Network security is a dynamic art, with dangers appearing as fast as black hats can exploit vulnerabilities. While there are basic “golden rules” which can make life difficult for the bad guys, it remains a challenge to keep networks secure. John Chambers, Executive Chairman of Cisco, famously said “there are two types of companies: those that have been hacked, and those who don’t know they have been hacked”. The question for most organizations isn’t if they’re going to be breached, but how quickly they can isolate and mitigate the threat. In this paper, we’ll examine best practices for effective cybersecurity – from both a proactive (access hardening) and reactive (threat isolation and mitigation) perspective. We’ll address how network automation can help minimize cyberattacks by closing vulnerability gaps and how it can improve incident response times in the event of a cyberthreat. Finally, we’ll lay a vision for continuous network security, to explore how machine-to-machine automation may deliver an auto-securing and self-healing network.
Go to www.esgjrconsultinginc.com
1. Cyber Ethics and Cyber Crime
2. Security in Social Media & Risk of Child Internet
3. Social media in Schools and photo privacy
4. Risk of OSNs and Security, Privacy of Facebook
5. Risk and Security of Social Networking site Facebook and Twitter
6. Risk analysis of Government and Online Transaction
A Collaborative Intrusion Detection System for Cloud Computingijsrd.com
Cloud computing is a computing paradigm that shifts drastically from traditional computing architecture. Although this new computing paradigm brings many advantages like utility computing model but the design in not flawless and hence suffers from not only many known computer vulnerabilities but also introduces unique information confidentiality, integrity and availability risks as well due its inherent design paradigm. To provide secure and reliable services in cloud computing environment is an important issue. To counter a variety of attacks, especially large-scale coordinated attacks, a framework of Collaborative Intrusion Detection System (IDS) is proposed. The proposed system could reduce the impact of these kinds of attacks through providing timely notifications about new intrusions to Cloud users' systems. To provide such ability, IDSs in the cloud computing regions both correlate alerts from multiple elementary detectors and exchange knowledge of interconnected Clouds with each other.
An Assessment of Intrusion Detection System IDS and Data Set Overview A Compr...ijtsrd
Millions of people worldwide have Internet access today. Intrusion detection technology is a modern wave of information technology monitoring devices to deter malicious activities. Malware development malicious software is a vital problem when it comes to designing intrusion detection systems IDS . The key challenge is to recognize unknown and hidden malware, because malware writers use various evasion techniques to mask information to avoid IDS detection. Malicious attacks have become more sophisticated and Furthermore, threats to security have increased, including a zero day attack on internet users. Through the use of IT in our daily lives, computer security has become critical. Cyber threats are becoming more complex and pose growing challenges when it comes to successful intrusion detection. Failure to prevent invading information, such as data privacy, integrity and availability can undermine the credibility of security services. Specific intrusion detection approaches were proposed in the literature to combat computer security threats. This paper consists of a literature survey of the IDS that uses program algorithms to use specific data collection and forensic techniques in real time. Data mining techniques for cyber research are introduced in support of intrusion detection. Mohammed I. Alghamdi "An Assessment of Intrusion Detection System (IDS) and Data-Set Overview: A Comprehensive Review of Recent Works" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd35730.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/computer-security/35730/an-assessment-of-intrusion-detection-system-ids-and-dataset-overview-a-comprehensive-review-of-recent-works/mohammed-i-alghamdi
The spread of information networks in communities and organizations have led to a daily huge volume of information exchange between different networks which, of course, has resulted in new threats to the national organizations. It can be said that information security has become today one of the most challenging areas. In other words, defects and disadvantages of computer network security address irreparable damage for enterprises. Therefore, identification of security threats and ways of dealing with them is essential. But the question raised in this regard is that what are the strategies and policies to deal with security threats that must be taken to ensure the security of computer networks? In this context, the present study intends to do a review of the literature by using earlier researches and library approach, to provide security solutions in the face of threats to their computer networks. The results of this research can lead to more understanding of security threats and ways to deal with them and help to implement a secure information platform.
The Next Generation Cognitive Security Operations Center: Network Flow Forens...Konstantinos Demertzis
A Security Operations Center (SOC) can be defined as an organized and highly skilled team that uses advanced computer forensics tools to prevent, detect and respond to cybersecurity incidents of an organization. The fundamental aspects of an effective SOC is related to the ability to examine and analyze the vast number of data flows and to correlate several other types of events from a cybersecurity perception. The supervision and categorization of network flow is an essential process not only for the scheduling, management, and regulation of the network’s services, but also for attacks identification and for the consequent forensics’ investigations. A serious potential disadvantage of the traditional software solutions used today for computer network monitoring, and specifically for the instances of effective categorization of the encrypted or obfuscated network flow, which enforces the rebuilding of messages packets in sophisticated underlying protocols, is the requirements of computational resources. In addition, an additional significant inability of these software packages is they create high false positive rates because they are deprived of accurate predicting mechanisms.
For all the reasons above, in most cases, the traditional software fails completely to recognize unidentified vulnerabilities and zero-day exploitations. This paper proposes a novel intelligence driven Network Flow Forensics Framework (NF3) which uses low utilization of computing power and resources, for the Next Generation Cognitive Computing SOC (NGC2SOC) that rely solely on advanced fully automated intelligence methods. It is an effective and accurate Ensemble Machine Learning forensics tool to Network Traffic Analysis, Demystification of Malware Traffic and Encrypted Traffic Identification.
1. Cyber Ethics and Cyber Crime
2. Security in Social Media & Risk of Child Internet
3. Social media in Schools and photo privacy
4. Risk of OSNs and Security, Privacy of Facebook
5. Risk and Security of Social Networking site Facebook and Twitter
6. Risk analysis of Government and Online Transaction
A Collaborative Intrusion Detection System for Cloud Computingijsrd.com
Cloud computing is a computing paradigm that shifts drastically from traditional computing architecture. Although this new computing paradigm brings many advantages like utility computing model but the design in not flawless and hence suffers from not only many known computer vulnerabilities but also introduces unique information confidentiality, integrity and availability risks as well due its inherent design paradigm. To provide secure and reliable services in cloud computing environment is an important issue. To counter a variety of attacks, especially large-scale coordinated attacks, a framework of Collaborative Intrusion Detection System (IDS) is proposed. The proposed system could reduce the impact of these kinds of attacks through providing timely notifications about new intrusions to Cloud users' systems. To provide such ability, IDSs in the cloud computing regions both correlate alerts from multiple elementary detectors and exchange knowledge of interconnected Clouds with each other.
An Assessment of Intrusion Detection System IDS and Data Set Overview A Compr...ijtsrd
Millions of people worldwide have Internet access today. Intrusion detection technology is a modern wave of information technology monitoring devices to deter malicious activities. Malware development malicious software is a vital problem when it comes to designing intrusion detection systems IDS . The key challenge is to recognize unknown and hidden malware, because malware writers use various evasion techniques to mask information to avoid IDS detection. Malicious attacks have become more sophisticated and Furthermore, threats to security have increased, including a zero day attack on internet users. Through the use of IT in our daily lives, computer security has become critical. Cyber threats are becoming more complex and pose growing challenges when it comes to successful intrusion detection. Failure to prevent invading information, such as data privacy, integrity and availability can undermine the credibility of security services. Specific intrusion detection approaches were proposed in the literature to combat computer security threats. This paper consists of a literature survey of the IDS that uses program algorithms to use specific data collection and forensic techniques in real time. Data mining techniques for cyber research are introduced in support of intrusion detection. Mohammed I. Alghamdi "An Assessment of Intrusion Detection System (IDS) and Data-Set Overview: A Comprehensive Review of Recent Works" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd35730.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/computer-security/35730/an-assessment-of-intrusion-detection-system-ids-and-dataset-overview-a-comprehensive-review-of-recent-works/mohammed-i-alghamdi
The spread of information networks in communities and organizations have led to a daily huge volume of information exchange between different networks which, of course, has resulted in new threats to the national organizations. It can be said that information security has become today one of the most challenging areas. In other words, defects and disadvantages of computer network security address irreparable damage for enterprises. Therefore, identification of security threats and ways of dealing with them is essential. But the question raised in this regard is that what are the strategies and policies to deal with security threats that must be taken to ensure the security of computer networks? In this context, the present study intends to do a review of the literature by using earlier researches and library approach, to provide security solutions in the face of threats to their computer networks. The results of this research can lead to more understanding of security threats and ways to deal with them and help to implement a secure information platform.
The Next Generation Cognitive Security Operations Center: Network Flow Forens...Konstantinos Demertzis
A Security Operations Center (SOC) can be defined as an organized and highly skilled team that uses advanced computer forensics tools to prevent, detect and respond to cybersecurity incidents of an organization. The fundamental aspects of an effective SOC is related to the ability to examine and analyze the vast number of data flows and to correlate several other types of events from a cybersecurity perception. The supervision and categorization of network flow is an essential process not only for the scheduling, management, and regulation of the network’s services, but also for attacks identification and for the consequent forensics’ investigations. A serious potential disadvantage of the traditional software solutions used today for computer network monitoring, and specifically for the instances of effective categorization of the encrypted or obfuscated network flow, which enforces the rebuilding of messages packets in sophisticated underlying protocols, is the requirements of computational resources. In addition, an additional significant inability of these software packages is they create high false positive rates because they are deprived of accurate predicting mechanisms.
