Training report of Alcatel Lucent for 3G

INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
KATUNAYAKE
INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT
NAME : Mr.S.L.D.Kasun
777777777
ADM: NUMBER : EP/10/8027
COURSE : NDES
FIELD : ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING - POWER
TRAINING PROGRAM : BIT - (FIRST YEAR)
DURATION : FROM 2011.08.15 TO 2012.08.15
7 Eng. WEERARATNE M.W.
HOD (E) - IT:
DATE OF SUBMISSION :2012/08/14
Rogessor Engineering
(PVT) Ltd.
Illukkumbura
Industrial Automation
(PVT) Ltd.

Basic Industrial Training – Rogessor Engineering (PVT) Ltd. Preface
National Diploma in Engineering Sciences –EP108027
PREFACE
This document is presented on the Industrial Training acquired at Rogessor Engineering (PVT)
Limited from the 15th
August 2011 till the 20th
April 2012. Also it should be mentioned here that
Rogessor Engineering is providing us 08 months training program.
The material covered in this report has been divided into three main chapters, starting with an
Introduction to Training Organization, proceeds with Training Experience and ends with a
Conclusion.
The first chapter Rogessor Engineering (PVT) Limited presents some historical background of
the company, the services provided, organization structure and the present performance of the
Company. The content of my report is being fashioned with the knowledge I have received from
Rogessor Engineering (PVT) Ltd. (Etisalat Installation).
Today Etisalat is one of the leading cellular operators in the country with a widespread network
with more than 2 million active customers. Along with the wide coverage and capacity, Etisalat
also provides many value added services (VAS) to its customers and introduces new prepaid
services for the customers. Engineering section of the Etisalat has the qualified & skilled
engineers who can be capable of overcome any type of network problem. Training under these
engineers, I had a good chance to know about the GSM.

Basic Industrial Training - Rogessor Engineering Acknowledgement
National Diploma in Engineering Sciences – EP108027
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It is a great pleasure to present this report as the evidence to my stay in Rogessor Engineering (PVT)
Limited as an Industrial Trainee. The value of the training is immeasurable. It is my sincere duty to thank
all the personnel involved in the process of making the training possible and useful.
Firstly, I would like to thank the Mr. Weerarathne (HOD Training- Electrical) and the officials of the
National Apprentice & Industrial Training Authority (NAITA), for taking all the necessary arrangements
related to our industrial training program.
There very special thanks should be made to the Mr. G.K.Dhahanayake, the Senior Project Engineer of
Rogessor Engineering (PVT) limited to request Trainees form Institute of Engineering Technology.
I wish to extend my sincere salute to Mrs.T.D.Dilhani Rathnathillake, the Managing Director, for
preparing almost all of the arrangements including scheduling our training program. My appreciation is
widening to Transmission and Maintenance Manager and Engineers of the Rogessor Engineering (PVT)
Ltd. on their effort to teach us as much as they know, in a friendly manner.
I also sincerely express my gratitude to other officers of the Alcatel Lucent for the help they rendered to
us even in the busiest period of the operation. In particular I would like to thank Mr.Pradeep
Dissanayake, the Project Manager, and all the technicians for support provided and sharing their
knowledge and experience.
In addition, I must not forget to thank my three colleagues for their wonderful corporation, and the
Lecturers/Instructors of the Institute of Engineering Technology to have brought me up to this standard
to have training in a company like this.
Finally, I must express my gratefulness towards my loving parents for the support and guidance and to
those who were so helpful in many ways in the period of training at Rogessor Engineering (PVT) Limited.
S.L.D.Kasun
EP/10/8027
Department of Electrical Engineering
Institute of Engineering Technology
Katunayake.

Basic Industrial Training – Rogessor Engineering (PVT) Ltd. Content
CONTENT
Establishment 1:- Rogessor Engineering (PVT) Ltd.
Chapter Page No.
1 Company Introduction & Tasks /Services 1-30
2 Global System For Mobile Communication 31-55
3 NodeB Integration 56-64
4 3G (3rd
Generation) 65-73
5 Routers 74-74
6 NMS (Network Monitoring System) 75-90
Establishment 2:- Illukkumbura Industrial Automation (PVT) Ltd.
Chapter Page No.
1 Electrical Wiring 91-98
2 Electrical Tools 99-101
3 Earthing 102-105
4 Electrical Circuits 106-113
5 Safety 114-116
6 Duties & Responsibilities 117-120

KATUNAYAKE
Submitted for completion of the
Basic Industrial Training
Program at
Rogessor Engineering (PVT) Limited
From 15th August 2011 to 20th April 2012
BY
Mr. S.L.D.Kasun
EP / 10 / 8027
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: POWER
NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN ENGINEERING SCIENCES
(NDES)

B.I.T. – Rogessor Engineering (PVT) Ltd. Introduction
National Diploma in Engineering Sciences (EP/10/8027) Page 1

B.I.T. – Rogessor Engineering (Pvt) Ltd.
1.GSM – Global System for Mobile
Communication.
Figure 1.1

Global System for Mobile communications
GSM (Global System for Mobile communication) is a digital mobile telephony system that is
widely used in Europe and other parts of the world. GSM uses a variation of time division
multiple access (TDMA) and is the most widely used of the three digital wireless telephony
technologies (TDMA, GSM, and CDMA). GSM digitizes and compresses data, then sends it
down a channel with two other streams of user data, each in its own time slot. It operates at
either the 900 MHz or 1800 MHz frequency band.
Mobile services based on GSM technology were first launched in Finland in 1991. Today, more
than 690 mobile networks provide GSM services across 213 countries and GSM represents 82.4%
of all global mobile connections. According to GSM World, there are now more than 2 billion GSM
mobile phone users worldwide. Since many GSM network operators have roaming agreements with
foreign operators, users can often continue to use their mobile phones when they travel to other
countries. SIM cards (Subscriber Identity Module) holding home network access configurations
may be switched to those will metered local access, significantly reducing roaming costs while
experiencing no reductions in service. GSM, together with other technologies, is part of the
evolution of wireless mobile telecommunications that includes High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data
(HCSD), General Packet Radio System (GPRS), Enhanced Data GSM Environment (EDGE), and
Universal Mobile Telecommunications Service (UMTS).
GSM: Its promoter, the GSM Association, estimates that 82% of the global mobile market uses
the standard. Its ubiquity makes international roaming very common between mobile phone
operators, enabling subscribers to use their phones in many parts of the world. GSM differs from
its predecessors in that both signaling and speech channels are digital, and thus is considered a
second generation (2G) mobile phone system. The ubiquity of the GSM standard has been an
advantage to both consumers (who benefit from the ability to roam and switch carriers without
switching phones) and also to network operators (who can choose equipment from any of the
many vendors implementing GSM). GSM also pioneered a low-cost, to the network carrier,
alternative to voice calls, the Short message service (SMS, also called "text messaging"), which
is now supported on other mobile standards as well. Another advantage is that the standard
includes one worldwide Emergency telephone number, 112. This makes it easier for international
travelers to connect to emergency services without knowing the local emergency number.
Newer versions of the standard were backward-compatible with the original GSM phones. For
example, Release '97 of the standard added packet data capabilities, by means of General Packet
Radio Service (GPRS). Release '99 introduced higher speed data transmission using Enhanced
Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE).

Figure 1.2
Global System for Mobile communications (GSM)
 900/1800 MHz band (US: 850/1900 MHz)
 For 900 MHz band
 Uplink: 890-915 Downlink: 935-960
 25 MHz bandwidth - 124 carrier frequency channels, spaced 200 KHz apart
 Time Division Multiplexing for 8 full rate speech channels per frequency channel.
 Circuit Switched Data with data rate of 9.6 kbps
 Handset transmission power limited to 2 W in GSM850/900 and 1 W in GSM1800/1900.

