Trade union, also called labour union , association of labourers in a particular trade,industry, or company, created for the purpose of securing improvements in pay, benefits, working conditions, or social and political status through collective bargaining. Generally, its membership consists of worlers and union leaders, united to protect and promote their common interests.
In each country, there is a trade union legislation(usually a Trade Union Act) gives a legal definition of a trade union, and sets out its objectives.A labor union of workers in related crafts, as distinguished from general workers or a union including all workers industry.
Trade union, also called labourunion , association of laborers in a particular trade, industry, or company, created for the purpose of securing improvements in pay, benefits, working conditions, or social and political status through collective bargaining. (Schumpeter j 2008)
Labor unions or trade unions are organizations formed by workers from related fields that work for the common interest of its members. They help workers in issues like fairness of pay, good working environment, hours of work and benefits. They represent a cluster of workers and provide a link between the management and workers.(Rein chard 1974)
The history of trade union dates back to the guild system that started in Europe, this system aimed to protect selected professions by controlling of advancement and skill mastery. This is how unions came into existence, and is the first example of how numerous workers join together to create their own rules instead of following those set by their employers.
introduction to trade unions
trade unions characteristics
objectives of trade unions
how trade unions are financed
how trade unions recruits its members
why employees join trade unions
functions of trade unions
trade union structure
Weakness/challenges/problems facing trade unions
Measures to strengthen trade unions
Advantages of trade unions to workers, employeer and society
criticism of trade unions by employer
Dear Seniors & Friends,
Sharing the PPT on "Labour Laws in India" with Various Act under the Labour Law. Kindly have a look on the Same & Share your valuable feedback & suggestion. If you found any mistake kindly update me for the modification the same.
Thanks & Regards,
Anshu Shekhar Singh
M- 9999 844 355
introduction to trade unions
trade unions characteristics
objectives of trade unions
how trade unions are financed
how trade unions recruits its members
why employees join trade unions
functions of trade unions
trade union structure
Weakness/challenges/problems facing trade unions
Measures to strengthen trade unions
Advantages of trade unions to workers, employeer and society
criticism of trade unions by employer
Dear Seniors & Friends,
Sharing the PPT on "Labour Laws in India" with Various Act under the Labour Law. Kindly have a look on the Same & Share your valuable feedback & suggestion. If you found any mistake kindly update me for the modification the same.
Thanks & Regards,
Anshu Shekhar Singh
M- 9999 844 355
BONUS ACT BASICS
A bonus is an extra amount of money that is added to someone's pay, usually because they have worked very hard.
The practice of paying bonus in India appears to have originated during First World War when certain textile mills granted 10% of wages as war bonus to their workers in 1917.
The history of trade unions, from the dawn of the labor movement in Great Britain, mainland Europe, and the United States in the 19th century to the successes and challenges in the 20th and 21st centuries.
BONUS ACT BASICS
A bonus is an extra amount of money that is added to someone's pay, usually because they have worked very hard.
The practice of paying bonus in India appears to have originated during First World War when certain textile mills granted 10% of wages as war bonus to their workers in 1917.
The history of trade unions, from the dawn of the labor movement in Great Britain, mainland Europe, and the United States in the 19th century to the successes and challenges in the 20th and 21st centuries.
A trade union (or a labor union in American English), often simply called a union, is an organization of workers who have come together to achieve many common goals, such as protecting the integrity of their trade, improving safety standards, and attaining better wages, benefits (such as vacation, health care
Labor relations started as a result of the labor environment and indiv.docxPauls0CGrantf
L. Houts Plastics is a large manufacturer of injection-molded plastics in North Carolina. An investigation of the company's manufacturing facility in Charlotte yields the information presented in the table below. How would the plant classify these items according to an ABC classification system? (Round dollar volume to the nearest whole number and percentage of dollar volume to two decimal places.)
.
A cooperative (also known as co-operative, co-op, or coop) is "an autonomous association of persons united voluntarily to meet their common economic, social, and cultural needs and aspirations through a jointly-owned enterprise".
Colonial Expansion: Process of Underdevelopmentswarna dey
Colonialism was a system which functioned well in the interests of the metro poles. The colonial rulers extract raw materials and cheap labor at low price from the colonies for the mother countries and trade the manufactured products at high rates. By ignoring the economic development of the colonies, colonization created political, economic, structural, cultural, social obstacles which further created underdevelopment in the colonies that even after independence they can not overcome those negative impacts of colonization. Even in the 20th century the western hegemony prevails in the colonized underdeveloped countries which impede them to become developed.
The studies on poverty and academic research, the “urban” has not yet been a significant part of it. Rapid rates of urbanization in Bangladesh is giving rise to increasing living in urban poor settlements. The livelihoods and challenges of these urban populations are unique and diverse. Nonetheless these poor urban settlements remain often invisible and their needs unserved. Thus the impact of unbridled urbanization deepens the scale and severity of urban poverty. In Bangladesh, urban poverty is found to be neglected in reducing poverty discourses such as research, policy and action. Urban poverty reduction will be subsequently important to the ability to meet national goals for poverty reduction that means policy and action must pay more attention to the urban poor.