For all the reasons above, in most cases, the traditional software fails completely to recognize unidentified vulnerabilities and zero-day exploitations. This paper proposes a novel intelligence driven Network Flow Forensics Framework (NF3) which uses low utilization of computing power and resources, for the Next Generation Cognitive Computing SOC (NGC2SOC) that rely solely on advanced fully automated intelligence methods. It is an effective and accurate Ensemble Machine Learning forensics tool to Network Traffic Analysis, Demystification of Malware Traffic and Encrypted Traffic Identification.
Comparative Study on Intrusion Detection Systems for Smartphonesiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Analytical survey of active intrusion detection techniques in mobile ad hoc n...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Intrusion detection and anomaly detection system using sequential pattern miningeSAT Journals
Abstract
Nowadays the security methods from password protected access up to firewalls which are used to secure the data as well as the networks from attackers. Several times these types of security methods are not enough to protect data. We can consider the use of Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) is the one way to secure the data on critical systems. Most of the research work is going on the effectiveness and exactness of the intrusion detection, but these attempts are for the detection of the intrusions at the operating system and network level only. It is unable to detect the unexpected behavior of systems due to malicious transactions in databases. The method used for spotting any interferes on the information in the form of database known as database intrusion detection. It relies on enlisting the execution of a transaction. After that, if the recognized pattern is aside from those regular patterns actual is considered as an intrusion. But the identified problem with this process is that the accuracy algorithm which is used may not identify entire patterns. This type of challenges can affect in two ways. 1) Missing of the database with regular patterns. 2) The detection process neglects some new patterns. Therefore we proposed sequential data mining method by using new Modified Apriori Algorithm. The algorithm upturns the accurateness and rate of pattern detection by the process. The Apriori algorithm with modifications is used in the proposed model.
Keywords — Anomaly Detection, Modified Apriori Algorithm, Misuse detection, Sequential Pattern Mining
Key Findings from the 2015 IBM Cyber Security Intelligence IndexIBM Security
View on-demand presentation: http://securityintelligence.com/events/ibm-2015-cyber-security-intelligence-index/
The cyber threat landscape is increasing in complexity and frequency. Organizations that have historically not been the target of cyber attacks now make headline news with large data losses and compromised transactions. Organizations need a clear point of view on how to respond to these threats, and one that incorporates not only the relevant technology but also the organizational changes needed.
Nick Bradley, Practice Leader of the IBM Threat Research Group and the X-Force Threat Analysis Team, and Nick Coleman, Global Head Cyber Security Intelligence Services outline what organizations need to do now and in the future to stay ahead of the growing cyber security threat.
With cybercrime (like denial of service, malware, phishing, and SQL injection) looming large in our digitized world, penetration testing - and code and application level security testing (SAST and DAST) - are essential for organizations to identify security loopholes in applications and beyond. We provide a guide to the salient standards and techniques for full-spectrum testing to safeguard your data - and reputation.
Dealing with Information Security, Risk Management & Cyber ResilienceDonald Tabone
Information Security
1.Why the need to think about it?
2.What exactly are we talking about?
3.How do we go about doing something about it?
4.Is there a one-size-fits-all framework?
The frequency and impact of cyber attacks have escalated cybersecurity to the top of Board agendas. Institutions are no longer asking if they are vulnerable to cyber attacks. Instead, the focus has shifted to how the attack might be executed, risks and impact. Most importantly, their organisational readiness and resilience to such threats.
This paper describes the concept of implementing the network vulnerability assessment process as a web service in Eucalyptus cloud.This paper is published in one of the international conferences.I implemented the mentioned concept during my M.E. thesis.
Cyber Warfare is the current single greatest emerging threat to National Security. Network security has become an essential component of any computer network. As computer networks and systems become ever more fundamental to modern society, concerns about security has become increasingly important. There are a multitude of different applications open source and proprietary available for the protection +-system administrator, to decide on the most suitable format for their purpose requires knowledge of the available safety measures, their features and how they affect the quality of service, as well as the kind of data they will be allowing through un flagged. A majority of methods currently used to ensure the quality of a networks service are signature based. From this information, and details on the specifics of popular applications and their implementation methods, we have carried through the ideas, incorporating our own opinions, to formulate suggestions on how this could be done on a general level. The main objective was to design and develop an Intrusion Detection System. While the minor objectives were to; Design a port scanner to determine potential threats and mitigation techniques to withstand these attacks. Implement the system on a host and Run and test the designed IDS. In this project we set out to develop a Honey Pot IDS System. It would make it easy to listen on a range of ports and emulate a network protocol to track and identify any individuals trying to connect to your system. This IDS will use the following design approaches: Event correlation, Log analysis, Alerting, and policy enforcement. Intrusion Detection Systems (IDSs) attempt to identify unauthorized use, misuse, and abuse of computer systems. In response to the growth in the use and development of IDSs, we have developed a methodology for testing IDSs. The methodology consists of techniques from the field of software testing which we have adapted for the specific purpose of testing IDSs. In this paper, we identify a set of general IDS performance objectives which is the basis for the methodology. We present the details of the methodology, including strategies for test-case selection and specific testing procedures. We include quantitative results from testing experiments on the Network Security Monitor (NSM), an IDS developed at UC Davis. We present an overview of the software platform that we have used to create user-simulation scripts for testing experiments. The platform consists of the UNIX tool expect and enhancements that we have developed, including mechanisms for concurrent scripts and a record-and-replay feature. We also provide background information on intrusions and IDSs to motivate our work.
Comparative Study on Intrusion Detection Systems for Smartphonesiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Analytical survey of active intrusion detection techniques in mobile ad hoc n...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Intrusion detection and anomaly detection system using sequential pattern miningeSAT Journals
Abstract
Nowadays the security methods from password protected access up to firewalls which are used to secure the data as well as the networks from attackers. Several times these types of security methods are not enough to protect data. We can consider the use of Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) is the one way to secure the data on critical systems. Most of the research work is going on the effectiveness and exactness of the intrusion detection, but these attempts are for the detection of the intrusions at the operating system and network level only. It is unable to detect the unexpected behavior of systems due to malicious transactions in databases. The method used for spotting any interferes on the information in the form of database known as database intrusion detection. It relies on enlisting the execution of a transaction. After that, if the recognized pattern is aside from those regular patterns actual is considered as an intrusion. But the identified problem with this process is that the accuracy algorithm which is used may not identify entire patterns. This type of challenges can affect in two ways. 1) Missing of the database with regular patterns. 2) The detection process neglects some new patterns. Therefore we proposed sequential data mining method by using new Modified Apriori Algorithm. The algorithm upturns the accurateness and rate of pattern detection by the process. The Apriori algorithm with modifications is used in the proposed model.
Keywords — Anomaly Detection, Modified Apriori Algorithm, Misuse detection, Sequential Pattern Mining
Key Findings from the 2015 IBM Cyber Security Intelligence IndexIBM Security
View on-demand presentation: http://securityintelligence.com/events/ibm-2015-cyber-security-intelligence-index/
The cyber threat landscape is increasing in complexity and frequency. Organizations that have historically not been the target of cyber attacks now make headline news with large data losses and compromised transactions. Organizations need a clear point of view on how to respond to these threats, and one that incorporates not only the relevant technology but also the organizational changes needed.
Nick Bradley, Practice Leader of the IBM Threat Research Group and the X-Force Threat Analysis Team, and Nick Coleman, Global Head Cyber Security Intelligence Services outline what organizations need to do now and in the future to stay ahead of the growing cyber security threat.
With cybercrime (like denial of service, malware, phishing, and SQL injection) looming large in our digitized world, penetration testing - and code and application level security testing (SAST and DAST) - are essential for organizations to identify security loopholes in applications and beyond. We provide a guide to the salient standards and techniques for full-spectrum testing to safeguard your data - and reputation.
Dealing with Information Security, Risk Management & Cyber ResilienceDonald Tabone
Information Security
1.Why the need to think about it?
2.What exactly are we talking about?
3.How do we go about doing something about it?
4.Is there a one-size-fits-all framework?
The frequency and impact of cyber attacks have escalated cybersecurity to the top of Board agendas. Institutions are no longer asking if they are vulnerable to cyber attacks. Instead, the focus has shifted to how the attack might be executed, risks and impact. Most importantly, their organisational readiness and resilience to such threats.
This paper describes the concept of implementing the network vulnerability assessment process as a web service in Eucalyptus cloud.This paper is published in one of the international conferences.I implemented the mentioned concept during my M.E. thesis.
