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HUTHEESING JAIN TEMPLE HERITAGE PROJECT
IS ABOUT HOW TO SAFEGUARD THE TEMPLE AND ITS PRACTICES. BASICALLY IT HAS PICTORIAL PRESENTATION. AND HAVE POINTER TO ITS PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS.
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Buddhist architecture stupas, vihara halls, chaitya halls, sthambas, and its way to temple architecture and evolution.
The PPP presentation is based on the architecture and art of Brihadeshwara temple of Chola period. It has basic introduction of the region. This is for tthe students of UG and PG not for API.
Urban Renewal and conservation of Kancheepuram, Tamil Nadu
Heritage background, places of importance, cultural background, land use and activities with respect to heritage conservation
This Presentation is prepared for Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes. The pictures/Maps included in the presentation are taken/copied from the internet. The presenter is thankful to them and herewith courtesy is given to all. This presentation is only for academic purposes.
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2. Discovery and Excavations
• Lothal was discovered in the November 1954.
• The explorations was part of the programme for
locating Harappan settlements in India.
• 88 sites were reported from 1954 to 1959 by
Archaeological Survey of India.
• The site was excavated to see the cultural sequence.
• Lothal emerges as an important site of Indus Valley
Civilisations.
3. Introduction
• Situated in between the Sabarmati river and its
tributary
• Modern Bhogavo region of Gujarat.
• Located near Saragwala village of Ahmadabad
district (85 km)
• Site is 10 km up to the Gulf of Cambay
• Once it was close to the Arabian sea
• Lothal was excavated between 1954 -55 to 1962-63 by
ASI.
• Director: S.R. Rao
• Lothal, was an international trade center.
• Site remains are now exposed
• Antiquities are displayed in site museum
5. The Site
• Size: 280 x 225 meters
• Site Plan: Rectangular
• Citadel: “Acropolis” by
S.R. Rao
• Surrounded by
fortification
• Material: Mud and baked
bricks
• Entrance: South
• Burial cemetery: outside
the enclosing wall, N-W
direction
6. Chronology
• The 7 m. thick occupational deposit
• Divided into two Periods, A and B,
• Period A: Mature Harappa culture
• Period B: Late Harappa
• Thus, two coppersmiths had a brick-lined
8. Citadel: “Acropolis”
• Trapezoidal in
Plan
• Elevated area
(mud platform)
• Size: 128 x 61
meters
• Remains of
1. Residential
buildings
2. Streets
3. Lanes
4. Bathrooms
5. Drains
9. Residential Area
• Various size Houses
• Generally 4-6 rooms
• A large courtyard
and veranda
• Bathrooms
• Fire alters
• Manufactures/
Artisans houses:
1. Coppersmiths
2. Bead makers
10. Streets
• Systematic streets
• Three streets running
north-south
• Two lanes running east-
west
• Made of mud bricks with
gravel at the top
• One big street identified
as “bazar street”
• There were shops along
the street
11. Warehouse
• South of the residential
area
• Brick complex
• 3.5 meters above the
ground
• The warehouse was
divided into 64 rooms.
• Each room is 3.5
square meters.
• Rooms connected by 1.2
meter wide passages.
• Twelve of these cubical
blocks are visible today.
• 65 terracotta sealing
found
• These sealings had
impressions of reed,
woven fiber one side
12. Lower Town
• Divided into two parts
• Contains a commercial and residential area.
• The principal streets running from north to south
• Streets (6–8 metres) were flanked by shops
• Accommodation for craftsmen-coppersmiths, goldsmiths,
shell-workers and bead-makers, their shops and working-
places.
• Merchant dwellings and artisan’s workshops also situated on
the side of road.
• Streets running from east to west led to the residential areas
• Lanes allowing access to individual dwellings.
• The houses give evidence to a sophisticated drainage system.
• The street maintained a uniform width
• Evidence of shops, workplaces of coppersmiths and
blacksmiths and beads.
15. Bathroom &
Drainage
• The main sewer, 1.5 meters deep and 91 cm
width
• It connected to many sewers.