Urban poverty:
Urban poverty is usually defined in two ways:
i. as an absolute standard based on a minimum amount of income needed to sustain a healthy and minimally comfortable life, and
ii. as a relative standard that is set based on average the standard of living in a nation.
Narratives of urban poverty in Bangladesh describe its characteristics, painting destructive pictures that prolong negative public and official perceptions of urban poverty and prevent greater action and commitment to the urban poor. They present images of squalid living conditions in dirty and unhygienic ‘slums’, where residents are exposed to high under- and unemployment and many are engaged in social disorders, such as crime, violence, drug addiction etc.
Symbolism – its significance and role in human swarna dey
A symbol conveys information only insofar as it has meaning to a specific community, the connection between a symbol and its referent is not intrinsic to the symbol itself but rather is a function of agreed upon use, custom, or convention.
Culture of human society is based on symbols. “Culture is a system of meaning and relations are trafficking in symbols.” (David Schnider & Clifford Geertz ) Flags, traffic lights, diplomas, and mathematical notation are all, in their various ways, symbols. So foundational is symbolism to humans that without it communication would be impossible. The most symbolic aspect of culture is language, but symbolism also plays a role in religion, politics, art, and literature as well as in kinship, commerce, and science. Symbolism is basic to the construction and conveyance of gender, ethnic, and national identities. It is the primary way by which humans create meaning, classify knowledge, express emotion, and regulate society.
Symbol:
The English word symbol derives etymologically from the Greek súmbolon, meaning “tally,” “contract,” or “ticket,” which referred originally to a token that was broken in two so that each half could be used to confirm the identity of the other. The word stems from the Greek roots syn - (“together”) and ballein (“to throw”) and thus has the approximate connotation of “to throw together.”
Symbols are cultural representations of reality. Every culture has its own set of symbols associated with different experiences and perceptions. Thus, as a representation, a symbol's meaning is neither instinctive nor automatic. The culture's members must interpret and over time reinterpret the symbol.
Symbols occur in different forms: verbal or nonverbal, written or unwritten. They can be anything that conveys a meaning, such as words on the page, drawings, pictures, and gestures. Clothing, homes, cars, and other consumer items are symbols that imply a certain level of social status.
Definition of symbols:
Symbols could be defined as “objects, acts, relationship or linguistic formations that stand for a multiplicity of meaning” This definition indicates that there are different symbolic forms and that it is possible for one symbolic form to be given several interpretations and these interpretations could be given at different levels, depending on the level of the interpreter’s consciousness and intelligence .Here are some of the definitions of symbol by renowned anthropologists and researchers ¬-
ECO CITY AND ITS FUTURE PLAN,VISION CONTESTswarna dey
An Eco-city is a human settlement modeled on the self-sustaining resilient structure & function of natural ecosystems.
Our dream for an eco-city would be that of elimination of carbon waste, energy production entirely through renewable resources, & merging the city harmoniously with the natural environment.
How to make our city more connected to the nature? The answer lies within some interconnected methods.
To begin with, the advocacy of vertical gardens in Dhaka that hates being decorated with extensive use of architectural glass as a building material that snowballs temperature drastically. A green wall is a wall partially or completely covered with greenery that includes a growing medium, such as soil or a substrate. They, may be indoors or outside, freestanding or attached to an existing wall, & come in a great variety of sizes. It’s a paramount & cost-effective solution to pollution. It wanes urban heat island effect & smog, cleanses outside air of pollutants & dust, cleans interior air space by removing VOCs, acts as a sound proofing barrier, insulates the building envelop, creates habitats for avifauna & insects, helps patients to recuperate through biophilia, assists children with ADHD to focus on studies.
Next, the promotion of urban forestry is needed which manifests the care & management of tree populations in urban settings for the purpose of improving the urban environment. Landscape architecture combining with urban forestry can provide many facilities such as scaling down storm water runoff, axing air pollution, downsizing energy costs through increased shade over buildings, enhancing property values, improving wildlife habitat, & mitigating environmental impact.
Lastly, the proper evaluation & expansion of Horticulture can be a stroke of luck for us. It includes plant conservation, landscape restoration, garden design & maintenance. Garden designing in buildings, specially rooftops & corridors can bring indefinite benefits. The implications of Arboriculture, turf management, floriculture, olericulture & landscape horticulture in urban areas will demonstrate tangible improvements in economic, psychological and other outcomes, access to nature.
social forestry,environment and climate changeswarna dey
Social forestry is a concept that ensure ecological, economic and social benefits. It broadly refers to the management of forests by local communities to achieve various environmental, social and development goals, including climate change mitigation and adaptation, food security, nutrition and livelihood support.
This slide will discuss the environmental phenomena and relation with the climate change.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Home assignment II on Spectroscopy 2024 Answers.pdf
Trade union and its classifications,types,policies and condition in different countries
1.