Cyber Warfare is the current single greatest emerging threat to National Security. Network security has become an essential component of any computer network. As computer networks and systems become ever more fundamental to modern society, concerns about security has become increasingly important. There are a multitude of different applications open source and proprietary available for the protection +-system administrator, to decide on the most suitable format for their purpose requires knowledge of the available safety measures, their features and how they affect the quality of service, as well as the kind of data they will be allowing through un flagged. A majority of methods currently used to ensure the quality of a networks service are signature based. From this information, and details on the specifics of popular applications and their implementation methods, we have carried through the ideas, incorporating our own opinions, to formulate suggestions on how this could be done on a general level. The main objective was to design and develop an Intrusion Detection System. While the minor objectives were to; Design a port scanner to determine potential threats and mitigation techniques to withstand these attacks. Implement the system on a host and Run and test the designed IDS. In this project we set out to develop a Honey Pot IDS System. It would make it easy to listen on a range of ports and emulate a network protocol to track and identify any individuals trying to connect to your system. This IDS will use the following design approaches: Event correlation, Log analysis, Alerting, and policy enforcement. Intrusion Detection Systems (IDSs) attempt to identify unauthorized use, misuse, and abuse of computer systems. In response to the growth in the use and development of IDSs, we have developed a methodology for testing IDSs. The methodology consists of techniques from the field of software testing which we have adapted for the specific purpose of testing IDSs. In this paper, we identify a set of general IDS performance objectives which is the basis for the methodology. We present the details of the methodology, including strategies for test-case selection and specific testing procedures. We include quantitative results from testing experiments on the Network Security Monitor (NSM), an IDS developed at UC Davis. We present an overview of the software platform that we have used to create user-simulation scripts for testing experiments. The platform consists of the UNIX tool expect and enhancements that we have developed, including mechanisms for concurrent scripts and a record-and-replay feature. We also provide background information on intrusions and IDSs to motivate our work.
What makes the next-generation firewall better than the traditional firewalls in protecting your data from hackers? Know more information from Netmagic!
Top Cyber Security Interview Questions and Answers 2022.pdfCareerera
Cyber security positions have considerably taken the top list in the job market. Candidates vying for elite positions in the field of cyber security certainly need a clear-cut and detailed guide to channeling their preparation for smooth career growth, beginning with getting a job. We have curated the top cyber security interview questions that will help candidates focus on the key areas. We have classified the regularly asked cyber security interview questions here, in this article into different levels starting from basic general questions to advanced technical ones.
Before we move on to the top cyber security interview questions, it is critical to reflect on the vitality of cyber security in our modern times and how cyber security professionals are catering to the needs of securing a safe cyber ecosystem.
The times we live in is defined by the digital transition, in which the internet, electronic devices, and computers have become an integral part of our daily life. Institutions that serve our daily needs, such as banks and hospitals, now rely on internet-connected equipment to give the best possible service. A portion of their data, such as financial and personal information, has become vulnerable to illegal access, posing serious risks. Intruders utilize this information to carry out immoral and criminal goals.
Cyber-attacks have jeopardized the computer system and its arrangements, which has now become a global concern. To safeguard data from security breaches, a comprehensive cyber security policy is needed now more than ever. The rising frequency of cyber-attacks has compelled corporations and organizations working with national security and sensitive data to implement stringent security procedures and restrictions.
Computers, mobile devices, servers, data, electronic systems, networks, and other systems connected to the internet must be protected from harmful attacks. Cybersecurity, which is a combination of the words "cyber" and "security," provides this protection. 'Cyber' imbibes the vast-ranging technology with systems, networks, programs, and data in the aforementioned procedure. The phrase "security" refers to the process of protecting data, networks, applications, and systems. In a nutshell,
cyber security is a combination of principles and approaches that assist prevent unwanted access to data, networks, programs, and devices by meeting the security needs of technological resources (computer-based) and online databases.
Looking to understand how hackers and other attackers use cyber technology to attack your network and your executives? This slide set provides an overview and details the anatomy of a cyber attack, and the strategies you can use to manage and mitigate risk.
Discuss how a successful organization should have the followin.docxcuddietheresa
Discuss how a successful organization should have the following layers of security in place for the protection of its operations: information security management, data security, and network security.
Multiple Layers of Security
Marlowe Rooks posted Mar 13, 2020 9:54 AM
Looking at Vacca”s book chapter 1, “Information security management as a field is ever increasing in demand and responsibility because most organizations spend increasingly larger percentages of their IT budgets in attempting to manage risk and mitigate intrusions, not to mention the trend in many enterprises of moving all IT operations to an Internet-connected infrastructure, known as enterprise cloud computing (John R. Vacca, 2014)”. It is the organization responsibility to protect its business and its client information at all times. With that said I’m going to break down why companies need to have multiple layers of security and what types they should implement below.
The first layer is Information security management which can be from Physical Security, or Personnel Security. Physical Security can range from physical items, objects, or areas from unauthorized access and misuse. Personnel Security is to protect the individual or group of individuals who are authorized to access the organization and its operations. Some of the reason to implement Information Security is as follow:
· Decrease in downtime of IT systems
· Decrease in security related incidents
· Increase in meeting an organization's compliance requirements and standards
· Increase in customer satisfaction, demonstrating that security issues are tackled in the most appropriate manner
· Increase in quality of service
· Process approach adoption, which helps account for all legal and regulatory requirements
· More easily identifiable and managed risks
· Also covers information security (IS) (in addition to IT information security)
· Provides a competitive edge to an organization with the help of tackling risks and managing resources/processes
The second layer would be Data Security which can be refers to the process of protecting data from unauthorized access and data corruption throughout its lifecycle. Data security includes data encryption, tokenization, and key management practices that protect data across all applications and platforms. Some of the reason to implement Data Security is as follow:
· Cloud access security – Protection platform that allows you to move to the cloud securely while protecting data in cloud applications.
· Data encryption – Data-centric and tokenization security solutions that protect data across enterprise, cloud, mobile and big data environments.
· Web Browser Security - Protects sensitive data captured at the browser, from the point the customer enters cardholder or personal data, and keeps it protected through the ecosystem to the trusted host destination.
· Mobile App Security - Protecting sensitive data in native mobile apps while safeguarding the data end-to-end.
· eMai ...
Discuss how a successful organization should have the followin.docxsalmonpybus
Discuss how a successful organization should have the following layers of security in place for the protection of its operations: information security management, data security, and network security.
Multiple Layers of Security
Marlowe Rooks posted Mar 13, 2020 9:54 AM
Looking at Vacca”s book chapter 1, “Information security management as a field is ever increasing in demand and responsibility because most organizations spend increasingly larger percentages of their IT budgets in attempting to manage risk and mitigate intrusions, not to mention the trend in many enterprises of moving all IT operations to an Internet-connected infrastructure, known as enterprise cloud computing (John R. Vacca, 2014)”. It is the organization responsibility to protect its business and its client information at all times. With that said I’m going to break down why companies need to have multiple layers of security and what types they should implement below.
The first layer is Information security management which can be from Physical Security, or Personnel Security. Physical Security can range from physical items, objects, or areas from unauthorized access and misuse. Personnel Security is to protect the individual or group of individuals who are authorized to access the organization and its operations. Some of the reason to implement Information Security is as follow:
· Decrease in downtime of IT systems
· Decrease in security related incidents
· Increase in meeting an organization's compliance requirements and standards
· Increase in customer satisfaction, demonstrating that security issues are tackled in the most appropriate manner
· Increase in quality of service
· Process approach adoption, which helps account for all legal and regulatory requirements
· More easily identifiable and managed risks
· Also covers information security (IS) (in addition to IT information security)
· Provides a competitive edge to an organization with the help of tackling risks and managing resources/processes
The second layer would be Data Security which can be refers to the process of protecting data from unauthorized access and data corruption throughout its lifecycle. Data security includes data encryption, tokenization, and key management practices that protect data across all applications and platforms. Some of the reason to implement Data Security is as follow:
· Cloud access security – Protection platform that allows you to move to the cloud securely while protecting data in cloud applications.
· Data encryption – Data-centric and tokenization security solutions that protect data across enterprise, cloud, mobile and big data environments.
· Web Browser Security - Protects sensitive data captured at the browser, from the point the customer enters cardholder or personal data, and keeps it protected through the ecosystem to the trusted host destination.
· Mobile App Security - Protecting sensitive data in native mobile apps while safeguarding the data end-to-end.
· eMai.
Information Securityfind an article online discussing defense-in-d.pdfforladies
Information Security
find an article online discussing defense-in-depth. List your source and provide a paragraph
summary of what the article stated.
Solution
Abstract
The exponential growth of the Internet interconnections has led to a significant growth of cyber
attack incidents often with disastrous and grievous consequences. Malware is the primary choice
of weapon to carry out malicious intents in the cyberspace, either by exploitation into existing
vulnerabilities or utilization of unique characteristics of emerging technologies. The
development of more innovative and effective malware defense mechanisms has been regarded
as an urgent requirement in the cybersecurity community. To assist in achieving this goal, we
first present an overview of the most exploited vulnerabilities in existing hardware, software, and
network layers. This is followed by critiques of existing state-of-the-art mitigation techniques as
why they do or don\'t work. We then discuss new attack patterns in emerging technologies such
as social media, cloud computing, smartphone technology, and critical infrastructure. Finally, we
describe our speculative observations on future research directions.
A multi-layered approach to cyber security utilising machine learning and advanced analytics is
essential to defend against sophisticated multi-stage attacks including:
Insider Threats | Advanced Human Attacks | Supply Chain Infection | Ransomware |
Compromised User Accounts | Data Loss
Prepare for a cyber security incident or attack and how to adequately manage the aftermath with
an organised approach to Incident Response – coordinating resources, people, information,
technology and complying with regulations.
INSIDER THREATS
Insider threat can originate from employees, contractors, third party services or anyone with
access rights to your network, corporate data or business premises.
