1. The document discusses the structures and functions of eukaryotic cells, including organelles like the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, mitochondria, and chloroplasts.
2. Key organelles and their functions are described, such as the nucleus containing DNA, the endoplasmic reticulum modifying and transporting proteins, and mitochondria generating energy through cellular respiration.
3. Various microscopy techniques are covered that allow observation of subcellular structures, along with cell fractionation methods to separate organelle components.
6.1 Biologists use microscopes and the tools of biochemistry to study cells
6.2 Eukaryotic cells have internal membranes that compartmentalize their functions.
6.3 The eukaryotic cell's genetic instructions are housed in the nucleus and carried out by the ribosomes.
6.4 The endomembrane system regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions in the cell.
6.5 Mitochondria and chloroplasts change energy from one form to another.
6.6 The cyto
6.1 Biologists use microscopes and the tools of biochemistry to study cells
6.2 Eukaryotic cells have internal membranes that compartmentalize their functions.
6.3 The eukaryotic cell's genetic instructions are housed in the nucleus and carried out by the ribosomes.
6.4 The endomembrane system regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions in the cell.
6.5 Mitochondria and chloroplasts change energy from one form to another.
6.6 The cyto
Cell (ppt. lecturers for Biology,7th Edition)lecturers by Chris RomeroDALICANO Aiza
this ppt. is taken from the Campbell Book... i do not own this presentation i would just like to share it to students who may need it in understanding all about Cell
Cell (ppt. lecturers for Biology,7th Edition)lecturers by Chris RomeroDALICANO Aiza
this ppt. is taken from the Campbell Book... i do not own this presentation i would just like to share it to students who may need it in understanding all about Cell
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
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After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
Alt. GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using ...James Anderson
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The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Threats to mobile devices are more prevalent and increasing in scope and complexity. Users of mobile devices desire to take full advantage of the features
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GraphSummit Singapore | The Future of Agility: Supercharging Digital Transfor...Neo4j
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However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
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• Communication Mining Overview
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GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
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The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
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https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
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https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
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Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
7. Fig. 6-2 10 m 1 m 0.1 m 1 cm 1 mm 100 µm 10 µm 1 µm 100 nm 10 nm 1 nm 0.1 nm Atoms Small molecules Lipids Proteins Ribosomes Viruses Smallest bacteria Mitochondrion Nucleus Most bacteria Most plant and animal cells Frog egg Chicken egg Length of some nerve and muscle cells Human height Unaided eye Light microscope Electron microscope
15. Fig. 6-4 (a) Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) TECHNIQUE RESULTS (b) Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) Cilia Longitudinal section of cilium Cross section of cilium 1 µm 1 µm
16.
17. Fig. 6-5 Homogenization TECHNIQUE Homogenate Tissue cells 1,000 g (1,000 times the force of gravity) 10 min Differential centrifugation Supernatant poured into next tube 20,000 g 20 min 80,000 g 60 min Pellet rich in nuclei and cellular debris Pellet rich in mitochondria (and chloro- plasts if cells are from a plant) Pellet rich in “ microsomes” (pieces of plasma membranes and cells’ internal membranes) 150,000 g 3 hr Pellet rich in ribosomes
19. Fig. 6-5b 1,000 g (1,000 times the force of gravity) 10 min Supernatant poured into next tube 20,000 g 20 min 80,000 g 60 min 150,000 g 3 hr Pellet rich in nuclei and cellular debris Pellet rich in mitochondria (and chloro-plasts if cells are from a plant) Pellet rich in “microsomes” (pieces of plasma membranes and cells’ internal membranes) Pellet rich in ribosomes TECHNIQUE (cont.)
20.
21.
22.
23. Fig. 6-6 Fimbriae Nucleoid Ribosomes Plasma membrane Cell wall Capsule Flagella Bacterial chromosome (a) A typical rod-shaped bacterium (b) A thin section through the bacterium Bacillus coagulans (TEM) 0.5 µm
24.
25.
26. Fig. 6-7 TEM of a plasma membrane (a) (b) Structure of the plasma membrane Outside of cell Inside of cell 0.1 µm Hydrophilic region Hydrophobic region Hydrophilic region Phospholipid Proteins Carbohydrate side chain
27.
