transformers is a project based on physics which explores its working, uses, loses and many more.... please do visit the project for good sense of understanding
Physics investigatory project for class 12 on the topic " to estimate charge induced on two styro foam / pith balls separated by a distance "
Just change the name and cover page.
The transformer is a device used for converting a low alternating voltage to a high alternating voltage or vice-versa. A Transformer based on the Principle of mutual induction according to this principle, the amount of magnetic flux linked with a coil changing, an e.m.f is induced in the neighbouring coil.
TOPIC-To investigate the relation between the ratio of :-1. Input and outpu...CHMURLIDHAR
TOPIC-To investigate the relation between the ratio of :-1. Input and output voltage.2. Number of turnings in the secondary coil and primary coil of a self made transformer.
Step-down transformer Physics project Class 12 CBSE FinalMuhammad Jassim
FULL MARK WITH THIS. EASY NO WORY. QUESTIONS FOR VIVA WILL ALSO BE EASY SINCE THE PROJECT IS EASY.
Step-down transformer Physics project Class 12 CBSE Final
Rectifier class 12th physics investigatory projectndaashishk7781
Investigatory project of physics class 12 for helping kendriya vidyalaya students
Project on rectifier whoever taking this project also requires a modal of rectifier
transformers is a project based on physics which explores its working, uses, loses and many more.... please do visit the project for good sense of understanding
Physics investigatory project for class 12 on the topic " to estimate charge induced on two styro foam / pith balls separated by a distance "
Just change the name and cover page.
The transformer is a device used for converting a low alternating voltage to a high alternating voltage or vice-versa. A Transformer based on the Principle of mutual induction according to this principle, the amount of magnetic flux linked with a coil changing, an e.m.f is induced in the neighbouring coil.
TOPIC-To investigate the relation between the ratio of :-1. Input and outpu...CHMURLIDHAR
TOPIC-To investigate the relation between the ratio of :-1. Input and output voltage.2. Number of turnings in the secondary coil and primary coil of a self made transformer.
Step-down transformer Physics project Class 12 CBSE FinalMuhammad Jassim
FULL MARK WITH THIS. EASY NO WORY. QUESTIONS FOR VIVA WILL ALSO BE EASY SINCE THE PROJECT IS EASY.
Step-down transformer Physics project Class 12 CBSE Final
Rectifier class 12th physics investigatory projectndaashishk7781
Investigatory project of physics class 12 for helping kendriya vidyalaya students
Project on rectifier whoever taking this project also requires a modal of rectifier
Class 12th Physics Investigatory Project for CBSE on ERRORSRanjan Lohia
Class 12th Investigatory Physics Project for CBSE on the ERRORS
OBJECTIVE :
To Study the behaviour and reduction of “Errors” in our daily Life.
A Nice investigatory project based on the non ending error phenomena.
• Corrosion is a serious problem of some metal like iron, zinc, aluminium and alloys like brass which are commonly used in day to day life.
• Apart from reducing the life of articles made up of these metals or alloys the chemical substances formed out of corrosion have serious public health problems.
• Replacement of machines or their parts and many other articles in industrial and public dealing lead to huge expenditure.
• Hence, how to reduce or avoid corrosion of articles made up of metals or alloys has been a major subject in field of chemistry and electro-chemistry.
Accountancy 12th class project work(Both Comprehensive and specific)Himanshu Mishra
I have uploaded Accountancy 12th class project work(Which Includes Both Comprehensive and specific) as per latest CBSE guidelines 2015 . This project consist of 52pages where i have uploaded 32 pages (Ledger accounts and introduction have been depleted which you can write on your own)
If any query please persist hmishra678@gmail.com (Himanshu Mishra)
Also called: break bone fever
Dengue viruses are the arboviruses capable of infecting humans and causing disease.
It is a arthropod borne viral disease. Of all the arthropod borne diseases dengue fewer is most commonCBSE class 12th physics Investigatory ProjectAlso called: break bone fever
Dengue viruses are the arboviruses capable of infecting humans and causing disease.