The challenge is to identify attacks and understand how they develop in real-time by analysing
and correlating the subtle signs of compromise that an insider makes when they infiltrate the
network.
Traditional security measures are no longer sufficient to combat insider threat. A more
sophisticated, intelligence-based approach is required. Cyberseer uses machine-learning
technology to form a behavioural baseline for every user to determine normal activity and spot
new, previously unidentified threat behaviours. The move to a more proactive approach towards
security will enable companies to take action to thwart developing situations escalating into
exfiltrated information or damaging incidents.
ADVANCED HUMAN ATTACKS
Advanced threats use a set of stealthy and continuous processes to target an organisation, which
is often orchestrated for business or political motives by individuals (or groups). The “advanced”
process signifies sophisticated techniques using malware to exploit vulnerabilities in
organisations systems. They are considered persistent because an external command and control
system .
Cybersecurity Interview Questions and Answers.pdfJazmine Brown
Cyber security professionals are in high demand, and those willing to learn new skills to enter the area will have plenty of opportunities. Our goal is to present you with the most comprehensive selection of cybersecurity interview questions available.
Safeguarding the Digital Realm Understanding CyberAttacks and Their Vital Cou...cyberprosocial
With the digital world becoming an essential aspect of our connected environment, there is always a risk of cyberattacks. The phrase "CyberAttacks" refers to a broad category of malevolent actions directed towards computer networks
3.8 Ways to Establish Secure Protocols in a Digital Organization.pdfBelayet Hossain
How to establish secure protocols in a digital organization? In recent years, massive cybercrimes have targeted businesses all around the world. Organizations are constantly subjected to security breaches, including data leaks, broken authentication, database hacking, malware infestations, and denial of service attacks on their networks, web applications, and servers.
https://itphobia.com/8-ways-to-establish-secure-protocols-in-a-digital-organization/
Safeguarding the Digital Realm: Understanding CyberAttacks and Their Vital Co...cyberprosocial
With the digital world becoming an essential aspect of our connected environment, there is always a risk of cyberattacks. The phrase “CyberAttacks” refers to a broad category of malevolent actions directed towards computer networks, systems, and data. As technology develops, cybercriminals’ strategies also advance with it.
8 years later, Vermont's 100 digital coverage still incomplete.
This is an Emergency Broadband Action Plan (EBAP). It was prepared by the Vermont Department of Public Service in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.1 The internet has become the highway to essential everyday services. It is also key to a vibrant economy. And now the COVID-19 pandemic has forced this new clarity about the internet: it can keep people safe during a public health emergency. On March 25, 2020, Governor Scott issued an executive order directing Vermonters to stay home and stay safe. The EBAP seeks to ensure that all Vermonters have access to the internet at home when a public emergency requires that we shelter in place, whether during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, or during a natural disaster such as Tropical Storm Irene. Today, 23% of the state -- comprising 69,899 business and residential locations -- presently does not have access to broadband at 25/3 Mbps – the service speed that defines “broadband” under federal law.2 At this time, nobody knows when the public health threat of the COVID-19 virus will be suppressed, if not defeated. It is unclear when a vaccine will become available, or whether we will face yet new waves of contagion and mass illness that will force more sheltering at home and again shut down the public square and our economy. What we do know is that universal broadband access can provide the flexibility to meet this uncertainty with confidence that no one will be left behind for want of access to the internet.
#GreenMountainRepublicans #VermontUniversalRecyclingLaws #VermontCompostingLaws
It’s the law – and if you throw food scraps in the trash after July 1, you’re breaking it.
"That's because, as of July 1, 2020, the last phase of Act 148 will become law, which bans the last sector of food scraps from landfills -- the ones from your kitchen's garbage pail -- in favor of mandatory composting.
Vermont passed the law in 2012 and has been phasing in various parts ever since, the last of which passed into law on July 1, 2017 and required transfer stations and waste haulers to accept food scraps separate from trash. It also required places likes restaurants or other businesses that produced at least 18 tons per year (1/3 ton/week) to separate out their food waste to be composted at any certified facility within 20 miles."
Vermont's Universal Recycling Law Timeline:
https://dec.vermont.gov/waste-management/solid/universal-recycling
Vermont's Composting guidelines for Wild Animal areas.
https://www.vermont.gov/
From 2010—the first full year after the official end of the Great Recession—to 2018, Vermont’s economy, as measured by gross state product, grew at less than one-third the rate of the country’s overall. Vermont’s annual growth rate, after adjusting for inflation, averaged 0.7 percent per year, compared with 2.3 percent for the U.S. That was also slower than Vermont’s own annual growth rate during the previous recovery (2002-07), which was 1.8 percent. From 2017 to 2018 Vermont’s real GSP grew by 1.2 percent.
Vermont's State of Vermont Human Resources Dashboard Information, just wait until you see how much you are paying people for #50 Vermont WORST GDP ranking, and no wonder Vermont is dying FAST! Be prepared for these Salaries are very TOP HEAVY and in the Private Sector for this kind of lousy performance their would be downsizing BIG TIME.
Another reason why Vermonters need #TaxRelief #TaxReform
No wonder Vermont is failing and dying so fast.
#1 to #4 Vermont MOST TAXED State in the Country
#4 Vermont Welfare State in the Country, Median
State of Vermont's Payroll Data, in #50 Vermont WORST GDP State, #49 Vermont WORST Business Start-Up State.
Vermont's Actual Human Resources Payroll
https://humanresources.vermont.gov/data/workforce-dashboard?fbclid=IwAR3rwt9k4Y59E_SsbtCeYkxgqMD3C-4GNYDnkXU2bHdyQsFuqHfuaVAIYck
State/Congressional Officers 500 signatures
Office of the Secretary of State State Senate 100 signatures
Senatorial District Clerks State Representative 50 signatures
Representative District Clerks County Office (Probate Judge, Assistant Judges (Side Judges), State’s Attorney, Sheriff, High Bailiff) 100 signatures
County Clerk
https://www.sec.state.vt.us/elections/candidates.aspx
The Advanced Small Modular Reactors with Renewlogy Reverse Engineering Plastics proposals for #50 Vermont Smallest Carbon Footprint State in the country creating JOBS while generating REAL VERMONT ENERGY INDEPENDENCE.
The Plastic Life Cycle Tired of paying Tax Schemes, request Renewlogy to be placed on the ballots throughout Vermont. One of several solutions Green Mountain Republicans suggested for Tax Relief, Tax Reform, Business Reform getting away from nepotism driving the State of Vermont DEAD LAST #50 Vermont Welfare State Model.
Renewlogy www.renewlogy.com is one solution reverse engineering TONS of plastics throughout 14 Counties, throughout Vermont Cities that would create jobs while generating heating fuels without "Carbon Taxes Schemes", "Carbon Pricing Schemes","Carbon Pollution fees", "Cap N Trade Schemes", "Stealth Carbon Taxes Schemes", "Without banning Plastics Schemes".
Vermont Tax Payers should request this solution on all ballots throughout all communities throughout Vermont. The Plastic Life Cycle explaining the process: http://renewlogy.com/?fbclid=IwAR13pfO4zqRmU4qbcXIevnO6qYB_Uw2Qf3eiXQ8KV53hBsbyYx5WpaJEOgI
#ESGJRConsultingInc #Software #Cisco #Network #Engineering #RenewlogySolution #ReverseEngineeringPlastics #GreenMountainRepublicans
OneCare is seeking approval of its $1.43 billion budget. The accountable care organization presented the budget last month, and the Green Mountain Care Board will vote on it in December. It’s also asking for funds that must be approved by the Legislature.
Gov. Peter Shumlin signed a deal with the federal government Thursday that will set up a unified health system in Vermont that officials call an all-payer model.
Shumlin signed the contract in his ceremonial office with watery eyes, and thanked his administration, the Green Mountain Care Board, hospitals, and community health centers for cementing the agreement.
https://vtdigger.org/2016/10/28/shumlin-signs-payer-deal-feds/?is_wppwa=true&wpappninja_cache=friendly
This Report was prepared pursuant to a contract with Allegheny Science & Technology Corporation with funding from the U.S. Department of Energy (“DOE”), Office of Nuclear Energy, under Small Modular Reactor Report, MSA No. DOE0638-1022-11, Prime Contract No. DE-NE0000638.
This Report does not represent the views of DOE, and no official endorsement should be inferred. Additionally, this Report is not intended to provide legal advice, and readers are encouraged to consult with an attorney familiar with the applicable federal and state requirements prior to entering into any agreements for the purchase of power.
The authors of this Report are Seth Kirshenberg and Hilary Jackler at Kutak Rock LLP and Brian Oakley and Wil Goldenberg at Scully Capital Services, Inc. The authors gratefully acknowledge the assistance of federal government officials working to support the small modular reactor program and the development of nuclear power. DOE provided the resources for this Report and invaluable leadership, guidance, and input.
