This report contains concise details of in-plant training received at Colombo Dockyard PLC to fulfill the industrial training requirements of B.Sc. Eng. degree program at University of Moratuwa.
This document provides an overview of Abhijeet Bansal, Anshuman Singh Jhala, Rinku, Shanti Shavroop, and Shyam Lal Kumawat's internship report from their training period from December 3-25, 2018 at Dakshin Gujarat Vij Company Limited in Surat, Gujarat. It includes sections on preface, acknowledgements, and summaries of each day's activities and learnings. On the first few days they learned about DGVCL, tariffs, types of consumers and conductors. Later days covered electric meters, components of power systems like GI wire and ABC cable.
Training report-in-a-132-k-v-substationankesh kumar
This document provides a training report for a summer internship at the Uttar Pradesh Power Corporation Limited 132/33 kV substation in Chandauli, Barabanki, India.
The report includes an introduction to the Uttar Pradesh Power Corporation and the purpose of the internship. It also provides a preface describing the learning experience and thanks to those involved.
The report then gives an acknowledgement and thanks to those who guided the internship. It provides a rough description of the Chandauli, Barabanki substation including incoming and outgoing voltages and feeders. It also includes definitions and descriptions of substations and the equipment within them.
Here are the steps to solve this problem:
1. Given:
Conductor diameter (d) = 10.4 mm
Spacing between conductors (s) = 2.5 m
Air temperature (T) = 21°C = 294 K
Air pressure (P) = 73.6 cm of Hg = 9.6 kPa
Irregularity factor (K) = 0.85
Surface factor for local corona (K1) = 0.7
Surface factor for general corona (K2) = 0.8
2. Critical disruptive voltage (Vc) = 28√(sdP/K)
= 28√(10.4×10-3×2.5×
This document provides guidelines for overcurrent protection and coordination settings for industrial equipment such as transformers, buses, feeders, and motors above 600V. It outlines typical recommended pickup and time delay settings as rules of thumb for phase and ground overcurrent relays protecting this equipment. Care must be taken to properly coordinate settings between protective devices to prevent unintended tripping and ensure equipment is protected against damage from faults.
Descon Engineering Limited is a Pakistani engineering conglomerate that was founded over 37 years ago. It has since expanded globally with operations in the UAE, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, and other countries. The company provides engineering and construction services across various industries. It owns and operates chemical plants and power plants. Descon prides itself on its commitment to quality and has achieved several certifications. It also aims to give back through technical education programs. The internship report provides details about the author's experience working with Descon Engineering Limited during a 4 week internship period.
This report contains concise details of in-plant training received at Colombo Dockyard PLC to fulfill the industrial training requirements of B.Sc. Eng. degree program at University of Moratuwa.
This document provides an overview of Abhijeet Bansal, Anshuman Singh Jhala, Rinku, Shanti Shavroop, and Shyam Lal Kumawat's internship report from their training period from December 3-25, 2018 at Dakshin Gujarat Vij Company Limited in Surat, Gujarat. It includes sections on preface, acknowledgements, and summaries of each day's activities and learnings. On the first few days they learned about DGVCL, tariffs, types of consumers and conductors. Later days covered electric meters, components of power systems like GI wire and ABC cable.
Training report-in-a-132-k-v-substationankesh kumar
This document provides a training report for a summer internship at the Uttar Pradesh Power Corporation Limited 132/33 kV substation in Chandauli, Barabanki, India.
The report includes an introduction to the Uttar Pradesh Power Corporation and the purpose of the internship. It also provides a preface describing the learning experience and thanks to those involved.
The report then gives an acknowledgement and thanks to those who guided the internship. It provides a rough description of the Chandauli, Barabanki substation including incoming and outgoing voltages and feeders. It also includes definitions and descriptions of substations and the equipment within them.
Here are the steps to solve this problem:
1. Given:
Conductor diameter (d) = 10.4 mm
Spacing between conductors (s) = 2.5 m
Air temperature (T) = 21°C = 294 K
Air pressure (P) = 73.6 cm of Hg = 9.6 kPa
Irregularity factor (K) = 0.85
Surface factor for local corona (K1) = 0.7
Surface factor for general corona (K2) = 0.8
2. Critical disruptive voltage (Vc) = 28√(sdP/K)
= 28√(10.4×10-3×2.5×
This document provides guidelines for overcurrent protection and coordination settings for industrial equipment such as transformers, buses, feeders, and motors above 600V. It outlines typical recommended pickup and time delay settings as rules of thumb for phase and ground overcurrent relays protecting this equipment. Care must be taken to properly coordinate settings between protective devices to prevent unintended tripping and ensure equipment is protected against damage from faults.
Descon Engineering Limited is a Pakistani engineering conglomerate that was founded over 37 years ago. It has since expanded globally with operations in the UAE, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, and other countries. The company provides engineering and construction services across various industries. It owns and operates chemical plants and power plants. Descon prides itself on its commitment to quality and has achieved several certifications. It also aims to give back through technical education programs. The internship report provides details about the author's experience working with Descon Engineering Limited during a 4 week internship period.
The document discusses a summer training report submitted by Akash Vishwakarma at the Diesel Locomotive Works in partial fulfillment of a Bachelor of Technology degree. It includes sections on the Maintenance Service Shop, Central Transport Shop, SCADA system, and the colony area. The Maintenance Service Shop section describes various sub-sections including the winding shop, electronics shop, meter shop, and battery shop which repair and maintain locomotive parts and systems.
OVER VOLTAGE UNDER VOLTAGE TRIPPING MECHANISMsaigoud8121
This document summarizes a student project report on an over voltage and under voltage tripping mechanism. The project uses two 555 timers as window comparators to detect if the input voltage crosses a voltage range. If detected, a relay is operated to cut off the load for safety. The circuit includes components like a transformer, bridge rectifier, capacitors, voltage regulator, potentiometer, zener diodes, resistances, and an IC. The project aims to develop a mechanism to protect sensitive electronic devices from voltage fluctuations in power supplies.
This report summarizes the author's 24-week industrial training experience at DIMO Pvt Ltd, Ceylon Electricity Board, and Lanka Electricity Company. It includes descriptions of each organization's structure, functions, performance, strengths, weaknesses, and the author's roles. The report details the technical skills and knowledge gained in areas like hydro power generation, thermal power plants, transmission systems, distribution, customer service, and more. It concludes that the training program was successful in exposing students to real-world industry experience and applying their university education.
The document provides information about Siemens Energy and Automation Ltd in Goa, India. It discusses the company's history in India dating back to 1867. It describes the objectives and methodology of the report, which is based on a six-week internship at Siemens' logistics department. The report summarizes that the internship provided experience in the tasks and operations of the logistics department, and an understanding of how SAP software and the logistics department help the company function effectively.
This document is an internship report on transformers produced by Siemens Pakistan. It discusses transformer construction including the core, windings, and tap changers. It describes the manufacturing process and types of windings used for different transformer ratings. Finally, it outlines common transformer tests performed, including on-load tests, impedance tests, and lightning impulse tests.
This document is a project report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree in Electrical Engineering. The report details the simulation and implementation of a Fixed Capacitor Thyristor Controlled Reactor (FC-TCR) for improving power factor by compensating reactive power. It includes simulation of the FC-TCR circuit in Proteus software and MATLAB. The report provides background on power factor, describes the methodology used, and outlines the software and hardware components involved including Arduino, Proteus, and MATLAB. It also includes mathematical calculations, future applications, and conclusions.
Automatic Star Delta Starter Using Relays And Adjustable Electronic Timer For...Edgefxkits & Solutions
The document describes an automatic star-delta starter circuit for induction motors using relays and an adjustable electronic timer. The circuit starts the motor in star configuration using three transformers, rectifiers and a 555 timer circuit to control four relays. After a preset time, the fourth relay switches the motor to delta configuration. It provides basic protection from voltage fluctuations and single phasing faults. The starter reduces starting current compared to direct online starting and is a low-cost solution, though it can be improved further with soft start capabilities.
