This document summarizes an aquatic biodiversity survey conducted in Guyana at the Toroparu Deposit mining area during the short rainy season in February 2014. The survey identified 38 fish species from 17 families across 7 major and 25 minor sampling sites using various collection methods. Sites included the Tailings Disposal Site, access roads, and other water bodies. Water parameters like temperature, velocity, appearance, length and depth were recorded for each site. The survey results were compared to previous surveys from 2006-2010, with some species found across multiple years.
Wetlands are areas where water covers the soil or is present near the surface for all or part of the year. They support both aquatic and terrestrial species through specialized plants and soils adapted to saturated conditions. Wetlands include marshes, swamps, bogs, and vernal pools, which provide habitat and act as natural filters and sponges to absorb floodwaters and recharge groundwater supplies, serving crucial nursery functions for many species.
Doñana Park contains 5 ecosystems - the verge, dunes, bushes, marshes, and beaches. It is home to over 450 animal species and 875 plant species. The marshes, which cover 50% of the park, see large fluctuations in water levels throughout the year and support a variety of bird life. Doñana Park preserves one of the few remaining mobile dune systems in Iberia.
There are eight major terrestrial biomes: tropical forest, temperate forest, taiga, tundra, desert, grassland, savanna, and shrubland. Aquatic biomes include freshwater biomes like lakes, rivers, and wetlands, as well as marine biomes like estuaries, mangrove forests, coral reefs, and different ocean zones. Biomes are characterized by their climate, plants, and animals that are adapted to that environment.
The Impacts Of Urbanization And Wetland DegradationArchana Das
The document discusses the impacts of urbanization and wetland degradation in Tangla Town, Udalguri, Assam. Specifically, it examines the degradation of a pair of large ponds in the town that were demolished to make way for development. The degradation reduced habitat for many plant and animal species and disrupted the local ecosystem. Soil quality decreased and pollution increased at the pond site. Temperature and humidity also changed compared to before the pond was destroyed. To protect biodiversity, the document recommends restoring degraded wetlands and educating the public about wetland importance.
Wetlands-classification, Intertidal zone-study in flora and FaunaMegha Majoe
Wetlands are diverse ecosystems that provide many benefits but are under threat. They include marshes, mangroves, and other areas that are periodically flooded. Mangroves in particular stabilize coastlines, provide habitat for fish and crustaceans, and sequester large amounts of carbon. However, mangroves have been cleared for development and degraded by pollution, with losses occurring three to four times faster than inland forests. To help protect these important ecosystems, further destruction of remaining wetlands must be prevented.
Swamps are wetlands that are forested or dominated by shrubs. They occur along rivers and lakes where water levels are dependent on natural flows. Swamps support a variety of plant and animal life, including trees like bald cypress and tupelo gum, shrubs, fish, alligators, birds, and insects. Swamps can also contain dry-land areas called hammocks covered in aquatic or periodically flooded vegetation.
Estuaries are transitional zones where rivers meet the sea. They are characterized by varying salinity levels due to mixing of fresh and salt water. Estuaries contain diverse habitats and are among the most productive ecosystems. They provide many resources including fisheries, tourism, transportation and cultural values. However, estuaries face threats such as land reclamation, pollution, overfishing and natural hazards. Protecting these fragile ecosystems and their services is important for both environmental and economic reasons.
This presentation provides an overview of mangrove ecosystems. It defines mangroves as various kinds of trees and shrubs that grow in saline coastal sediments in tropical and subtropical regions. Mangroves are found between 30°N and 30°S latitudes, where water temperatures are above 24°C and annual rainfall exceeds 1250mm. The largest mangrove forests are located in Asia, particularly India and Bangladesh. Mangroves provide habitat for a wide variety of flora and fauna and serve important functions such as protecting coastlines from erosion.
Wetlands are areas where water covers the soil or is present near the surface for all or part of the year. They support both aquatic and terrestrial species through specialized plants and soils adapted to saturated conditions. Wetlands include marshes, swamps, bogs, and vernal pools, which provide habitat and act as natural filters and sponges to absorb floodwaters and recharge groundwater supplies, serving crucial nursery functions for many species.
