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Transformers project report
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Transformers Project report
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Tanuj Gupta (1 SlideShare) , Working at Study
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Published on Feb 09, 2013
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Vaibhav Sharma
Hey! If you are a class 12 student and looking for physics investigatory projects, do not miss
CoolJunk DIY(do-it-yourself) physics kits: www.cooljunk.in/physics-project-kits
Using step-by-step visual instructions & detailed theory manual, you can make your physics
investigatory project within hours & score 100% marks in practical. Here is the list of topic based
projects for class 12:
1. Verification of Kirchhoff Laws and Ohms Law
2. Variable Resistors: Potentiometer, Preset & LDR: Sequential glowing of LEDs, Internal structure
of potentiometer/preset, Working of LDR
3. Capacitors-Charging and Discharging With Resistors & Time Constants
4. Relay & Electromagnetism- Burglar Alarm, Alternate Switching, Oscillator
5. Diode- VI Characteristics & Working, Low Resistance Path, Protection Device
6. OR and AND Digital Logic Gates using Diodes
7. NOR and NAND Digital Logic Gates using Diodes
8. Zener Diode- Working & Reverse Breakdown Voltage, Voltage Regulator
9. Transistor as Amplifier & Switch: Cut-off, Active & Saturation Regions
10. Touch Activated Switch (Passing current through body) using a Transistor
11. Darlington Pair (Multi-stage amplifier using transistors)
12. Automatic Night Lamp using transistor and LDR
13. OR and AND Logic Gates using Transistors
14. NOR and NAND Logic Gates using Transistors
15. NOT Gate (Transistor as an Inverter)
16. LED Blinker (or Flasher) using a Transistor
17. H-Bridge (Motor-driving circuit used in robotics) using transistors
18. DC Motor: Studying relation between RPM and Voltage
19. Wheatstone Bridge: Calculating the unknown resistance using two fixed resistors and a variable
resistor (potentiometer)
20. Full-wave Bridge Rectifier (Using diodes and a 12V AC transformer)
21. Full-wave rectifier using diodes and a center-tapped 12V AC transformer
21. 22. Joule Thief: Drawing energy from a dead cell using an inductor
23. IR (Infrared) Security or Intrusion Alarm System
24. Temperature Sensor using a thermistor
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1. DASMESH PARIVARINTERNATIONAL SCHOOL PROJECT REPORT ON
TRANSFORMERS Submitted By: TANUJ GUPTA CLASS: XII ROLL NO: ________________
2. They are so important in our livesthat without them even the electricbells fitted in our homes
won’twork.
3. CertificateThis is to certify that Tanuj Gupta, student of Class XII, Dasmesh Parivar
InternationalSchool, has completed the project titled Transformers during the academic year 2012-
2013 towards partial fulfillment of credit for the Physics practical evaluation of CBSE2013, and
submitted satisfactory report, as compiled in the following pages, under
mysupervision._________________Department of PhysicsDasmesh Parivar International School
4. Acknowledgements"There are times when silence speaks so much more loudly than words of
praise toonly as good as belittle a person, whose words do not express, but only put aveneer over
true feelings, which are of gratitude at this point of time."I would like to express my sincere
gratitude to my physics mentor for his vitalsupport, guidance and encouragement, without which
this project would nothave come forth. I would also like to express my gratitude to the staff of
theDepartment of Physics at Dasmesh Parivar International School for their supportduring the
making of this project. TANUJ GUPTA
5. INTRODUCTIONThe transformer is a device used for converting alow alternating voltage to a
high alternatingvoltage or a high alternating voltage into a lowalternating voltage. It is a static
electrical devicethat transfers energy by inductive couplingbetween its winding circuits.
Transformers range insize from a thumbnail-sized coupling transformerhidden inside a stage
microphone to huge unitsweighing hundreds of tons used in power plantsubstations or to
interconnect portions of thepower grid. All operate on the same basicprinciples, although the range
of designs is wide.While new technologies have eliminated the needfor transformers in some
electronic circuits,transformers are still found in many electronicdevices. Transformers are essential
for high-voltage electric power transmission, which makeslong-distance transmission economically
practical.A transformer is most widely used device in bothlow and high current circuit. In a
transformer, theelectrical energy transfer from one circuit toanother circuit takes place without the
use ofmoving parts. A transformer which increases thevoltages is called a step-up transformer. A
6. transformer which decreases the A.C. voltages iscalled a step-down transformer. Transformer is,
therefore, an essentialpiece of apparatus both for high and low currentcircuits. Close-up of single-
phase pole mount transformer.
7. PRINCIPLEIt is based on the principle of mutual induction thatis if a varying current is set-up in
a circuit theninduced e.m.f. is produced in the neighboringcircuit. The varying current in a circuit
producevarying magnetic flux which induces e.m.f. in theneighboring circuit.