GSM Speech Coding
Figure 1.3
GSM service quality requirements
Figure 1.4

GSM 900 and GSM 1800
Figure 1.5
GSM Summary
Figure 1.6

Advanced Features Provided by GSM
• Ad Calling Line ID
- incoming telephone number displayed
• Alternate Line Service
- one for personal calls
- one for business calls
• Closed User Group
- call by dialing last for numbers
• Advice of Charge
- tally of actual costs of phone calls
• Fax & Data
- Virtual Office / Professional Office
• Roaming
- services and features can follow customer from market to market
Basic Features Provided by GSM
• Call Waiting
- Notification of an incoming call while on the handset
• Call Hold
- Put a caller on hold to take another call
• Call Barring
- All calls, outgoing calls, or incoming calls
• Call Forwarding
- Calls can be sent to various numbers defined by the user
• Multi Party Call Conferencing
- Link multiple calls together
Advantages of GSM
• Crisper, cleaner quieter calls
• Security against fraud and eavesdropping
• International roaming capability in over 100 countries
• Improved battery life
• Efficient network design for less expensive system expansion
• Efficient use of spectrum
• Advanced features such as short messaging and caller ID
• A wide variety of handsets and accessories
• High stability mobile fax and data at up to 9600 baud
• Ease of use with over the air activation, and all account information is held in
a smart card which can be moved from handset to handset

Mobile station (MS)
The mobile station (MS) is the physical equipment used by a GSM subscriber. It comprises two
distant parts; a subscriber identity module (SIM) and the mobile equipment (ME).
Subscriber identity module (SIM)
The SIM is a smart card which carries all of the subscriber specific information needed by an
MS. The SIM can be moved between MSs, thereby enabling a GSM user to use any GSM mobile
as through it were the users own; that is, receiving all calls directed to the users number, and
incurring all charges for its usage. The main function of the SIM are to identify the current user
of an MS and to take part in certain security and confidentially procedures (subscriber
authentication and generation of ciphering keys).The SIM also stores recent location data, and
may have the facility to store personal information for the subscriber, such as abbreviated dialing
codes, messages received via the short message service, etc.
All security features of GSM are stored in the SIM for maximum protection
Authentication algorithm
Cipher key generation algorithm
PIN (personal identification number,4-8 digits)
PUK (PIN unblocking key,8digits)

Mobile Equipment (ME)
The mobile equipment (ME) provides the radio and signal processing needed to access the GSM
network, plus the man machine interface (MMI) to enable auser to access services.GSM uses a
particularly sophisticated radio interface, including features such as ciphering, slow frequency
hopping (SFH), discontinuous transmission (DTX), and the mobile may implement some or all
of these. The MMI, encompassing the display and the key pad of the ME, is crucially important
in enabling users to access the complex GSM service set intuitively and easily. Depending on the
ME’s application, it may have interfaces to external terminal equipment such as PCs fax
machines, and may even be integrated with such equipment.
Figure 1.7

GSM call routing
Figure 1.8
Base transceiver station (BTS)
The BTS houses the radio transceivers that define a cell and handles the radio protocols with the
MS. In a large urban area, a large number of BTSs may be deployed. The BTS corresponds to
the transceivers and antennas used in each cell of the network. A BTS is usually placed in the
center of a cell. Its transmitting power defines the size of a cell. Each BTS has between 1 and 16
transceivers; depend on the density of users in the cell. Each BTS serves a single cell. It also
includes the following functions.

Figure 1.9
ding and rate adaptation
-or half-rate services
als

Figure 1.10
TRX radio interface functions:
GMSK modulation-Demodulation ~encryption/decryption
Channel coding ~burst formatting, interleaving
BTS Installation
All of GSM operators use BTS to expand their coverage. Usually use HUAWEI BTSs
(BTS3900A, BTS3012, APM30,….). Normally install Indoor BTSs. But because of low cost and
easy maintenance, Outdoor BTSs are used before installing the BTS cabinet; need to make the
following preparation. First familiarize yourself with the types, quantities, and installation
positions of the devices to be installed. Second unpack the cases and check the items in the cases.
Third, keep the installation tools and instruments ready. If the floor has a sufficient load capacity
(greater than 800kg/m2) can install a concrete plinth before installing the cabinet.

Figure 1.11

Installation Tools
Figure 1.12
The selection of the correct most suitable tool is very important when installing devices.

BTS Commissioning
Figure 1.13

TDMA/FDMA
Figure 1.14

BTS COMMISSIONING
Group Task Sequence
Figure 1.15

Preparation
You must have the following specific information to complete the scenario:
Site
 BTS position onsite
 Position of BTS power breakers on the customer’s power panel
 For indoor: Position of PCM cables (Abis, Abis2) at the DDF
 For outdoor: Arrival of PCM (via microwave link or external PCM
cable).
Equipment configuration
 BTS type
 Number of sectors and bridges to be used
 Number of AN/TRX per sector
 Antennas to be connected to the BTS
 Twin mode for twin TRE modules
 Position of external alarms cables to be connected
Defense parameter T_POWER_DOWN: inhibited or not
Tools
Hardware Tools
 Utility PC (BTS LMT) & Cable
 Digital multimeter
 Basic kit
 Trace mobile
 Software Tools
 9100 BTS commissioning B10 in standalone mode package:
 BTS NEM Software
 BTS Software
 BTS NEM User Guide

Check Power Supply and Power Up BTS
Before powering up the BTS
Ensure that the protective earth is connected to the equipment earth terminal.
The electrical power to the equipment is disconnected from the site power panel
Check or set the switch positions. Check that breakers are in the power OFF position
marked ’0’. If they are not, set them to the ’0’ position.

Power up the BTS and measure the Power Supply Voltage:
1. At the site power panel, check that the power supply line to the BTS is disconnected.
Result: The line is disconnected.
2. Remove the rubber protective caps from the power supply terminals (on the right, at the
top of the connection area)
3. Check that nothing can provoke a short circuit between the 0 and 48 V connectors.
4. At the site power panel, set up the power supply line, operate fuse holder 1 (e.g.: BS X-1
in which X is the BTS rack number).
Result: The line is connected.
5. Check with the multimeter that the 0V and -48V voltages are on the right terminals
6. At the site power panel, disconnect the power supply line, operate the fuseholder.
Result: The line is disconnected.
7. Replace the rubber protective caps on the power supply terminals (rack top).
Check the power supply to the modules:
1. Check that all the TREs are set to ENABLE.
Result: TRE enabled
2. Power supply at the site power panel:
Connect line for BTS
Result: The line is connected
3. Set switches INT&DCOUT, SR1 to SR5 to ON (marked ’1’ position) in the
Result: The power SUM LEDs come on.

Prepare BTS NEM
Install BTS NEM on PC
1. Start the LMT PC on which you want to install the BTS NEM
2. When Windows is operational, insert the CD-ROM containing the BTS NEM software in the
CD-ROM drive
3. Select the folder containing the BTS NEM software BTSWAXxx and double click on
BTSWAXxx.exe.
4. The "BTSNEM - xxxx Setup" window opens.
5. Click on [Next] to start the installation or click on [Cancel] to abort the installation.
Figure 1.16
6. A new window appears in which you must enter the destination folder.

Figure 1.17
7. Enter the name of the folder in which you want to place the BTS NEM installation files.
8. Click on [Install] to continue with the installation or click on [Cancel] to abort the installation
9. The following window indicates that installation is in progress:
Figure 1.18

10. When the installation is completed, the “completion” window appears.
Figure 1.19
11. Click on [Finish].
The BTS NEM application is now installed. An BTS NEM icon appears on the LMT desktop
window.

