The history of trade unions, from the dawn of the labor movement in Great Britain, mainland Europe, and the United States in the 19th century to the successes and challenges in the 20th and 21st centuries.
An organized association of workers in a trade, group of trades, or profession, formed to protect and further their rights and interests. The law relating to the registration and protection of the trade unions is contained in the trade unions act, 1926 which came into force with effect from 1st June 1927.
An organized association of workers in a trade, group of trades, or profession, formed to protect and further their rights and interests. The law relating to the registration and protection of the trade unions is contained in the trade unions act, 1926 which came into force with effect from 1st June 1927.
A trade union is such an organisation which is created voluntarily on the basis of collective strength to secure the interests of the workers.
Development of modern industry, especially in the Western countries, can be traced back to the 18th century. Industrial development in India on Western lines, however commenced from the middle of the 19th century. The first organised Trade Union in India named as the Madras Labour Union was formed in the year 1918. Since then a large number of unions sprang up in almost all the industrial centres of the country. Similarly, entrepreneurs also formed their organisations to protect their interests.
The Trade Union Act was passed in 1926 under the title of the Indian Trade Union Act and was brought into effect from 1st June 1927 by a notification in the Official Gazette by the Central Government. The Act was amended in 1947, 1960 and 1962, Subsequently the word ‘Indian’ was deleted from the amended Act of 1964, which came into force from 1st April 1965. A comprehensive trade unions (Amendment) Act was passed in 1982.
It is a corporate body: The registered trade union is a corporate body under section 13 of the Act
Section 17 of the Trade Union Act gives immunity to members and office bearers of registered trade unions from criminal conspiracy in connection with trade disputes.
The presentation provides a description and evaluation of the current reform process followed by the Cuban economic and social model, preceded by a historic review of previous reform attempts since the late 80’s.
Trade union and its classifications,types,policies and condition in different...swarna dey
Trade union, also called labour union , association of labourers in a particular trade,industry, or company, created for the purpose of securing improvements in pay, benefits, working conditions, or social and political status through collective bargaining. Generally, its membership consists of worlers and union leaders, united to protect and promote their common interests.
In each country, there is a trade union legislation(usually a Trade Union Act) gives a legal definition of a trade union, and sets out its objectives.A labor union of workers in related crafts, as distinguished from general workers or a union including all workers industry.
Trade union, also called labourunion , association of laborers in a particular trade, industry, or company, created for the purpose of securing improvements in pay, benefits, working conditions, or social and political status through collective bargaining. (Schumpeter j 2008)
Labor unions or trade unions are organizations formed by workers from related fields that work for the common interest of its members. They help workers in issues like fairness of pay, good working environment, hours of work and benefits. They represent a cluster of workers and provide a link between the management and workers.(Rein chard 1974)
The history of trade union dates back to the guild system that started in Europe, this system aimed to protect selected professions by controlling of advancement and skill mastery. This is how unions came into existence, and is the first example of how numerous workers join together to create their own rules instead of following those set by their employers.
A trade union is such an organisation which is created voluntarily on the basis of collective strength to secure the interests of the workers.
Development of modern industry, especially in the Western countries, can be traced back to the 18th century. Industrial development in India on Western lines, however commenced from the middle of the 19th century. The first organised Trade Union in India named as the Madras Labour Union was formed in the year 1918. Since then a large number of unions sprang up in almost all the industrial centres of the country. Similarly, entrepreneurs also formed their organisations to protect their interests.
The Trade Union Act was passed in 1926 under the title of the Indian Trade Union Act and was brought into effect from 1st June 1927 by a notification in the Official Gazette by the Central Government. The Act was amended in 1947, 1960 and 1962, Subsequently the word ‘Indian’ was deleted from the amended Act of 1964, which came into force from 1st April 1965. A comprehensive trade unions (Amendment) Act was passed in 1982.
It is a corporate body: The registered trade union is a corporate body under section 13 of the Act
Section 17 of the Trade Union Act gives immunity to members and office bearers of registered trade unions from criminal conspiracy in connection with trade disputes.
