0.546 2.295
24 13.27 3.156 0.460 0.561 2.054 7.92 3.415 0.453 0.547 4.574
26 14.29 3.157 0.454 0.565 4.209 9.86 3.201 0.453 0.548 4.011
28 15.18 2.708 0.452 0.568 5.651 9.77 2.856 0.451 0.550 2.564
3.2. Performance of SC when the final value of current reference set at 1.0 pu
Furthermore, the final value of current reference was increased to 1.0 pu. The up-ramp rates and up-
ramp time were set as same as the values and time before. The results are depicted in Figures 7, 8 and in
Table 2. From Figure 7 and Table 2 we can see that the maximum overshoot was achieved at the value of
8.96 and 5.73% for the PIC and SC when the up-ramp rate at 20 pu/s, respectively. The start-time error was
at the values of 3.638 and 4.025%. Peak time was at time 0.464 s for the both controllers. The settling time
was achieved at time 0.568 and 0.550 s. The steady-state error was achieved at the values of (3.042 and
0.368)×10−2
% for the PIC and SC, respectively. Figure 7 shows that maximum overshoot of the PI controller
is higher than the supplementary controller.
The Figure 8 and Table 2 shows maximum overshoot was achieved at the value of 14.22 and 9.75%
for the PI controller and supplementary controller when the up-ramp rate at 28 pu/s, respectively. The start-
time error was at the values of 2.451 and 2.627%. Peak time was at time 0.452 and 0.451 s. The settling time
was achieved at time 0.579 and 0.569 s. And, the steady-state error was at the values of (0.202 and
0.374)×10−2
% for the PI controller and supplementary controller, respectively.
It is found that the maximum overshoot of direct current equipped by supplementary controller is
lower than PI controller. Also, settling time of the supplementary controller is shorter than the other. It is
found that the supplementary controller is more effective to reduce peak overshoot of direct current than the
PI controller in this scenario.
Figure 7. Transient response for current reference 1.0 Figure 8. Transient response for current reference
1.0 and up-ramp 28.0 pu/s
Table 2. The performance of supplementary control at current reference = 1.0 pu.
PI control (PIC) Supplementary control (SC)
up-ramp
(pu/s)
Mp
(%)
estr
(%)
tp
(t)
ts
(t)
ess
×10−2
(%)
Mp
(%)
estr
(%)
tp
(t)
ts
(t)
ess
×10−2
(%)
20 8.96 3.638 0.464 0.568 3.042 5.73 4.025 0.464 0.550 0.368
22 10.65 3.326 0.461 0.571 1.264 7.36 3.686 0.459 0.553 1.901
24 12.03 3.036 0.460 0.573 2.154 7.73 3.321 0.453 0.559 0.906
26 13.25 3.036 0.454 0.575 0.380 9.02 2.972 0.453 0.564 0.072
28 14.22 2.451 0.452 0.579 0.202 9.75 2.627 0.451 0.569 0.374
6. ISSN: 2088-8694
Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst, Vol. 11, No. 4, December 2020 : 2107 – 2115
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3.3. Improvement of direct current transient response at 1.05 pu
Moreover, the system is tested by increasing the final value of direct current again to 1.05 pu. The
results are described in Figures 9, 10 and Table 3. Table 3 depicts maximum overshoots of direct current
were achieved at the values of 7.72-14.28% for the PIC when the up-ramp rates were taken at 20-28 pu/s,
respectively. Errors at start-time are achieved at the values of 3.63-2.46%. The settling time for the PIC were
at times of 0.571-0.578 s. The steady-state errors were achieved at the values of (3.042-0.202)×10−2
%. Figure
9 shows transient responses of DC current for PI and SC for up-ramp rates at 20 pu/s.
While, the maximum overshoots of direct current were achieved at the values of 5.73-9.75% for the
SC when the up-ramp rates were at 20-28 pu/s. Errors at start-time were at the values of 4.025-2.627%. The
settling times were at times of 0.550-0.569 s. The steady-state errors were achieved at the values of (0.368-
0.374)×10−2
%. Also, transient response of DC current is depicted in Figure 10 for the PIC and SC controller,
respectively, when the up-ramp rate is given at 28 pu/s.
Figure 9. Transient response improvement for
current reference 1.05 pu.