2.
3. Introduction
Trade union, also called labour union , association of labourers in a particular
trade,industry, or company, created for the purpose of securing improvements in pay,
benefits, working conditions, or social and political status through collective bargaining.
Generally, its membership consists of worlers and union leaders, united to protect and
promote their common interests.
In each country, there is a trade union legislation(usually a Trade Union Act) gives a
legal definition of a trade union, and sets out its objectives.
https://www.britannica.com/topic/trade-union
Page 8,Trade Union Administration ,R.L. Morris
4. Definition
A labor union of workers in related crafts, as distinguished from general workers
or a union including all workers industry.
• Trade union, also called labourunion , association of laborers in a particular
trade, industry, or company, created for the purpose of securing
improvements in pay, benefits, working conditions, or social and political
status through collective bargaining. (Schumpeter j 2008)
• Labor unions or trade unions are organizations formed by workers from related
fields that work for the common interest of its members. They help workers in
issues like fairness of pay, good working environment, hours of work and
benefits. They represent a cluster of workers and provide a link between the
management and workers.(Rein chard 1974)
• A trade union is exactly what its name suggests - it is a union of people for the
sake of their trade. In other words, it is an organization of workers in order to
achieve certain common goals like increment of wages, better working
conditions, etc.(Lipset&Bendix, 1991)
5. • An organization of workers who have come together to achieve common
goals such as protecting the integrity of its trade, improving safety
standards, achieving higher pay and benefits such as health care and
retirement, increasing the number of employees an employer assigns to
complete the work, and better working conditions . An organization of
workers who have come together to achieve common goals such as
protecting the integrity of its trade, improving safety standards, achieving
higher pay and benefits such as health care and retirement, increasing the
number of employees an employer assigns to complete the work, and
better working conditions. (Miller &Willium 1993)
• So that trade union is exactly what its name suggests - it is a union of
people for the sake of their trade. In other words, it is an organization of
workers in order to achieve certain common goals like increment of
wages, better working conditions, etc.
6. History Of Trade Union
The history of trade union dates back to the guild system that started in Europe, this
system aimed to protect selected professions by controlling of advancement and skill
mastery. This is how unions came into existence, and is the first example of how
numerous workers join together to create their own rules instead of following those set by
their employers.
A great demand for new workers to join the job market was triggered by the
eighteenth century's industrial revolution in Europe. In the US in earlier times the trade
unions and workers played a very important part in striving for their independence .
It was only in the nineteenth century that the trade union became hugely popular after
the founding of the National Labor Union, which is the very first national union. This
union was formed in the year 1866 and it was open for all kinds of workers.
Unfortunately, this union wasn't successful and was dissolved shortly and all that remains
in the history is its foundation. Later on in the year 1869, the Knights of Labor was
created and it was this union opposed child labor and promoted the idea of working for
eight hours a day.
And that is how trade unions came into existence.
7. Trade Unions until 1911
UK :
Modern trade unionism
has had its chief
development in English-
speaking countries, and
especially in the United
Kingdom, where the
conditions necessary for
its growth have been
present to the fullest
extent. With some
exceptions, such unions
as are found elsewhere
are either derived or
copied from English
organizations, or are
associations with political
objects.
Germany
In Germany the majority of trade
unions are of a political character,
being closely connected with the
Social Democratic party. These
Socialist trade unions, termed
“Gewerkschaften,” were started
by a congress held at Berlin in
1868, under the auspices of
Fritscher and Schweitzer.. In 1887
a general committee of the
German Gewerkschaften was
formed, and in 1890 the General
Commission of Trade Unions in
Germany was established.German
trade unions of one type or
another included a membership
of nearly two and a half millions in
1907,their membership were
doubled in five years.
France:
In France combinations of
workmen as well as of employers
were prohibited by the laws of
the 14th of June and the 28th of
September 1792, which
overthrew the old gild or
corporation system. They were
also penalized under various
articles of the Penal Code, and it
was not till 1864 that the
prohibition was modified by law..
Of the unions in existence in
1906, 3675 with a membership
of 752,362 belonged to 187
federations. There is, however,
some duplication owing to the
fact that some unions belong to
more than one federation.
8. GERMANY UNTIL 1911
In Germany the majority of trade unions are of a political character, being closely
connected with the Social Democratic party. These Socialist trade unions, termed
“Gewerkschaften,” were started by a congress held at Berlin in 1868, under the
auspices of Fritscher and Schweitzer, two followers of Lassalle. In 1878 many of
them were dissolved under the law prohibiting socialistic organizations, but shortly
after their place was taken by local unions termed “Fachvereine,” which ostensibly
abstained from politics, but which in various ways succeeded in evading the law
and carrying on the work of the Gewerkschaften. In 1887 a general committee of
the German Gewerkschaften was formed, and in 1890 the General Commission of
Trade Unions in Germany was established. Later years of prosperous trade have
been marked by a rapid growth in the strength of trade unions in Germany.