In particular, the authors appreciate the leadership, support, guidance, and input from Matt Bowen, Associate Deputy Assistant Secretary, Office of Nuclear Energy, and Tim Beville, Program Manager, Small Modular Reactors Program at DOE. Additionally, the authors appreciate the input and guidance from the Western Area Power Administration, the Utah Associated Municipal Power Systems, NuScale Power LLC, and the many other governmental entities and individuals that reviewed and provided input and technical guidance on the drafts of this Report.
https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2017/02/f34/Purchasing%20Power%20Produced%20by%20Small%20Modular%20Reactors%20-%20Federal%20Agency%20Options%20-%20Final%201-27-17.pdf
Here is a link to Vermont's Superfund Clean up Sites, the EPA actually deletes sites after a while?
Vermont's EPA Superfund Sites:
https://www.epa.gov/vt/list-superfund-npl-sites-vermont
Superfund Clean up Grants:
https://tools.niehs.nih.gov/srp/programs/index.cfm
Timely Announcements
Click here for the results for the May 14, 2019 Barre Town Municipal Vote and the BUUSD Vote.
http://www.barretown.org/
If you would like to be considered for appointment to one of the Town’s Boards, Commissions, and Committees,please prepare a brief letter of interest, or fill out the application in your April Barre Town Newsletter, and either mail to the Town Manager’s Office, PO Box 116, Websterville VT 05678 or drop off at the Municipal Building at 149 Websterville Rd. You can refer to this list of questions as a guide (opens in Word) for your letter. The deadline is Fri May 24, by noon.
Vermont Ranks #49, slowly dying due to Democrat/Progressive Socialist Super Majority destroying the State by claiming low unemployment. Vermonters leaving for far better states to live without taxing everything.
Here are some financial reporting links to help you see the Financial status of the State of Vermont.
https://auditor.vermont.gov/about-us/strategic-plans-and-performance-reports
The State Budget Links:
https://auditor.vermont.gov/about-us/budget
Building a Wall around the Welfare State, Instead of the Country July 23, 2013 No. 723
John McClaughry: Vermont's Welfare cornucopia
https://vtdigger.org/2013/08/19/mcclaughry-vermonts-welfare-cornucopia/
VT Digger:
https://vtdigger.org/2013/08/19/mcclaughry-vermonts-welfare-cornucopia/
This report provides information on policies to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in Vermont.1 It considers both carbon pricing policies, such as carbon taxes or cap-and-trade programs, and nonpricing policies, such as electric vehicle (EV) and energy efficiency incentives, weatherization programs and investments in low-carbon agriculture. This study aims to inform the policy dialogue but is not intended to address the complete universe of policy options. The key findings are presented below.
Seven Days Opioid Deaths Rise in Vermont Article:
https://www.sevendaysvt.com/OffMessage/archives/2019/02/14/opioid-deaths-rise-in-vermont-but-plummet-in-chittenden-county
Act 46 Barre City and Barre Town,
Gilbert for U.S. Senate 2018 www.gilbertforsenate.us Education Reform, Upgrading Vermont's Digital Infrastructure, Home School Options for Parents that do not support local Public School Academic Standards, The New LGBTQ Standards, Cutting Schools Budgets due to smaller student populations.
History of Vermont Politics in Education Reform across all 14 Counties www.greenmountainrepublicans.org
High-Tech Business Research Models supporting Economic Prosperity designing leading edge Technologies www.esgjrconsultinginc.com Fidelity Investments President of Technology Award Earner Roth IRA/Roth IRA Rollover Business Models.
141 Main St.
Montpelier, VT 05602
1-800-834-7890
www.disabilityrightsvt.org
As a Veteran with slight disability www.esgjrconsultinginc.com or the History of Politics in Vermont, some of which is not very supportive with people with disabilities at www.greenmountainrepublicans.org or Gilbert for U.S. Senate 2018 at www.gilbertforsenate.us
Multi-cluster Kubernetes Networking- Patterns, Projects and GuidelinesSanjeev Rampal
Talk presented at Kubernetes Community Day, New York, May 2024.
Technical summary of Multi-Cluster Kubernetes Networking architectures with focus on 4 key topics.
1) Key patterns for Multi-cluster architectures
2) Architectural comparison of several OSS/ CNCF projects to address these patterns
3) Evolution trends for the APIs of these projects
4) Some design recommendations & guidelines for adopting/ deploying these solutions.
This 7-second Brain Wave Ritual Attracts Money To You.!nirahealhty
Discover the power of a simple 7-second brain wave ritual that can attract wealth and abundance into your life. By tapping into specific brain frequencies, this technique helps you manifest financial success effortlessly. Ready to transform your financial future? Try this powerful ritual and start attracting money today!
1.Wireless Communication System_Wireless communication is a broad term that i...JeyaPerumal1
Wireless communication involves the transmission of information over a distance without the help of wires, cables or any other forms of electrical conductors.
Wireless communication is a broad term that incorporates all procedures and forms of connecting and communicating between two or more devices using a wireless signal through wireless communication technologies and devices.
Features of Wireless Communication
The evolution of wireless technology has brought many advancements with its effective features.
The transmitted distance can be anywhere between a few meters (for example, a television's remote control) and thousands of kilometers (for example, radio communication).
Wireless communication can be used for cellular telephony, wireless access to the internet, wireless home networking, and so on.
ER(Entity Relationship) Diagram for online shopping - TAEHimani415946
https://bit.ly/3KACoyV
The ER diagram for the project is the foundation for the building of the database of the project. The properties, datatypes, and attributes are defined by the ER diagram.
guildmasters guide to ravnica Dungeons & Dragons 5...
Toward Continuous Cybersecurity with Network Automation
1.
2. Table of Contents
Executive Summary
1. The Cybersecurity Landscape
The Role of the Network in Cybersecurity
Trends Affecting Network Security
A Common Cybersecurity Framework
2. Best Practices for Network Security
Enable Visibility Across Network Infrastructure
Implement Network Automation
Promote a Culture of Collaboration
3. Applying Network Automation to Security Workflows
Protecting the Network
Detecting and Responding to Cyberattacks
Enhancing Collaboration Across Teams
4. Achieving Continuous Cybersecurity
Continuous Network Hardening
Continuous Threat Response
Conclusion
1
2
2
4
5
7
7
10
13
15
15
19
20
22
22
23
25
3. Executive Summary
netbraintech.com |01 | Executive Summary
Network security is a dynamic art, with dangers appearing as
fast as black hats can exploit vulnerabilities. While there are
basic “golden rules” which can make life difficult for the bad
guys, it remains a challenge to keep networks secure. John
Chambers, Executive Chairman of Cisco, famously said “there
are two types of companies: those that have been hacked, and
those who don’t know they have been hacked”. The question
for most organizations isn’t if they’re going to be breached, but
how quickly they can isolate and mitigate the threat.
In this paper, we’ll examine best practices for effective
cybersecurity – from both a proactive (access hardening)
and reactive (threat isolation and mitigation) perspective.
We’ll address how network automation can help minimize
cyberattacks by closing vulnerability gaps and how it can
improve incident response times in the event of a cyberthreat.
Finally, we’ll lay a vision for continuous network security, to
explore how machine-to-machine automation may deliver an
auto-securing and self-healing network.
- John Chambers,
Executive Chairman,
Cisco
There are two types of
companies: those that
have been hacked and
those who don't know
they have been hacked
"
"
4. Technology is more vital to business than ever, requiring organizations to
become more digitally advanced. But as reliance on technology increases,
so must an organization’s security posture. Failure to do so, could result in a
costly data breach like the ones we’ve seen play out in the news many times
before.
The focus of this paper is aimed at network security, to illustrate how networks
should be designed and configured to achieve security best practices and
how network teams can react effectively to security threats. Let’s first take
a step back to examine how network security differs from cybersecurity and
information security (also known as InfoSec).
Information security aims to ensure that all data, whether physical or digital,
is protected from unauthorized access. Cybersecurity, a sub-domain of
InfoSec, aims to protect only digital data (e.g. computers and networks) from
unauthorized access or damage. As a sub-domain of cybersecurity, network
security aims to protect any data that is being sent through devices in your
network, ensuring that information is not intercepted or changed along the
way. In other words, whereas cybersecurity includes protection of data at rest,
network security focuses on data in motion, including encryption, remote
access considerations, 802.1x solutions, certificates, etc. The role of network
security is to protect an organization’s IT infrastructure from any type of cyber
threat such as:
netbraintech.com |02 | The Cybersecurity Landscape
1. The Cybersecurity Landscape
The Role of the Network in Cybersecurity
• Viruses, worms, and trojan horses - Malicious software which
targets and damages PCs and end systems.
• Denial of service attacks - Methods which make a machine or
networkresourceunavailabletoitsintendedusersbydisruptingservices.
20%
The number of DDoS
attacks has increased by
more than 20% in the last
year, and attack throughput
has reached 160 Gnps.
Source: Gartner
5. netbraintech.com |03 | The Cybersecurity Landscape
$3.62M
Average Cost of
Data Breach
- 2017 Cost of Data Breach
Study, Ponemon Institute
• Zero-day vulnerabilities - Holes in software which are exploited by
hackers before a vendor becomes aware and hurries to fix them.
• Spyware and adware - Software that aims to gather information or
asserts control over a device without the consumer's knowledge.
• Firewalls which typically use state tables to operate at layer-3 and
layer-4 to block unauthorized traffic while permitting authorized
communication.
• Anti-virus software which protects computers and end systems
from viruses.
• Intrusion detection systems (IDS) which alert administrators when
someone is trying to maliciously compromise an information
system.