Doñana Park contains 5 ecosystems - the verge, dunes, bushes, marshes, and beaches. It is home to over 450 animal species and 875 plant species. The marshes, which cover 50% of the park, see large fluctuations in water levels throughout the year and support a variety of bird life. Doñana Park preserves one of the few remaining mobile dune systems in Iberia.
There are eight major terrestrial biomes: tropical forest, temperate forest, taiga, tundra, desert, grassland, savanna, and shrubland. Aquatic biomes include freshwater biomes like lakes, rivers, and wetlands, as well as marine biomes like estuaries, mangrove forests, coral reefs, and different ocean zones. Biomes are characterized by their climate, plants, and animals that are adapted to that environment.
The Impacts Of Urbanization And Wetland DegradationArchana Das
The document discusses the impacts of urbanization and wetland degradation in Tangla Town, Udalguri, Assam. Specifically, it examines the degradation of a pair of large ponds in the town that were demolished to make way for development. The degradation reduced habitat for many plant and animal species and disrupted the local ecosystem. Soil quality decreased and pollution increased at the pond site. Temperature and humidity also changed compared to before the pond was destroyed. To protect biodiversity, the document recommends restoring degraded wetlands and educating the public about wetland importance.
Wetlands-classification, Intertidal zone-study in flora and FaunaMegha Majoe
Wetlands are diverse ecosystems that provide many benefits but are under threat. They include marshes, mangroves, and other areas that are periodically flooded. Mangroves in particular stabilize coastlines, provide habitat for fish and crustaceans, and sequester large amounts of carbon. However, mangroves have been cleared for development and degraded by pollution, with losses occurring three to four times faster than inland forests. To help protect these important ecosystems, further destruction of remaining wetlands must be prevented.
Swamps are wetlands that are forested or dominated by shrubs. They occur along rivers and lakes where water levels are dependent on natural flows. Swamps support a variety of plant and animal life, including trees like bald cypress and tupelo gum, shrubs, fish, alligators, birds, and insects. Swamps can also contain dry-land areas called hammocks covered in aquatic or periodically flooded vegetation.
Estuaries are transitional zones where rivers meet the sea. They are characterized by varying salinity levels due to mixing of fresh and salt water. Estuaries contain diverse habitats and are among the most productive ecosystems. They provide many resources including fisheries, tourism, transportation and cultural values. However, estuaries face threats such as land reclamation, pollution, overfishing and natural hazards. Protecting these fragile ecosystems and their services is important for both environmental and economic reasons.
This presentation provides an overview of mangrove ecosystems. It defines mangroves as various kinds of trees and shrubs that grow in saline coastal sediments in tropical and subtropical regions. Mangroves are found between 30°N and 30°S latitudes, where water temperatures are above 24°C and annual rainfall exceeds 1250mm. The largest mangrove forests are located in Asia, particularly India and Bangladesh. Mangroves provide habitat for a wide variety of flora and fauna and serve important functions such as protecting coastlines from erosion.
This document summarizes the biology and status of mangroves. Mangroves are salt-tolerant trees and shrubs that grow in coastal saline sediments in tropical and subtropical regions. India has around 6,740 square kilometers of mangrove forests, which represents around 7% of the world's mangroves. The Sundarbans mangrove forest in West Bengal covers around 10,000 square kilometers. Mangroves play an important environmental role by protecting coastlines from storms and erosion, and provide habitat for many species. They also have economic value by supplying timber, fuel and other resources to local communities.
wetlands. ramsar sites of kera;a..general info about the wetlands, its type, significane...etc...similarly about Ramsar sites, its criterias and detaios about 3 important sites of kerala
Wetland Ecosystem : Field Report Okhla Bird SanctuaryVikram Aditya
Okhla Bird Sanctuary is rich in avian fauna as it has suitable habitat for large number of migratory birds which visit here in winters.
It serves many functions for the environment and for human population, so it is very important to conserve it by creating awareness among local people (to reduce the exploitation of its flora)
Types of wetlands and wetland formationMidhun M Nair
This document summarizes the different types and formation of wetlands. It discusses two major wetland types based on soil - mineral wetlands like marshes and swamps, and organic wetlands like bogs and fens. It also describes the Cowardin and Ramsar classification systems which further categorize wetlands based on vegetation, hydrology, and other characteristics. Wetlands form through natural processes like climate, glaciation, and flooding or through human activities such as forest cutting, peat extraction, and construction.