The Social Democratic (Gewerkschaften) trade unions included in 1907 a
membership of 1,886,147 . Another group of trade unions in Germany, known as
“Hirsch-Duncker” unions, from the names of their founders. These unions were
first formed in 1868, Another group of unions, the Christian trade unions
(Christliche Gewerkvereine), was formed in 1894. German trade unions of one
type or another included a membership of nearly two and a half millions in 1907,
their membership were doubled in five years.
9. France until 1911
In France combinations of workmen as well as of employers were
prohibited by the laws of the 14th of June and the 28th of September
1792, which overthrew the old gild or corporation system. They were also
penalized under various articles of the Penal Code, and it was not till
1864 that the prohibition was modified by law. At present the status of
trade unions in France is regulated by the law of 1884, which repealed
that of 1791 and modified the articles of the Penal Code so far as regards
professional syndicates of employers or workmen. Since then there has
been a considerable growth of workmen’s unions, which in 1906
numbered 5322 with a membership of 896,012. Of the unions in
existence in 1906, 3675 with a membership of 752,362 belonged to 187
federations. There is, however, some duplication owing to the fact that
some unions belong to more than one federation. In 1906 there were
260,869 members of unions in the transport, warehousing, &c., groups of
trades, 103,835 in the metal, 73,126 in the mining and quarrying, 78,854
in the textile, 66,678 in the building, 51,407 in the agricultural, forestry,
fishing and cattle breeding, 48,353 in the food preparation trades and the
remainder in various other trades.
10. ORIGIN
• Organisations to defend the rights of paid workers, usually set up just for
one-off problems, are very old indeed. An early 19th engraving of the
inside of a factory, an example of the oppressive conditions workers were
subjected to; children were even made to work in coalmines; unions were
depicted as a drunken mob.
• Long hours and harsh conditions for some children were finally accepted
as improper only in the report of the 1842 Royal Commission, an official
way of looking into something without doing very much! Children had
been taken into mines to work as early as four years of age, sometimes at
five and between five and six. The ruling elite of Britain were violently
hostile to what was known as `combination of workers, or unionisation.
• This country was not as we now know it. Freedom of the press was much
limited (then as now!), since newspapers were not only very costly - it was
a bit like buying a book to buy a `paper - but they were generally owned
by rich people and viewed as a business. Much of the press was just as
hostile to unions as they have been ever been.
•
11. For a quarter of a century the Combination Acts had kept unions illegal and small. There were
about 30 small unions, most trades - coachmakers, brushmakers, mechanics and so on, had a
secret society. This could not be ignored and unionism was becoming a more dangerous force
an illicit movement. A campaign to abolish the anti-union laws succeeded in 1824. Once the lid
was off, many groups of workers acted and a wave of strikes took place to win better pay and
conditions.Housing conditions were appalling. Marx’s collaborator, Fredrick Engels, wrote a
book about Manchester’s working class districts in 1844: whole districts have fallen into a
state of dilapidation, discomfort and misery. Engels thought it all an ever present pool of
stagnant desolation, starvation and degradation.
No worker had the vote and only the very well off acted as representatives in Parliament. A
tremendous struggle to change Britain into a democracy partially succeeded in 1832. But the
bulk of ordinary people still had no vote. Unions began to try to win things, causing a big fight
back from the masters, as the bosses were then called.Deference was expected towards the rich
and powerful from the ordinary people. You had to `know your place in society, or suffer the
consequences. There were few rights and charity was the main form of social welfare.
12. • In the disillusionment with politics that followed the realisation that the 1832 reform of voting had
only favoured the well off, especially the new class that owned industrial manufacturing, workers once again
turned to the notion of trades unionism. The first big general union, at once a federation of older trade societies
and a vehicle for the organisation of the new working class, was founded in 1833 - the Grand National
Consolidated Trades Union.As the GNCTU grew massively, the masters in Derby planned a showdown. All
trades unionists were locked out of their workplaces, until they were prepared to give up their allegiance to
unionism. After almost a year of starvation, the workers of Derby conceded defeat.
• In 1837, workers put a new set of six demands - the Charter. Supporters became known as Chartists and
their demands were:
• Universal manhood suffrage This was considered rather bold to suggest women could vote - only toffs and
businessmen were voters!
• Annual parliaments Governments could carry on more or less as long as the monarch allowed it with a new
election; this is the only demand not yet won, governments carry on for ages now (well it seems so, anyway)
• Secret ballots Amazingly (!) people who had a vote stuffed their papers into an open box; there was a lot of
bribery voters were treated to a big piss up and voted for the best party (yes, I mean party!)
• Wages for MPs It was not a fulltime job and unless you had wealth you were stymied.
• Abolition of the property qualification for voting You had to be worth something to get a vote.
• Equal electoral constituencies Some seats had tiny numbers of voters, a few hundred or even less, whilst other,
especially in the new northern industrial towns were massive.