This document provides an acknowledgement and preface for an industrial training report on a six-month internship with Sri Lanka Telecom PLC in Batticaloa, Sri Lanka. It thanks the various organizations and individuals involved in arranging the training. It also outlines the report's contents which will describe the knowledge and experiences gained working with Sri Lanka Telecom's networks. This includes learning about their fiber optic and transmission infrastructure, as well as hands-on activities working with equipment like MSANs, optical cables, fusion splicing, and troubleshooting networks. The report aims to share the valuable experience and career insights gained from interacting with different teams and technologies during the internship.
Automatic Power Factor Corrector Using Arduino reportSelf-employed
This document describes an automatic power factor corrector system using an Arduino microcontroller. The system measures the power factor of a load by determining the phase difference between the line voltage and current signals. It then calculates the required compensation and switches capacitors from a capacitor bank to normalize the power factor close to unity. This improves the efficiency of the power system by reducing losses. The automatic correction allows for varying loads by adjusting the capacitors proportionately.
This document is the copyright page and contents for a book on extra high voltage AC transmission engineering. It lists the book's copyright as belonging to NewAge International Publishers and notes that no part can be reproduced without written permission. The dedication is to the author's mother and sister for overcoming cancer. It also contains brief introductions and acknowledgements from contributors, including the book's director and others who assisted. The contents provide an outline of the book's 10 chapters which cover topics like line parameters, voltage gradients, corona effects, fields, waves, lightning protection, and overvoltages from switching.
This curriculum vitae is for Pappu Kumar, an electrical engineer from Patna, Bihar, India. He has a Bachelor of Engineering degree in Electrical and Electronics Engineering from FEAT Annamalai University in Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu. He has over 6 years of experience as a Senior Maintenance Engineer working on projects for power and cement plants. His responsibilities have included testing, maintaining, and repairing motors and transformers. He is proficient in computer applications and the English and Hindi languages.
This document summarizes Sathruwan P.C's industrial training presentation at the Ceylon Electricity Board from January to March 2016. It includes an introduction to CEB which generates, transmits and distributes electricity across Sri Lanka. It then describes Sathruwan's experiences in several departments, including transmission operation and maintenance in Galle, the system control center, transmission and generation planning, project maintenance, the southern province branch, and visits to the Laxapana and Lakvijaya power stations.
The document describes the 132kV Vaishali substation of the Uttar Pradesh Power Transmission Corporation Limited. It discusses the key components of the substation including transformers, circuit breakers, isolators, capacitor banks, relays, and more. The substation receives power from two incoming 132kV lines and distributes it to various outgoing 33kV feeders serving the local area. Diagrams are provided to illustrate the layout and components that make up the substation.
This document discusses automatic power factor correction units. It begins by explaining what power factor is and how inductive loads can cause low power factors. It then describes why power factors should be improved, such as reducing energy losses. The document outlines different methods to correct power factor, and why automatic correction is needed since loads and power factors vary. It provides details on how an automatic power factor correction unit works, including using sensors to measure voltage, current and power factor, and switching capacitors in or out to maintain a high power factor. In conclusion, automatic power factor correction can improve efficiency and minimize line losses for industrial and commercial facilities.
This document discusses fault level calculations in electric power systems. It explains that fault level calculations are necessary to select protective devices, circuit breakers, and equipment that can withstand short circuit currents. The document outlines the procedure for calculating fault levels, which involves representing the system with a single line diagram, choosing a base MVA, calculating per unit reactances, determining the equivalent reactance to the fault point, and using formulas to calculate fault MVA and current. It also discusses how current limiting reactors can be used to insert additional reactance and reduce short circuit currents to match circuit breaker ratings.
This document summarizes the author's 12-week internship at the Ceylon Electricity Board from January to March 2016. It discusses the history, vision, mission and structure of CEB. It also describes the author's experiences in various departments including transmission operations, system control, planning, projects, distribution, power generation facilities and management. The author learned about the components, protection schemes, planning and maintenance of transmission and distribution systems. Specific power plants covered include Laxapana Hydro and Lakvijaya Coal. The conclusion reflects on the training program and opportunities to improve performance at the organizations.
The document describes a project report on three phase fault analysis with auto reset. It includes a block diagram of the project, descriptions of the hardware components used including transformers, voltage regulators, 555 timers, and relays. It also includes schematic and layout diagrams and details on testing the hardware. The system is designed to automatically disconnect the three phase power supply in the event of a fault, with the supply automatically resetting for temporary faults but remaining tripped for permanent faults.
PREFACE
I had my training experience from 04th January 2016 to 27th March 2016 at Mobitel (Private) Limited. Here in this report I present the experience, knowledge, skills I had during the training period.
The report contains three chapters. The first chapter contains an introduction to Mobitel (Private) Limited, company strategy and organizational structure. The second chapter contains the training experience, information on telecommunication industry and equipment, project work and assignments that I involved during the training period. Next chapter contains the management structure of Mobitel (Private) Limited. And the summery and conclusion were included in the last chapter.
1. The document discusses surveys for telecom backbone and access routes, including factors to consider like terrain, man-made structures, tree heights, and line-of-sight visibility.
2. For backbone surveys, the document recommends collecting location coordinates, azimuths, elevations, plotting routes on maps first before field surveys, and noting any critical points or obstructions.
3. Example data is given for a backbone link between Belmuri and Burdwan showing path length, frequencies used, antenna heights, and obstruction heights along the route.
The document discusses a summer training report submitted by Akash Vishwakarma at the Diesel Locomotive Works in partial fulfillment of a Bachelor of Technology degree. It includes sections on the Maintenance Service Shop, Central Transport Shop, SCADA system, and the colony area. The Maintenance Service Shop section describes various sub-sections including the winding shop, electronics shop, meter shop, and battery shop which repair and maintain locomotive parts and systems.
OVER VOLTAGE UNDER VOLTAGE TRIPPING MECHANISMsaigoud8121
This document summarizes a student project report on an over voltage and under voltage tripping mechanism. The project uses two 555 timers as window comparators to detect if the input voltage crosses a voltage range. If detected, a relay is operated to cut off the load for safety. The circuit includes components like a transformer, bridge rectifier, capacitors, voltage regulator, potentiometer, zener diodes, resistances, and an IC. The project aims to develop a mechanism to protect sensitive electronic devices from voltage fluctuations in power supplies.
This report summarizes the author's 24-week industrial training experience at DIMO Pvt Ltd, Ceylon Electricity Board, and Lanka Electricity Company. It includes descriptions of each organization's structure, functions, performance, strengths, weaknesses, and the author's roles. The report details the technical skills and knowledge gained in areas like hydro power generation, thermal power plants, transmission systems, distribution, customer service, and more. It concludes that the training program was successful in exposing students to real-world industry experience and applying their university education.
The document provides information about Siemens Energy and Automation Ltd in Goa, India. It discusses the company's history in India dating back to 1867. It describes the objectives and methodology of the report, which is based on a six-week internship at Siemens' logistics department. The report summarizes that the internship provided experience in the tasks and operations of the logistics department, and an understanding of how SAP software and the logistics department help the company function effectively.
This document is an internship report on transformers produced by Siemens Pakistan. It discusses transformer construction including the core, windings, and tap changers. It describes the manufacturing process and types of windings used for different transformer ratings. Finally, it outlines common transformer tests performed, including on-load tests, impedance tests, and lightning impulse tests.
This document is a project report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree in Electrical Engineering. The report details the simulation and implementation of a Fixed Capacitor Thyristor Controlled Reactor (FC-TCR) for improving power factor by compensating reactive power. It includes simulation of the FC-TCR circuit in Proteus software and MATLAB. The report provides background on power factor, describes the methodology used, and outlines the software and hardware components involved including Arduino, Proteus, and MATLAB. It also includes mathematical calculations, future applications, and conclusions.
Automatic Star Delta Starter Using Relays And Adjustable Electronic Timer For...Edgefxkits & Solutions
The document describes an automatic star-delta starter circuit for induction motors using relays and an adjustable electronic timer. The circuit starts the motor in star configuration using three transformers, rectifiers and a 555 timer circuit to control four relays. After a preset time, the fourth relay switches the motor to delta configuration. It provides basic protection from voltage fluctuations and single phasing faults. The starter reduces starting current compared to direct online starting and is a low-cost solution, though it can be improved further with soft start capabilities.