8. CONSTRUCTIONA transformer consists of a rectangular shaft ironcore made of laminated
sheets, well insulated fromone another. Two coils p1 & p2 and s1 & s2 arewound on the same core,
but are well insulatedwith each other. Note that the both the coils areinsulated from the core, the
source of alternatinge.m.f is connected to p1p2, the primary coil and aload resistance R is connected
to s1 s2, thesecondary coil through an open switch S. thusthere can be no current through the sec.
coil solong as the switch is open. For an idealtransformer, we assume that the resistance of
theprimary & secondary winding is negligible. Further,the energy loses due to magnetic the iron
core isalso negligible. For operation at low frequency, wemay have a soft iron. The soft iron core
isinsulating by joining thin iron strips coated withvarnish to insulate them to reduce energy losses
9. by eddy currents. The input circuit is calledprimary. And the output circuit is called secondary.
An ideal voltage step-down transformer. The secondary current arises from the action of the
secondary EMF on the (not shown) load impedance. The ideal transformer as a circuit element
23. 10. THEORY AND WORKINGWhen an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the primarycoil p1p2, an
alternating current starts falling in it.The altering current in the primary produces achanging
magnetic flux, which induces alteringvoltage in the primary as well as in the secondary.In a good-
transformer, whole of the magnetic fluxlinked with primary is also linked with thesecondary, and
then the induced e.m.f. induced ineach turn of the secondary is equal to that inducedin each turn of
the primary. Thus if Ep and Es bethe instantaneous values of the e.m.f.’s induced inthe primary and
the secondary and Np and Ns arethe no. of turns of the primary secondary coils ofthe transformer
and, Dфь / dt = rate of change offlux in each turn of the coil at this instant, we haveEp = -Np
Dфь/dt (1)
11. Es = -Ns Dфь/dt (2)Since the above relations are true at every instant,so by dividing 2 by 1, we
get Es / Ep = - Ns / Np (3)As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.finduced in the primary coil
p1, so theinstantaneous current in primary coil is due to thedifference (E – Ep ) in the instantaneous
values ofthe applied and back e.m.f. further if Rp is theresistance o, p1p2 coil, then the
instantaneouscurrent Ip in the primary coil is given by I =E – Ep / Rp E – Ep = Ip Rp
12. When the resistance of the primary is small, Rp Ipcan be neglected so therefore E – Ep = 0 or
Ep = EThus back e.m.f = input e.m.fHence equation 3 can be written as Es / Ep = Es / E= output
e.m.f / input e.m.f = Ns / Np = KWhere K is constant, called turn or transformationratio.In a step up
transformer Es > E so K > 1, hence Ns > NpIn a step down transformer Es < E so K < 1, hence Ns <
NpIf Ip=value of primary current at the same instant t
13. And Is =value of sec. current at this instant,then Input power at the instant t = Ep Ip andOutput
power at the same instant = Es IsIf there are no losses of power in the transformer,then Input power
= output power or Ep Ip = Es Is Or Es / E p = Ip / Is = KIn a step up transformerAs k > 1, so Ip > Is
or Is < IpI.e. current in sec. is weaker when secondaryvoltage is higher. Hence, whatever we gain
involtage, we lose in current in the same ratio.Similarly it can be shown, that in a step
downtransformer, whatever we lose in voltage, we gainin current in the same ratio.Thus a step up
14. transformer in reality steps down the current & astep down transformer steps up the
current.BASIC IDEA OF STEP DOWN TRANSFORMERBASIC IDEA OF STEP UP
TRANSFORMER
15. EFFICIENCYEfficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio ofoutput power to the input
power i.e.η = output power / input power = Es Is / Ep IpThus in an ideal transformer, where there is
nopower losses, η = 1. But in actual practice, thereare many power losses; therefore the efficiency
oftransformer is less than one.
16. ENERGY LOSSESIn practice, the output energy of a transformer is alwaysless than the input
energy, because energy losses occurdue to a number of reasons as explained below.1. Loss of
Magnetic Flux: The coupling between thecoils is seldom perfect. So, whole of the magnetic
fluxproduced by the primary coil is not linked up with thesecondary coil.2. Iron Loss: In actual iron
cores in spite of lamination,Eddy currents are produced. The magnitude of eddycurrent may,
however be small. And a part of energy islost as the heat produced in the iron core.3. Copper Loss:
In practice, the coils of the transformerpossess resistance. So a part of the energy is lost due tothe
heat produced in the resistance of the coil.4. Hysteresis Loss: The alternating current in the
coiltapes the iron core through complete cycle ofmagnetization. So Energy is lost due to
hysteresis.5. Magneto restriction: The alternating current in the
17. Transformer may be set its parts in to vibrations andsound may be produced. It is called
humming. Thus, apart of energy may be lost due to humming. USES OF TRANSFORMERA
transformer is used in almost all a.c. operations In voltage regulator for T.V., refrigerator, computer,
air conditioner etc. In the induction furnaces. A step down transformer is used for welding purposes.
A step down transformer is used for obtaining large current. A step up transformer is used for the
production of X-Rays and NEON advertisement. Transformers are used in voltage regulators and
stabilized power supplies.
18. Transformers are used in the transmissions ofa.c. over long distances.Small transformers are
used in Radio sets,telephones, loud speakers and electric bellsetc. A Big Transformer
19. BibliographyThe data used in this project was taken from thefollowing sources:
www.google.com www.wikipedia.com www.scribd.com Sears and Zemansky’s University
Physics The End
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