Wetlands exist along the borders of water courses and water bodies, in topographically low lying areas. Wetlands are the interfaces between land and water. This module explains the importance of wetlands as promising ecosystems.
The Estuarine System consists of deepwater tidal habitats and adjacent tidal wetlands that are usually semienclosed by land but have open, partly obstructed, or sporadic access to the open ocean, and in which ocean water is at least occasionally diluted by freshwater runoff from the land. The salinity may be periodically increased above that of the open ocean by evaporation. Along some low-energy coastlines there is appreciable dilution of sea water. Offshore areas with typical estuarine plants and animals, such as red mangroves (Rhizophora mangle) and eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica), are also included in the Estuarine System.
This document discusses flood plain wetlands and their fisheries. It defines wetlands according to the Ramsar Convention and describes flood plain wetlands as situated along river floodplains, mostly lentic in nature. It provides information on the distribution, classification, functions, fish species, and management of flood plain wetlands in India. Key points include that flood plain wetlands cover over 3.54 lakh hectares across several states, support important fish species, provide ecosystem services, and face issues like pollution that require management strategies.
Benefits of Wetland and Its Well -being Supports: A Review on Behula Wetland ...Susanta Mahato
The document summarizes information about the Behula Wetland located in Malda District, West Bengal, India. It describes the wetland's location, land uses over time (1975 vs. 2014), biological characteristics, and how local communities utilize the wetland's resources. The wetland provides important ecosystem services like water supply, fishing, agriculture, and habitat. However, it also faces threats like sediment deposition from human activities that are degrading the wetland over time.
This document discusses mangrove and estuarine ecosystems. It defines an estuary as a place where freshwater rivers meet salty ocean water, forming a transition zone. Estuaries include river mouths, coastal bays, tidal marshes, lagoons, and deltas. The document notes that estuaries are highly productive ecosystems due to the mixing of fresh and saltwater. It provides examples of major Indian estuaries located along the Bay of Bengal and smaller west coast estuaries. The document also describes mangroves as salt-tolerant forests found in coastal regions that protect shorelines and serve as fish breeding grounds.
Mangrove forests are found in sheltered coastal regions between 23.5 degrees north and south of the equator, especially where rivers deposit clay and silt. They contain salt-tolerant plants like Avicennia, Sonneratia, and Rhizophora trees that can reach up to 40 meters tall. These trees have specialized adaptations like prop roots, stilt roots, knee-like roots, and salt secreting or storing leaves to survive in the muddy, salty conditions.
Mangrove ecosystems are found in tropical and subtropical coastal regions around the world. Mangroves are trees and shrubs that have adapted to grow in saline coastal habitats. They play an important role in buffering coastlines from storms and reducing erosion. However, mangroves are increasingly threatened by human development and destruction of coastal habitats. When mangroves are cut down or degraded, it damages the complex coastal ecosystem and removes natural protections for the shoreline.
Mangroves are specially adapted plants that thrive where salt and freshwater meet along coastlines. They have several adaptations that allow them to tolerate saline conditions, such as preventing saltwater influx and concentrating salt in leaves. There are over 50 mangrove species worldwide, including the white, black, and red mangrove, which are described. Mangroves have specialized root structures like stilt and pneumatophore roots that help them survive in anaerobic soils. Mangroves provide important ecosystem benefits like coastal stabilization, sediment accumulation, and wildlife habitat. However, widespread mangrove destruction for shrimp farming in Indonesia eliminated these protections, exacerbating damage from tsunamis.
Estuaries are partially enclosed coastal bodies of water where freshwater from rivers and streams mixes with saltwater from the ocean. They are highly productive environments that support many species of plants and animals adapted to the transition between fresh and salt water. Estuaries come in four types depending on their formation: coastal plain, tectonic, bar-built, and fjords. They provide important ecological, economic, and environmental benefits but are threatened by increasing development and pollution from coastal populations.