• Bricks smoothened and joined together
seamlessly.
• These sewer are watertight.
• Drops at regular intervals for cleaning.
• Houses baths and drains that emptied into
underground soakage jars.
16. Dockyard
• Situated eastern end
of the site
• It is surrounded by a
wall of burnt bricks
• Size:
1. East-west: 212
meter and 215
meter
2. North-south: 37
meter and 35
meter.
• Has a sluice gate
and a spill channel
for maintaining
water
• Towards western
side a mud platform
could be wharf
(jetty)
• At wharf goods were
loaded and
unloaded
17. • It is opined as the world’s first dockyard.
• This dock inland, connected with a canal connecting
to the estuary of River Sabarmati.
• Ships could sluice into the northern end of the dock
by an inlet channel connected to the River Sabarmati.
• During high tide and the lock gates were closed so the
water level would rise sufficiently for them to float.
• After the ships had loaded or unloaded cargo, the
gates were opened for them to return to the sea.
• Dimensions indicate the dock could handle 60 ships
of 30 tonnes each.
• This showed a thorough study of tides, hydraulics and
the effect of seawater on bricks.
Dockyard
18.
19. Warehouses
• 64 cubical blocks
• 3.6 meter square each
• Rest on 1 meter high
platform
• Has wooden canopy
• For protecting cargo from
sun and rain
• It featured paved baths,
underground an surface
drains and a drinking
• The warehouses near the dockyard.
• Set on a 4 m high plinth.
• Area: 1930 Square meters
• The cubical blocks were connected by passages.
21. The bead factory
• The bead factory, possesses a central courtyard and
eleven rooms.
• A double - chambered circular kiln, with stoke-holes
for fuel supply.
• The mud plaster of the floors and walls are vitrified
due to constant heat.
• Evidence of reed, cow dung, sawdust and agate are
items of kiln
• It has
1. Workers Quarters
2. Guard Rooms
3. Store
22.
23.
24.
25. Importance of Lothal
• A trade center
• Unique Dockyard
• Warehouse and bead industry
• External Trade
• A circular steatite seal of Bahrain find at Lothal.
• Evidence the Indus trade with Mesopotamia.
• Lothal might also have been the intermediary station
for receiving gold from Kolar
• Lothal provides one of largest collection of antiquities
28. Kalibangan
• Kalibangan means “Black Bangle”
• Numerous bangles were found over the mound
• Situated on the bank of Ghaggar river
• In Ganganagar district of Rajasthan
• Excavated by B.B. Lal and B.K. Thapar from 1960-
69.
31. The Site
• Size of Kalibangan is small as compare to other
sites
• There are three mounds
• Smaller mound is on western side known as KLB
1
• Bigger mound known as KLB 2
• Third mound where only fire alters reported
• Both the citadel and lower town presents
• The citadel on the west and the lower city on the
east.
• Spread of the site: over half a kilometre
• Cemetery: 300 meters away from citadel
32.
33. Chronology
• Two periods
• Period I: Early
Harappan
Date: 3500 BCE –
2500 BCE
• Period II: Mature
Harappans
Date: 2500 BCE –
1750 BCE
34. Architecture and Town Planning:
Early Harappan period
1. Remains of earlier structures found at lower
levels
2. Site was fortified
3. Fortifications Repaired twice: Thickness increase
4. First Phase: 1.9 m.; Second Phase: 3.7–4.1 m.
5. Baked bricks used for constructions of housed
6. Burnt bricks used for drains
7. Structure and planning similar to Harappa and
Mohenjodaro
35. The citadel
• The citadel complex was
a fortified
• It consist two equal
but separately patterned
parts.
• The fortification was
built throughout of mud-
bricks.
• The southern half of the
citadel contained some
five to six massive
platforms.
• A few platforms may
have been used for
religious or ritual
purposes.
• The northern half of the
citadel contained
residential buildings of
the elite.