28. Fig. 6-8 Surface area increases while total volume remains constant 5 1 1 6 150 750 125 125 1 6 6 1.2 Total surface area [Sum of the surface areas (height width) of all boxes sides number of boxes] Total volume [height width length number of boxes] Surface-to-volume (S-to-V) ratio [surface area ÷ volume]
38. Fig. 6-11 Cytosol Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Free ribosomes Bound ribosomes Large subunit Small subunit Diagram of a ribosome TEM showing ER and ribosomes 0.5 µm
39.
40.
41. Fig. 6-12 Smooth ER Rough ER Nuclear envelope Transitional ER Rough ER Smooth ER Transport vesicle Ribosomes Cisternae ER lumen 200 nm
42.
43.
44.
45. Fig. 6-13 cis face (“receiving” side of Golgi apparatus) Cisternae trans face (“shipping” side of Golgi apparatus) TEM of Golgi apparatus 0.1 µm
78. Fig. 6-22 Centrosome Microtubule Centrioles 0.25 µm Longitudinal section of one centriole Microtubules Cross section of the other centriole
79.
80. Fig. 6-23 5 µm Direction of swimming (a) Motion of flagella Direction of organism’s movement Power stroke Recovery stroke (b) Motion of cilia 15 µm
81.
82. Fig. 6-24 0.1 µm Triplet (c) Cross section of basal body (a) Longitudinal section of cilium 0.5 µm Plasma membrane Basal body Microtubules (b) Cross section of cilium Plasma membrane Outer microtubule doublet Dynein proteins Central microtubule Radial spoke Protein cross-linking outer doublets 0.1 µm
83.
84. Fig. 6-25 Microtubule doublets Dynein protein ATP ATP (a) Effect of unrestrained dynein movement Cross-linking proteins inside outer doublets Anchorage in cell (b) Effect of cross-linking proteins 1 3 2 (c) Wavelike motion
85. Fig. 6-25a Microtubule doublets Dynein protein (a) Effect of unrestrained dynein movement ATP
86. Fig. 6-25b Cross-linking proteins inside outer doublets Anchorage in cell ATP (b) Effect of cross-linking proteins (c) Wavelike motion 1 3 2
108. Fig. 6-31 Interior of cell Interior of cell 0.5 µm Plasmodesmata Plasma membranes Cell walls
109.
110. Fig. 6-32 Tight junction 0.5 µm 1 µm Desmosome Gap junction Extracellular matrix 0.1 µm Plasma membranes of adjacent cells Space between cells Gap junctions Desmosome Intermediate filaments Tight junction Tight junctions prevent fluid from moving across a layer of cells
111. Fig. 6-32a Tight junctions prevent fluid from moving across a layer of cells Tight junction Intermediate filaments Desmosome Gap junctions Extracellular matrix Space between cells Plasma membranes of adjacent cells
117. Fig. 6-UN1 Cell Component Structure Function Houses chromosomes, made of chromatin (DNA, the genetic material, and proteins); contains nucleoli, where ribosomal subunits are made. Pores regulate entry and exit of materials. Nucleus (ER) Concept 6.3 The eukaryotic cell’s genetic instructions are housed in the nucleus and carried out by the ribosomes Ribosome Concept 6.4 Endoplasmic reticulum The endomembrane system regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions in the cell (Nuclear envelope) Concept 6.5 Mitochondria and chloro- plasts change energy from one form to another Golgi apparatus Lysosome Vacuole Mitochondrion Chloroplast Peroxisome Two subunits made of ribo- somal RNA and proteins; can be free in cytosol or bound to ER Extensive network of membrane-bound tubules and sacs; membrane separates lumen from cytosol; continuous with the nuclear envelope. Membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes (in animal cells) Large membrane-bounded vesicle in plants Bounded by double membrane; inner membrane has infoldings (cristae) Typically two membranes around fluid stroma, which contains membranous thylakoids stacked into grana (in plants) Specialized metabolic compartment bounded by a single membrane Protein synthesis Smooth ER: synthesis of lipids, metabolism of carbohy- drates, Ca2+ storage, detoxifica-tion of drugs and poisons Rough ER: Aids in synthesis of secretory and other proteins from bound ribosomes; adds carbohydrates to glycoproteins; produces new membrane Modification of proteins, carbo- hydrates on proteins, and phos- pholipids; synthesis of many polysaccharides; sorting of Golgi products, which are then released in vesicles. Breakdown of ingested substances, cell macromolecules, and damaged organelles for recycling Digestion, storage, waste disposal, water balance, cell growth, and protection Cellular respiration Photosynthesis Contains enzymes that transfer hydrogen to water, producing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as a by-product, which is converted to water by other enzymes in the peroxisome Stacks of flattened membranous sacs; has polarity ( cis and trans faces) Surrounded by nuclear envelope (double membrane) perforated by nuclear pores. The nuclear envelope is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