This document provides an acknowledgement and preface for an industrial training report on a six-month internship with Sri Lanka Telecom PLC in Batticaloa, Sri Lanka. It thanks the various organizations and individuals involved in arranging the training. It also outlines the report's contents which will describe the knowledge and experiences gained working with Sri Lanka Telecom's networks. This includes learning about their fiber optic and transmission infrastructure, as well as hands-on activities working with equipment like MSANs, optical cables, fusion splicing, and troubleshooting networks. The report aims to share the valuable experience and career insights gained from interacting with different teams and technologies during the internship.
Automatic Power Factor Corrector Using Arduino reportSelf-employed
This document describes an automatic power factor corrector system using an Arduino microcontroller. The system measures the power factor of a load by determining the phase difference between the line voltage and current signals. It then calculates the required compensation and switches capacitors from a capacitor bank to normalize the power factor close to unity. This improves the efficiency of the power system by reducing losses. The automatic correction allows for varying loads by adjusting the capacitors proportionately.
This document is the copyright page and contents for a book on extra high voltage AC transmission engineering. It lists the book's copyright as belonging to NewAge International Publishers and notes that no part can be reproduced without written permission. The dedication is to the author's mother and sister for overcoming cancer. It also contains brief introductions and acknowledgements from contributors, including the book's director and others who assisted. The contents provide an outline of the book's 10 chapters which cover topics like line parameters, voltage gradients, corona effects, fields, waves, lightning protection, and overvoltages from switching.
This curriculum vitae is for Pappu Kumar, an electrical engineer from Patna, Bihar, India. He has a Bachelor of Engineering degree in Electrical and Electronics Engineering from FEAT Annamalai University in Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu. He has over 6 years of experience as a Senior Maintenance Engineer working on projects for power and cement plants. His responsibilities have included testing, maintaining, and repairing motors and transformers. He is proficient in computer applications and the English and Hindi languages.
This document summarizes Sathruwan P.C's industrial training presentation at the Ceylon Electricity Board from January to March 2016. It includes an introduction to CEB which generates, transmits and distributes electricity across Sri Lanka. It then describes Sathruwan's experiences in several departments, including transmission operation and maintenance in Galle, the system control center, transmission and generation planning, project maintenance, the southern province branch, and visits to the Laxapana and Lakvijaya power stations.
The document describes the 132kV Vaishali substation of the Uttar Pradesh Power Transmission Corporation Limited. It discusses the key components of the substation including transformers, circuit breakers, isolators, capacitor banks, relays, and more. The substation receives power from two incoming 132kV lines and distributes it to various outgoing 33kV feeders serving the local area. Diagrams are provided to illustrate the layout and components that make up the substation.
This document discusses automatic power factor correction units. It begins by explaining what power factor is and how inductive loads can cause low power factors. It then describes why power factors should be improved, such as reducing energy losses. The document outlines different methods to correct power factor, and why automatic correction is needed since loads and power factors vary. It provides details on how an automatic power factor correction unit works, including using sensors to measure voltage, current and power factor, and switching capacitors in or out to maintain a high power factor. In conclusion, automatic power factor correction can improve efficiency and minimize line losses for industrial and commercial facilities.
This document discusses fault level calculations in electric power systems. It explains that fault level calculations are necessary to select protective devices, circuit breakers, and equipment that can withstand short circuit currents. The document outlines the procedure for calculating fault levels, which involves representing the system with a single line diagram, choosing a base MVA, calculating per unit reactances, determining the equivalent reactance to the fault point, and using formulas to calculate fault MVA and current. It also discusses how current limiting reactors can be used to insert additional reactance and reduce short circuit currents to match circuit breaker ratings.
This document summarizes the author's 12-week internship at the Ceylon Electricity Board from January to March 2016. It discusses the history, vision, mission and structure of CEB. It also describes the author's experiences in various departments including transmission operations, system control, planning, projects, distribution, power generation facilities and management. The author learned about the components, protection schemes, planning and maintenance of transmission and distribution systems. Specific power plants covered include Laxapana Hydro and Lakvijaya Coal. The conclusion reflects on the training program and opportunities to improve performance at the organizations.
The document describes a project report on three phase fault analysis with auto reset. It includes a block diagram of the project, descriptions of the hardware components used including transformers, voltage regulators, 555 timers, and relays. It also includes schematic and layout diagrams and details on testing the hardware. The system is designed to automatically disconnect the three phase power supply in the event of a fault, with the supply automatically resetting for temporary faults but remaining tripped for permanent faults.
PREFACE
I had my training experience from 04th January 2016 to 27th March 2016 at Mobitel (Private) Limited. Here in this report I present the experience, knowledge, skills I had during the training period.
The report contains three chapters. The first chapter contains an introduction to Mobitel (Private) Limited, company strategy and organizational structure. The second chapter contains the training experience, information on telecommunication industry and equipment, project work and assignments that I involved during the training period. Next chapter contains the management structure of Mobitel (Private) Limited. And the summery and conclusion were included in the last chapter.
1. The document discusses surveys for telecom backbone and access routes, including factors to consider like terrain, man-made structures, tree heights, and line-of-sight visibility.
2. For backbone surveys, the document recommends collecting location coordinates, azimuths, elevations, plotting routes on maps first before field surveys, and noting any critical points or obstructions.
3. Example data is given for a backbone link between Belmuri and Burdwan showing path length, frequencies used, antenna heights, and obstruction heights along the route.
Counting What Counts in Contact Centers - Call Quality MonitoringHilario Fiandeiro
With ‘Call Quality Monitoring (CQM)’, we need to be spending much MORE time obsessing about how we can improve each customer conversation and much LESS time haggling about the validity and fairness of CQM scores.
This slide deck highlights what's wrong with CQM in our call centres and suggests how to fix It!
The document provides information about Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM):
- GSM is a digital cellular network widely used in Europe and other parts of the world using TDMA. It operates at 900 MHz or 1800 MHz bands.
- GSM digitizes and compresses data, sending it in time slots along with two other user data streams.
- There are now more than 2 billion GSM subscribers worldwide. GSM allows international roaming between compatible networks.
The document describes the call flow procedures for mobile originating and mobile terminating calls in a GSM network.
For a mobile originating call, the MS requests a dedicated channel and indicates it wants to set up a call. The MSC receives the call setup message and checks for call barring before establishing a link with the BSC. The BSC assigns a traffic channel for the call.
For a mobile terminating call, the call is routed to the GMSC serving the called subscriber's home network. The GMSC queries the HLR for routing information. The HLR provides a roaming number to route the call to the subscriber's current MSC. The MSC pages the subscriber through the BSCs in their
Industrial training report on GSM Techology at BSNLAnshul Joshi
This document is an industrial report submitted by Anshul Joshi towards the partial fulfillment of requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering. It provides an acknowledgment, declaration, table of contents, and begins discussing the introduction and basic concepts of GSM technology, including definitions, the evolution of mobile telephone systems, and specifications of GSM. It also provides figures and discusses growth in cellular subscribers worldwide.
GSM-architecture-Location tracking and call setup- Mobility management- Handover-
Security-GSM SMS –International roaming for GSM- call recording functions-subscriber and
service data mgt –-Mobile Number portability -VoIP service for Mobile Networks – GPRS –
Architecture-GPRS procedures-attach and detach procedures-PDP context procedure-
combined RA/LA update procedures-Billing
This document is a report on a research project conducted by Om Narayan, an MBA student at the Institute of Technology in Lucknow, India. The project examines dual SIM mobile phones produced by LG Electronics and compares them to other local brands. It includes an introduction, objectives and methodology, conceptual discussion/literature review, data analysis, findings and recommendations. The report was completed as part fulfillment of an MBA program under the guidance of an instructor named K.K. Singh.