• Intrusion prevention systems (IPS) which perform anomaly
detection, application filtering, and deep packet inspection to detect
and prevent vulnerability exploits. Unlike IDS, IPS is placed in line with
the network to actively analyze traffic and take automated actions to
block malicious traffic.
• Virtual private networks (VPN) which create a safe and encrypted
connection over a less secure network, such as the internet.
Network security teams must implement hardware and software policies to
protect their infrastructure and detect emerging threats before they infiltrate
the network or compromise the organization’s data. There are several
components to network security which work in harmony. The most common
components include:
When the security of your network is compromised, the priority should be to
isolate the attacker and mitigate the threat as quickly as possible. The longer
the attacker stays in your network, the more time they have to steal your
confidential data. According to Ponemon Institute’s 2017 Cost of Data Breach
study, the average total cost of a data breach is more than $3.62 million,
6. netbraintech.com |04 | The Cybersecurity Landscape
excluding catastrophic or mega data security breaches. The most effective
method of lessening the total cost is by removing the attackers from your
network as soon as possible – in other words, stop the bleeding.
Growing use of mobile devices and software-as-a-service (SaaS) make
securing the network more challenging than ever. Faster network connections
and more remote users are forcing security teams to consider where and
how to provide protection. Further, traffic now flows in every possible direction
due to the transition from monolithic (single application per server) to a tiered
application approach, with diverse traffic patterns. The following trends will
continue to impact network security policies and strategy.
Trends Affecting Network Security
1. The proliferation of IoT
The Internet of Things has broad implications for consumer devices,
but many IoT devices are permeating the enterprise as well. Today,
document scanners, medical devices, badge scanners, lab equipment,
thermostats, and even coffee makers have an IP address. That means
that network teams need to identify, track, and secure those devices
which are often inherently insecure. Many use only port 80, insecure (or
no) passwords, or are hardcoded to use only the 192.168.0.0/24 address
space.
2. Mobile networks, VPNs, BYOD, and roaming users
Today’s employees connect from anywhere, accessing services from
iPads, Android phones, tablets and laptops. Many of those devices are
employee-owned even as organizations start to push back on BYOD
(“Bring Your Own Device”) to take back security control. Still, there
remains a large group of personal devices accessing corporate resources
which is wreaking havoc on security teams. Your network strategy needs
to consider how to secure access across a plethora of platforms over an
expanding network perimeter.
56%
of respondents* assumed
their organization has been
breached or will be soon.
*Survey conducted by the SANS
institute in 2016
7. netbraintech.com |05 | The Cybersecurity Landscape
To better address the dynamic risks of cybersecurity, President Barack
Obama issued Executive Order 13636, “Improving Critical Infrastructure
Security,” on February 12, 2013. This policy called for the development of a
cybersecurity framework – a set of industry standards and best practices to
help organizations manage cybersecurity risks. Organizations will have unique
risks – different threats, vulnerabilities, and risk tolerances – so how they
implement this framework will vary. Here, we will identify the basic functions of
that framework’s core, which will in turn help guide the recommendations of
this paper.
A Common Cybersecurity Framework
1. Identity - Understand the business context, including resources
that support critical business functions, and the related cyberse-
curity risks. This enables an organization to focus and prioritize its
efforts to align with business needs. Outcomes of this function
3. The move to the cloud
Enterprises are adopting private, public, and hybrid cloud services at
increasing rates. This trend presents a big challenge for network security,
as traffic can go around traditional points of inspection. Other challenges
include the ability to traverse international borders, compliance
considerations, cloud infrastructure churn (VMs moving and changing
as needs change), containerization, and a general lack of visibility. While
cloud services are developing their own security models, they will need to
harmonize with your own strategy.
4. Targeted attacks and persistent threats
Advanced persistent threats, or APTs, have become a standard of
cybercrime. For years, network security capabilities such as web
filtering or IPS played a key part in identifying such attacks, after the
initial compromise. As attackers grow bolder and employ more evasive
techniques, network security must integrate with other security services
to detect attacks.
8. netbraintech.com |06 | The Cybersecurity Landscape
assessment, and governance.
2. Protect - Ensure delivery of critical infrastructure services.
This function supports the ability to limit the impact of a potential
cybersecurity event. Outcomes of this function include access
control, awareness and training, data security, and maintenance.
3. Detect - Develop and implement the appropriate activities to
identify the occurrence of a cybersecurity event. This function
enables timely discovery of cybersecurity events. Outcomes
include anomalies and event detection, continuous security
monitoring, and detection processes.
4. Respond - Take action regarding a detected cybersecurity event.
This function supports the ability to contain the impact of
a potential threat. Outcomes include response planning,
communications, analysis, mitigation, and improvements.
5. Recover - Restore any capabilities or services that were impaired
due to a cybersecurity event. This function supports timely
recovery to normal operations to reduce the impact from an
attack. Outcomes include recovery planning, improvements, and
communications.
IDENTIFY PROTECT DETECT RESPOND RECOVER
Asset management
Business environment
Governance
Risk assessment
Risk management
strategy
Access control
Awareness and training
Data security
Information protection
and procedures
Maintenance
Protective technology
Response planning
Communications
Analysis
Mitigation
Improvements
Recover planning
Improvements
Communications
Anomalies and
events
Security continuous
monitoring
Detection process
Figure 1: Basic Functions of the Cybersecurity Framework
9. netbraintech.com |07 | Best Practices for Network Security
Tools and technologies play a critical role in a security plan. Perhaps even
more important, however are the methods and processes which govern the
way these technologies are deployed, provisioned, and managed. Networks
are vastly complex systems and the methods to secure them make them
even more difficult to manage. If a firewall policy is not configured properly,
or an IDS is not properly tuned, it can create a point of vulnerability.
Network and security teams must work in harmony to ensure the
network is properly protected, considering the evolving landscape and
ongoing release of new vulnerabilities. To understand where the network
is vulnerable requires deep visibility and significant analysis. The same
requirements exist when the network is under attack – network and
security teams must work together as quickly as possible to isolate and
mitigate the attack to minimize time spent troubleshooting manually.
As humans, we rely on pictures and diagrams to help us understand complex
systems. The ability to visualize complex sets of data is therefore critical
for teams to consume information. Network visibility can refer to many
things. In this paper, we define network visibility as the ability to visualize and
conceptualize a network’s topology (including connections to firewalls, VPNs,
and other security technologies), design (including security policies and
2. Best Practices for Network Security
Enable Visibility Across Network Infrastructure
It’s worth noting that the functions outlined above are not intended to lead
to a static end state. Rather, they should be performed concurrently and
continuously to provide an operational culture that addresses the dynamic
cybersecurity risk. It is important to measure the state of cybersecurity
ongoing, through audits and assessments. The following sections look at the
slice of these functions that pertain to network security in particular.
10. netbraintech.com |08 | Best Practices for Network Security
Figure 2: Limitations of Network Visibility in an Enterprise Environment
Due to the complexity and dynamic nature of a network infrastructure,
visibility remains a challenge for many organizations. To understand the
challenges that come with limited visibility, it’s important to first look at the
tools and techniques traditionally used to conceptualize information. In
most cases, the methods to collect and analyze data are manual and labor-
intensive. With data visualization, there are two fundamental challenges: (1)
limited visibility – lacking depth or breadth of information, or (2) information
overload – too much data spread across systems, making it difficult to find
meaningful insights. Tools and techniques for traditional data visualization
include:
configuration), and live performance characteristics (including device and
interface health). Further, teams with visibility into the history of their networks
– including a catalog of changes made over time – are better equipped to
diagnose issues, and mitigate threats, when they arise.
Network Diagrams
CLI
Performance
Monitoring
Change
Logs
Expert
Knowledge
Network
Visibility
What’s
changed?
How’s it
configured
?
What’s
connected
?
Have we
seen this
before?
What’s
happening?
11. netbraintech.com |09 | Best Practices for Network Security
• Network diagrams
o Benefits: Diagrams provide a way for teams to visualize the
topology of their networks, helping them understand critical
devices and interconnections.
o Challenges: To create network diagrams, an engineer needs
to type show commands box-by-box to slowly build a list of
devices, how they’re connected, and how traffic flows. This takes
a tremendous amount of time and is error-prone. Even a good
set of documentation provides limited configuration data, such
as hostnames, and IP addresses. Even more frustrating is that
network diagrams are quickly obsolete if not updated frequently.
• The command line interface (CLI)
o Benefits: As a flexible and powerful user interface for network
management the CLI is a preferred tool by experts. Virtually any
topology, configuration, or performance data can be accessed
with knowledge of the right commands. For complex tasks, the CLI
can also be scripted to achieve automation.
o Challenges: The CLI limits the breadth of information a user can
analyze, because it is accessed one device and one command
at-a-time. The CLI comes with a steep learning curve since each
unique vendor and model has its own command structure and
syntax. Automation also requires a steep learning curve to achieve
with complex scripts.
• IDS/IPS/monitoring tools
o Benefits: The primary benefit of these tools extend beyond data
analysis, since the primary role of an IDS/IPS is to alert
administrators to suspicious activity or policy violations. These
tools also provide context into what part of the network may be
impacted by a particular threat.
o Challenges: Many organizations face information overload when
managing these systems. It is challenging to distinguish a real
threat from a perceived threat with such volumes.