To start the BTS NEM software:
1. Click on the Start menu item and follow the path:
Start -> Programs -> BTS -> BTSNEMxxxxx
The "BTS NEM Startup" window is
Displayed, as shown in the following
Figure.
2. Enter your user name in the ’User Name’ field in the
"BTS NEM Startup “window.
3. Enter your password in the ’User Password’ field in
the "BTS NEM Startup” window.
4. If you want to set up the interface, click on [Interface
Settings] to display the"BTS Interface settings"
panel, as shown in the following figure.
5. In the "BTS Interface settings" window select the
appropriate interface
6. . If the RS232 serial interface is used select the
appropriate COM Port and Baud rate, as required.
7. Click on [ OK ] in the "BTS Interface settings"
window
8. . Click on [ Connect ] in the "BTS NEM Startup" window
Figure 1.20

Base station controller (BSC)
The BSC is effectively a small switch with enhanced processing capability. In terms of traffic, it
acts as a local concentrator, and provides local switching to achieve handover between a number
of BTSs. In terms of control, the BSC takes a leading role in managing handover, power control
and other radio matters, ensuring that reliable radio links are maintained.
An important feature of the BSC is the transcoding and rape adaptation unit (TRAU), which is
responsible for converting between air interface data rates and network data rates; for example,
transcoding speech between 13kbit/s and 64kbit/s. In practice, the TRAU is often located
remotely from the rest of the BSC, at the mobile services switching centre (MSC)/visitor location
register (VLR) in order to save transmission costs.
The BSC manages the radio resources for 1 or more BTSs. It handles radio channel setup,
frequency hopping, and handovers. The BSC is the connection between the mobile and the MSC.
The BSC also translate the13kbps voice channel used over the radio link to the standard 64kbps
channel used by the public switched Telephone Network (PSDN) or ISDN. It assigns and
releases frequencies and the time slots for the MS. The BSC also handles intercell handover. It
controls the power transmission of the BSS and BTS and the MSC. IT is a switching device that
handles the radio resources.
Additional functions include:
 Control of frequency hopping
 Performing traffic concentration to reduce the number of lines from the MSC
 Providing an interface to the operations and maintenance center for the BSS
 Reallocation of frequencies among BTSs
 Time and frequency synchronization
 Power management
Time-delay measurements of received signals from the MS

Mobile switching center (MSC)
The mobile services switching center (MSC) is essentially an ISDN switch with enhanced
processing capability to cater for the special needs of GSM, An MSC will parent a small number
of BSCs. Its primary responsibility is call handling for the mobile subscribers within its domain,
including the generation of charging records and execution of some supplementary services (in
cooperation with an associated VLR).
The msc participates in various mobility Procedures.
 An ISDN switch (64kbps channels)
 Performs all the switching and routing functions of a fixed network Switching node
 PLUS specific mobility-related function:
 Allocation and administration of radio resources
 Management of mobile users
 registration, authentication
 handover and execution and control
 Pagging
 A PLMN (operator network) has, in general, many MSC
Each MSC is responsible of a set of BSS
Interworking functions (IWFs)
MSCs have interworking functions (IWFs) associated with them, to suit particular network and
service interconnection requirements; for example, rate adaptation of data services for
interworking to data networks/ISDN, modems for supporting data communications across
PSTNs, fax adapters to support for group3, and protocol conversion. Also, echo cancellers can be
switch into speech circuit, to compensate the codec delays experienced in a GSM network. In
practice, the MSC is invarial implemented with a VLR, forming a single MSC/VLR unit.
Visitor location registers (VLR)
The VLR an intelligent service control function and data base. It stores the information needed to
handle calls set up to, received by local MSs registered with it. This includes identities, service
profiles, and authentication data. The VLR is responsible for undertaking various mobility
procedures and controlling data services (primarily those associate with outgoing calls).

Introgating node (IN)
The interrogating node (IN) is the initial target for call bound for GSM users. It is responsible for
determine the location of a called subscriber and routing calls accordingly.IN is commonly
combined with an MSC, forming what is known as a Gateway MSC (gmsc)
Home location register (HLR)
The home location register (HLR) an intelligent service control fund and database, responsible
for the management of mobile subscribe recodes, and control of certain services (associate with
incoming calls.).It carries subscription details such as the teleservices, bearer services and
supplementary services that are made available to a subscriber, and location information
enabling the routing of incoming calls towards the relevant MSC/VLR. This information can be
accessed by reference to the subscribers’ diallable number (mobile subscriber ISDN number
(MSISDN)) or the subscriber’s system identity (IMSI).
Authentication centre (AUC)
The AUC is an intelligent database concerned with the regulation of access to the network,
ensuring that services can be used only by those who are entitled to do so, and that access is
achieved in a secure way. The principle is that the AUC and SIM have a unique key for every
subscriber, which is used as the basis for generating a response to a random number generated by
the AUC. Only the true SIM will be able to generate the correct response, and thus gain access to
the network. The AUC is generally integrated with the HLR.

2. NodeB Integration
Required Documents & Tools
 Cat5e Patch Codes.
 Cat5e Cables.
 RJ45 Connectors & Crimping tool.
 Ethernet Tester.
 Laptop.
 USB to Serial Cable.
 Labeling Machine.
 CIQ Database.
Definition Of Integration
Remote Nodeb connect to the Core Network through Transmission
Figure 2.1

END to END Transmission Patching
Figure 2.2

END to END Transmission Patching
Figure 2.3
End To End Transmission Patching Scenario
Figure 2.4

Transmission Parameters in AWY
Configure 9 VLANs in AWY as a below picture
Figure 2.4
Should be select tagged frames when connect link or nodeb directly to the AWY.
Figure 2.5

Transmission Parameters in MPR
Figure 2.6

Parameters In NodeB
Figure 2.7
Figure 2.8

Figure 2.9
Figure 2.10

Ping Test
Figure 2.11
Figure 2.12

Figure 2.13
Figure 2.14
Figure 2.15
Hello…. WNMS. Please
download configuration file
for Nodeb_X

3. 3G (3rd
Generation)
3G refers to the third generation of mobile telephony (that is, cellular) technology. The third
generation, as the name suggests, follows two earlier generations.
The first generation (1G) began in the early 80's with commercial deployment of Advanced
Mobile Phone Service (AMPS) cellular networks. Early AMPS networks used Frequency
Division Multiplexing Access (FDMA) to carry analog voice over channels in the 800 MHz
frequency band.
The second generation (2G) emerged in the 90's when mobile operators deployed two competing
digital voice standards. In North America, some operators adopted IS-95, which used Code
Division Multiple Access (CDMA) to multiplex up to 64 calls per channel in the 800 MHz band.
Across the world, many operators adopted the Global System for Mobile communication (GSM)
standard, which used Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) to multiplex up to 8 calls per
channel in the 900 and 1800 MHz bands.
The International Telecommunications Union (ITU) defined the third generation (3G) of mobile
telephony standards IMT-2000 to facilitate growth, increase bandwidth, and support more
diverse applications. For example, GSM could deliver not only voice, but also circuit-switched
data at speeds up to 14.4 Kbps. But to support mobile multimedia applications, 3G had to deliver
packet-switched data with better spectral efficiency, at far greater speeds.
However, to get from 2G to 3G, mobile operators had make "evolutionary" upgrades to existing
networks while simultaneously planning their "revolutionary" new mobile broadband networks.
This lead to the establishment of two distinct 3G families: 3GPP and 3GPP2.
The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) was formed in 1998 to foster deployment of 3G
networks that descended from GSM. 3GPP technologies evolved as follows.
• General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) offered speeds up to 114 Kbps.
• Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution (EDGE) reached up to 384 Kbps.
• UMTS Wideband CDMA (WCDMA) offered downlink speeds up to 1.92 Mbps.
• High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) boosted the downlink to 14Mbps.
• LTE Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) is aiming for 100 Mbps.