The presentation provides a description and evaluation of the current reform process followed by the Cuban economic and social model, preceded by a historic review of previous reform attempts since the late 80’s.
Trade union and its classifications,types,policies and condition in different...swarna dey
Trade union, also called labour union , association of labourers in a particular trade,industry, or company, created for the purpose of securing improvements in pay, benefits, working conditions, or social and political status through collective bargaining. Generally, its membership consists of worlers and union leaders, united to protect and promote their common interests.
In each country, there is a trade union legislation(usually a Trade Union Act) gives a legal definition of a trade union, and sets out its objectives.A labor union of workers in related crafts, as distinguished from general workers or a union including all workers industry.
Trade union, also called labourunion , association of laborers in a particular trade, industry, or company, created for the purpose of securing improvements in pay, benefits, working conditions, or social and political status through collective bargaining. (Schumpeter j 2008)
Labor unions or trade unions are organizations formed by workers from related fields that work for the common interest of its members. They help workers in issues like fairness of pay, good working environment, hours of work and benefits. They represent a cluster of workers and provide a link between the management and workers.(Rein chard 1974)
The history of trade union dates back to the guild system that started in Europe, this system aimed to protect selected professions by controlling of advancement and skill mastery. This is how unions came into existence, and is the first example of how numerous workers join together to create their own rules instead of following those set by their employers.
A trade union (or a labor union in American English), often simply called a union, is an organization of workers who have come together to achieve many common goals, such as protecting the integrity of their trade, improving safety standards, and attaining better wages, benefits (such as vacation, health care
Top of FormLesson 7 Public PolicyExpected Outcomes.docxedwardmarivel
Top of Form
Lesson 7: Public Policy
Expected Outcomes
To understand the political economy of the United States, and to critically evaluate various theories and approaches regarding the pressing and controversial economic issues of today.
Overview
Politics is partly the business of determining “who gets what, when, and how,” so it is important to consider several macro-economic issues in any introductory course to American government and politics. This area of study can be considered “political economy.” Labor laws, entitlement programs, corporate welfare, globalization and outsourcing are all considered in this lesson.
What can and should the federal government do about these issues?
Labor and Unions
The labor movement is the story of “rise” and “fall.” A century ago, the labor union was in its infancy. While many people associate today’s labor movement with strong unions (and sometimes with unreasonable demands for higher wages and more benefits), the labor movement actually has its origins in fighting for basic work safety. It also fought against child labor.
Eventually, despite local, state and federal obstacles (including several Supreme Court decisions), the labor movement accomplished many of its goals. In fact, some economists argue that the labor movement became too successful as it was able to secure unsustainably-generous contracts from automobile manufacturers, for instance.
Indeed, the “fall” of the labor movement can be seen in the massive layoffs in the industrial sector. General Motors, for example, laid off more than 25,000 employees – largely because GM could no longer afford to pay them the wages and benefits that the United Auto Workers (UAW) had secured in the 1980s and 1990s.
Furthermore, union membership has been continually falling for several decades – measured as a percentage of the labor force. The right to strike is taken as a given. At the outset of the American Industrial Revolution, however, it was often illegal for workers to organize into unions and strike.
In the 1880s, George Pullman built the town of Pullman near Chicago to manufacture his famous railway cars. All buildings in the town were company owned and rented to workers, churches, and stores. The company cut wages a number of times in the 1880s, but it failed to reduce the rent in the company-owned housing. Workers went on strike. Sympathetic railway workers across the country boycotted trains carrying Pullman cars. Federal troops were called in to keep the trains moving and to break the strike, prompting violence and looting in Chicago in 1894. With the arrest of the leaders in Chicago, the strike collapsed.
A demonstration over an 8-hour working day in Chicago drew about 1,500 people in 1886. When police attempted to disperse the meeting, a bomb exploded and rioting ensued. Seven policemen and four other persons were killed, and more than 100 persons were wounded. Eight “anarchist” leaders were convicted of inciting violence. ...