43%
of surveyed engineers said
that troubleshooting takes
too much due to the manual
nature of using the CLI
*Source: 2017 State of the Network
Engineer Survey
12. netbraintech.com |10 | Best Practices for Network Security
The demand for network automation in cybersecurity is best summarized by
Major General Sara Zabel, Vice Director of the Defense Information Systems
Agency (DISA). With 4.5 million users and 11 core data centers, DISA’s
infrastructure generates about 10 million alarms per day, according to Zabel at
the Open Networking User Group conference in 2016. Approximately 2,000
of those become trouble tickets. DISA’s network is a big target for hackers,
logging 800 billion security events per day. Between countermeasures,
configuration fixes, and other updates, DISA makes about 22,000 changes to
its infrastructure every day. While DISA’s infrastructure represents an extreme
example, most networks struggle all the same with the volume of alarms and
tickets. Network automation is therefore mission critical in delivering services
to the business while improving predictability and reliability.
With manual methods of documentation, disparate tools for data collection,
and knowledge siloed in the minds of experts, it remains extremely challenging
for network teams to decode complex enterprise network environments. It
is critical for teams to invest in tools which distill complex sets of data into
intuitive and actionable intelligence.
Implement Network Automation
• The minds of tribal leaders
o Benefits: Tribal leaders have vast experience with management
or oversight of their unique networks. They know the ins and outs
of the underlying design architecture and have “been there, seen
that” enough times to quickly respond to threats and outages. Their
knowledge is invaluable and they don’t generally require diagrams or
other visual aids, because they know the network so well.
o Challenges: If knowledge is centralized in the minds of a select
few then those tribal leaders become a single point of failure in the
event they are sick or hit by a bus. Knowledge hoarding also limits
the effectiveness of a team to handle large volumes of tickets and
secure the broader network.
- Million Alarm
- 2,000 Trouble Tickets
- 800 Billion Security Events
- 22,000 Changes
DISA Infrastructure
Daily Events
13. The biggest trend in network automation is software-defined networking
(SDN) which brings programmability to the provisioning of network services.
SDN is often referred to as control plane programmability. A second
category, workflow automation, aims to make network operations more
agile, predictable, and efficient. Many organizations are in their infancy of
implementing workflow automation. As a result, most engineers still use
manual processes for managing key security workflows, such as verifying
network hardening policies and mitigating cyberattacks. In the context of the
cybersecurity framework, let’s examine these two broad workflows (proactive
and reactive) to identify areas where automation can improve efficiency and
agility.
netbraintech.com |11 | Best Practices for Network Security
IDENTIFY PROTECT DETECT RESPOND RECOVER
Figure 3: Proactive and Reactive Cybersecurity Workflows
Proactive Workflows: Protecting the Network
To protect the network, organizations must perform continuous
access-hardening. Network hardening is mandated by regulatory
bodies such as the National Institute of Health, Department of
Homeland Security, the FBI, the Federal Reserve Bank, or the FDIC.
Each body may have a unique compliance standard (e.g., PCI, HIPAA,
STIGS, etc.) but many of the underlying principles are common
between them and should be treated as a minimum best practice.
These standards require that network devices are configured to a
certain standard, that traffic is not permitted to restricted areas,
and that hardware is frequently patched to close vulnerability gaps.
In almost all cases, the process to validate such mandates or best
practices is extremely manual.
Because new vulnerabilities are being released frequently, and
14. netbraintech.com |12 | Best Practices for Network Security
because networks are constantly undergoing change, the process to
access-harden the network is ongoing. For large networks with hundreds
or thousands of network nodes, it can take days to understand the impact
of a single vulnerability update from a vendor. When changes are made to
the network, security compliance may drift unless every network change
is properly validated. Security teams who define security standards often
struggle to enforce those standards across the network team.
Reactive Workflows: Detecting and Responding to Cyberthreats
Many organizations leverage IDS, IPS, or security information and event
management (SIEM) tools to alert administrators when someone is
trying to maliciously compromise the network. The steps that follow
an IDS alert, however are largely manual. The first two questions are
usually: “Where did the attacker penetrate the network?” and “What part
of the network is impacted?” For this, engineers need to first perform a
lot of manual work.
The first step is to trace the path from the breached endpoint,
commonly an end user’s computer or a public web server. This alone can
take hours. Next, teams need to understand the performance impact
to see if the attack is ongoing, and what is the extent of the damage. In
the event of a denial-of-service attack, which aims to render network
resources unavailable, engineers need to monitor network performance
characteristics, such as CPU, memory, and bandwidth utilization.
Not until teams have enough information, to determine which ports
the attack is originating from and what devices are affected, can they
shut down a port or add an access-list to mitigate the attack. Often
the attack compromises a computer, so being able to identify that one
device among the hundreds, thousands, or even tens of thousands of
devices on the network is extremely tedious.
Limitations of Scripts for Automation
It’s worth mentioning that scripts offer a method for engineers to
customize automation so that it may adapt to these workflows. But
scripting comes with a steep learning curve and most network teams
15. netbraintech.com |13 | Best Practices for Network Security
lack this skillset. Further, even well-written scripts can fail to adapt to
multi-vendor and hybrid IT infrastructures. A script may be written
to collect and analyze specific data from a discrete device type, but
fail to work on a device from another vendor. This is a big problem
with automation since an engineer may need to look at Windows
devices, Linux devices, Cisco routers, Palo Alto firewalls, Aruba wireless
controllers, etc. - each with its own unique operating system and
command syntax. Customizing automation for each with a home-
grown tool is extremely difficult. While some tasks can be automated
with scripts, the majority of network hardening and threat response
workflows are still conducted manually.
As complex systems, enterprise networks are operated not by individuals but
by teams, often distributed geographically with different technical skills and
cultures. For example, it is common for a network security engineer to operate
on the network team and commonly interact with an Information Security
Officer within the Security team.
The ability of teams to work together effectively, therefore, plays a vital role
in network operations and security. To do so, teams must first commit to a
culture of collaboration. Next, teams must implement tools and processes
which enable frictionless collaboration. There are two areas where teams
should look to improve collaboration:
Promote a Culture of Collaboration
1. Democratize Knowledge
Teams struggle to document and share knowledge. This limits their
ability to scale since they are bottle-necked with limited skills and abilities.
There are two types of knowledge in an organization: domain knowledge
and tribal knowledge. Doman knowledge refers to expertise which is
valuable both inside the organization and outside, for example knowledge
of security best practices or fundamentals of routing and forwarding
traffic. Perhaps more valuable is tribal knowledge, which is accumulated
72%
of engineers cite lack of
collaboration between
network and security teams
as number one challenge
when mitigating an attack
*Source: 2017 State of the Network
Engineer Survey
16. netbraintech.com |14 | Best Practices for Network Security
onlyafterspendingsufficienttimewithinateamororganization.Forexample,
familiaritywiththespecificsecuritypoliciesornetworkdesignusedwithin
auniquenetwork.Organizationswhichlackacultureofcollaborationhave
pocketsofknowledgestoredinsidethebrains(orperhapslocalharddrives)
oftriballeaders.ManyITorganizationsfailtoimplementtoolsandpractices
whichfacilitateknowledgesharingofthiskind.
2. Streamline Data Sharing
Teams struggle to share data effectively, which is crucial at the task-level,
where insights and conclusions are made as a team. Teams traditionally
communicate via web conference or email where the sharing of data
is clunky – usually in log files and data dumps. With these methods, it is
challenging for one individual to draw insights from another individual’s
data dump. By relying on manual methods of data collection and sharing
(e.g. box-by-box, screen scraping, or legacy home-grown scripts), teams
are less effective.
In a typical security incident, the network team is working with the application
team, Linux team, security team, and managers. With this level of cross-
function collaboration, it’s very important to have centralized information to
know what other teams in the department are doing. The ability of teams to
democratize knowledge and seamlessly share information is valuable both
during a cyberattack, but also for proactive network security. For the former,
teams must work effectively to isolate and mitigate the attack as soon
as possible. For the latter teams must share best practices to harden the
network and validate compliance.
17. netbraintech.com |15 | Applying Network Automation to Security Workflows
The increasing scale of networks, driven by trends such as IoT and cloud
computing, is driving the need for automation – it is now mission-critical for
network security. A comprehensive cybersecurity workflow includes tasks
performed before, during, and after a cyberattack. Automation should be
applied at each phase.
Before a cyberattack, automation is critical for network hardening, to
fortify network assets and close vulnerability gaps. But should an attacker
penetrate the network, automation can help teams isolate and mitigate
threats quickly, to minimize damage. After an attack, automation can help
teams perform a post-mortem analysis, to identify ways to further protect
network assets against similar attacks in the future, and equip teams to
respond more quickly. This workflow therefore represents an ongoing cycle
from proactive, to reactive.
To support and enhance this existing workflow, automation must be
leveraged to provide teams with better visibility of their networks – to
understand where vulnerabilities exist, or what network assets are
compromised during an attack. Automation also plays a role in helping
teams collaborate effectively, to share knowledge and insights.