This document discusses estuaries, including their physical characteristics and ecosystems. Estuaries are bodies of water where freshwater rivers meet and mix with saltwater oceans. They can have varying salinity levels depending on their location and tidal influences. Estuaries provide important habitat for many species but are also impacted by human activities like pollution. Organisms living in estuaries have developed ways of coping with the ever-changing conditions, such as maintaining constant internal salt levels or burrowing in the mud.
Freshwater wetlands are areas filled with surface or ground water such as ponds, swamps, bogs, and marshes. They are characterized by precipitation, temperatures, and a variety of biotic factors including bacteria, fungi, protists, plants, and animals. Abiotic factors like elevation, topography, wind speed, and soil composition also influence freshwater wetlands. Food webs in freshwater wetlands are driven by symbiotic relationships between organisms as they cycle carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and water. Drought can stress freshwater wetland ecosystems and cause harm to plants and animals with a loss of water.
Degradation of Wetland Environment: A Case Study of Dora Beel of Kamrup Distr...iosrjce
Wetland’ a relatively new term occupies a significant position as natural resources in our state. The
importance of wetland has been increasing day by day due to its role on environment and economy of a region.
But the growing pressure of human interference has been degrading the wetland environment constantly and it
has posed a serious threat to the biodiversity of the wetland. An attempt has been made in this paper to know the
status of wetland and analyze its environmental degradation. The study tries to put forth some eco-friendly
measures of conservation and management for sustainable development of the wetland habitats and the people
around the wetland. The study is based on both primary and secondary data.
This document provides information about designing and maintaining aquatic habitats, including ponds. It discusses key factors that determine the plant and animal life in bodies of water, such as nutrient levels, depth, light penetration, and acidity. Optimal habitats have a good supply of nutrients, balanced levels of algae to allow light penetration, and sufficient depth. Examples of habitat designs discussed include chinampas, aquaponics, and ponds with different plant zones. Specific plants and animals that can be incorporated into pond ecosystems are also described, such as common carp, frogs, toads, and various oxygenating and edible plants. The document advocates designing ponds to include habitats that meet the needs of different species.
Mangroves are salt-tolerant trees and shrubs that grow in tropical and subtropical intertidal coastal zones. They create important ecosystems that provide habitat for a wide variety of marine and terrestrial species. Mangrove root structures in particular offer ideal nursery areas for fish and crustaceans. Common mangrove species include red mangroves, black mangroves, and white mangroves, each with morphological adaptations for surviving in salty, low-oxygen soil conditions like pneumatophores and salt glands.
The document describes several types of freshwater and marine ecosystems. It discusses streams and rivers, ponds and lakes, wetlands including marshes, swamps, and bogs. It also covers estuaries, coral reefs, kelp forests, hydrothermal vents, and the zonation of marine ecosystems from the intertidal zone to the open ocean and benthic zones. Key details are provided on the defining characteristics, locations, and common organisms found in each ecosystem.
Mangroves are salt-tolerant trees and shrubs that grow in intertidal coastal saline habitats. They play an important ecological role by stabilizing coastlines, providing habitat for many species, and contributing to high primary productivity through complex detrital food webs. Mangroves exhibit various adaptations to survive in their habitat, such as aerial roots, salt excretion, and viviparous reproduction. They support a diverse range of wildlife and are an important resource for human uses including food, medicine, and timber.
The 22nd annual Austin Film Festival & Conference will take place from October 29th to November 5th, 2015. For eight days, the festival will feature nearly 200 film and television premieres, 175 panels on the film and television industry, parties, and unique networking opportunities. Producers and crew are invited to RSVP to attend this year's festival in Austin, Texas.
This document summarizes the biology and status of mangroves. Mangroves are salt-tolerant trees and shrubs that grow in coastal saline sediments in tropical and subtropical regions. India has around 6,740 square kilometers of mangrove forests, which represents around 7% of the world's mangroves. The Sundarbans mangrove forest in West Bengal covers around 10,000 square kilometers. Mangroves play an important environmental role by protecting coastlines from storms and erosion, and provide habitat for many species. They also have economic value by supplying timber, fuel and other resources to local communities.
wetlands. ramsar sites of kera;a..general info about the wetlands, its type, significane...etc...similarly about Ramsar sites, its criterias and detaios about 3 important sites of kerala
Wetland Ecosystem : Field Report Okhla Bird SanctuaryVikram Aditya
Okhla Bird Sanctuary is rich in avian fauna as it has suitable habitat for large number of migratory birds which visit here in winters.