•
• Much remains to be done, for working people still have to struggle to safeguard their interests. Poor working
conditions, dictatorial bosses and low pay are more than still with us. The challenges may be different but we
cannot fully understand our future without understanding our past. Workers, especially young workers, have in
the past found new ways to organise. Every quarter or half century or so a major rebellion seems to emerge
with new generations. Perhaps we are on the threshold of just such a wave of change right now
13. 1.Craft Unions if the workers of the same craft or category
of the job form into an union, that union is called Craft union.
Such organizations include those workers having similar
skills, training and specialization. The Ahmedabad Weaver’s
Union, the Kanpur Suti Mill Mazdoor Sabha
2.General Unions if the workers of any industry, any region
and of any job or occupation form into one union in order to
protect the overall interests of the workers
The Jamshedpur labour Union, the National Union of
Municipal and General Workers
3.Industrial Unions workers of different categories form into
a union that is called industrial union. It links all craftsmen
and skilled workers in any one industry. It is organized upon
and industry-wise rather than a craft-wise basis.
Textile Labour Association of Ahmedabad, The Rashtriya
Mill Mazdoor Sangh, Bombay.
4.Federations : Industrial unions, either of same industry or
of the different industry may form into an association in order
to improve Trade Union Unity. Such Unions of Unions are
called federations. During critical situations the unions in
different industries may resort to concerted action without
losing their individuality. In such situation the federations
form into an Association and such and association is called
Confederation.
Eg; Federation of Indian Railways
STRUCTURE OF TRADE UNION
14. Trade Union is an
organization that is
formed by employees
or workers.
It is formed on a
continuous basis. It is
a permanent body and
not a casual or
temporary one.
It includes federations
of trade unions also.
The dominant
interest with which a
union is concerned is,
however, economic.
It is formed to protect
and promote all kinds
of interests –
economic, political
and social-of its
members.
It achieves its
objectives thro
collective action and
group effort
Features of
trade
unions
Page 12,Trade Union Administration ,R.L. Morris)
15. • To improve the pay of its members
• To improve the working conditions and
the working practices of its members.
• To support the training and the
professional development of its members
Aims of Trade Union
https://www.britannica.com/topic/trade-union
16. 1
3
4
7
6
5
13
12
11
10
9
8
2
14
Better working conditions
Better & even wage
Secure Power To Influence
Government
Employee – employer
relationship
Social welfare
Stability, growth, interest of
industry and leadership
Financial benefits
Protect interest of workers
Secure Power To Influence
Management
Legal assistance
Education & training
OBJECTIVES OF TRADE UNION
protect women workers
against discrimination.
Obtain Better Economic
Returns
resist schemes of the
management which reduce
employment
(Page 8,Trade Union Administration ,R.L. Morris)
17. 2
3
1
4
Employment Protection and Job Creation.
5
Economic Protection.
Social Status - Identity.
Political Role - Democratic Institution
Societal Obligation - Transformation.
Purpose of
Trade
Unions
19. 1.MILITANT FUNCTION:
Militant activities aims are to ensure adequate wages, secure better conditions of
work and employment, get better treatment from employers etc.
When union fails to achieve the aims through collective bargaining & negotiation
they adopt an approach in the form of fight against management through go-slow
tactics ,strike , boycott, gherao, etc.
Objectives of militant functions:
Ensuring adequate wages, better working conditions and better treatment from
employers
fight with the management in the form of strikes, boycotts, gheraos etc.
Achieve higher wages and better working conditions.
Raise the status of workers as a part of industry and
Protect labour against victimisation and injustice.
20. 2.Fraternal Functions
Aims of this Fraternal functions look for rendering help to its members & improve
their efficiency and for social economical upliftment.
It undertake various welfare measures of its members like
Legal assistance at the time of need
Schools for education of children, library, reading room ,indoor-outdoor
games facilities and recreational activities etc.
Objectives of Fraternal Functions:
• Providing financial and non-financial assistance to workers
• Extension of medical facilities during sickness and casualties,
• Provision of education, recreation, and housing facilities,
• Provision of religious and social benefits.
• To provide opportunities for promotion and growth. To take up welfare measures
for improving the morale of workers.
21. 3. Social Functions :
Social functions are carrying out social service activities,discharging social
responsibilities through various sections of the society like educating the customers etc.
4.Ancillary Functions :
Some unions have now started undertaking and organising welfare activities besides the
main economic functions consisting basically of organising unions and improving their
terms and conditions of employment to enable workers to meet their physical needs and
also providing variety of services to their members and sometimes to the community of
which they are a part, which may be grouped under following heads :
i.Communication:
Publication of periodicals, news letters or magazines for establishing communication
with their members, making the latter aware of union policy and stand on certain
principal issues and personnel matters concerning members, such as births, deaths,
marriages, promotion and achievements.