GPRS deployments began in 2000, followed by EDGE in 2003. While these technologies are
defined by IMT-2000, they are sometimes called "2.5G" because they did not offer multi-
megabit data rates. EDGE has now been superseded by HSDPA (and its uplink partner HSUPA).
According to the 3GPP, there were 166 HSDPA networks in 75 countries at the end of 2007. The
next step for GSM operators: LTE E-UTRA, based on specifications completed in late 2008.
A second organization, the 3rd Generation Partnership Project 2 (3GPP2) -- was formed to help
North American and Asian operators using CDMA2000 transition to 3G. 3GPP2 technologies
evolved as follows.
• One Times Radio Transmission Technology (1xRTT) offered speeds up to 144 Kbps.
• Evolution Data Optimized (EV-DO) increased downlink speeds up to 2.4 Mbps.
• EV-DO Rev. A boosted downlink peak speed to 3.1 Mbps and reduced latency.
• EV-DO Rev. B can use 2 to 15 channels, with each downlink peaking at 4.9 Mbps.
• Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB) was slated to reach 288 Mbps on the downlink.
1xRTT became available in 2002, followed by commercial EV-DO Rev. 0 in 2004. Here again,
1xRTT is referred to as "2.5G" because it served as a transitional step to EV-DO. EV-DO
standards were extended twice – Revision A services emerged in 2006 and are now being
succeeded by products that use Revision B to increase data rates by transmitting over multiple
channels. The 3GPP2's next-generation technology, UMB, may not catch on, as many CDMA
operators are now planning to evolve to LTE instead.
In fact, LTE and UMB are often called 4G (fourth generation) technologies because they
increase downlink speeds an order of magnitude. This label is a bit premature because what
constitutes "4G" has not yet been standardized. The ITU is currently considering candidate
technologies for inclusion in the 4G IMT-Advanced standard, including LTE, UMB, and
WiMAX II. Goals for 4G include data rates of least 100 Mbps, use of OFDMA transmission, and
packet-switched delivery of IP-based voice, data, and streaming multimedia
Modules and Other Equipments Used in 3G Nodes B
•D2U Node B
•RRH
•Rectifier and DCPDB
•Jumper cables and 3G Antennas
•Power cables
•Optical Fiber cables

RRH [Remote Radio Head]
How They Will Change Mobile Wireless and Cellular Infrastructure
Remote radio heads have become one of the most important subsystems of today's new
distributed base stations. The remote radio head contains the base station's RF circuitry plus
analog-to-digital/digital-to-analog converters and up/down converters. RRHs also have operation
and management processing capabilities and a standardized optical interface to connect to the
rest of the base station. This will be especially true as LTE and WiMAX deploy. Remote radio
heads make MIMO operation easier and they increase a BTS's efficiency and facilitate easier
physical location for gap coverage problems. RRHs will use the latest RF component technology
including GaN RF power devices and envelope tracking technology within the RRH RFPA.
This study examines the ways in which radio heads will capture an increasing share within the
BTS marketplace. It includes shipments and revenue forecasts for 2009-2014 segmented by air
interface, as well as ASP and vendor market share data.
Figure 3.1 Figure 3.2

Antenna Location on RRH
Figure 3.5

Status Of LEDs After Power-up RRH 60W21
LED1 & LED2: provide visual CPRI Link status. RED= no link, Green= link good
LED 3: Power and status display, not powered = LED OFF, Powering- up = AMBER,
Waiting RAC configuration = AMBER BLINKING, Transmitting = LED GREEN, Fault=
RED, Down
Figure 3.6
SFP (small form-factor pluggable)
The small form-factor pluggable (SFP) or Mini-GBIC is a compact, hot-pluggable transceiver
used for both telecommunication and data communications applications. It interfaces a network
device mother board (for a switch, router, media converter or similar device) to a fiber optic or
copper networking cable. It is a popular industry format supported by many network component
vendors. SFP transceivers are designed to support SONET, Gigabit Ethernet, Fiber Channel, and
other communications standards.
In Multi Mode the SFP module uses a transmitter 850 nm wavelength (Slave and/or Master
port).
Figure 3.7

In Single Mode the SFP module uses a transmitter 1310 nm wavelength on slave port and a
transmitter 1550 nm wavelength on master port (daisy chain).
SFP Transceiver Location
Figure 3.10
Figure 3.11

Connection R2CT solution on RRH
If necessary remove the protective cap
(1) Pull the Coupling nut to see the plug body and the fiber
(2) Put the plug body on the RRH connector
(3) Turn to lock the plug body
(4) Plug the optical fiber in the transceiver r
(5) (Don’t forget to remove the ferule cap of optical fiber) Push the coupling nut to protect
the plug body and fiber
(6) Turn the coupling nut to lock it (7)
Figure 3.12

Assembly R2CT Kit on Optical fiber (Single Mode or Multi mode)
Pass the fiber optic in the nut tail of pig
Figure 3.13
Place the tightening cone on the fiber cable
Figure 3.14
Select the correct Clamp Split Gasket and put on the cable fiber, place the clamp nut & Push the
cone in the nut tail of pig
Pass the fiber cable in the coupling nut and plug body, push the clamp nut in the coupling nut
Figure 3.17
Start screw the cone and nut tail assembly on coupling nut, adjust the length cable fiber and
after screw completely the nut tail of pig.

Alcatel-Lucent 9926 digital 2U Node B (D2U)
The Alcatel-Lucent 9926 digital 2U Node B (9926 d2U) offers cost-effective entry into the
UMTS market for locations where site selection is difficult. It is a particularly good choice for
fast integration within an existing 2G base station user space or existing standard 19-inch racks.
This digital Node B can be used with existing Remote Radio Heads (9341 or 9442 RRH) and
with the Alcatel-Lucent 9332 radio Compact Node B (9332 r Compact). The 9926 is shipped
LTE Ready which is enabled with the addition of 9426 LTE software.
Figure 3.18

4. Routers
Router Configuration
In the Etisalat 3G project they use various types of routers. At the ware house I got experience
with router configuration in 7705 SAR-F and SAR-8 routers.
7705 SAR-F Router SAR-8 routers
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router

5. NMS (Network Monitoring System)
Required Documents & Tools
 Lap Top
 Ethernet Cable
 USB 2 Serial Cable with Male/Female Adapter
 IP Database
 Labling
 Ethernet Tester
 Cat5e Patch Codes
 Cat 5e Cable Role
 NMS Cables
 Flat Screw
 Crimping Tool
What are the Devices used in NMS….?
 IDU
 2.0 version of AWY
 2.1 old version of AWY
 2.1 new version of AWY
 MPR
 MPT
 MXC
 Routers
 Cisco routers
 7705 SAR-8 routers
 7705 SAR-F routers

What are the softwares required for NMS…?
 Alcatel 1320 to login to AWY 2.0 old version of AWY
 AWY_CT software to login to 2.1 version of AWY
 NEO_Web EML software to login to MPR & MPT.
Connectivity of NMS Cables…
NMS cable has two available terminals. Ie. V11 & G703. If you connect both the terminals to
AWY ports, you must activate both ports via it’s software. Imagine that if only the G703 is
connected, you must only activate the G703 port on the software.
Rack 01 Rack 02 Rack 03 Rack 04
Figure 5.1
Note: You can’t put Dagonna AWY for both V11 & G703 port configuration, because it is 2.0 Old
version AWY. It is physically have no option to het that function. So, if we got 2.0 Old AWY, like this
we need to put them in the corners of the designing diagrams.
Seeduwa Town
Raddoluwa
Airport Out
Katunayake FTZ
Awariwatta Zone
Dagonna
Ukgalboda
Katunayake RT
G V G
G
G
G
G
G GVV
V
V
V
V
V

V-LAN Configuration
V/ID V/NAME
1011 RNC 1 OAM TRAFFIC
1012 RNC 1 TELECOM TRAFFIC
1013 RNC 1 PTP TRAFFIC
Figure 5.2
 Tributaries Data should be 802.1Q format. * QoS should be as follows….
Figure 5.3

AWY CT - Network Element Overview
Before you log in to AWY CT NEO, you have to configure and run Alcatel-Lucent Lower Layer in
your PC.
Lower Layer Settings
In Alcatel-Lucent lower layer manager, you can select the type of accessing the AWY whether via
USB Serial cable or R232 cable. As well as the bit rate and port speed also assign as you preferred.
Figure 5.4

In Alcatel-Lucent Lower Layer Manager,
The interface shows the logged computer port with port speed.
Lower Layer IP address showed as Local Address ad the adjecent IP is the logged AWY’s IP.
Figure 5.5
In NEO, IP address or DNS name field, you have to put adjecent Address from Lower Layer Manager
to log in to the software. After press OK, you can see the Link name and home location in the NE
Description area.