It serves many functions for the environment and for human population, so it is very important to conserve it by creating awareness among local people (to reduce the exploitation of its flora)
Types of wetlands and wetland formationMidhun M Nair
This document summarizes the different types and formation of wetlands. It discusses two major wetland types based on soil - mineral wetlands like marshes and swamps, and organic wetlands like bogs and fens. It also describes the Cowardin and Ramsar classification systems which further categorize wetlands based on vegetation, hydrology, and other characteristics. Wetlands form through natural processes like climate, glaciation, and flooding or through human activities such as forest cutting, peat extraction, and construction.
Wetlands exist along the borders of water courses and water bodies, in topographically low lying areas. Wetlands are the interfaces between land and water. This module explains the importance of wetlands as promising ecosystems.
The Estuarine System consists of deepwater tidal habitats and adjacent tidal wetlands that are usually semienclosed by land but have open, partly obstructed, or sporadic access to the open ocean, and in which ocean water is at least occasionally diluted by freshwater runoff from the land. The salinity may be periodically increased above that of the open ocean by evaporation. Along some low-energy coastlines there is appreciable dilution of sea water. Offshore areas with typical estuarine plants and animals, such as red mangroves (Rhizophora mangle) and eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica), are also included in the Estuarine System.
This document discusses flood plain wetlands and their fisheries. It defines wetlands according to the Ramsar Convention and describes flood plain wetlands as situated along river floodplains, mostly lentic in nature. It provides information on the distribution, classification, functions, fish species, and management of flood plain wetlands in India. Key points include that flood plain wetlands cover over 3.54 lakh hectares across several states, support important fish species, provide ecosystem services, and face issues like pollution that require management strategies.
Benefits of Wetland and Its Well -being Supports: A Review on Behula Wetland ...Susanta Mahato
The document summarizes information about the Behula Wetland located in Malda District, West Bengal, India. It describes the wetland's location, land uses over time (1975 vs. 2014), biological characteristics, and how local communities utilize the wetland's resources. The wetland provides important ecosystem services like water supply, fishing, agriculture, and habitat. However, it also faces threats like sediment deposition from human activities that are degrading the wetland over time.
This document discusses mangrove and estuarine ecosystems. It defines an estuary as a place where freshwater rivers meet salty ocean water, forming a transition zone. Estuaries include river mouths, coastal bays, tidal marshes, lagoons, and deltas. The document notes that estuaries are highly productive ecosystems due to the mixing of fresh and saltwater. It provides examples of major Indian estuaries located along the Bay of Bengal and smaller west coast estuaries. The document also describes mangroves as salt-tolerant forests found in coastal regions that protect shorelines and serve as fish breeding grounds.
Mangrove forests are found in sheltered coastal regions between 23.5 degrees north and south of the equator, especially where rivers deposit clay and silt. They contain salt-tolerant plants like Avicennia, Sonneratia, and Rhizophora trees that can reach up to 40 meters tall. These trees have specialized adaptations like prop roots, stilt roots, knee-like roots, and salt secreting or storing leaves to survive in the muddy, salty conditions.
Mangrove ecosystems are found in tropical and subtropical coastal regions around the world. Mangroves are trees and shrubs that have adapted to grow in saline coastal habitats. They play an important role in buffering coastlines from storms and reducing erosion. However, mangroves are increasingly threatened by human development and destruction of coastal habitats. When mangroves are cut down or degraded, it damages the complex coastal ecosystem and removes natural protections for the shoreline.
Mangroves are specially adapted plants that thrive where salt and freshwater meet along coastlines. They have several adaptations that allow them to tolerate saline conditions, such as preventing saltwater influx and concentrating salt in leaves. There are over 50 mangrove species worldwide, including the white, black, and red mangrove, which are described. Mangroves have specialized root structures like stilt and pneumatophore roots that help them survive in anaerobic soils. Mangroves provide important ecosystem benefits like coastal stabilization, sediment accumulation, and wildlife habitat. However, widespread mangrove destruction for shrimp farming in Indonesia eliminated these protections, exacerbating damage from tsunamis.