Nec neo microwave equipment introductionAdnan Munir
The document introduces the NEC NEO Microwave equipment, including PASOLINK NEO. It discusses microwave communication concepts and applications in mobile networks. It provides an overview of PASOLINK equipment, including the indoor and outdoor units. Key specifications of the indoor unit such as interface cards and configuration are described. The document also covers performance parameters of the outdoor unit such as modulation modes and operating frequencies.
Marketing report mobile service industry (1)cherath
The mobile services industry in Sri Lanka has over 14 million users and provides telecommunication and information services to 90% of the population. Mobile service providers can help develop a more sustainable society by providing access to information and services that enable low-carbon living. The report assesses the current state of the mobile industry in Sri Lanka and provides recommendations to further its sustainability. The largest mobile service providers in Sri Lanka are Mobitel, Dialog, Airtel, and Etisalat.
Bts3900 Site Maintenance Guide(V200 01)Atif Mahmood
This document provides a summary of safety guidelines and maintenance procedures for the BTS3900 site. It outlines important safety precautions regarding electricity, batteries, radiation, working at heights, and mechanical safety. The document also describes routine hardware maintenance items for the NodeB equipment room, power system, and BTS3900 cabinet. Procedures for powering on and off the BTS3900, as well as replacing components like the BBU3900 case, boards, DCDU-01, FAN modules, PMU/PSU, SLPU, and WRFU are presented.
A slotted antenna array uses slots cut into a metal waveguide to radiate electromagnetic waves. The slots are typically thin and about half the wavelength of the center frequency. As waves propagate through the waveguide, the slots disturb the current and cause it to radiate linearly polarized waves with low cross-polarization. Slotted antenna arrays are commonly used in aircraft and other applications because they can conform to surfaces and are simple and efficient to fabricate. Multiple slots can be cut into the waveguide in a periodic pattern to form an antenna array. The position and size of the slots determine the radiation pattern produced.
This document provides details on site engineering solutions for swapping an existing mobile site to a new ZTE distributed site solution. It describes different outdoor and indoor swap scenarios and the key components involved, including installing the BBU in a cabinet and IDUs in cabinets or rectifiers. It also summarizes the different RF system swap solutions and guidelines for labelling cables and equipment during the site swap process.
RF Survey is done to collect data from a site to install a new cell site. It checks the practicality of the site for coverage and connectivity. The survey results in network changes like adding or modifying sites and equipment.
A site survey should be well-planned. Important steps include analyzing the area using maps and photos beforehand and bringing printed materials. Tools used include a GPS, laser distance meter, digital camera, and magnetic compass. Photos are taken of the proposed location from all angles and of nearby buildings. A map is drawn of the 20m area around the site labeling buildings and roads. This helps evaluate the site for antenna height, orientation, tilt and obstacles.
The document provides an overview of Huawei's 2G/3G site swap solution and scenarios. It describes swapping existing equipment from Ericsson to Huawei's new cabinets and base stations. The solution involves hot or cold swapping radios, reusing components where possible, and installing Huawei's APM30 cabinets and DBS3900 baseband units. Various indoor and outdoor site configurations are presented, including using feeder-only, CPRI-only, or a mix of feeder and CPRI connections to the new radios and baseband equipment.
This document discusses troubleshooting of OptiX RTN 600 equipment. It covers objectives of troubleshooting preparation, ideas and methods, and examples of classified troubleshooting situations. Common troubleshooting methods discussed include alarm and performance analysis, loopback, replacement, configuration data analysis, configuration modification, using testing instruments, and experience-based rules of thumb. Typical troubleshooting sequences are also presented, beginning with excluding external issues and locating faults to a single network element or board. Finally, examples of traffic interruptions, wrong configurations, and bit errors are analyzed.
ZXSDR BTS Structure and Principle document introduces ZXSDR base station technology. It discusses the challenges of evolving communication technology and how software defined radio (SDR) addresses this. The main features of the ZXSDR platform include high integrity, flexible architecture, new functions, and lower cost. The document reviews the hardware and networking of the different types of ZXSDR base stations including the distributed BS8700, indoor macro BS8800, and outdoor macro BS8900. It also covers the work principles and operation and maintenance of the ZXSDR base station family.
This document provides an introduction to GSM networks and their history. It discusses [1] the origins and evolution of cellular networks prior to GSM, [2] the formation of GSM in 1982 to develop a pan-European cellular standard, and [3] the key phases and advances of GSM technology over time, including digital voice services, SMS, and mobile data. The document also outlines some of the main advantages of GSM networks, including international roaming, security, voice quality, and their use of a single global standard.
1. The document describes the structure and components of the HUAWEI BTS3036 mobile communication system. It includes a baseband unit (BBU) cabinet, double radio filter unit (DRFU), direct current distribution unit (DCDU), and fan box.
2. The BBU cabinet houses the main boards, including the baseband board, environment interface board, GSM transmission board, and E1/T1 protection board. It also includes interface modules and power/fan modules.
3. The document provides detailed information on the ports, LED indicators, and functions of each component board within the BBU cabinet, including the baseband board, power board, environment interface board, and G
REPORT OF UNDERGRADUATE TRAINING ON TELECOMMUNICATION AT ZTEKulendran Anujan
This document is a report on the author's 3-month industrial training at ZTE Lanka Pvt Ltd, a leading telecommunications company in Sri Lanka. The report consists of 4 chapters that describe ZTE's history and organizational structure, the author's technical training experiences covering topics like mobile communications, BTS installation, transmission technologies, and key performance indicators, experiences on the management side, and a conclusion summarizing the training.
Telecommunication in the modern era is the science and practice of transmitting and receiving information by electromagnetic means and through fibre. The long term evolution of new technologies and services has continued, focusing attention on the growing importance of telecommunications for national economies and the growth of international trade in telecommunications services. In turn this has fuelled the transition in recent decades from monopoly structures to competitive ones with two companies to operate in Bhutan since few years back.
The document is an industrial training report submitted by Thilakarathna A.K.D.D. for their 12 week training at Mobitel (Pvt) Ltd in Sri Lanka. It includes acknowledgments, a preface, and chapters on the introduction to Mobitel, technical training experiences including database programming, Xampp server, Java with Primefaces, JQuery, and a conclusion summarizing the training experience. The report provides details of the various technical skills and software learned during the student's industrial placement at Mobitel's engineering division.
This document is Roshan Singh's internship report submitted in partial fulfillment of a Bachelor's degree in Information Technology from Tribhuvan University. The report details his internship at Subisu Cablenet Pvt. Ltd., an Internet service provider in Kathmandu, Nepal. During his internship, Roshan gained experience configuring routers, modems, and ONU devices for customers, troubleshooting internet issues, and replacing equipment. He learned about ISP network operations and improved his technical and communication skills. The report includes worksheets documenting the tasks he completed during the internship period.
This document provides background information on ResilientAfrica Network (RAN) and the internship program. It describes the objectives of industrial training and RAN's mission to promote resilience in Africa. The internship focused on RAN's Eastern Africa Resilience Innovation Lab (EARILab), which develops technologies and solutions. It involved learning about RAN's communication network, projects, and transforming their website using the Joomla content management system to make it more user-friendly.
Cloud computing in telecom industry project thesisSolly Vinodh
This document is a management challenge submitted by Vinodh Chinnakkannu to Henley Business School in partial fulfillment of an MBA degree. It investigates how cloud computing technology can enable value chain restructuring and business operations optimization in the UK telecom industry. Through a literature review and primary research, the author finds that cloud computing impacts the telecom industry by restructuring value chains, redefining the operating model, and leveraging strategic alliances between telecom and IT firms. The author develops a new telecom operating framework adapted from e-TOM to help firms adopt cloud computing technology. In conclusion, the document examines the research findings and makes recommendations for further research.
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This document discusses client/server architecture and networked computer systems. It covers the characteristics and logical entities of the client/server model, including the merits and demerits. It describes different types of client/server architectures like 2-tier and 3-tier, and compares their main differences. It also discusses client and server models, types of servers, requirements for implementing client/server systems, and the client and server environments. In conclusion, the document provides an overview of client/server technology and how it enables improved data sharing, security, performance and fulfillment of work across networked computer systems.