It is a arthropod borne viral disease. Of all the arthropod borne diseases dengue fewer is most common
https://www.slideshare.net/EligetiVishnu/physics-investigatory-electromagnetic-inductionhttps://www.slideshare.net/EligetiVishnu/physics-investigatory-electromagnetic-inductionhttps://www.slideshare.net/EligetiVishnu/physics-investigatory-electromagnetic-inductionhttps://www.slideshare.net/EligetiVishnu/physics-investigatory-electromagnetic-inductionvvhttps://www.slideshare.net/EligetiVishnu/physics-investigatory-electromagnetic-inductionhttps://www.slideshare.net/EligetiVishnu/physics-investigatory-electromagnetic-inductionvhttps://www.slideshare.net/EligetiVishnu/physics-investigatory-electromagnetic-induction Area 51 is the common name of a highly classified United States Air Force (USAF) facility within the Nevada Test and Training Range. A remote detachment administered by Edwards Air Force Base, the facility is officially called Homey Airport (ICAO: KXTA, FAA LID: XTA)[1] or Groom Lake (after the salt flat next to its airfield). Details of its operations are not made public, but the USAF says that it is an open training range,[2] and it is commonly thought to support the development and testing of experimental aircraft and weapons systems.[3][2] The USAF and CIA acquired the site in 1955, primarily for flight testing the Lockheed U-2 aircraft.[4]
The intense secrecy surrounding the base has made it the frequent subject of conspiracy theories and a central component of unidentified flying object (UFO) folklore.[5][6] It has never been declared a secret base, but all research and occurrences in Area 51 are Top Secret/Sensitive Compartmented Information (TS/SCI).[7] The CIA publicly acknowledged the base's existence on 25 June 2013, following a Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) request filed in 2005 and declassified documents detailing its history and purpose.[8]
Area 51 is located in the southern portion of Nevada, 83 miles (134 km) north-northwest of Las Vegas. The surrounding area is a popular tourist destination, including the small town of Rachel on the "Extraterrestrial Highway".Area 51 is the common name of a highly classified United States Air Force (USAF) facility within the Nevada Test and Training Range. A remote detachment administered by Edwards Air Force Base, the facility is officially called Homey Airport (ICAO: KXTA, FAA LID: XTA)[1] or Groom Lake (after the salt flat next to its airfield). Details of its operations are not made public, but the USAF says that it is an open training range,[2] and it is commonly thought to support the development and testing of experimental aircraft and weapons systems.[3][2] The USAF and CIA acquired the site in 1955, primarily for flight testing the Lockheed U-2 aircraft.[4]
The intense secrecy surrounding the base has made it the frequent subject of conspiracy theories and a central component of unidentified flying object (UFO) folklore.[5][6] It has never been declared a secret base, but all research and occurrences in Area 51 are Top Secret/Sensitive Compartmented Information (TS/SCI).[7
Class 12 Investigatory project, Presentation, Class 12 Physics Project presentation, Class 12 physics Project,CBSE Class 12 physics project, Transformers
For 9th and 10th Grade students, a powerpoint presentation on the topic "HTML".
Subject: Information Technology / Computer / Web Technology.
That's all folks, see ya :)
For 9th and 10th Grade students, a powerpoint presentation on the topic "Health".
Subject: English / Social Studies / Science.
That's all folks, see ya :)
For 6th to 9th Grade students, a powerpoint presentation on the topic "Effects of Global Warming on the weather".
Subject: English / Social Studies.
That's all folks, see ya :)
For 11th and 12th grade students, a powerpoint presentation on the topic "Getting started with C++".
Subject: Computer Science / Information Technology
That's all folks, see ya :)
For 11th and 12th grade students, an investigatory project on the topic "Determination of Caffeine in Tea Samples".
Subject: Chemistry.
That's all folks, see ya :)
For 6th to 9th Grade students, a powerpoint presentation on the topic "Convergence and Computing Technology".
Subject: Information Technology / Computer Science.
That's all folks, see ya :)
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
3. CLASS:
XII
SECTION: ‘C’
ROLL NO.: 1
Lovely Public Sr. Sec. School
Physics Department
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Ashna, a student of class
XII-C has successfully completed the research
on the below mentioned project under the
guidance of Mrs. Premlata Prasad Mam ( Subject
4. Teacher ) during the year 2016-17 in partial
fulfillment of physics practical examination
conducted by AISSCE, New Delhi.
Signature of external examiner Signature of physics teacher
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am extremely grateful to Mrs.
Premlata Prasad Mam, Teacher of
Department of Physics for her
able guidance and useful
5. suggestions, which helped me in
completing the project work, in
time.
I would also like to thank all the
teaching and non-teaching staff
of Physics Department who
helped me directly or indirectly in
the completion of this project.
Finally, yet importantly, I would
like to express my heartfelt thanks
6. to my beloved parents for their
blessings.
INDEX
Certificate
Acknowledgement
Aim
Introduction
Theory
Apparatus required
Procedure followed
Uses of Transformer
7. Conclusion
Precaution
Source of error
Bibliography
AIM OF THE PROJECT
To investigate the relation between the
ratio of –
Input and output voltage.
8. Number of turnings in the secondary
coil and primary coil of a self-made
transformer.
INTRODUCTION
The transformer is a device used for converting a low
alternating voltage to a high alternating voltage or vice-versa.
A Transformer based on the Principle of mutual induction
according to this principle, the amount of magnetic flux linked
with a coil changing, an e.m.f is induced in the neighboring coil.
A transformer is an electrical device which is used for changing
the A.C. voltages. A transformer is most widely used device in
9. both low and high current circuit. As such transformers are built
in an amazing strength of sizes. In electronic, measurement and
control circuits, transformer size may be so small that it weight
only a few tens of grams where as in high voltage power
circuits, it may weight hundreds of tones.
In a transformer, the electrical energy transfer from one circuit
to another circuit takes place without the use of moving parts.
A transformer which increases the voltages is called a step-up
transformer. A transformer which decreases the A.C. voltages is
called a step-down transformer.
Transformer is, therefore, an essential piece of apparatus both
for high and low current circuits.