Figure 5.6
Figure 5.7
Username – initial
Password - initialing

Figure 5.8
Figure 5.9
NEO Time should be
match to the PC time.
To operate NEO,
supervision key should
be Green.

Routing Protocol
In Etisalat network, they use the routing protocol type as OSPF. They have chosen it because of the
easy access and the network is not so load beard at one segment. Some other networks uses RIP,ISIS
and some advance protocols such as IGRP & EIGRP. But Alcatel supplying enough amounts of
network running stations at regular distances for Etisalat Sri Lanka.
Figure 5.10

OSPF is consists of four separate numbers. Generally starts with three zeros and the last number should
be placed as the alcatel designs. And the stub flag should be similar with the remote setting. Generally
we use false as the stub flag.
Figure 5.11

IP Configuration
To view/set /update IP parameters of the Local device and the remote device in NEO, we have to
follow below path.
In “IP Point to Point Configuration” we can view the settings…
Figure 5.12

RF field related to the remote Lik IP parameters. And the V11 & G703 fields related with the NMS
ports configuration.
To avoid from interference of Local & Remote Links, The OSPF Area number must be eaqual in bothe
sides. By viewing this we can identify the remote link’s local Ip as at remote address in the RF field.
Figure 5.13
To activate NMS ports we can use V11 & G703 fields. If you put cable only to G703 port you only
need to activate G703 port. Mode should be “Codirectional”. IP Routing Protocol should be “OSPF”.
And OSPF Area Pointer should be “1”. And especially status must be “Enable”.

Ethernet Configuration.
Sometimes we use Ethernet cables to configure NMS between AWY & MPRs. In particular occasions,
Port4 of MPR interface is connecting to the OS port of the AWY.
To activate OS port interface, we use Ethernet Configuration as showed in below.
Figure 5.14
Ethernet IP should be 10.2.X.X and the 3rd
digit must be eaqual with the OSPF value and 4th
one is
assign as Alcatel designs. Routing Protocol should be “OSPF” and Area Pointer should be same as
MPR port4 settings.

E1 Dropping From 7705 SAR-F Router.
This is the latest Project which completed by Rogessor Engineering (Pvt) Ltd. For Alcatel-Lucent. For
the 1st
time in Etisalat network.
In 7705 SAR-F router, it has 16 consecutive Ethernet ports. We use 4 DDF modules in a mounting
frame to 19” rack and connect by using 16 Ethernet cables. One end with the RJ45 socket, connect to
the Router port. And the other end should be fixed to the DDF modules after having some operation.
Normally we use 1, 2 cables as RX and 4, 5 cables as TX in the DDF.
Figure 5.15
Mounting Frame
DDF Module

Figure 5.16
Tools Required.
 Scissor / Paper Cutter
 Labels / Cello Tape
 Cat 5e Patch codes / Cat5e Cable Role
 Ethernet Tester
 Crimping Tool
 L.E.D. Bulb
 Permanent Marker
 Crone Tool
 Camera
7705 SAR-F Router
Labeling

Figure 5.17
Figure 5.18

Figure 5.19
 Finally we have to submit a photo report after the operation. To Alcatel-Lucent.
 As well as have to check the ports by using L.E.D. bulb on call with Alcatel- WNMS operator.

KATUNAYAKE
Submitted for completion of the
Basic Industrial Training
Program at
Illukkumbura Industrial Automation (PVT) Limited
From 08th May 2012 to 15th August 2012
BY
Mr. S.L.D.Kasun
EP / 10 / 8027
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: POWER
NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN ENGINEERING SCIENCES
(NDES)

B.I.T. – Illukkumbura Industrial Automation (Pvt) Ltd.
1.Electrical Wiring
Electrical wiring in general refers to insulated conductors used to carry electricity, and
associated devices. This article describes general aspects of electrical wiring as used to provide
power in buildings and structures, commonly referred to as building wiring. This article is
intended to describe common features of electrical wiring that may apply worldwide. For
information regarding specific national electrical codes, refer to the articles mentioned in the
next section. Separate articles cover long-distance electric power transmission and electric
power distribution.
Wiring methods
Materials for wiring interior electrical systems in buildings vary depending on:
 Intended use and amount of power demand on the circuit
 Type of occupancy and size of the building
 National and local regulations
 Environment in which the wiring must operate.
Wiring systems in a single family home or duplex, for example, are simple, with relatively low
power requirements, infrequent changes to the building structure and layout, usually with dry,
moderate temperature, and non-corrosive environmental conditions. In a light commercial
environment, more frequent wiring changes can be expected, large apparatus may be installed,
and special conditions of heat or moisture may apply. Heavy industries have more demanding
wiring requirements, such as very large currents and higher voltages, frequent changes of
equipment layout, corrosive, or wet or explosive atmospheres. In facilities that handle
flammable gases or liquids, special rules may govern the installation and wiring of electrical
equipment in hazardous areas.
Wires and cables are rated by the circuit voltage, temperature rating, and environmental
conditions (moisture, sunlight, oil, chemicals) in which they can be used. A wire or cable has a
voltage (to neutral) rating, and a maximum conductor surface temperature rating. The amount of
current a cable or wire can safely carry depends on the installation conditions.

Color code
To enable wires to be easily and safely identified, all common wiring safety codes mandate a
colour scheme for the insulation on power conductors. In a typical electrical code, some colour
coding is mandatory, while some may be optional. Many local rules and exceptions exist. Older
installations vary in colour codes, and colours may shift with insulation exposure to heat, light,
and ageing.
Standard wire colours for FLEXIBLE cable
Phase – Brown
Neutral – Blue
Protective Earth/ Ground – Yellow/Green
Standard wire colours for FIXED cable
Phases – Brown, Black, Grey
Neutral – Blue
Protective Earth/ Ground – Green / Yellow
Figure 1.1

Cables
Armoured cables with two rubber-insulated conductors in a flexible metal sheath were used as
early as 1906, and were considered at the time a better method than open knob-and-tube wiring,
although much more expensive.
The first polymer-insulated cables for building wiring were introduced in 1922. These were two
or more solid copper electrical wires with rubber insulation, plus woven cotton cloth over each
conductor for protection of the insulation, with an overall woven jacket, usually impregnated
with tar as a protection from moisture. Waxed paper was used as a filler and separator.
Over time, rubber-insulated cables become brittle because of exposure to atmospheric oxygen,
so they must be handled with care, and are usually replaced during renovations. When switches,
outlets or light fixtures are replaced, the mere act of tightening connections may cause hardened
insulation to flake off the conductors. Rubber insulation further inside the cable often is in better
condition than the insulation exposed at connections, due to reduced exposure to oxygen.
Rubber insulation was hard to strip from bare copper, so copper was tinned, causing slightly
more electrical resistance. Rubber insulation is no longer used for permanent wiring
installations, but may still be used for replaceable temporary cables where flexibility is
important, such as electrical extension cords.

