transformers is a project based on physics which explores its working, uses, loses and many more.... please do visit the project for good sense of understanding
Step-down transformer Physics project Class 12 CBSE FinalMuhammad Jassim
FULL MARK WITH THIS. EASY NO WORY. QUESTIONS FOR VIVA WILL ALSO BE EASY SINCE THE PROJECT IS EASY.
Step-down transformer Physics project Class 12 CBSE Final
Step-down transformer Physics project Class 12 CBSE FinalMuhammad Jassim
FULL MARK WITH THIS. EASY NO WORY. QUESTIONS FOR VIVA WILL ALSO BE EASY SINCE THE PROJECT IS EASY.
Step-down transformer Physics project Class 12 CBSE Final
Also called: break bone fever
Dengue viruses are the arboviruses capable of infecting humans and causing disease.
It is a arthropod borne viral disease. Of all the arthropod borne diseases dengue fewer is most commonCBSE class 12th physics Investigatory ProjectAlso called: break bone fever
Dengue viruses are the arboviruses capable of infecting humans and causing disease.
It is a arthropod borne viral disease. Of all the arthropod borne diseases dengue fewer is most common
TOPIC-To investigate the relation between the ratio of :-1. Input and outpu...CHMURLIDHAR
TOPIC-To investigate the relation between the ratio of :-1. Input and output voltage.2. Number of turnings in the secondary coil and primary coil of a self made transformer.
The transformer is a device used for converting a low alternating voltage to a high alternating voltage or vice-versa. A Transformer based on the Principle of mutual induction according to this principle, the amount of magnetic flux linked with a coil changing, an e.m.f is induced in the neighbouring coil.
chemistry project for class 12 on analysis of honeyRadha Gupta
this is a project for class 12 boards for chemistry subject on analysis of honey.it will be very helpful for students who are searching for chemistry project
Physics investigatory project for class 12 on the topic " to estimate charge induced on two styro foam / pith balls separated by a distance "
Just change the name and cover page.
Also called: break bone fever
Dengue viruses are the arboviruses capable of infecting humans and causing disease.
It is a arthropod borne viral disease. Of all the arthropod borne diseases dengue fewer is most commonCBSE class 12th physics Investigatory ProjectAlso called: break bone fever
Dengue viruses are the arboviruses capable of infecting humans and causing disease.
It is a arthropod borne viral disease. Of all the arthropod borne diseases dengue fewer is most common
TOPIC-To investigate the relation between the ratio of :-1. Input and outpu...CHMURLIDHAR
TOPIC-To investigate the relation between the ratio of :-1. Input and output voltage.2. Number of turnings in the secondary coil and primary coil of a self made transformer.
The transformer is a device used for converting a low alternating voltage to a high alternating voltage or vice-versa. A Transformer based on the Principle of mutual induction according to this principle, the amount of magnetic flux linked with a coil changing, an e.m.f is induced in the neighbouring coil.
chemistry project for class 12 on analysis of honeyRadha Gupta
this is a project for class 12 boards for chemistry subject on analysis of honey.it will be very helpful for students who are searching for chemistry project
Physics investigatory project for class 12 on the topic " to estimate charge induced on two styro foam / pith balls separated by a distance "
Just change the name and cover page.