Top of FormExpected OutcomesTo understand the political ec.docxedwardmarivel
Top of Form
Expected Outcomes
To understand the political economy of the United States, and to critically evaluate various theories and approaches regarding the pressing and controversial economic issues of today.
Overview
Politics is partly the business of determining “who gets what, when, and how,” so it is important to consider several macro-economic issues in any introductory course to American government and politics. This area of study can be considered “political economy.” Labor laws, entitlement programs, corporate welfare, globalization and outsourcing are all considered in this lesson.
What can and should the federal government do about these issues?
Labor and Unions
The labor movement is the story of “rise” and “fall.” A century ago, the labor union was in its infancy. While many people associate today’s labor movement with strong unions (and sometimes with unreasonable demands for higher wages and more benefits), the labor movement actually has its origins in fighting for basic work safety. It also fought against child labor.
Eventually, despite local, state and federal obstacles (including several Supreme Court decisions), the labor movement accomplished many of its goals. In fact, some economists argue that the labor movement became too successful as it was able to secure unsustainably-generous contracts from automobile manufacturers, for instance.
Indeed, the “fall” of the labor movement can be seen in the massive layoffs in the industrial sector. General Motors, for example, laid off more than 25,000 employees – largely because GM could no longer afford to pay them the wages and benefits that the United Auto Workers (UAW) had secured in the 1980s and 1990s.
Furthermore, union membership has been continually falling for several decades – measured as a percentage of the labor force. The right to strike is taken as a given. At the outset of the American Industrial Revolution, however, it was often illegal for workers to organize into unions and strike.
In the 1880s, George Pullman built the town of Pullman near Chicago to manufacture his famous railway cars. All buildings in the town were company owned and rented to workers, churches, and stores. The company cut wages a number of times in the 1880s, but it failed to reduce the rent in the company-owned housing. Workers went on strike. Sympathetic railway workers across the country boycotted trains carrying Pullman cars. Federal troops were called in to keep the trains moving and to break the strike, prompting violence and looting in Chicago in 1894. With the arrest of the leaders in Chicago, the strike collapsed.
A demonstration over an 8-hour working day in Chicago drew about 1,500 people in 1886. When police attempted to disperse the meeting, a bomb exploded and rioting ensued. Seven policemen and four other persons were killed, and more than 100 persons were wounded. Eight “anarchist” leaders were convicted of inciting violence. Four were hanged, one comm ...
The history, economy, and culture of JENA, a university city in east-central Germany and one of the most important cities in the federal state of Thuringia.
The major events of the RUSSIAN REVOLUTION, a series of two revolutions in RUSSIA in 1917. The first revolution in March (O.S. February) deposed TSAR NICHOLAS II. The second revolution in November (O.S. October) toppled the Provisional Government and handed power to the Bolsheviks, giving way to the rise of the SOVIET UNION (U.S.S.R.), the world's first communist state.
A presentation about socialism, a political and economic theory of social organization that advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole.
The history, architecture, culture, infrastructure, and demographics of Debrecen (Romanian: Debrețin; German: Debrezin; Serbian: Дебрецин, Debrecin; Czech and Slovak: Debrecín), the second-largest city in Hungary.
A brief history of the formerly Hungarian city Cluj-Napoca (German: Klausenburg; Hungarian: Kolozsvár; Medieval Latin: Castrum Clus, Claudiopolis; Yiddish: קלויזנבורג, Kloiznburg), a Romanian city since 1920. Historic sites are also included in this presentation.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
2. What is a trade union?
• A trade union, also called a labour union (Canada) or a labor union
(U.S.) is an association of workers in a specific trade, industry, or company
who work together with the intent of attaining improvements in pay, benefits
(e.g., vacation, health care, and retirement), working conditions, or social
and political status through the increased bargaining power wielded by the
creation of a monopoly of the workers.
• The trade union, through its leadership, negotiates with the employer in
support of union members (rank and file members) and discusses labor
contracts (collective bargaining) with employers.