Bus bars, bus duct, cable bus
For very heavy currents in electrical apparatus, and for heavy currents distributed through a
building, bus bars can be used. Each live conductor of such a system is a rigid piece of copper
or aluminum, usually in flat bars (but sometimes as tubing or other shapes). Open bus bars are
never used in publicly accessible areas, although they are used in manufacturing plants and
power company switch yards to gain the benefit of air cooling. A variation is to use heavy
cables, especially where it is desirable to transpose or "roll" phases.
Figure 1.4
In industrial applications, conductor bars are often pre-assembled with insulators in grounded
enclosures. This assembly, known as bus duct or bus way, can be used for connections to large
switchgear or for bringing the main power feed into a building. A form of bus duct known as
"plug-in bus" is used to distribute power down the length of a building; it is constructed to allow
tap-off switches or motor controllers to be installed at designated places along the bus. The big
advantage of this scheme is the ability to remove or add a branch circuit without removing
voltage from the whole duct.

Bus ducts may have all phase conductors in the same enclosure (non-isolated bus), or may have
each conductor separated by a grounded barrier from the adjacent phases (segregated bus). For
conducting large currents between devices, a cable bus is used.
For very large currents in generating stations or substations, where it is difficult to provide
circuit protection, an isolated-phase bus is used. Each phase of the circuit is run in a separate
grounded metal enclosure. The only fault possible is a phase-to-ground fault, since the
enclosures are separated. This type of bus can be rated up to 50,000 amperes and up to hundreds
of kilovolts (during normal service, not just for faults), but is not used for building wiring in the
conventional sense.
Electrical panels
Electrical panels are easily accessible junction boxes used to reroute and switch electrical
services. The term is often used to refer to circuit breaker panels or "fuse boxes"

A distribution board (or panel board) is a component of an electricity supply system which
divides an electrical power feed into subsidiary circuits, while providing a protective fuse or
circuit breaker for each circuit, in a common enclosure. Normally, a main switch, and in recent
boards, one or more Residual-current devices (RCD) or Residual Current Breakers with Over
current protection (RCBO), will also be incorporated.
Figure 1.7

Cable Laying
Underground Armoured Cable
1. Excavate the Drain & Lay Armoured Cables.
2. Put a Sand Layer on it.
3. Install a Tile layer. (To protect cables from future excavations)
4. Put some soil on the Tile Layer.
5. Lay some Warning Tapes.
6. Fill with good soil.

2.Electrical Tools
Most electrical wiring jobs are relatively easy to handle with a few inexpensive tools.
Figure 2.1

Circuit Tester.
Figure 2.2
Multi Meter
Figure 2.3
Drill Machine
Figure 2.4
A circuit tester plugs into a conventional outlet and
tells you whether the circuit is "hot" (charged) or
properly grounded.
You'll want to have a multi-meter on hand
for making a variety of continuity checks,
checking voltage, and other similar tasks..
There are many types of drills: some are powered manually,
others use electricity (electric drill) or compressed air (pneumatic
drill) as the motive power and a minority is driven by an internal
combustion engine (for example, earth drilling augers). Drills
with a percussive action (hammer drills) are mostly used in hard
materials such as masonry (brick, concrete and stone) or rock.
Drilling rigs are used to bore holes in the earth to obtain water or
oil. Oil wells, water wells, or holes for geothermal heating are
created with large drilling rigs. Some types of hand-held drills
are also used to drive screws and other fasteners. Some small
appliances that have no motor of their own may be drill-powered,
such as small pumps, grinders, etc.

Angle Grinder
Figure 2.5
Lug Tool
Figure 2.6
Hole Puncher Revert Gun
Angle grinders may be used both for removing excess
material from a piece or simply cutting into a piece. There
are many different kinds of discs that are used for various
materials and tasks, such as cut-off discs (diamond blade),
abrasive grinding discs, grinding stones, sanding discs,
wire brush wheels and polishing pads. The angle grinder
has large bearings to counter side forces generated during
cutting, unlike a power drill, where the force is axial.
Mechanical crimping tool for cable lug

3.Earthing
Earthing or grounding of equipment refers to the connection of non-current carrying parts of
electrical equipment to the earth to maintain earth potential. In domestic systems, the earthing
circuit is usually earthed by connecting to metallic water pipes buried in ground. An effective
earthing (grounding) system avoids having dangerous potentials on the equipment even during
electrical faults and also ensures the proper operation of electrical protection equipment during
fault conditions (this will be discussed under the operation of Earth Leakage and Residual
Current Circuit Breakers).
Earthing or Grounding
Earthing is carried out in an electrical installation for the purpose of,
(a) Limiting the potential (voltage) of current carrying conductors forming a part of the system − “neutral
earthing”
(b) Limiting the potential of non-current carrying metal work associated with equipment, apparatus and
.
The potential of an installation is measured with respect to the general mass of the earth or commonly
called earth. Thus the potential is limited with respect to earth.
Neutral Earthing
This is important because the performance of the system in terms of short circuits, stability, protection,
etc., is greatly affected by the state of the neutral conductor. When the neutral is properly grounded,
voltages of the phases are limited to near phase to ground voltage.
Equipment Earthing
This refers to grounding of all metal work of equipment other than the parts which are normally current
carrying. This is governed by various regulations such as the IEE regulations. The objective of this
grounding is to ensure effective and rapid operation of the protective gear in the event of earth fault
currents which might otherwise be undetected and cause fire and also protect against danger to life
through shock due to installation metal work being maintained at a dangerous potential relative to earth.

Types of Earthing Arrangement
In the regulations for electrical installations, the types of earthing systems are identified as follows,
depending on the relationship of the source (supply authority network) and of the exposed conductive
parts of the installation, to earth. These are;
TN - earthing of the installation is done to that supplied by the supply authority
TT - supply authority earth and the installation earth is independent
IT - supply authority has effectively an isolated neutral and the installation has an independent
earth
In these, the first letter denotes the earthing arrangement at the supply authority side and the second letter
denotes the relationship of the exposed conductive parts of the installation to earth.
With the First letter, T (short for terra or earth) refers to a direct connection of one or more points of the
source to earth, and I (short for isolated) indicated that all live parts are isolated from earth or one point
connected to earth through a high impedance.
With the Second letter, T denotes a direct electrical connection of the exposed conductive parts of the
consumers installation to earth, independently of the earthing of any point of the supply authority side,
while N denotes a direct electrical connection of the exposed conductive parts to the earthed point of the
supply authority side, which for ac is usually the neutral point.[There are further sub-divisions of the TN
system, but are considered to be beyond the contents of this course. Even the details of the earthing
systems other than the one used in Sri Lanka will not be dealt with in this course]

TT System
The TT System of earthing is the one used in Sri Lanka. In this system, the supply is earthed at
the source end, and all exposed-conductive parts of the installation are connected to an
electrically independent earth electrode at the consumer end.
Figure 3.1
The normal earthing practice is to provide a circuit protective conductor throughout every
installation. A circuit protective conductor connects exposed conductive parts of equipment to
the main earthing terminal. As mentioned earlier, the most common method employed for
earthing, at the domestic installations in Sri Lanka, is to use an earth electrode (commonly a
galvanized iron pipe). The resistance of this electrode to earth also depends on the condition of
soil and may have values in excess of 100 Ω. Thus in the TT system of earthing, it is now
essential to use an RCCB for protection.