22. ii.Welfare activities :
Welfare activities are provided to improve the quality of work life including
organisation of mutual fund, cooperative credit societies for providing housing,
cooperative stores, cultural programmes, banking and medical facilities and
training for women in various crafts to help them to supplement their family
income.
iii. Education :
Education of members in all aspects of their working life including improving
their civic life, awareness in the environment around them, enhancement of their
knowledge particularly in regard to issues that concern them, their statutory and
other rights and responsibilities, workers’ participation in management.
iv.scheme, and procedure for redressing their grievances. Some central union
organisations are also assisting the Government in implementing the Workers’
Education Scheme.
23. iv.Research : .
Researches are arranged to conduct research programme,collect and analyse data and
information for collective bargaining, preparing notes for union officials .
Some of the research activities are :
(i) collection and analysis of wage data including fringe benefits, and other benefits and services
through surveys of comparative practices, data on working conditions and welfare activities;
(ii) preparation of background notes for court cases and also position papers for union officials;
(iii) collection and analysis of macro data relating to the economy, industry sectors etc.
5.Political Functions :-
Modern trade unions also take up political functions that include affiliating the union with a
political party, helping the political party in enrolling members, collecting donations, seeking the
help of political parties during the periods of strikes and lockouts.
Hollander, J. H. (n.d.). A Study of Trade Unionism (Vol. 13). The Academy of Political Science.
http://www.whatishumanresource.com/functions-of-trade-unions
24. METHODS:
The functions of a trade union may be described in general terms as the establishment and
maintenance of minimum conditions of employment .this ultimate result is sought through strategic
methods of obtaining and enforcing specific regulations.
The methods are:
(i) The organisation of a trade union on the basis of the craft or industry in which its members are
employed, such as general unions and professional employee’s organisations.
(ii) Collective bargaining, which is the essence of industrial relations, for it is through collective
bargaining that the terms and conditions of employment are determined and under which work is
performed’ satisfactorily.
(iii) Grievance processing and handling procedures, under which grievances are redressed or dealt
with by a correction of situation or by channelling up of these “up the line”.
(iv) Arbitration, by which unsettled or unresolved disputes can be settled by an outside agency.
(v) Political pressure exercised through legislators who are capable of bringing about changes in
labour laws; and
(vi) Mutual insurance through common contributions to meet the financial needs of workers when
there are stoppages of work.
(Hollander, J. H. (n.d.). A Study of Trade Unionism (Vol. 13). The Academy of Political Science.)
25. COUNTRY TRADE UNION MEMBERSHIP
China All-China Federation of Trade Unions (ACFTU) 134 million
Japan Japanese Trade Union Confederation (JTUC-RENGO) 6.6 million
India All India Central Council of Trade Unions (AICCTU)
All India Federation of Trade Unions (AIFTU)
All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC)
Andhra Pradesh Federation of Trade Unions (APFTU)
Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh (BMS)
Centre for Indian Trade Unions (CITU)
Nepal General Federation of Nepalese Trade Unions (GEFONT)
Nepal Trade Union Congress (NTUC)
All Nepal Trade Union Federation (ANTUF)
Nepal Inclusive Trade Union Federation [NITU]
Independent Democratic Confederation of Nepalese Trade Union
Australia Australian Council of Trade Unions (ACTU) 1.8 million
United
States of
America
American Federation of Labour-Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO)
Change to Win Federation (CTW)
Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)
9,000,000+
List of trade unions and union federations by country.
26. United kingdom Trades Union Congress (TUC)
Scottish Trades Union Congress (STUC)
General Federation of Trade Unions (GFTU)
Irish Congress of Trade Unions (ICTU)(Northern Ireland)
6.5 million
RUSSIA All-Russian Confederation of Labour (VKT)
Confederation of Labour of Russia (KTR)
Federation of Independent Trade Unions of Russia (FNPR)
Trade Union Association of Russia (SOTSPROF)
1.2 million (VKT)
1.2 million (KTR)
GERMANY German Confederation of Trade Unions (DGB)
German Civil Service Federation (DBB)
German Christian Workers' Federation (CGB)
7 million (DGB)
Algeria General Union of Algerian Workers (UGTA) 1 million
Bangladesh Bangladesh Free Trade Union Congress
Bangladesh Ganotantrik Sramik Federation
Bangladesh Jatio Sramik League
Bangladesh Jatiyo Sramik Jote
Bangladesh Jatyatabadi Sramik Dal
Bangladesh Labour Federation
Cont……..
http://www.fedee.com/labour-relations/trade-union-organisations/
27. American Trade Union
American unions represent a particular response to the American scene. But they have not
been ideologically disposed as European unions. Yet American unions are stronger than
European ones in several levels. For instance
- They are economically more powerful
- They have greater internal solidarity
- They are able to resist management at local level more effectively
Although the goals of American unions have been pragmatic and short run, they have
been successful in attaining them. American unions have objected to governmental
interference because they believe that they can achieve their aims in a free enterprise
society.
In addition, United States has many types of unions including Labor Christian
Association,American Catholic Trade Unions, Ideological unions and also some predatory
unions.