Theory
When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the primary coil p1p2, an
alternating current starts falling in it. The altering current in the primary
produces a changing magnetic flux, which induces altering voltage in
the primary as well as in the secondary. In a good-transformer, whole
of the magnetic flux linked with primary is also linked with the
secondary, and then the induced e.m.f. induced in each turn of the
secondary is equal to that induced in each turn of the primary. Thus if
10. Ep and Es be the instantaneous values of the e.m.f.’s induced in the
primary and the secondary and Np and Ns are the no. of turns of the
primary secondary coils of the transformer and
dô / dt = rate of change of flux in each turnoff the coil at this instant,
we have
Ep = -Np dô/dt _______________ (1)
and
Es = -Ns dô/dt _______________ (2)
Since the above relations are true at every instant, so by dividing 2 by 1,
we get
Es / Ep = - Ns / Np ______________ (3)
As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f induced in the primary
coil p1, so the instantaneous current in primary coil is
due to the difference (E – Ep ) in the instantaneous values of the
applied and back
e.m.f. further if Rp is the resistance o, p1p2 coil, then the instantaneous
current Ip in the primary coil is given by
Ip = E – Ep / Rp
E – Ep = Ip Rp
Thus back e.m.f = input e.m.f
Hence equation 3 can be written as
Es / Ep = Es / E
11. = output e.m.f / input e.m.f
= Ns / Np = K
Where K is constant, called turn or transformation ratio.
I
N
A
S
T
E
P
12. DOWN TRANSFORMER
Es < E so K < 1, hence Ns < Np
If Ip = value of primary current at the same instant and
Is = value of secondary current at this instant, then
Input power at the instant = Ep Ip and Output power at the same instant = Es Is
If there are no losses of power in the transformer, then Input power = output
power Or Ep Ip = Es Is Or Es / Ep = Ip / Is = K
ILLUSTRATION
13. IN A STEP UP TRANSFORMER
Es > E so K > 1, hence Ns > Np As, k > 1, so Ip > Is or Is < Ip
i.e. current in secondary is weaker when secondary voltage is higher.
Hence, whatever we gain in voltage, we lose in current in the same ratio.
Similarly it can be shown, that in a step down transformer, whatever we lose in
voltage, we gain in current in the same ratio.
Thus a step up transformer in reality steps down the current &a step down
transformer steps up the current.
ILLUSTRATION
14. EFFICIENCY
Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of output power to the input
power.
i.e. ç = output power / input power = Es Is / Ep Ip
Thus in an ideal transformer, where there is no power losses , ç = 1.
But in actual practice, there are many power losses; therefore the efficiency of
transf
orme
r is
less
than
one.
15. ENERGY LOSSES
Following are the major sources of energy loss in a
transformer:
Copper loss is the energy loss in the form of heat in the copper
coils of a transformer. This is due to joule heating of conducting
wires.
Iron loss is the energy loss in the form of heat in the iron core of
the transformer. This is due to formation of eddy currents in iron
core. It is minimized by taking laminated cores.
16. Leakage of magnetic flux occurs inspite of best insulations.
Therefor
e, rate of
change
of
magneti
c flux linked with each turn of S1S2 is less than the rate of
change of magnetic flux linked with each turn of P1P2.
Hysteresis loss is the loss of energy due to repeated magnetization
and demagnetization of the iron core when A.C. is fed to it.
Magneto striation i.e. humming noise of a transformer
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Iron Rod
19. PROCEDURE FOLLOWED
1. Take thick iron rod and cover it with a thick paper and wind a large
number of turns of thin Cu wire on thick paper (say 60). This constitutes
primary coil of the transformer.
2. Cover theprimary coil with a sheet of paper and wound relatively smaller
number of turns (say 20) of thick copper wire on it. This constitutes the
secondary coil. It is a step down transformer.
3. Connect p1, p2 to A.C main and measure the input voltage and current
using A.C voltmeter and ammeter respectively.
4. Similarly, measure the output voltage and current through s1and s2.
5. Now connect s1and s2toA.C main and again measure voltage and current
through primary and secondary coil of step up transformer.
6. Repeat all steps for other self-made transformers by changing number of
turns in primary and secondary coil.
20. USES OF TRANSFORMERS
In voltage regulator for T.V., refrigerator, computer, air
conditioner, etc.
A step down transformer is used for welding purposes.
A step down transformer is used for obtaining large current.
A step up transformer is used for the production of X-Rays and
NEON advertisement.
Transformers are used in voltage regulators and stabilized
power supplies.
Transformers are used in the transmissions of a.c. over long
distances.
Small transformers are used in Radio sets, telephones, loud
speakers and electric bells etc
21. CONCLUSION
1. The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary
coil depends upon the ratio (Ns/Np) with respect to the
input voltage
2. The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary
coil depends upon the ratio (Ns/N p) with respect to the
input voltage
3. There is a loss of power between input and output coil of a
transformer.
PRECAUTIONS
1. Keep safe yourself from high voltage.
2. While taking the readings of current and voltage the A.C
should remain constant.
SOURCES OF ERROR
1. Values of current can be changed due to heating effect.
2. Eddy current can change the readings.