Estuaries are partially enclosed coastal bodies of water where freshwater from rivers and streams mixes with saltwater from the ocean. They are highly productive environments that support many species of plants and animals adapted to the transition between fresh and salt water. Estuaries come in four types depending on their formation: coastal plain, tectonic, bar-built, and fjords. They provide important ecological, economic, and environmental benefits but are threatened by increasing development and pollution from coastal populations.
This document discusses estuaries, including their physical characteristics and ecosystems. Estuaries are bodies of water where freshwater rivers meet and mix with saltwater oceans. They can have varying salinity levels depending on their location and tidal influences. Estuaries provide important habitat for many species but are also impacted by human activities like pollution. Organisms living in estuaries have developed ways of coping with the ever-changing conditions, such as maintaining constant internal salt levels or burrowing in the mud.
Freshwater wetlands are areas filled with surface or ground water such as ponds, swamps, bogs, and marshes. They are characterized by precipitation, temperatures, and a variety of biotic factors including bacteria, fungi, protists, plants, and animals. Abiotic factors like elevation, topography, wind speed, and soil composition also influence freshwater wetlands. Food webs in freshwater wetlands are driven by symbiotic relationships between organisms as they cycle carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and water. Drought can stress freshwater wetland ecosystems and cause harm to plants and animals with a loss of water.
Degradation of Wetland Environment: A Case Study of Dora Beel of Kamrup Distr...iosrjce
Wetland’ a relatively new term occupies a significant position as natural resources in our state. The
importance of wetland has been increasing day by day due to its role on environment and economy of a region.
But the growing pressure of human interference has been degrading the wetland environment constantly and it
has posed a serious threat to the biodiversity of the wetland. An attempt has been made in this paper to know the
status of wetland and analyze its environmental degradation. The study tries to put forth some eco-friendly
measures of conservation and management for sustainable development of the wetland habitats and the people
around the wetland. The study is based on both primary and secondary data.
This document provides information about designing and maintaining aquatic habitats, including ponds. It discusses key factors that determine the plant and animal life in bodies of water, such as nutrient levels, depth, light penetration, and acidity. Optimal habitats have a good supply of nutrients, balanced levels of algae to allow light penetration, and sufficient depth. Examples of habitat designs discussed include chinampas, aquaponics, and ponds with different plant zones. Specific plants and animals that can be incorporated into pond ecosystems are also described, such as common carp, frogs, toads, and various oxygenating and edible plants. The document advocates designing ponds to include habitats that meet the needs of different species.
Mangroves are salt-tolerant trees and shrubs that grow in tropical and subtropical intertidal coastal zones. They create important ecosystems that provide habitat for a wide variety of marine and terrestrial species. Mangrove root structures in particular offer ideal nursery areas for fish and crustaceans. Common mangrove species include red mangroves, black mangroves, and white mangroves, each with morphological adaptations for surviving in salty, low-oxygen soil conditions like pneumatophores and salt glands.
The document describes several types of freshwater and marine ecosystems. It discusses streams and rivers, ponds and lakes, wetlands including marshes, swamps, and bogs. It also covers estuaries, coral reefs, kelp forests, hydrothermal vents, and the zonation of marine ecosystems from the intertidal zone to the open ocean and benthic zones. Key details are provided on the defining characteristics, locations, and common organisms found in each ecosystem.
Mangroves are salt-tolerant trees and shrubs that grow in intertidal coastal saline habitats. They play an important ecological role by stabilizing coastlines, providing habitat for many species, and contributing to high primary productivity through complex detrital food webs. Mangroves exhibit various adaptations to survive in their habitat, such as aerial roots, salt excretion, and viviparous reproduction. They support a diverse range of wildlife and are an important resource for human uses including food, medicine, and timber.
The 22nd annual Austin Film Festival & Conference will take place from October 29th to November 5th, 2015. For eight days, the festival will feature nearly 200 film and television premieres, 175 panels on the film and television industry, parties, and unique networking opportunities. Producers and crew are invited to RSVP to attend this year's festival in Austin, Texas.