To help ensure ongoing compliance and adherence to security requirements,
automation should be applied to access-hardening workflows. The need
for automation is driven from the dynamic nature of security threats in
combination with the tendency for enterprise networks to undergo constant
change. Any workflow which requires an engineer to analyze the network and
validate a security requirement is ripe for automation. Here, we’ll identify four
such use cases.
3. Applying Network Automation to Security Workflows
Protecting the Network
30%
Of surveyed engineers
said they are investing
in network automation
technologies to enhance
network security
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Scenario #1: Assess impact of new vulnerabilities
Suppose a new vulnerability or security patch is released by a hardware
vendor which affects a specific device type. How do you know how
many devices are impacted in your network, and where they connect?
Automation can be applied to scan the network, map the relevant
devices, and to assess the impact. In the example below, a vulnerability
patch is released for a particular Cisco IOS software version. To assess
the impact, an engineer performs automation to overlay the software
version of each device in the map, and automatically highlight (in red)
the devices which need to be upgraded.
Figure 4: Visual Analysis of Security Assessment
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Scenario #2: Validate security policies and access restrictions
Suppose you need to validate that traffic is allowed to flow where
it needs to, but restricted where it is forbidden. An example of this,
mandated by the PCI Security Standards Council, restricts credit card
data from being accessed by out-of-scope systems. The common
way to restrict that is through firewall policies. In larger organizations,
firewalls typically have many hundreds if not thousands of rules which
have accumulated over time (in many cases without proper remarks or
documentation). For these networks, firewall rule audits are a painful
aspect of a security audit. Automation can be applied to visualize key
traffic flows across your network, considering security policies which
inspect traffic at the port-level. Using this method, you can validate
traffic is allowed to flow where it should, and prohibited where it
shouldn’t.
Figure 5: Visual Analysis of Security Assessment
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Figure 6: Visual Analysis of Security Assessment
Scenario #4: Guide engineers with security best practices
Suppose your organization’s security policy is governed by the security
team, but network changes are implemented by the network team.
How can the network team leverage the security best practices? And
how can the security team validate that each new change meets or
exceeds minimum security standards? With runbook automation,
the security team can digitize the best practices into executable
procedures. Each step in the runbook may validate a unique security
Scenario #3: Validate best practices and compliance
Suppose you need to validate and prove compliance – either for an
inhouse audit or to a regulatory committee. The process to verify and
document compliance is very manual and time-consuming. For large
networks with thousands of network devices, the ability to inspect
every configuration file to ensure they meet requirements may not be
feasible. Automation can be applied to perform this task and identify
policy violations, such as missing password encryption, enabled telnet
access, or unsafe SNMP community strings.
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Figure 7: Sample Security Assessment Runbook
requirement. After each network change is implemented by the
network team, they can simply execute the runbook to safeguard
against non-compliance configurations.
The first order of business when handling a security incident in progress is to
stop the bleeding. This initial attack remediation is of the highest importance.
Once your IDS or SIEM detects potentially malicious traffic, automation
should be applied to your diagnostic response. The diagnosis will help visualize
where the attacker penetrated the network and understand what other
network resources are impacted. Automation can minimize the process of
tracing the path, from hours to seconds.
Detecting and Responding to Cyberattacks
22. netbraintech.com |20 | Applying Network Automation to Security Workflows
Next, teams need to understand the performance impact to assess the
extent of the damage. Automation is critical here so that network engineers
have relevant information immediately without having to manually probe
network appliances one box at a time. This helps teams isolate the attacker
so they can then take proper action to mitigate the threat (e.g., by shunting
traffic, disabling ports, making policy changes, etc.).
In the example below, a denial-of-services attack path is mapped from the
attacker to the victim. Next, performance monitoring is enabled to help
engineers visualize the performance impact. In this example, bandwidth is
being actively bottlenecked (shown in red) across each hop in the path.
Figure 8: Isolate Cyberattack with a Triggered Diagnosis
There are three keys to productive collaboration: culture, process, and tools.
When teams work together to combat a cyberattack, knowledge must be
easily shared and so must key insights. Automation should play a role here to
provide a shared set of data which is visually accessible, including engineering
notes and observations. A visual interface, such as a map, may serve as a
Enhancing Collaboration Across Teams
23. netbraintech.com |21 | Applying Network Automation to Security Workflows
shared analytics console, accessible across teams and disparate geographies.
Runbooks should be shared to guide more junior engineers with best
practices. Lessons learned from any given incident should then be applied to
improve existing runbooks, thereby enhancing existing automated responses.
The diagram below portrays how a shared analytics console helps engineering
teams get on the same page during an event, to isolate and mitigate an
attack. It also shows how workflows can be enhanced with lessons learned
from the event to improve threat response down the road.
Figure 9: Enhancing Existing Workflows with Automation
24. netbraintech.com |22 | Achieving Continuous Cybersecurity
Just as the horse and buggy was supplanted by the automobile, automated
transportation continued to evolve. The automobile was eventually
enhanced with the automatic transmission, and today the next wave of
automation is ushering the autonomous (self-driving) car. The ultimate
goal of continuous automation is to eliminate human error and dramatically
increase efficiency. In Cybersecurity, continuous automation will reduce
both risk and impact of cyberthreats.
On the journey to a fully autonomous network, which is self-securing
and self-healing, there are important milestones. The previous section
discussed automation as a tool to reduce manual tasks and improve
collaboration between humans. This section explores an increasing
degree of automation, through machine-to-machine communication. We
will explore what is possible today by connecting automation platforms
together via API to trigger automation, both for proactive security
workflows as well as reactive.
The goal of continuous network hardening is to achieve a network which has
a permanent state of security compliance. In many cases, compliance drift
is the result of non-compliant network changes. In other cases, this drift
may be the result of evolving threats (often released by a hardware vendor).
A network which is continuously automated will dynamically adapt to close
vulnerability gaps as they arise, in real-time.
As one example, imagine a rogue network change is detected by an event
management system. In response, the EMS sends an alert to the network
automation platform via API to perform a compliance check of the modified
configuration. The automation platform might respond with a map of non-
compliant devices. Also, in response another API may trigger the change
4. Achieving Continuous Cybersecurity
Continuous Network Hardening
25. Continuous automation is even more valuable during a cyberattack, when
the company’s protected data is vulnerable, and every second counts. Here,
automation can be auto-triggered upon event detection via IDS or SIEM. In
orchestration platform to close the security gap by auto-provisioning the
rogue device.
In another example, suppose a vendor bulletin issues an announcement for
a vulnerability of a certain firmware version. That announcement may trigger
the automation platform to perform an impact assessment to identify how
many devices with the known characteristic are deployed on the network. A
set of vulnerable devices may then be passed to the change orchestration
platform to perform the necessary patch or firmware upgrade automatically.
Continuous Threat Response
netbraintech.com |23 | Achieving Continuous Cybersecurity
Event Management System
Network change detected
Trigger compliance
validation
Trigger impact
accessment
Compliant
configuration
Vendor Bulletins
Continuous Network Hardening
New Vulnerability Released
1
2
3
4
5
Network Automation
Platform
Change Orchestration
Figure 10: Continuous Network Hardening via API Integration
26. netbraintech.com |24 | Achieving Continuous Cybersecurity
this example, the network automation platform is auto-triggered to perform
a diagnosis of the threat to validate and assess the impact. The result of
the diagnosis may then be passed to the change orchestration platform
for intervention. Based on the diagnostic data, various pre-defined security
policies and techniques may be applied to mitigate the threat.
IDS/SIEM
Threat detected
Threat
mitigation
Trigger
threat analysis
Continuous Threat Response
Network Automation
Platform
Change Orchestration
Figure 11: Continuous Threat Response via API Integration
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Conclusion
Network security must be ruthlessly prioritized to ensure
protection of business assets from the increasing volumes
of cyberattacks. In the face of these evolving threats, and the
growing complexity of enterprise networks, automation is
more mission-critical than ever. The benefits of automation,
- namely enhanced network visibility and improved cross-
functional collaboration – can be applied at each function of the
cybersecurity framework, from proactive to reactive.
There are varying degrees of automation which should be
considered depending on the scale of the network, and
your business’ risk profile. In its most basic implementation,
automation can be applied to individual tasks to reduce
tedious tasks. At the other end of the spectrum, continuous
automation may be achieved by connecting automation
platforms together via API with a clearly-defined set of rules
in between to eliminate human error and accelerate threat
response.
As the adoption of automation increases, network and security
engineers remain more important than ever. But the demands
of automation require that the skillsets of these teams adapt to
keep the network and business secure.
28. Founded in 2004, NetBrain is the market leader in network
automation. Its ground-breaking platform leverages the power of
Dynamic Maps and Executable Runbooks to provide CIOs and network
teams with end-to-end network visibility and analysis across physical,
virtual, and software-defined networking environments.
Today, more than 1,800 of the world’s largest enterprises and
managed service providers use NetBrain to automate network
documentation, accelerate troubleshooting, and strengthen network
security—while integrating with a rich ecosystem of partners.
NetBrain is headquartered in Burlington, Massachusetts, with offices
in Sacramento, California; Munich, Germany; and Beijing, China.
For more information, visit https://www.netbraintech.com/.
NetBrain® and the NetBrain logo are registered trademarks of
NetBrain Technologies.
NetBrain Technologies, Inc.
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