Figure 3.2
Figure 3.3

4. Electric Circuits
Final circuits for socket outlets
Socket outlets (commonly called plug points by electricians) are wired in two ways. These are
the ring circuit connection and the radial connection.
Ring circuits
Each circuit commences from consumer unit (or distribution board) through an MCB (or fuse) of
specific rating usually 30 A, loops into each socket outlet and returns to the same MCB (or fuse)
in the consumer unit (distribution board). Looping must be done for the live conductor, neutral
conductor and the protective conductor in separate rings. The ring method of connection is done
only for the 13 A socket outlets, as the individual 13A plugs are separately having fuses (fuses
may be usually rated at 13 A or 3 A depending on the type of load).
Figure 4.1

A ring circuit may have an unlimited number of socket outlets provided that the floor area served
by the ring does not exceed 100 m2 and that the maximum demand of the circuit does not exceed
the MCB (or fuse) rating. A kitchen should usually have a separate ring circuit.
Radial circuits
Each circuit commences from the consumer unit/distribution board through an MCB/fuse of
specific rating (e.g. 20A), loop into each socket outlet but ends at a socket outlet (does not return
to the original fuse/MCB).
Figure 4.2

Loop-in Method
Figure 4.3
Figure shows the use of loop-in method for wiring a final circuit for lighting. The loop in method
enables all joints and terminations in a single final circuit to be made at ceiling roses, switches or
other accessories. This makes all joints accessible for the purpose of alterations and for testing.
Each final circuit has both its live conductor as well as the neutral conductor terminating at the
consumer unit. The wires are usually laid in PVC conduits. Lamp circuits do not normally need
an earth wire unless there is a metallic fitting which needs to be earthed for safety.
Two way switches
Figure 4.4
A two-way switch is used when it is necessary to operate a lamp from two positions, such as at the top
and bottom of a staircase and at the ends of a long corridor

Circuit Breakers
A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to protect an electrical
circuit from damage caused by overload or short circuit. Its basic function is to detect a fault
condition and, by interrupting continuity, to immediately discontinue electrical flow. Unlike a
fuse, which operates once and then must be replaced, a circuit breaker can be reset (either
manually or automatically) to resume normal operation. Circuit breakers are made in varying
sizes, from small devices that protect an individual household appliance up to large switchgear
designed to protect high voltage circuits feeding an entire city.
Figure 4.5

Operation
All circuit breakers have common features in their operation, although details vary substantially
depending on the voltage class, current rating and type of the circuit breaker.
The circuit breaker must detect a fault condition; in low-voltage circuit breakers this is usually
done within the breaker enclosure. Circuit breakers for large currents or high voltages are usually
arranged with pilot devices to sense a fault current and to operate the trip opening mechanism.
The trip solenoid that releases the latch is usually energized by a separate battery, although some
high-voltage circuit breakers are self-contained with current transformers, protection relays, and
an internal control power source.
Once a fault is detected, contacts within the circuit breaker must open to interrupt the circuit;
some mechanically-stored energy (using something such as springs or compressed air) contained
within the breaker is used to separate the contacts, although some of the energy required may be
obtained from the fault current itself. Small circuit breakers may be manually operated; larger
units have solenoids to trip the mechanism, and electric motors to restore energy to the springs.
The circuit breaker contacts must carry the load current without excessive heating, and must also
withstand the heat of the arc produced when interrupting (opening) the circuit. Contacts are made
of copper or copper alloys, silver alloys, and other highly conductive materials. Service life of
the contacts is limited by the erosion of contact material due to arcing while interrupting the
current. Miniature and molded case circuit breakers are usually discarded when the contacts have
worn, but power circuit breakers and high-voltage circuit breakers have replaceable contacts.
When a current is interrupted, an arc is generated. This arc must be contained, cooled, and
extinguished in a controlled way, so that the gap between the contacts can again withstand the
voltage in the circuit. Different circuit breakers use vacuum, air, insulating gas, or oil as the
medium the arc forms in. Different techniques are used to extinguish the arc including:
 Lengthening / deflection of the arc
 Intensive cooling (in jet chambers)
 Division into partial arcs
 Zero point quenching (Contacts open at the zero current time crossing of the AC
waveform, effectively breaking no load current at the time of opening. The zero crossing
occurs at twice the line frequency i.e. 100 times per second for 50 Hz and 120 times per
second for 60 Hz AC)
 Connecting capacitors in parallel with contacts in DC circuits
Finally, once the fault condition has been cleared, the contacts must again be closed to restore
power to the interrupted circuit.

Types of circuit breakers
Many different classifications of circuit breakers can be made, based on their features such as
voltage class, construction type, interrupting type, and structural features.
Low voltage circuit breakers
Low voltage (less than 1000 VAC) types are common in domestic, commercial and industrial
application, and include:
 MCB (Miniature Circuit Breaker)—rated current not more than 100 A. Trip
characteristics normally not adjustable. Thermal or thermal-magnetic operation. Breakers
illustrated above are in this category.
 MCCB (Molded Case Circuit Breaker)—rated current up to 2500 A. Thermal or thermal-
magnetic operation. Trip current may be adjustable in larger ratings.
 Low voltage power circuit breakers can be mounted in multi-tiers in low-voltage
switchboards or switchgear cabinets.
Figure 4.6

Magnetic circuit breakers
Magnetic circuit breakers use a solenoid (electromagnet) whose pulling force increases with the
current. Certain designs utilize electromagnetic forces in addition to those of the solenoid. The
circuit breaker contacts are held closed by a latch. As the current in the solenoid increases
beyond the rating of the circuit breaker, the solenoid's pull releases the latch, which lets the
contacts open by spring action. Some magnetic breakers incorporate a hydraulic time delay
feature using a viscous fluid. A spring restrains the core until the current exceeds the breaker
rating. During an overload, the speed of the solenoid motion is restricted by the fluid. The delay
permits brief current surges beyond normal running current for motor starting, energizing
equipment, etc. Short circuit currents provide sufficient solenoid force to release the latch
regardless of core position thus bypassing the delay feature. Ambient temperature affects the
time delay but does not affect the current rating of a magnetic breaker
Thermal magnetic circuit breakers
Thermal magnetic circuit breakers, which are the type found in most distribution boards,
incorporate both techniques with the electromagnet responding instantaneously to large surges in
current (short circuits) and the bimetallic strip responding to less extreme but longer-term over-
current conditions. The thermal portion of the circuit breaker provides an "inverse time" response
feature, which provides faster or slower response for larger or smaller over currents respectively.
Common trip breakers
When supplying a branch circuit with more than one live conductor, each live conductor must be
protected by a breaker pole. To ensure that all live conductors are interrupted when any pole
trips, a "common trip" breaker must be used. These may either contain two or three tripping
mechanisms within one case, or for small breakers, may externally tie the poles together via their
operating handles. Two pole common trip breakers are common on 120/240 volt systems where
240 volt loads (including major appliances or further distribution boards) span the two live wires.

Three-pole common trip breakers are typically used to supply three-phase electric power to large
motors or further distribution boards.
Two and four pole breakers are used when there is a need to disconnect multiple phase AC—or
to disconnect the neutral wire to ensure that no current flows through the neutral wire from other
loads connected to the same network when workers may touch the wires during maintenance.
Separate circuit breakers must never be used for live and neutral, because if the neutral is
disconnected while the live conductor stays connected, a dangerous condition arises: the circuit
appears de-energized (appliances don't work), but wires remain live and RCDs don't trip if
someone touches the live wire (because RCDs need power to trip). This is why only common
trip breakers must be used when neutral wire switching is needed
Figure 4.7

5.SAFETY
Top 10 Rules for Electric Safety
Figure 5.1
Figure 5.2
Figure 5.3
Figure 5.4
1. DON'T plug a bunch of stuff into one outlet or
extension cord.
It could damage the electrical system in your house
or even cause a fire.
2. Make sure all electric cords are tucked away,
neat and tidy.
Pets might chew on electrical cords, and people
might trip and fall.
3. DON'T ever climb the fence around an electrical
substation.
If a ball or pet gets inside the fence, ask a grown-up
to call the electric company - they'll come and get it
out for you.
4. DON'T yank an electrical cord from the wall.
Pulling on a cord can damage the appliance, the
plug or the outlet.
5. Fly your kite far away from power lines or
substations.
The kite and the string may conduct electricity -
sending it right through you to the ground.
6. 6. Ask a grown-up for help when you need to use
something that uses electricity.