118. Fig. 6-UN1a Cell Component Structure Function Concept 6.3 The eukaryotic cell’s genetic instructions are housed in the nucleus and carried out by the ribosomes Nucleus Surrounded by nuclear envelope (double membrane) perforated by nuclear pores. The nuclear envelope is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). (ER) Houses chromosomes, made of chromatin (DNA, the genetic material, and proteins); contains nucleoli, where ribosomal subunits are made. Pores regulate entry and exit os materials. Ribosome Two subunits made of ribo- somal RNA and proteins; can be free in cytosol or bound to ER Protein synthesis
119. Fig. 6-UN1b Cell Component Structure Function Concept 6.4 The endomembrane system regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions in the cell Endoplasmic reticulum (Nuclear envelope) Golgi apparatus Lysosome Vacuole Large membrane-bounded vesicle in plants Membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes (in animal cells) Stacks of flattened membranous sacs; has polarity ( cis and trans faces) Extensive network of membrane-bound tubules and sacs; membrane separates lumen from cytosol; continuous with the nuclear envelope. Smooth ER: synthesis of lipids, metabolism of carbohy- drates, Ca2+ storage, detoxifica- tion of drugs and poisons Rough ER: Aids in sythesis of secretory and other proteins from bound ribosomes; adds carbohydrates to glycoproteins; produces new membrane Modification of proteins, carbo- hydrates on proteins, and phos- pholipids; synthesis of many polysaccharides; sorting of Golgi products, which are then released in vesicles. Breakdown of ingested sub- stances cell macromolecules, and damaged organelles for recycling Digestion, storage, waste disposal, water balance, cell growth, and protection
120. Fig. 6-UN1c Cell Component Concept 6.5 Mitochondria and chloro- plasts change energy from one form to another Mitochondrion Chloroplast Peroxisome Structure Function Bounded by double membrane; inner membrane has infoldings (cristae) Typically two membranes around fluid stroma, which contains membranous thylakoids stacked into grana (in plants ) Specialized metabolic compartment bounded by a single membrane Cellular respiration Photosynthesis Contains enzymes that transfer hydrogen to water, producing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as a by-product, which is converted to water by other enzymes in the peroxisome
For the Discovery Video Cells, go to Animation and Video Files.
Figure 6.1 How do cellular components cooperate to help the cell function?
Figure 6.2 The size range of cells
Figure 6.3a-d Light microscopy
Figure 6.3 Light microscopy
Figure 6.3 Light microscopy
Figure 6.3 Light microscopy
Figure 6.3 Light microscopy
Figure 6.4 Electron microscopy
Figure 6.5 Cell fractionation
Figure 6.5 Cell fractionation, part 1
Figure 6.5 Cell fractionation, part 2
Figure 6.6 A prokaryotic cell
Figure 6.7 The plasma membrane
Figure 6.8 Geometric relationships between surface area and volume
Figure 6.9 Animal and plant cells—animal cell
Figure 6.9 Animal and plant cells—plant cell
Figure 6.10 The nucleus and its envelope
For the Cell Biology Video Staining of Endoplasmic Reticulum, go to Animation and Video Files.
Figure 6.11 Ribosomes
For the Cell Biology Video ER and Mitochondria in Leaf Cells, go to Animation and Video Files.
Figure 6.12 Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
For the Cell Biology Video ER to Golgi Traffic, go to Animation and Video Files. For the Cell Biology Video Golgi Complex in 3D, go to Animation and Video Files. For the Cell Biology Video Secretion From the Golgi, go to Animation and Video Files.