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This report summarizes the author's 3-month in-plant training at Civil & Structural Engineering Consultants (PVT).Ltd. The training involved work on two construction sites: the Lotus Tower in Colombo and the Avic Astoria Residence in Colombo 03. At the Lotus Tower, the author gained experience with construction materials like concrete and reinforcement steel, as well as equipment like tower cranes. Duties included testing concrete ingredients and observing concrete pouring. At the Avic Astoria site, the author assisted with pile construction, learning about materials like bentonite fluid and equipment such as the BG 26 piling rig. The report details the materials, equipment and duties at each site
This document provides an overview of semiconductor devices. It discusses how semiconductor materials can be used to create electronic components by exploiting their electronic properties. The document explains different types of semiconductor devices like diodes, transistors, and operational amplifiers. It also covers key concepts related to semiconductor devices such as doping, PN junctions, biasing, and characteristics. The intended audience is readers who want to gain basic knowledge of semiconductor devices.
This document provides a technical report on a student's experience through the Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) program at X-Cel Computer Company Limited. It describes the various networking devices, tools, and equipment the student learned about and used, including routers, switches, patch panels, cables, and other infrastructure. It also details the experience gained in areas like networking, computer maintenance, and CCTV installation. The student declares having fulfilled the requirements for the National Innovation Diploma through this practical training opportunity at an IT company.
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Its a documentation for an online help desk system. It includes almost every contents of a software development life cycle (SDLC) phase that is required to design a help desk system. It mainly includes Feasibility Report (Technical Feasibility, Operational Feasibility, Operational Feasibility, Schedule Feasibility), Software Methodology, Requirement Analysis and Specification, Investigation Technique, Process Modeling(Context diagram, Data Flow Diagram), Data Modeling (Entity Relationship Diagrams) and the screen designs (storyboards and actual system snapshots).
Thank u :)
The document is a summer training report submitted by Swarnima Dhakar to the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering at Techno India NJR Institute of Technology. It summarizes her summer training from 19 June - 18 August 2015 at Cranes Varsity in Bangalore, India. The report includes chapters on topics covered during training such as C programming, data structures, ARM7 microcontroller programming, and operating systems/shell scripting. It also includes details of two projects completed during the training period. Certification is provided verifying the completion of training and genuine work done by Swarnima Dhakar.
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Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
1. i
Preface
This is report about three months Industrial Training session at ITSMS PVT Ltd,
Malabe. Training report is related with the BTEC HND in Electrical & Electronic
Engineering at ICBT Campus, Mount Lavinia. This report included details of training
establishment, company overview, and services provided by the company in the
chapter 1. In chapter 2, trainee’s experiences, works involved, projects done,
individual activities, industrial experiences gained and skills build are included.
Chapter 3 is reserved for the conclusion.
How Industrial training is helped to improve trainee’s attributions and skills is
discussed here with trainee’s experiences. Basically many activities related to the
telecommunication field such as, link planning, link budget calculating, LOS
calculation, field surveys, link installations, software and hardware upgrading are
discussed here clearly with well-structured manner
2. ii
Acknowledgement
First of all I would like to pay my gratitude and sincerity to my parents. I am in this
position thanks to their striving effort where they try to make my future a success.
I would like to thank the All the lecturers of Electrical & Electronic section
especially, Mr. Ruwan Fernando for his great contribution in following my training
session as well.
Special thanks to the Project Manager of the ITSMS Engineering division Mr. E.W
Disanayake and General Manager Eng. Nuwan Anuradha for welcoming us to the
company and guiding me throughout the project and for his sincere dedication to
grant us a good training at the division. Special thanks to Mr. Roshan Beliketimulla,
(Manager - Finance). Thank you very much for your kind cooperation.
I offer my special thanks to all the Engineers, technical officers and other staff who
has contributed to make our training a success.
In addition, I must thank all trainees for their wonderful corporation & understanding
during the training.
Thank you.
3. iii
Table of Content
Preface.........................................................................................................................i
Acknowledgement......................................................................................................ii
Table of Content....................................................................................................... iii
Table of figures .........................................................................................................iv
CHAPTER 1 ..................................................................................................................1
Introduction to the Training Establishment................................................................1
1.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................1
1.2 ITSMS Vision & Mission.................................................................................2
1.3 Services.............................................................................................................2
CHAPTER 2 ..................................................................................................................9
Training Experiences .....................................................................................................9
Establishing a new link ..............................................................................................9
Mobile Site Planning ..............................................................................................9
OUTDOOR UNITS..............................................................................................15
INDOOR UNITS..................................................................................................24
Radio Base Station................................................................................................27
RTN600 series upgrading.........................................................................................29
CHAPTER 3 ................................................................................................................34
Conclusion ...................................................................................................................34
Abbreviations ...........................................................................................................36
References ................................................................................................................38
4. iv
Table of figures
Figure 1. 1: Weblct2000 screenshot for link configuration ...........................................3
Figure 1. 2: Training Establishment...............................................................................5
Figure 1. 3: At the top of Lanka bell tower, Seeduwa...................................................6
Figure 1. 4: While testing 1.2m Microwave antenna connections.................................6
Figure 1. 5: While setting RRU (Remote Radio Unit)...................................................7
Figure 1. 6: At a Link installation..................................................................................7
Figure 2. 1: Line of sight phenomena ..........................................................................10
Figure 2. 2: A guy tower..............................................................................................13
Figure 2. 3: 30m Mobile tower ....................................................................................14
Figure 2. 4: A Remote Radio Unit (RRU)...................................................................16
Figure 2. 5: 0.6m Microwave antenna .........................................................................17
Figure 2. 6: Microwave antenna with ODU.................................................................18
Figure 2. 7: Antenna bracket with angle indicator.......................................................21
Figure 2. 8: A single Band Antenna.............................................................................22
Figure 2. 9: A dual band antenna.................................................................................23
Figure 2. 10: A DUDU in BTS....................................................................................26
Figure 2. 11: Two Alcatel BTSs for GSM and DCS. ..................................................28
Figure 2. 12Screen shot of WebLct starting page........................................................30
Figure 2. 13NE attribute of a link................................................................................31
Figure 2. 14: Link power level, bandwidth, frequencies indicating in weblct.............31
Figure 2. 15: Physical board architecture of RTN620 .................................................33
5. 1
CHAPTER 1
Introduction to the Training Establishment
1.1 Introduction
Integrated Telecom System Management Services Private Ltd has emerged about
three years ago as a Telecom System implementation Contractor for providing high
performance system integrating solutions that meet its Clients specific requirements.
It’s a pioneer telecommunication company in Sri Lanka, Dealing with all
Telecommunication Service Providers in Sri Lanka and Worldwide
Telecommunications vendors such as Ericsson, Huawei, Alacatel, ZTE, etc.
In considering mission of the company, basically dealings are done with
telecommunication vendors such as Ericsson, Huawei and ZTE. Telecommunication
services providers ask vendors to have telecommunication services and fix day today
problems. Then vendors allow ITSMS to do that services and fix problems.
ITSMS Head branch is situated at Malabe, Sri Lanka. Company consist with three
head engineers, two project managers, twenty one technical officers, seven CAD
designers and more than seventy technicians in engineering Division of Malabe
Branch. Furthermore there are branches at Anuradhapura, Galle also to provide island
wide service.
6. 2
1.2 ITSMS Vision & Mission
Vision
To focus be the customer’s first choice and provide services with no setback with
commitment to deliver significant cost & deadline reduction.
Mission
To provide combined expertise with most efficient & reliable services to Telecom
sector with the high ethical standards in timely and professional manner to all our
stake holders in Sri Lanka and other grid-deficit countries.
1.3 Services
ITSMS committed to 100% Client satisfaction and to implement quality integrated
solutions, while deliberately seeking new and innovative ways to develop the talent
and quality of services provided and solve telecommunication installation
requirements with efficient & reliable services with followings.
Preliminary Network Planning Assistance.