El documento habla sobre las ventajas del email marketing y cómo Masterbase puede ayudar a las empresas a implementar exitosamente campañas de email marketing. Ofrece herramientas para crear y administrar listas de contactos, diseñar y programar mensajes, medir la entrega y analizar resultados. El email marketing es una de las herramientas de marketing digital más efectivas.
El documento describe varios conceptos relacionados con la gestión de relaciones con clientes (CRM), la planificación de recursos empresariales (ERP) y la gestión de la cadena de suministro (SCM). El CRM se enfoca en retener clientes mediante ventas, marketing y servicio al cliente. El ERP mejora la coordinación interna de una empresa. El SCM optimiza las operaciones de la cadena de suministro para satisfacer las necesidades de los clientes de manera efectiva. Zara es usado como ejemplo de una cadena de suministro exitosa por su capacidad de producir
El documento define el comercio electrónico como cualquier forma de transacción comercial basada en la transmisión electrónica de datos a través de redes de comunicación como Internet. Incluye la compra y venta de bienes y servicios, así como actividades relacionadas como publicidad, búsqueda de información, negociación y atención al cliente. El comercio electrónico puede ser entre empresas, entre empresas y consumidores, o entre empresas y administraciones públicas.
Freshwater ecosystems include rivers, streams, lakes, ponds, and wetlands. They make up a small fraction of the Earth's total water but support a diversity of habitats and species. Rivers and streams flow with cold, oxygen-rich water and can broaden and slow downstream. Lakes and ponds differ in size, with ponds being smaller and sometimes seasonal. Wetlands, including marshes and swamps, act as filters to clean water and protect shorelines from erosion. Freshwater ecosystems face threats from pollution and development.
Wetlands are areas of land where water covers the soil for most or all of the time. They provide flood control, improve water quality by filtering pollutants, and serve as important habitats. There are four main types of wetlands: marshes with shallow water and grassy plants, swamps with deeper water and woody trees and shrubs, and bogs and fens which are freshwater peatlands. Wetlands play key roles in flood control, coastal protection, groundwater recharge, sediment trapping, and intercepting pollution.
1. Aquatic ecosystems can be categorized based on factors such as salinity, flow, depth, and permanence. They support a diversity of life including plankton, nekton, benthos, and neuston.
2. Freshwater ecosystems include lakes, ponds, rivers, and streams. Lakes can be stratified into zones based on light penetration and temperature. Rivers flow from upper to lower courses, eroding and depositing sediment along their paths.
3. Marine ecosystems cover most of the Earth and include the ocean, which is stratified into pelagic zones. Estuaries form where freshwater mixes with saltwater, supporting complex food webs.
While state-of-the-art technologies for fish passage at hydropower dams for small and medium-sized rivers or for single species such as salmon are available nowadays, solutions for large rivers with multi-species such as the Mekong River are widely missing. Objective of this review is to elucidate migratory particularities of large rivers inhabiting multi-species fish assemblages, analyse advantages and disadvantages of existing fish pass solutions, discuss the potential applicability to the Mekong River and identify research gaps. Large warm-water rivers inhabit a wide range of different species encompassing migratory fish ranging from 20 to >200 cm, migration distances >1000 km and iteroparous life histories. Migrations may take place throughout the year due to species-specific spawning seasons and other migratory needs. A key challenge for fish pass solutions at large rivers is to attract fish to fish pass entries. As a solution, multiple fish passes and/or entries are recommended including options for bottom, surface and open water orientated species. Large fish and large number of fish during migration peaks require dimensions of fish passes going far beyond the size of conventional fish passes. A further challenge is that solutions or even experiences for downstream migration in large, multi-species rivers are widely lacking.