36. Citadel
• Fortification wall
made of baked bricks
(40 x 20 x 10 cm and
30 x 15 x 7.5 cm)
• Southern wall portion
is heavily fortified
with corner bastions
• Numerus brick
platforms have been
found
• Three entrance: east,
north and west
• Plan: Parallelogram (समानाांतर चतुर्ुुज)
• Height from GL: 9 meters
• Size: 240 meters north-south and 120 meters east-west
• Fortification wall: 3 to 9 meter width
• Rectangular bastions at regular intervals
37. Residential Structures
• Houses were away
from fortification wall
of citadel
• This distance perhaps
for privacy matter
• Space in-between was
paved with bricks
pavement
• Evidence shows three
times renovations of
pavement
• Size of the bricks: 30 x
15 x 7.5 cm.
38. Lower Town
• Situated east of the
citadel at a distance of 40
meter
• Plan: Parallelogram
(समानाांतर चतुर्ुुज)
• Size: 360 meters north
south and 24o meters
east-west
• Enclosed with
fortification wall with
gateway (3-7 m.) and
guard room
• Width: 3.5 to 9 meter
• Made of mud bricks
• Size: 40 x 20 x 10 cm and
30 x 15 x 7.5 cm
• City was grilled planned
39. The lower
Town
• Houses in lower town was in grid pattern.
• Streets running north-south and east-west, dividing the area
into blocks.
• The houses were built of mud-bricks, baked bricks.
• Houses have drains, wells, etc.
40. Houses
• Chess-board pattern
• Layout of the city was
according to the
fortification wall
• Fortification and streets
were planned at the same
time
• Early Harappan houses
made of mud bricks
• Houses opened from lanes
• Double storied houses
also presents
• Roof probably flat with
mud plastered
• A few floors were paved
with decorated tiles with
intersecting circles
• Door size: 70-75 cm. wide
• Door shape: single -leaf
41. Houses
• Houses followed the common pattern of other Harappan
cities.
• The town planning like a chess board.
• All houses opened out to the lanes.
• Each house had a courtyard and 6–7 rooms.
• Some houses has private well
• One house had stairs for going to the roof.
• Houses were built of 10 X 20 X 30 cm bricks
• Burnt bricks were used in drains, wells, bathing platforms
and door-sills etc.
• Floors of rooms were built of thrashed fine mud,
sometimes laid with mud bricks or terracotta cakes.
• One house had floors built of burnt tiles decorated with
geometrical designs.
42. Roads
• Eight main roads have
been exposed
• Five roads in north-south
and
• Three east-west.
• B. B. Lal: streets were
also in ratio
• Small lanes connect to the
roads
• Size: 1.8 meters to 7.2
meters
• Drains were found below
the roads
• Probable evidence of
wooden drains
43.
44. Fire alters
• A few massive platforms found
• Situated at a distance of each other
• Vandalism of these platforms by brick robbers make difficult
to reconstruct the original shape
• Stairs were also associated with these structure
• Oval fire-pits of burnt bricks have been found
• Seven fire alters were found
• Pits contains charcoal & tterracotta cakes
• In one such fire alter and rectangular pit (1.24 x 1 m) contain
bovine bones and antlers
• It perhaps used for religious purpose
• Fire-altars have been found in three groups
a) Public altars in the citadel,
b) Household altars in lower town, and
c) Public altars in a third separate group.
45.
46. Agricultural Field
• Earliest reference of ploughed field of world
• It dated 2800 BCE (pre-Harappan)
• Situated outside the fortification
• Excavations revealed a grid pattern of
furrows
• Grid pattern of furrows: 30 cm running east-
west and about 190 cm apart running north-
south
• A pattern is still similar to the one practiced
even now.
• In modern times, similar ploughing is used
for double crops in this region, (mustard and
gram).
47.
48. Significance of Kalibangan
• Evidence shown that there occurred an
earthquake around 2600 BC, which brought to
an end the Early Indus settlement at the site.
• Earliest record of agricultural field
• Uniformity with other urban settlements
• Probably act as regional capital
• Fire alters indicate Sun Worships?