https://www.slideshare.net/EligetiVishnu/physics-investigatory-electromagnetic-inductionhttps://www.slideshare.net/EligetiVishnu/physics-investigatory-electromagnetic-inductionhttps://www.slideshare.net/EligetiVishnu/physics-investigatory-electromagnetic-inductionhttps://www.slideshare.net/EligetiVishnu/physics-investigatory-electromagnetic-inductionvvhttps://www.slideshare.net/EligetiVishnu/physics-investigatory-electromagnetic-inductionhttps://www.slideshare.net/EligetiVishnu/physics-investigatory-electromagnetic-inductionvhttps://www.slideshare.net/EligetiVishnu/physics-investigatory-electromagnetic-induction Area 51 is the common name of a highly classified United States Air Force (USAF) facility within the Nevada Test and Training Range. A remote detachment administered by Edwards Air Force Base, the facility is officially called Homey Airport (ICAO: KXTA, FAA LID: XTA)[1] or Groom Lake (after the salt flat next to its airfield). Details of its operations are not made public, but the USAF says that it is an open training range,[2] and it is commonly thought to support the development and testing of experimental aircraft and weapons systems.[3][2] The USAF and CIA acquired the site in 1955, primarily for flight testing the Lockheed U-2 aircraft.[4]
The intense secrecy surrounding the base has made it the frequent subject of conspiracy theories and a central component of unidentified flying object (UFO) folklore.[5][6] It has never been declared a secret base, but all research and occurrences in Area 51 are Top Secret/Sensitive Compartmented Information (TS/SCI).[7] The CIA publicly acknowledged the base's existence on 25 June 2013, following a Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) request filed in 2005 and declassified documents detailing its history and purpose.[8]
Area 51 is located in the southern portion of Nevada, 83 miles (134 km) north-northwest of Las Vegas. The surrounding area is a popular tourist destination, including the small town of Rachel on the "Extraterrestrial Highway".Area 51 is the common name of a highly classified United States Air Force (USAF) facility within the Nevada Test and Training Range. A remote detachment administered by Edwards Air Force Base, the facility is officially called Homey Airport (ICAO: KXTA, FAA LID: XTA)[1] or Groom Lake (after the salt flat next to its airfield). Details of its operations are not made public, but the USAF says that it is an open training range,[2] and it is commonly thought to support the development and testing of experimental aircraft and weapons systems.[3][2] The USAF and CIA acquired the site in 1955, primarily for flight testing the Lockheed U-2 aircraft.[4]
The intense secrecy surrounding the base has made it the frequent subject of conspiracy theories and a central component of unidentified flying object (UFO) folklore.[5][6] It has never been declared a secret base, but all research and occurrences in Area 51 are Top Secret/Sensitive Compartmented Information (TS/SCI).[7
Class 12 Investigatory project, Presentation, Class 12 Physics Project presentation, Class 12 physics Project,CBSE Class 12 physics project, Transformers
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
2. They are so important in our lives
that without them even the
electric bells fitted in our homes
won’t work.
3. CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this dissertation is
a bonafide record of the project work
done by OMKAR MAJUKAR of class 12th
‘A’ (science) on “TRANSFORMERS” under the
guidance and supervision in partial
fulfilment of the requirements for
appearing in AISSCE March 2015.
PRINCIPAL TEACHER IN CHARGE
EXTERNAL EXAMINER
4. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express a deep sense of
thanks and gratitude to my project guide
Mr. Kashid sir for guiding me immensely
through the course of this project. He
always evinced keen interest in my work.
His constructive advice and constant
motivation have been responsible for the
completion of this project.
OMKAR MAJUKAR
XII-A
5. INTRODUCTION
The transformer is a device used for converting a
low alternating voltage to a high alternating
voltage or a high alternating voltage into a low
alternating voltage. It is a static electrical device
that transfers energy by inductive coupling
between its winding circuits. Transformers range
in size from a thumbnail-sized coupling
transformer hidden inside a stage microphone to
huge units weighing hundreds of tons used in
power plant substations or to interconnect
portions of the power grid. All operate on the
same basic principles, although the range of
designs is wide. While new technologies have
eliminated the need for transformers in some
electronic circuits, transformers are still found in
many electronic devices. Transformers are
essential for high-voltage electric power
transmission, which makes long-distance
transmission economically practical. A
transformer is most widely used device in both
low and high current circuit. In a transformer, the
electrical energy transfer from one circuit to
another circuit takes place without the use of
moving parts. A transformer which increases the
6. voltages is called a step-up transformer. A
transformer which decreases the A.C. voltages is
called a step-down transformer.
Transformer is, therefore, an essential
piece of apparatus both for high and low current
circuits.
Close-up of single-phase pole mount transformer.
7. PRINCIPLE
It is based on the principle of mutual
induction that is if a varying current is set-up
in a circuit then induced e.m.f. is produced in
the neighboring circuit. The varying current
in a circuit produce varying magnetic flux
which induces e.m.f. in the neighboring
circuit.
8. CONSTRUCTION
A transformer consists of a rectangular shaft
iron core made of laminated sheets, well
insulated from one another. Two coils p1 & p2
and s1 & s2 are wound on the same core, but
are well insulated with each other. Note that
the both the coils are insulated from the core,
the source of alternating e.m.f is connected to
p1p2, the primary coil and a load resistance R
is connected to s1 s2, the secondary coil
through an open switch S. thus there can be
no current through the sec. coil so long as the
switch is open. For an ideal transformer, we
assume that the resistance of the primary &
secondary winding is negligible. Further, the
energy loses due to magnetic the iron core is
also negligible. For operation at low
frequency, we may have a soft iron. The soft
iron core is insulating by joining thin iron
strips coated with varnish to insulate them to
reduce energy losses by eddy currents. The
9. input circuit is called primary. And the output
circuit is called secondary.