Associate with ISPs and plan new network or enlarge networks to have wide
coverage. Basically consider what are the frequencies other services providers are
using and there coverage diameter. This will be discussed widely in next chapter.
LOS & Field Surveys.
Line of sight and field surveys is another service done by ITSMS. Before link
installing available required power level is calculated in networking planning
using “Budgetlink” theory. U2000WebLct software can display actual dbm of that
link in given node.
13. 9
CHAPTER 2
Training Experiences
Establishing a new link
Mobile Site Planning
As RND section responsible for the radio network between mobile stations to radio
base station. From RBS to switch path is maintained by transmission section. Then it
is obvious that they must be connected to the switch to work the network.
Transmission people do this job. Their work can be classified as follows.
Planning new links.
Implementing new links.
Maintaining existing links.
Planning new links
For this the suitable path should be found and the parameters of the link should be
checked for required levels. This is done using different analyzing methods and
instruments. When planning a microwave link, between two sites, there are several
aspects to be considered. Out of these factors the most important factor is the
obstruction free path between the relevant points. It is termed as "Line Of Sight". So,
the first factor of a microwave link is the LOS. An optical line of sight exists if an
imaginary straight line can be drawn connecting the antennas on either side of the
link.
14. 10
Figure 2. 1: Line of sight phenomena (1)
Usually “Drive test” activity is used to find out best place to establish a new site. GPS
technology is used at there.
TEMS LINK PLANNER
This is the software used in link planning. This is an Ericsson product. According to
our requirements we can plan the link in this software and we can find out the
availability and performance of that according to the predefined performance
criteria's fed in to the software.
TEMS Link Planner uses a digital map database of Sri Lanka which is in Geobox
format (Geobox format is an Ericsson internally developed format). This map has
very high resolution is rich with all the geographical information of Sri Lanka.
It contains information such as,
Over view/ key map.
Elevation.
Land usage.
Main roads and other roads.
Rivers and Lakes.
On TEMS link planner we can define different map version to help us and to protect
our work, there are map versions such as training version which use for training
purposes, stage 1 ,2 and 3 versions which represents links Mobitel's different projects.
It is very easy to design a TX link using TEMS Link Planner. In order to design a link
first we have to select a proper map version and we must import necessary data to that
map such as height data, Land usage, and existing sites. Then we can implement the
15. 11
link by selecting the two end position of the link. In order to measure the actual
performance of the path we created we have to define several parameters and
configure the path.
Drive test is usually done before planning a link. GPS technology is utilized in finding
most suitable places to establish mobile towers in this task. Especially few needs
consider before establishing a tower. That place must be perfect in financial and
performance sections. Especially in performance. Easy transport is also considered.
Field surveys are as one step of planning new links. If use old tower related to
different provider or have to add another band link (3G or 4G), have to measure the
tower, tower land, numbers of sectors and numbers of antennas and their angle and
height from earth level. If there are any losses or damages of faults those also to be
analyzed in surveys. Additionally, map the entire system devices with its dimensions
with indoor units. That survey report is transferred to vendor to have the approval.
Calculation
In calculating a link, budget link concept is used. Example of microwave link plan is
below.
If Frequency: 2000MHz
Antenna type, station A: P6F-17C height agl. 20m
Antenna type, station B: P6F-17C height agl. 20m
Feeder type, station A: LDF5P50A loss, dB/100m 6.46
Total length, antenna to equipment 30m
Feeder type, station B: LDF5P50A loss, dB/100m 6.46
Total length, antenna to equipment 30m
Path length: 20 km, (therefore clear path loss 124.0 dBi)
16. 12
Obstruction loss: 0.0 dB
Feeder loss, station A: 1.9 dB
Feeder loss, station B: 1.9 dB
Feeder tail loss, total for link: 1.5 dB
Connector loss, total for link: 1.5 dB
Total loss: 130.8 dB
Gain, antenna A: 28.6 dB
Gain, antenna B: 28.6 dB
Total gain: 57.2 dB
Net loss (total loss – total gain): 73.6 dB
Receiver threshold for maximum signal/noise: −125.0 dBW
Design fade margin: +30.0 dB
Design receiver input level: −95.0 dB
(Threshold – fade margin)
Transmitter output power : −21.4 dBW
(Receiver input – net loss)
17. 13
Implementing new links
After planning they try to implement the new link. Normally two teams go to the
implementing process. One team does the job at one side and the other team does their
job at the other side.
Figure 2. 2: A guy tower
Guy towers are places in rural areas because of easy installation and low cost. These
antennas are portable.
19. 15
According to required height, a sufficient mobile tower must be there to place
microwave antennas and sectors and RRUs. In rural areas where, no more links and
technologies, guy towers are used because of easy placement and low cost. Guy
towers are portable ones and can transport entire tower from one place to another
place very easily. Most of the times, usual mobile towers are utilized. Usually, these
towers consist with one or more ladders and platforms and have more safety options
than guy towers.
OUTDOOR UNITS
Microwave antennas (Parabolic dish reflectors), Panel antennas (sector antennas),
RRUs are usually called as outdoor units.
REMOTE RADIO UNIT (RRU)
The radio unit is a microwave radio with RF transceivers, which transmit and receive
RF signals. Traffic signals from the indoor units are processed and converted to
transmitter frequency and sent over the hop.
The radio unit is fitted directly to the antenna as standard. It can also be
installed separately and connected by a flexible waveguide to any antenna with
standard waveguide interface (154 IEC-UBR). It can be disconnected and replaced
without affecting the antenna alignment. There are connections for antenna alignment,
radio cable and grounding. Two LEDs indicate alarm and power on/off. RRU is
responsible for convert light into voltage signal to have better accuracy.
20. 16
Figure 2. 4: A Remote Radio Unit (RRU)
According to bandwidth, RRU is changed. At the beginning there were 2G RRUs
which having mass of 37.5Kg. 3G RRU usually has mass of 23Kg approximately
when 4G RRU is just 13Kg.
22. 18
:
Figure 2. 6: Microwave antenna with ODU
Five different antenna types, fitting directly to the radio units, are available. 0.2m,
0.3m, 0.6m, 1.2m, and 1.8m are the available compact antennas. All antennas can
also be installed separately and connected to the radio unit by a flexible waveguide. It
is possible to choose between vertical and horizontal polarization. The antenna is
fitted on an antenna support and does not have to be removed during maintenance
after alignment. These antennas are work as both transmitter and receiver
(Transceiver).
These type antennas are called as “Parabolic dish reflectors” usually. Dish is covered
with a leather to avoid from weather effects. Parabolic reflectors typically have a very
high gain like 30-40 dB and low cross polarization. They also have a reasonable
bandwidth, with the fractional bandwidth being at least 5 percent on commercially
available models, and can be very wideband in the case of huge dishes from 0.3m to
23. 19
4.6 meters commonly. Responsible from 150MHZ to 1.5GHZ frequency range.
Frequency range is varying according to model and producer. As an example, smaller
dish antennas typically operate somewhere between 2 and 28 GHz. The large dishes
can operate in the VHF region (30-300 MHz), but typically need to be extremely large
at this operating band.
MAINTAINING EXISTING LINKS
When the network grows up traffic demand get also increase. Also the new
technologies come to the market and company uses those new technologies then
existing links must update. The fault recovery of existing links has done by
transmission section.
First Sector antennas are placed on the tower. Then it’s connected to the RRU through
coaxial cable called “jumper”. Whatever small voltage generated in the sector is
comes to RRU and then converted it to a light signal. Fiber optic cables used to
connect Base band Unit (BBU). Then that light signal is again converted to voltage
signal. In data transmitting E1 standard cable is used in Sri Lanka according European
Standard. E1 cables usually as eight pairs. E1 cables can connected to delivery ports
called as Crones. By crones that signal may be linked with another link also. Suppose
if Galle – Matara link can be connected with Colombo- Galle link using E1 cables at
Galle. Then Matara can connect with Colombo Directly.
Then as an outdoor unit, Antennas or dishes are placed. Towers are connected
through these antennas. Every tower must be linked in a network to have island wide
coverage. Parabolic dishes connect links through microwaves. Dish antennas is
connected with ODU.