Figure 5.5
Figure 5.6
7. DO look up and look out for power lines before you
climb a tree.
The electricity can go right through the tree branch -
and right through you!
8. Have a grown-up put safety caps on all unused
electrical outlets.
Covering outlets will also help save energy by stopping
cold drafts.
9. Remind your mom or dad to watch out for power
lines when they're using a ladder, chainsaw or other
outdoor equipment.
10. Keep electrical stuff far away from water.
Most electrical accidents around the house happen when
people use electricity near water

Figure5.7 Figure 5.8
Figure 5.9
Yes, I’m fully
sounds with Safety

6. DUTIES & RESPONSIBILITIES
DUTIES & RESPONSIBILITIES OF PROJECT MANAGER
 He should responsibilities for around all section of the site administration, technical and
other parts.
 He should prepare programs & progress charts for the site organization.
 He should co- ordinates between head office and site and also between the client &
contractor
 He must select who are the best for each work and who can do hard works.
 He should co-ordinating with different sub contractor agencies to maintain the speed of
construction project work.
 He should attend site meetings, preparation of proceeding for tomorrow, discuss the
difficulties, suggestions taken out the meeting.
 He should give instructions to the engineers, assistance engineers & officers as it required
by the site conditions.
 Complete the project with in given time & cost also good quality must there.
DUTIES OF ENGINEERS
 Keeping overall watch on working of all the supervisors & workers to obtain maximum
output from them.
 To control wastage & details provided by the consultants & explain to supervisors.
 To prepare reinforcement schedules of the project.
 To work out the requirement of different material necessary for work involved.

DUTIES & RESPONSIBILITIES OF ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICER
 Security services should be careful checked on daily basis & report promptly all
shortcomings to project manager.
 Maintenance & movements of machineries, vehicles & arrangement it requirement in
time.
 All transfers of employers from one work site should be organized an in order to prepare
the transfer documents. ( gate passes )
 All the copies of attendance sheet & any other document pertaining to site employee’s
from; be carefully packed and dispatched to teed office at the end every month.
 The passes must be issued all sub contractors employees & re-new or alter each 6
months.
 Every personal accidents looks after the purpose of employees & he should take action to
overcome problems as soon as possible.
STORE MANAGEMENTS
To get good store handling without wasting the materials or working hours of labors due to
the finishing of materials, the site manager should keep close associated with store keepers.
Main stores managed site stores.
Storekeepers should maintain the following records
 Material requisition
 Goods Received note
 Stores requisition
 Gate pass
 Transfer voucher
 Issue receipt voucher

Material Requisition
This is used to issue the material to the workers from the site office. Officers
have to fill this form & sign it & worker give it to stores and store keeper was issued
request quantity for the worker.
Goods Received Note
When the requested materials are supplied to the site, the store keeper prepares
the “Goods Received Note” by checking quantity of the goods received thoroughly. The
project manager must give the final approval.
Purchase Requisition
If any material is not available or not on sufficient quantities in the site the store keeper
should inform the project manager about the stock levels when a requirement arises a
“Purchase Requisition” is prepared stating the required materials, quantities etc. and
forwarded to the site manager for approval.
Store Requisition
If a material purchasing through the head office stores requisition is prepared. Then
certified it by site manager and forwarded to the head office.
Transfer voucher
To transfer any equipment, material from one site to another site or head office stores
to the site transfer voucher is issued. This is consisting of four copies.
Original - to receive place
Duplicate - to certify that goods received and return it to the site
Triplicate - to the security book copy
Gate pass
If something is taken out from the site the gate pass is issued. Especially for the sub
contractors

DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF CONSULTANT
Consultant has to design and prepare the details of the project to the satisfaction of the
client has to administer the work till its completion.
In this task consultant has to give details and certification where ever necessary. If all of his
responsibilities be has,
1. Closely supervises the work
2. Review the progress and propose remedial action
3. Check and certify the bills
4. Check and approve the new rates, day works, variation orders
5. Supervise the rectification work during maintenance period
6. Issue as certificate of completion at the end of the project
7. Check the quality of the work that client wishes
8. Complete project within given time period and given cost by the client.

Basic Industrial Training – Rogessor Engineering (PVT) Ltd. References
REFERENCES
Establishment 1:- Rogessor Engineering (PVT) Ltd
1. www.alcatel-lucent.com
2. www.etisalat.lk
3. www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3G
Establishment 2:- Illukkumbura Industrial Automation (PVT) Ltd.
1. www.central-electric.blogspot.com
2. www.alliantenergykids.com
3. www.en.wikipedia.com/wiki/circuit-breaker

Basic Industrial Training – Rogessor Engineering (PVT) Ltd. Conclusion
CONCLUSION
Rogessor Engineering (Pvt) Ltd. is one of the leading Engineering establishments of
Telecommunication industry in the country, so as you expect it is a great privilege for an
Electronic & Telecommunication Engineering students to get his or her in-plant training at an
organization of this nature. Rogessor is a well capable and committed company to provide
more than useful training to Engineering students.
At Rogessor the training program is handled by Mr. G.K.Dhahanayake, who is the Project
Engineer and Network Quality he has this great ability to train people. Whenever he assigns a
project to us the theoretical background to it, is also explained so our minds are clear of what
to do. And he knows how to motivate people to do things, so by working with people like Mr.
G.M.A.D.Karunarathna you can gather knowledge not only on technical matters but also on
how to handle different situations and people. Almost all the employees of the company had a
very good enthusiasm in training students. They helped us in many ways and tried to make our
stay at the company as pleasant as they can. The technicians of the company are very friendly,
and has a great enthusiasm to give all the knowledge they have on various components and
practices to us.
Unlike other companies, that other students underwent their in-plant training we had
opportunity to, not to learn only by observing and listening, but by actually do the thing and
learn by practice. And the projects we did were not just for display, some of them got
implemented during our stay at Rogessor and others will get implemented soon. So it’s a great
feeling to see you work is not wasted and it in operation. I think Rogessor is the only place
where a student undergoes this experience.
Overall, I would like to say that Rogessor is an able company to give a useful training
for engineering students and to make them well-informed practical Engineers.
Mr.S.L.D.Kasun
EP / 10 / 8027
Electrical Engineering: Power
Institute of Engineering Technology
Katunayake
05.08.2012

CERTIFICATION BY TRAINING ENGINEER
This is to certify that Mr.S.L.D.Kasun (EP/10/8027) from Institute of Engineering
Technology-(IET) at Katunayake has undergone his Industrial training – (BIT) at
Rogessor Engineering (PVT) Ltd as an implant trainee in the field of Electrical
Engineering- Power from 15th
August 2011 to 20th
April 2012 and he has personally
prepared this industrial training report.
I hope that the knowledge gathered at Rogessor Engineering (PVT) Ltd was beneficial to
his in producing this training report.
……………………………………. ………………………………..
Date Mr. G.M.A.D.Karunarathna
(Project Engineer)
Rogessor Engineering (PVT) Ltd. (Rubber Stamp of Estb)

CERTIFICATION BY TRAINING ENGINEER
This is to certify that Mr. S.L.D.Kasun (EP/10/8027) from Institute of Engineering
Technology-(IET) at Katunayake has undergone his Industrial training – (BIT) at
Illukkumbura Industrial Automation (PVT) Ltd as an implant trainee in the field of Electrical
Engineering- Power from 08th
May 2012 to 15th
August 2012 and he has personally
prepared this industrial training report.
I hope that the knowledge gathered at Illukkumbura Industrial Automation (PVT) Ltd was
beneficial to his in producing this training report.
……………………………………. ………………………………..
Date Mr. Rajathe Attygaller
(General Manager - Project)
Illukkumbura Industrial Automation (PVT) Ltd. (Rubber Stamp of Estb)
(Office use only )
Evaluation by HOD (E) –IT

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