Figure 10. Transient response improvement for
current reference 1.05 pu and up-ramp 28.0 pu/s.
Based on the results, peak overshoot and settling time of SC are lower and shorter than the peak
overshoot and settling of the PIC. On the other hand, the error at start-time and steady state error for all
controllers are small (< 5%) and very small (< 10−2
%), respectively. The SC is more effective to reduce the
transient response of direct current than the PIC for the up-ramp of reference current at 20-28 pu/s.
Table 3. The performance of supplementary control when reference current was set at 1.05 pu.
PI control (PIC) Supplementary control (SC)
up-ramp
(pu/s)
Mp
(%)
estr
(%)
tp
(t)
ts
(t)
ess
×10−2
(%)
Mp
(%)
estr
(%)
tp
(t)
ts
(t)
ess
×10−2
(%)
20 7.72 3.215 0.466 0.571 2.863 5.12 4.343 0.463 0.548 4.844
22 10.12 3.611 0.463 0.573 4.906 5.99 4.302 0.460 0.552 3.787
24 12.34 3.293 0.461 0.575 6.537 6.64 3.518 0.460 0.563 0.967
26 13.38 3.293 0.460 0.579 6.319 8.22 3.220 0.455 0.568 1.936
28 14.28 2.793 0.457 0.580 7.028 10.01 2.992 0.460 0.570 2.735
4. CONCLUSION
Application of SC for HVDC based on ANFIS model is done in this research. The design process of
ANFIS model is also explained before the control applied to the HVDC system. Simulation results of HVDC
with SC are compared to the results from proportional integral control (PIC) to verify the validity of the
proposed controller. The results show that maximum overshoots are achieved at 5.63% and 9.85% for SC and
PIC, when current reference and up-ramp are set at 0.95 pu and 20 pu/s. Moreover, the current reference and
up-ramp are increased to 1.05 pu and 28 pu/s. The maximum overshoots for SC and PIC are achieved at
10.01% and 14.01% and 14.28%, respectively. The proposed control is able to improve the transient response
by reducing the maximum overshoot for all simulations.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We appreciate to the Directorate General of Higher Education (DGHE) Republic of Indonesia to
support of this research through decentralization Penelitian Dasar Unggulan Perguruan Tinggi (PDUPT)
scheme 2018-2019 University of Mataram.
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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
I Made Ginarsa was born in Darmasaba, Badung Bali Indonesia 1970. He received in B.Eng,
M.Eng and Ph.D in elect. eng. UNUD (1997), UGM (2001) and ITS (2012). Since 1999 he was
a lecturer at Elect. Eng., University of Mataram. In 2010 he was a member of EPS Lab.,
Kumamoto Univ. His research interests are dynamic and stability, nonlinear dynamic, voltage
stability and artificial intelligent application in power systems. He was an active author, co-
author and invited reviewer on national and international publications.
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Agung B. Muljono, was born in Purwodadi Grobogan Indonesia, 1971. In 1998 he joined
University of Mataram, Indonesia, as a lecturer. His research interests include transmission and
distribution, dynamic and stability, artificial intelligent application, and energy planning and
distributed generation in power systems. He received the B. Eng and M. Eng. in Electrical Eng.
from Malang Institute of Technology (1996) and UGM (2000), respectively. He was an active
author and co-author research papers and served as editorial board in Dielektrika Journal.
I Made Ari Nrartha, was born in Denpasar Bali Indonesia, 1973. He received in B.Eng and
M.Eng in electrical eng. from ITS (1997) and UGM (2001). Since 1999 he was a lecturer at
Electrical Eng., University of Mataram. His research interests are power system dynamic and
stability, transmission and distribution, optimization, power quality and artificial intelligent
application in power systems. He was an active author and co-author research papers in national
and international journal, and served as editorial board in Dielektrika Journal.
S. Sultan, was born in Bulukumba South Sulawesi, Indonesia. He received the B. Eng. and
M.Eng. degrees in Electrical Eng. from Hassanudin University (1995) and UGM (2005),
respectively. In 1997 he was a lecturer in University of Mataram, Indonesia. His research
interests include power system transmission and distribution, power system dynamic and
stability in power systems. He was an active author and co-author research papers in national
and international journal, and served as editor in chief of Dielektrika Journal 2010-2018.