ODU is connected with antenna. ODU converts data from the IDU into an RF signal
for transmission. It also converts the RF signal from the far end to suitable data to
transmit to the IDU. ODUs are weatherproofed units that are mounted on top of a
tower either directly connected to a microwave antenna or connected to it through a
24. 20
wave guide. Here ODUs are full duplex configured. The ODU receives its power
from the IDU through a coaxial cable. ODU parameters are configured and monitored
through the IDU. Each ODU is designed to operate over a predefined frequency band.
For example 21.2 to 23.6GHz for a 23GHz system, 17.7 to 19.7GHz for a 18GHz
system and 24.5 to 26.5GHz for a 26GHz system as for DMC XP4 ODUs. Suitable
ground wire should be connected to the ODU ground lug to an appropriate ground
point on the antenna mounting or tower for lightning protection. It should be noted
that this unit is electronically controlled. Transmitted power is controlled by adjusting
a value on the IDU which instructs the ODU to adjust the drive voltage on its
Transmitter PIN diode attenuator. ODUs are categorized as 1+0, 1+1,2+0 and 2+2.
1+0 means ODU work only with active mode. At 1+1 ODU has standby option also.
SECTOR ANTENNAS
In its base stations Mobitel uses sector antennas (panels ) to provide radio
coverage to the subscribers. These sector antennas normally transmit with a
transmission power around -35 to - 40 db. This power level is adjusted by RBS.
Sector antennas that we use in Mobitel support polarization diversity in order to
increase its receiver sensitivity. In polarization diversity the receiver antenna has two
antenna arrays one with -45º and other with +45º angles. Sometimes, frequency
antennas are used. Dual frequency antennas are capable of operating in two separate
frequency bands. These are used in sites where there is both GSM 900 and GSM 1800
radio base stations are present, so without having two separate antennas there can be
used dual band or tri band antennas. In geometry, a "sector" is a "slice" or "wedge" of
a circle. Picture a slice of a pie being lifted from the pie, and you get a visual image of
a sector. A sector antenna is a directional antenna designed to cover this kind of
geometric shape. There are different types of antenna in considering covering area.
A 60 degree sector antenna covers 60 degrees of a 360 degree circle, while a 90
degree sector antenna covers a fourth of that same circle. The radiation areas don't end
abruptly at 60, 90, or 120 degrees; these have a few degrees of overlap so you could,
25. 21
for example, use three 120 degree sector antennas for full coverage of a circle. In real
world, sector antennas have a range of about 4 to 5 km.
Figure 2. 7: Antenna bracket with angle indicator.
26. 22
Usually, in fitting antennas, the angle is considering much with getting connection
with mobiles. Antenna bracket is used to keep antenna fix and set the required
direction.
Types of antennas
Single Band Antenna
Figure 2. 8: A single Band Antenna
Single band antenna is also called as mono band antennas. By today these antennas
are replaced rapidly because of invention of new technologies and bandwidths. Most
of Mono band antennas are GSM900 ones.
28. 24
Dual band antennas consists two bandwidths or bands in one antenna. These are more
popular because low space and low maintenance required. Bands are DCS1800, 3G or
GSM900, DCS1800.
INDOOR UNITS
ACCESS MODULE MAGAZINE (AMM)
The AMM houses the plug-in units and is designed for fitting in a 19" rack or cabinet.
There are two types of AMM.
AMM 1U-1 is used for 1+0 terminals and can house one MMU and one TRU.
AMM 2U-4 is mainly used for 1+1 or two 1+0 terminals and can house up to
four units; two MMUs and two TRUs.
The plug-in units are inserted into the AMM from the front. The connection between
plug in units is made through the backplane of the AMM. All indicators and external
connector interfaces are located on the fronts of the plug-in units.
Cables are routed to the left and right hand side of the front. The AMM has a front
panel to protect the cables and connections. Indicators are visible through the front
panel. Tools, used for removal of the plug-in units, are attached to the inside of the
front panel
PLUG-IN UNITS FOR THE AMM
Modem unit (MMU)
The MMU is the indoor interface with the radio unit and contains a modulator and
demodulator. The MMU provides traffics and capacity of 155Mbit/s and is frequency
independent. One MMU per radio unit is required is required.
Traffic Unit (TRU)
The main functions of the TRU is the generating and terminating g an SDH STM-1 or
SONET OC-3 signal and transmit it to or receive it from the MMU. It also contains a
29. 25
protection switching function used for protected terminal configuration. One TRU
per terminal is required. Besides the main traffic (155Mbit/s), there are three
auxiliary channels; one channel for wayside traffic and two service channels. The
TRU comes in two versions; the TRU EL. With electrical traffic interface, and the
TRU EL/OPT with both electrical and optical traffic interfaces
FAN UNIT
To guarantee sufficient cooling for the plug-in units, a fan unit is always fitted on top
of the AMM. One fan unit per AMM is required. The cooling air enters at front of the
AMM, flows between the units and out through openings at the back of the AMM.
DC DISTRIBUTION UNIT (DDU)
The optional Dc distribution unit is used for distribution of primary Dc power
to a maximum of five MMUs or fan units. Each output is protected by an automatic
type fuse (6A) combined with an on/off switch.
30. 26
Figure 2. 10: A DUDU in BTS
After ODU, data goes to IDU through IF cable (Intermediate frequency cable). IDU
contains much of the intelligence of the system. Main functions of the IDU include
Providing the Data interface, Error correction, Modulation and Demodulation, Alarm
status monitoring and Site-to-site communications. An IDU located in an equipment
shelter to interface with the operator interface and is connected to a close coupled
ODU Antenna assembly on the tower by a single coaxial cable. The IDU is
independent of any frequency band and will operate over all frequency ODUs. But it
is capacity dependent and there are separate modules capable of handling different
capacity inputs. Configuring and monitoring of link performance can be done
through the IDU front panel. Display of Local & Remote radios and Alarm Relay
DCDU
BBU MUX
31. 27
Status LEDs are there in the IDU front panel for fault identification. Memory backup
inside the IDU ensures that it maintains its configuration in the event of a DC power
loss.
Radio Base Station
In data transmission chapter, maintenance and repairing of radio base stations is also
included. Radio base station (RBS) is the interface between mobile subscriber and the
network. It provides radio coverage to the subscriber through the radio antenna.
Operations department look after radio base station equipment as well as cooling
(AC) units and power supplies used in the base stations. Mobitel Lanka uses
types of RBS equipments they are namely,
RBS 2206
RBS 2207
Both of them are products of Erricsson. There is no significant difference between
these two equipments except for the fact that RBS 2206 and all its related units
operates in GSM 1800 frequency and RBS 2207 and all its related equipments
operates in GSM 900 frequency band. There are some TDMA (Time division multiple
access) radio base stations also used in Mobitel but there are only few sites operates in
TDMA. TDMA is the technology which is used before GSM. Mobitel still has some
customers who are using TDMA, but they are encouraged to migrate to GSM. There
are more brands of BTS in the field as Alcatel- Lucent.
33. 29
RTN600 series upgrading
RTN stands for Regional Telecommunication Network. This instrument is made by
Huawei. The OptiX RTN 600 series TDM/hybrid integrated radio transmission
system (OptiX RTN 600 for short) is a digital microwave transmission system for
data packets. The system provides end-to-end transmission from the access layer to
the backbone layer and can work with optical network equipment for end-to-end
service grooming and unified network management. With the evolution from TDM to
IP, IP-based microwave transmission solutions have become a trend. The OptiX RTN
600 helps smooth evolution from TDM microwave transmission to IP-based
microwave transmission, saving network construction and operation costs. The OptiX
RTN 600 is available in two models, the OptiX RTN 620 and the OptiX RTN 605.
RTN responsible in interconnecting links and create internetwork. The sharing
capacity can be increased by changing modulation way and number of E1 cables
connected with RTN. In doing that operation RTN is upgraded in both hardware and
software sections.