• The most frequent purpose of these associations or unions is “maintaining or
improving the conditions of their employment”.
• This may comprise discussing salaries, work rules, complaint procedures,
rules governing hiring, discharging and promotion of workers,
benefits, workplace safety and policies.
4. Historical Development
• As an organized movement, trade unionism originated in the 19th century in
Great Britain, mainland Europe, and the United States.
• In various countries, it is used interchangeably with the term labor movement.
• Smaller alliances of workers began forming in Britain in the 18th century, but they
remained infrequent and short-lived through most of the 19th century, partly due to the
harsh opposition they were met with from businesses and government factions that felt
aggrieved toward this new form of political and economic social action.
• At that time, unions and unionists were often put on trial under numerous restraint-of-
trade and conspiracy rulings in both Britain and the United States.
• Even though union organizers in both countries dealt with similar barriers, their
methods developed fairly differently: the British movement preferred political
activism, which led to the founding of the Labour Party in 1900, whereas American
unions practiced collective bargaining as a measure of achieving economic gains for
their workers.
7. Legal Precedents
• British unionism obtained its legal establishment in the Trade Union Act 1871.
• In the United States, the same result was accomplished, though more gradually and
indecisively, through a succession of court verdicts that reversed the use of bans,
conspiracy laws, and other anti-union campaigns.
• In 1866, the founding of the National Labor Union (NLU) signified an early effort to
start a coalition of American unions.
• Although the NLU was dissolved in the 1870s, several of its member trade unions still
existed, representing such assorted professions as shoemakers, spinners, coal miners,
and railway workers.
• The founding of the American Federation of Labor (AFL) by numerous unions of
skilled workers in 1886 marked the launch of a permanent far-reaching labor
movement in the United States.
• Its member groups consisted of national trade or craft unions that planned local unions
and bargained for wages, hours, and working conditions.
9. Modern Developments
• Throughout the 20th century, craft unions lost support to industrial unions.
• This change was both historic and divisive because the earliest unions had improved
in order to represent trained workers.
• These groups believed that untrained workers were unsuitable for union organization.
• In 1935, for instance, the AFL opposed efforts to unify the unskilled and later fired a
small group of member unions that were trying to do so.
• The expelled unions founded the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO),
which by 1941 had secured the success of industrial unionism by organizing the steel
and automobile industries.
• When the AFL and the CIO merged in 1955, they represented approximately 15
million workers altogether.
• At the same time, mass unions began gaining momentum in Britain and numerous
other European countries; by the end of the century, the industrial unions—
supporting sizable numbers of unskilled or semiskilled workers—were acknowledged
as influential negotiating forces.
12. Modern Developments –
cont.
• The strength of the labor movement at any given moment has been tied to
overall economic circumstances.
• In times of full employment and increasing salaries, unionism normally loses
some of its appeal, mainly among younger workers, whereas it tends to have
more support when there is a recession.
• By the late 20th century, the globalization of the labor force had led to new
challenges to the labor movement, efficiently undermining collective
bargaining in industries whose workers could be exchanged for a cheaper
labor force in a different part of the world.
13. Modern Developments –
cont.
• In the United States, the labor movement was also harmfully affected by the
movement to carry out so-called right-to-work laws, which usually forbade
the union shop, a once mutual section of labor contracts that required
workers to join, or pay service dues to, a union as a condition of
employment.
• Right-to-work laws, which had been adopted in twenty-eight states and the
territory of Guam by the beginning of the 21st century, were promoted by
economic libertarians, trade associations, and corporate-financed think
tanks as compulsory to defend the economic freedom of workers.
• They had the real-world effect of threatening collective bargaining and
restricting the political activities of unions by taking away their assets.
15. Modern Developments –
cont.
• Certain other states adopted separate legislation to limit or ban
collective bargaining or the right to strike by public-sector unions.
• In Janus v. American Federation of State, County, and Municipal
Employees (2018), the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that public
employees cannot be required to pay service fees to a union to uphold
its collective-bargaining undertakings on their behalf.