Figure 6.13 The Golgi apparatus
For the Cell Biology Video Phagocytosis in Action, go to Animation and Video Files.
Figure 6.14a Lysosomes
Figure 6.14a Lysosome—phagocytosis
Figure 6.14b Lysosomes—autophagy
Figure 6.15 The plant cell vacuole
Figure 6.16 Review: relationships among organelles of the endomembrane system
Figure 6.16 Review: relationships among organelles of the endomembrane system
Figure 6.16 Review: relationships among organelles of the endomembrane system
For the Cell Biology Video ER and Mitochondria in Leaf Cells, go to Animation and Video Files. For the Cell Biology Video Mitochondria in 3D, go to Animation and Video Files. For the Cell Biology Video Chloroplast Movement, go to Animation and Video Files.
Figure 6.17 The mitochondrion, site of cellular respiration
Figure 6.18 The chloroplast, site of photosynthesis
Figure 6.19 A peroxisome
For the Cell Biology Video The Cytoskeleton in a Neuron Growth Cone, go to Animation and Video Files For the Cell Biology Video Cytoskeletal Protein Dynamics, go to Animation and Video Files.
Figure 6.20 The cytoskeleton
Figure 6.21 Motor proteins and the cytoskeleton
For the Cell Biology Video Actin Network in Crawling Cells, go to Animation and Video Files. For the Cell Biology Video Actin Visualization in Dendrites, go to Animation and Video Files.
Table 6-1
Table 6-1a
Table 6-1b
Table 6-1c
For the Cell Biology Video Transport Along Microtubules, go to Animation and Video Files. For the Cell Biology Video Movement of Organelles in Vivo, go to Animation and Video Files. For the Cell Biology Video Movement of Organelles in Vitro, go to Animation and Video Files.
Figure 6.22 Centrosome containing a pair of centrioles
Figure 6.23a A comparison of the beating of flagella and cilia—motion of flagella
Figure 6.24 Ultrastructure of a eukaryotic flagellum or motile cilium
For the Cell Biology Video Motion of Isolated Flagellum, go to Animation and Video Files. For the Cell Biology Video Flagellum Movement in Swimming Sperm, go to Animation and Video Files.
Figure 6.25 How dynein “walking” moves flagella and cilia
Figure 6.25a How dynein “walking” moves flagella and cilia
Figure 6.25b, c How dynein “walking” moves flagella and cilia
Figure 6.26 A structural role of microfilaments
Figure 6.27 Microfilaments and motility
Figure 6.27a Microfilaments and motility
Figure 6.27b,c Microfilaments and motility
For the Cell Biology Video Interphase Microtubule Dynamics, go to Animation and Video Files. For the Cell Biology Video Microtubule Sliding in Flagellum Movement, go to Animation and Video Files. For the Cell Biology Video Microtubule Dynamics, go to Animation and Video Files.
For the Cell Biology Video Ciliary Motion, go to Animation and Video Files.
For the Cell Biology Video E-cadherin Expression, go to Animation and Video Files.
Figure 6.28 Plant cell walls
Figure 6.29 What role do microtubules play in orienting deposition of cellulose in cell walls?
For the Cell Biology Video Cartoon Model of a Collagen Triple Helix, go to Animation and Video Files. For the Cell Biology Video Staining of the Extracellular Matrix, go to Animation and Video Files. For the Cell Biology Video Fibronectin Fibrils, go to Animation and Video Files.
Figure 6.30 Extracellular matrix (ECM) of an animal cell, part 1
Figure 6.30 Extracellular matrix (ECM) of an animal cell, part 1
Figure 6.30 Extracellular matrix (ECM) of an animal cell, part 2
Figure 6.31 Plasmodesmata between plant cells
Figure 6.32 Intercellular junctions in animal tissues
Figure 6.32 Intercellular junctions in animal tissues—tight junctions
Figure 6.32 Intercellular junctions in animal tissues—tight junctions
Figure 6.32 Intercellular junctions in animal tissues—desmosomes junctions
Figure 6.32 Intercellular junctions in animal tissues—gap junctions