(Page – 304, ‘Industrial
Sociology’– D C Miller & W H Form)
28. The trade unions of the United States and Canada are numerically very
weak. At present, out of an organizable working class of at least 20,000,000 workers,
they comprise only 3,600,000. Of these 2,900,000 are in the American Federation of
Labor, 600,000 are in independent conservative unions (railroad brotherhoods,
clothing workers, etc.), and 100,000 in independent revolutionary organizations (I.
W. W., U. L. C. of A., etc.)
American industries contain millions of foreign-born workers of all
nationalities. In the great Homestead steel mills, for example, 54 nations are
represented. Comparatively few of these foreign-born workers are organized except
in the clothing and mining industries. The American workers tend to monopolize the
best jobs in industry hence they predominate in most of the skilled workers‘ unions.
The four railroad brotherhoods are almost entirely American in character, while the
four largest clothing unions are made up almost altogether of foreign-born. One-
seventh of the population of the United States are Negroes. These tend constantly to
migrate from the agricultural south to the industrial north, from the farm into the
industries.
( Page – 5, Trade Unions in America – W Z Foster, J P Cannon & E R Browder)
29. Structure of American Unionism
The American Federation of Labor is the principal trade union center for the United States
and Canada. It is a very loose federation of 111 national and international unions and 523
directly affiliated local unions. It is administered by an executive council of 11 members.
Most of the national unions in the US and Canada are autonomous bodies which, taken
together, make up the AFL- CIO. The convention is the broad policy-making body of the
labor union movements.
AFL – CIO:
1. The primary function of the AFL- CIO is to ocontrol jurisdictions among the national and
international unions.
2. To police member organizations to assure that they are not dominated by Communists or
Racketrers.
3. To organize the unorganized workers.
( Page – 308 , Industrial Sociology – D C Miller & W H Form)
30. 4. Shaping legislative policies
5. It provides services for national and state bodies such as research, legal aid, educational
materials, public relations etc.
However, expulsion from the AFL-CIO is the main sanction which the labor movement
has to control its members,and this is an important and powerful weapon.
The International Union :
The structure of the international unions are very similar to the AFL-CIO. Theoretically,
the internationals are controlled by the locals, which sends delegates to an annual or
biannual convention. The convention is a law-making body ; it passes directives which the
elective executive committee and officials are expected to carry out between conventions.
The executive committee, in turn, has a staff for various purposes such as research,
education, legal aid, organization and publicity. The international unions are composed of
various accredited locals in an industry, craft or combination of both. Generally craft unions
have greater local autonomy, whereas the so-called industrial unions are more highly
centralized.
(Page – 309, Industrial Sociology – D C Miller & W H Form)
36. Advantage
• A culture of seeking compromise and mediation before conflict
• A tradition and expertise of mediation and negotiation
• Willingness to look to the long term
• Improve the economic postion of workers
• Personal recognition and social participation is ensured
• Increase wages for its members
• Protect workers from exploitation and help to uphold health and safety
legislation
• It can also help to negotiate productivity deals( Page – 314-319, Industrial Sociology – D C Miller & W H Form)
37. Disadvantages
• It creates unemployment if labor markets are competitive
• Trade union only considers the needs of the members and ignore the
non members
• Negotiation and mediation don’t work in all situations
• Uneven growth
• Multiplicity of unions
• Outside leadership
• Indifferent attitude of workers
38. Types OF Trade Union in Uk
General Unions. These are for skilled and
unskilled workers performing different jobs
in different industries (e.g. cleaners, clerical
staff, transport workers).
Industrial unions. These are for different
workers in the same industry (e.g. the
National Union of Miners (N.U.M), covering
workers at all levels in the hierarchy
Craft Unions. These are fairly small unions
for skilled workers, performing the same or
similar work in different industries (e.g.
musicians).
White-collar Unions. These are for 'white-collar'
(or professional) workers who perform the same
or similar tasks in different industries (e.g.
teachers, scientists).
39. American Federation of Labour and
Congress of Industrial Organizations
Business Unions – Increase well being of
their members
Welfare Organizations – Increase welfare
services both of the union and the
government
Life Embracing – Helps a worker of the
union in every realm in the life
( C. Miller , H. Form , 1964 , ‘Industrial Sociology, The Sociology Of Work
Organizations ‘, Harpar & Row Publishers : 301-302 )
40. Organizers of a Trade Union
The union local has about twenty elective officers. There are
five to seven members on the executive board and an equal
number of executive officers. Of them the leadings are :
I. President
II. Executive Board
III. Secretary- Treasurer
IV. Business Agent
V. International Representative
VI. Committees
VII.Stewards
VIII.General Members
( C. Miller , H. Form , 1964 , ‘Industrial Sociology, The Sociology Of Work Organizations
‘, Harpar & Row Publishers : 301-302 )
41. Policies
Certain policies are more or less advocated and practised by trade unions. These policies
breaks out the dilemma members from different class. These policies are :
Limitation of output : In general when a job is done until the other is in sight the employer
release the worker. Besides,when a hight standard of output have been achieved wages are
decided to keep average. This results physical starin and mental stress which results in
limitation of output .