An ideal voltage step-down transformer. The secondary current
arises from the action of the secondary EMF on the (not shown) load
impedence.
The ideal transformer as a circuit element
10. THEORY AND WORKING
When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the
primary coil p1p2, an alternating current
starts falling in it. The altering current in the
primary produces a changing magnetic flux,
which induces altering voltage in the primary
as well as in the secondary. In a good-
transformer, whole of the magnetic flux
linked with primary is also linked with the
secondary, and then the induced e.m.f.
induced in each turn of the secondary is equal
to that induced in each turn of the primary.
Thus if Ep and Es be the instantaneous values
of the e.m.f.’s induced in the primary and the
secondary and Np and Ns are the no. of turns
of the primary secondary coils of the
transformer and, Dфь / dt = rate of change of
flux in each turn of the coil at this instant, we
have
Ep = -Np Dфь/dt ----------------------------(1)
11. Es = -Ns Dфь/dt ---------------------(2)
Since the above relations are true at every
instant, so by dividing (2) by (1), we get
Es / Ep = - Ns / Np ---------------------(3)
As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f
induced in the primary coil p1, so the
instantaneous current in primary coil is due
to the difference (E – Ep ) in the instantaneous
values of the applied and back e.m.f. further if
Rp is the resistance o, p1p2 coil, then
the instantaneous current Ip in the primary
coil is given by
I =E – Ep / Rp
E – Ep = Ip Rp
When the resistance of the primary is small,
Rp Ip can be neglected so therefore
E – Ep = 0 or Ep = E
12. Thus back e.m.f = input e.m.f
Hence equation (3) can be written as
Es / Ep = Es / E = output e.m.f / input e.m.f = Ns / Np = K
Where K is constant, called turn or
transformation ratio.
In a step up transformer
Es > E so K > 1,
hence Ns > Np
In a step down transformer
Es < E so K < 1,
hence Ns < Np
If Ip=value of primary current at the same
instant t
13. And Is =value of sec. current at this instant,
then Input power at the instant t = Ep Ip and
Output power at the same instant = Es Is
If there are no losses of power in the
transformer, then
Input power = output power
or
Ep Ip = Es Is
or
Es / Ep = Ip / Is = K
In a step up transformer
As k > 1, so Ip > Is or Is < Ip
I.e. current in sec. is weaker when secondary
voltage is higher. Hence, whatever we gain in
voltage, we lose in current in the same ratio.
Similarly it can be shown, that in a step down
transformer, whatever we lose in voltage, we
gain in current in the same ratio. Thus a step
up transformer in reality steps down the
current & a step down transformer steps up
the current.
14. BASIC IDEA OF STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER
BASIC IDEA OF STEP UP TRANSFORMER
15. EFFICIENCY
Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the
ratio of output power to the input power i.e.
η = output power / input power = Es Is / Ep Ip
Thus in an ideal transformer, where there is
no power losses, η = 1. But in actual practice,
there are many power losses; therefore the
efficiency of transformer is less than one.
16. ENERGY LOSSES
In practice, the output energy of a
transformer is always less than the input
energy, because energy losses occur due to a
number of reasons as explained below.
1. Loss of Magnetic Flux: The coupling between the coils
is seldom perfect. So, whole of the magnetic flux produced by
the primary coil is not linked up with the secondary coil.
2. Iron Loss: In actual iron cores in spite of lamination,
Eddy currents are produced. The magnitude of eddy current
may, however be small. And a part of energy is lost as the
heat produced in the iron core.
3. Copper Loss: In practice, the coils of the transformer
possess resistance. So a part of the energy is lost due to the
heat produced in the resistance of the coil.
4. Hysteresis Loss: The alternating current in the coil
tapes the iron core through complete cycle of
magnetization.So Energy is lost due to hysteresis.
5. Magneto restriction: The alternating current in the
Transformer may be set its parts in to vibrations and sound
may be produced. It is called humming. Thus, a part of
energy may be lost due to humming.
17. USES OF TRANSFORMER
A transformer is used in almost all a.c.
operations
In voltage regulator for T.V., refrigerator,
computer, air conditioner etc.
In the induction furnaces.
A step down transformer is used for
welding purposes.
A step down transformer is used for
obtaining large current.
A step up transformer is used for the
production of X-Rays and NEON
advertisement.
Transformers are used in voltage
regulators and stabilized power supplies.
Transformers are used in the
transmissions of a.c. over long distances.
Small transformers are used in Radio
sets, telephones, loud speakers and
electric bells etc.