In working with Huawei RTN, there was as standard software named, U2000WebLct
implemented by Huawei technologies. U2000WebLct installed PC or Laptop must be
connected with RTN through Ethernet cable to connect with RTN. Internet explorer is
associated with WebLct.
35. 31
After log with the link, weblct shows link ID, link IP address, link name, extended ID
with the far end tower also.
Figure 2. 13NE attribute of a link
It always shows far end tower and its details as follows.
Figure 2. 14: Link power level, bandwidth, frequencies indicating in weblct
36. 32
The air interface of the OptiX RTN 620 supports 7MHz to 56MHz channel bandwidth
and QPSK to 256 QAM modulation mode. The TDM air interface is flexibly
configurable from 4E1 to 75E1; while the throughput of native Ethernet service is
flexibly configurable from 10 Mbit/s to 400 Mbit/s. With the design of single-device
multiple RF directions and the networking microwave equipment, the OptiX RTN 620
delivers more flexible ring networking (PDH/SDH-Ring) and full timeslot cross-
connection to any direction is available. Featuring quick service provision and
adjustment, the OptiX RTN 620 decreases the number of DDF racks, external cable
connectors, and IDU service interface units, while omitting the external ADM
equipment.
When the air interface link works properly (for example, in sunny days), a higher
modulation mode is adopted to provide high-bandwidth transmission capabilities
through the adaptive modulation (AM). This helps reduce the capital expenditure
(CAPEX) by making full use of the bandwidth resources. When the quality of the air
interface link degrades (for example, in heavy rain or heavy fog), a lower modulation
mode is adopted to increase the anti-fading capabilities. This guarantees high-quality
data transmission for key users. Making full use of frequency spectrum resources, the
OptiX RTN 620 helps greatly reduce TCO.
Combining cross polarization interference cancellation (XPIC) with the same channel
dual polarization (CCDP) technology under the TDM mode, the OptiX RTN 620
doubles the transmission capacity under the same channel condition. The OptiX RTN
620 boasts sound protection mechanism, which includes 1+1 power protection; 1+1
and N+1 protection in TDM mode configuration; linear multiplex section protection
between optical transmission link and STM-1 link; and two-fiber bi-directional
multiplex section protection ring of the STM-4 optical link. In TDM mode, the OptiX
RTN 620 supports SNCP for E1 services and ERPS protection, that is, hybrid ring for
data services.
37. 33
In upgrading RTN, first hardware upgrading must be done. Usually all the hardware
equipment are shown in software.
Figure 2. 15: Physical board architecture of RTN620
First two units (no.17 and no.15) are not in RTN. Those are in ODU. No.7 and no.5
units are responsible for IF cards. In this RTN there is one IFH1 card and one IFH2
card. Two cards for 1+1 operation as mentioned under ODU topic. No.5 unit is main
IF card. No.7 is the standby IF card. In this operation, no.5 card has been replaced
with IFH2 card. N0.8 slot responsible for the Ethernet card. Before upgrading there’s
no EMS card in the RTN. EMS card is used to develop switching system from
message switching to packet switching.
38. 34
CHAPTER 3
Conclusion
At ITSMS, could follow training period of three months and could gain both
theoretical and practical knowledge also. Telecommunication is a vast area and day
by day new technologies are introduces and job opportunities are generated. In
training period, could involve with many projects of Dialog Telekom and Mobitel
Lanka as installation, surveys, workshops, link configurations, testing (TSWR, LOS,
etc.), Software upgrading (WebLCT 2000 of Huawei), Link planning.
Telecommunication field training session is an adventure and practically builds one
especially. Training establishment (ITSMS Pvt LTD was awarded as the best
constructor in Asia region of Huawei in 2008, 2009 and 2010. Following training at
that kind of place gained accuracy of tasks done, leadership, responsibility also.
ITSMS is well standard mobile constructing company working according to related
rules and regulations. They provide better services for trainees by providing monthly
salary and overtime payments with leaves. They also Provides a good industrial
training both theoretically and practically. To have to work with Qualified Engineers
of world leading telecommunication companies and to have share ideas and get
knowledge is a real benefit a trainee can get who, having industrial training at ITSMS.
ITSMS also provides good transport facilities, accommodation facilities and all the
basic needs such as office wears, food and beverages, training kits in their projects.
If consider about my industrial training at ITSMS as an undergraduate trainee allowed
me to collect uncountable number of experiences about telecommunication field, team
leading, on time working, having responsibilities, industrial fault analysis and solving.
39. 35
Trainings were not indoor always. Majority of practical sessions were done in
outdoors at many places in Sri Lanka such as, Colombo regional area, Gampaha,
Waththala, Biyagama, Seeduwa, Mabola, Anuradhapura, kekirawa, Puththalam,
Mahawilachchiya, Jaffna, Vavuniya, Trinco, Polonnaruwa, Habarana, Kurunegala,
Rathnapura, Galle, Kaluthara,Ampara, Batticaloe, Nelliadi, Nellikulam, Meerigama,
chilaw, Mathale, Raththota, Dummalasuriya, etc. As training works Site drawing, site
surveying, Link power strength calculation, IDU software upgrading, System error
checking, Establishing multiflexers (MUX), Link establishment, 2G,3G and 4G
cutovers, IDU data cards replacement or installing, Drive tests, preparing link
documents and project documents can be included basically. Within Three months
could have good priceless experiences about telecommunication field.
Telecommunication field is not a comfortable field to have many facilities in the
training period or at career level. It’s always associated with the real world and has to
work outdoor with giant responsibilities. Each and every member of the team has big
responsibility in working with a giant network such as keep the network active and
eliminates losses. It’s a nice and adventurers experience to work at different locations
at different times with different responsibilities.
I would like be thankful to All ITSMS staff members especially, Engineering
Division for their great help and guidance in making success may industrial training
period and all other Engineers and technical officers in Mobitel Lanka, Dialog
Telekom and Huawei Sri Lanka who associate with us and encouraged during my
training period.
40. 36
Abbreviations
2G: Second Generation.
3G: Third Generation.
4G: Fourth Generation.
AM: Adaptive Modulation.
AMM: Access Module Magazine.
BBU: Base Band Unit.
BTS: Base Transceiver Station.
CAPEX: Capital Expenditure.
DCDU: DC Distribution Unit.
DCS: Digital Cellular System.
DDF: Digital Distribution Frame
EM: Electromagnetic.
FU: frame Unit.
GMSK: Gaussian method Minimum Shift Keying.
GPS: Global Positioning System.
GSM: Global System for Mobile Communication.
IDU: Indoor Unit.
IF: Intermediate Frequency.
IP: Internet Protocol.
ITSMS: Integrated Telecom System Management Services PVT. LTD.
LOS: Line of Sight.
41. 37
MMU: Modem Unit.
MSC: Mobile Switching Center.
MW: Micro Wave
NTS: Network transmission System.
ODF: Optical Distribution Unit.
ODU: Outdoor Unit.
PC: Personal Computer
PDH: Pleschronous Digital Hierarchy.
QAM: Quadrature Amplitude Modulation.
QPSK: Quadrature Phase Shift Keying.
RBS: Radio Base Station.
RF: Radio Frequency.
RND: Radio Network Design.
RTN: Radio Transmission Network.
Rx: Receiver.
SDH: Synchronous Digital Hierarchy.
TDMA: Time Division Multiple Access.
VSWR: voltage standing wave Ratio.
42. 38
References
Electronic References
Official Web site of A&A Telecom Pvt. Ltd.
A & A Telecommunication Engineering Services (Pvt) Ltd . 2013. A & A
Telecommunication Engineering Services (Pvt) Ltd . [ONLINE] Available
at:http://aatesl.com/Index.htm. [Accessed 21 March 2013].
Figure reference
(1) Weird & Wireless: RF "Line of Sight" (Electro-ramblings). 2013. Weird &
Wireless: RF "Line of Sight" (Electro-ramblings). [ONLINE] Available
at:http://www.electronicsweekly.com/blogs/electronics-weekly-
blog/2009/10/weird-wireless-rf-line-of-sight.html. [Accessed 21 March 2013].