Limitation of Aprentices: This means more work and better pay for those who are already
employed. It protects aged employers in the competition with youth. Moreover they have
better experience and learned skills.
Collective Agreements : The worker must sell at once at the best possible price the one
thing he has to sell- labor. The employer can generally pick and choose, and wait to obtain
labor when he wants it, at a price agreeable to him. To bring any approximation of equality
into this situation
42. employees must stand together as one man in bargaining with managements.
The Union Shop : To require membership in fellow-employees as a part of a collective
agreement is to establish a union shop. This helps to make collective agreement. Those
who confront this situation with the proposition that it takes away liberty of individual
contract fail wholly to understand that the liberty of the manual worker is already
exceedingly limited. It is limited by (a) skill in only one kind of work, or (b) no skill; (c)
lack of appreciable savings, and (d) consequent urgency of earning money to support
himself and his family; (e) inability to go far for work; (f) competition for what jobs they
have.
The Walking Delegate : He is the union agent in whom more or less power to make
agreements and call strikes. Both direct and sympathetic have been replaced. They can
call in lawyars. But it cannot resent the intrusion of memebers. Incidentally, the power of
such officials to call strikes is being very much restricted by the unions.
The Boycott : This is still another method of putting organized labor into an effective
position in dealing with employers on equal terms. So far as it is only the organized
power of consumers urging other consumers to refrain from dealing in certain goods.
Ordway Tead, American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 22, No. 1 (Jul., 1916), 30-33 .
43. Role Of Trade Union In
Industrial Relations
Trade or labor unions have been around since the 1930s to resist through equal
bargaining power the domination of employers over employees and to represent workers’
interests in the employment relationship. The importance of trade unions cannot be
overstated even though membership has been on a steady decline.
Economic Security :
The basic role of the unions is to maintain or improve the economic
position of workers. They have social,political and personal funstions. It would be
unrealistic to underestimate the economic role. If their security is ensured, assimilated
members embraces broder goals for unions.
Collective Bargaining :
Labor unions developed to grant employees equal bargaining
power with their employers, who traditionally had the ability to exclusively set the terms
and conditions of work and pay.Unions represent workers within a given industry in
negotiation. Since the union comprises a
44. group of workers it has a greater voice.
Resistance and Indipendence :
Union can promote, demote and release the workers
according to the demands of situation. The union can also change the situation. It
considers employees first as person with rights. The basic function of the union is to
resist presures from management.
Employee Welfare :
Unions have successfully fought for better terms and conditions
for workers. They represent workers’ interests and have secured a variety of benefits,
such as higher wages for unionized employees, work-life balance characterized by
reasonable work schedules, job security and protection from arbitrary action by
employers. In a September 2012 essay on the CNN website, Democratic strategist Donna
Brazile asserted that is also due in part to union activity that discrimination in the
workplace was outlawed and that workers have access to health care, safe working
conditions and guaranteed Social Security.
45. Unfair Practices :
Labor unions check the unfair labor practices of employers. The NLRA
declares that it is unlawful for employers to dominate a union, discriminate against workers
engaged in union activity, victimize workers who file charges against them with the
National Labor Relations Board or interfere with employees engaged in concerted union
activity. If the employer does any of these prohibited acts, the union can take it up with the
board on behalf of the employees.
Social Participation :
The unions moves towards the paternalistic welfare model
described by Dubin . Unions promise to extend rather than curtail their functions in the
future so that the members can be loyal and represent the organization with dignity. It is for
sure that unions will continue their dominant role.
• Nelson Foote, ‘The Professionalization of Labor in Detroit’, American Journal of
Sociology,January ,1953, pp.371-380.
• Spaulding, Charles B.
1970 , ‘An Introduction To Industrial Sociology ‘ , D. B. Taraporevala sons & Co. Private Ltd.
: 349-351
46. • a national minimum wage;
• the abolition of child labour;
• improved worker safety;
• improving living standards by reducing the number of hours in
the working week and encouraging a healthy work/life balance;
• improved parental leave;
• equality legislation;
• better protection of migrant workers and a reduction in
exploitation;
• minimum holiday and sickness entitlements
Ordway Tead, American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 22, No. 1
(Jul., 1916): pp- 13-14
Unions have brought significant changes to
society, including :
47. As it seems from our discussion , union is theoretically an organization responsible to
and run by amateurs who believe in democratic principles. It is an instituition as well as an
social movement which springs into action when the need arises. Unions must not only guard
against business and government, they must guard against the encroachment of rival unions
also. Labour unions have nonetheless had a lasting influence. The principles and practices of
trade unionism are embedded in the economic systems of most industrial countries.
Favourable legislation and, in some countries, direct political action have established
collective bargaining as the principal means of settling disputes over wages, working
conditions, and other issues. These successes have had far-reaching consequences, as many
of organized labour’s goals and tactics have been adopted by professional associations and
other groups traditionally outside the scope of unionism.