This document summarizes freshwater and marine ecosystems. It discusses the key features and threats to various ecosystems, including lakes/ponds, wetlands, rivers, estuaries, coral reefs, the ocean, and polar regions. The main types of freshwater ecosystems described are lakes/ponds, which have littoral, open water, and benthic zones, and wetlands like marshes and swamps. Threats to these ecosystems include pollution from industry, agriculture, and development. Marine ecosystems discussed include estuaries where fresh and saltwater mix, coral reefs built by polyps in warm tropical seas, the ocean with its depths lacking light, and polar regions relying on phytoplankton
This document discusses various natural resources including ponds, lakes and rivers, forests, and mangroves. It provides details on the ecology and importance of these resources. Ponds provide habitat and food sources for wildlife. Forests store carbon, regulate climate, purify water, and contain biodiversity. Mangroves have adaptations that allow them to thrive in saline coastal habitats. Natural resources are essential but finite, so sustainable use is important.
This document provides an overview of freshwater ecology, including the types and classification of freshwater ecosystems. It discusses the key limiting factors for freshwater habitats, such as light penetration, temperature, oxygen levels, and nutrient concentrations. Freshwater ecosystems are classified as lentic (still water) or lotic (flowing water). Lentic systems include lakes and ponds, while lotic systems include rivers and streams. Each system has different zones defined by factors like depth, flow, and light levels, which influence the types of organisms that can survive there.
This document provides information about seagrasses, including:
- An overview of what seagrasses are and how they differ from algae.
- Descriptions of common seagrass species found in the Philippines using codes.
- Where seagrasses are typically found based on depth, light availability, and other environmental factors.
- The importance of seagrasses for supporting marine life and ecosystems.
- Threats facing seagrass ecosystems.
- Conservation efforts focused on protecting seagrass habitats through water quality improvement, legislation, and education.
- A section outlining how to conduct seagrass habitat assessments using transects, quadrats and data collection
The study examined the spatial and temporal distribution of native and alien fish larvae (ichthyoplankton) in three habitat types (marsh edge, shallow open water, and river channel) across one natural and three restored marshes in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta over two years. More than 25,000 fish larvae from 10 families were collected, with the assemblage dominated by alien fishes overall but with natives more abundant in winter/spring and aliens in summer. Abundance was highest in marsh edge habitats, suggesting it provides favorable rearing habitat. Restored sites varied in ichthyoplankton abundance depending on configuration, with the site having minimal tidal exchange and greater lower trophic productivity supporting
Freshwater ecosystems include streams, rivers, ponds, lakes, and wetlands. Streams join to form larger rivers. Ponds and lakes have three zones - a littoral zone near shore with plants, an open-water zone where sunlight reaches, and a deep-water zone without sunlight. Wetlands soak up flood waters and replenish groundwater. They include marshes with grasses and swamps with trees. Over time, a lake can fill in with sediment and transform into a forest. The ocean contains diverse ecosystems shaped by temperature, depth, and sunlight. It has zones like intertidal, neritic, oceanic, and benthic that support different life.
World Wetlands Day is celebrated on February 2nd to raise awareness of wetlands and the Ramsar Convention. Wetlands are broadly defined and provide numerous benefits, including biodiversity, economic benefits, and ecological functions. However, wetlands face threats such as development, pollution, invasive species, and climate change. Two important Ramsar sites in Uzbekistan are described - the Aydar-Arnasay Lakes System, an important stopover for migratory birds, and Lake Dengizkul in Bukhara, also important for migratory birds in an arid region.
The document stratifies different aquatic biomes as follows:
1. Freshwater biomes include ponds, lakes, streams and rivers. Ponds and lakes are divided into littoral, limnetic and profundal zones. Streams and rivers have headwaters, middle sections and mouths.
2. Transitional waters between freshwater and saltwater include estuaries and wetlands. Wetlands are divided into mineral soil and organic soil types. Estuaries have four formation types.
3. Marine biomes include the intertidal zone, neritic zone, oceanic zone and benthic zone. The intertidal zone is the area between high and low tide lines with changing conditions
The document discusses various types of aquatic ecosystems including freshwater ecosystems like ponds, lakes, streams, rivers, and wetlands as well as marine ecosystems like oceans, coral reefs, and estuaries. It provides details on the characteristics of each ecosystem, describing factors like temperature, salinity, species diversity, food webs, and zones. It also discusses threats to these ecosystems from human activities like pollution, development, fishing, and climate change.
The document describes the major biomes found on Earth, including aquatic and terrestrial biomes. It provides details on the defining characteristics, climates, soils, and common plant and animal species found in freshwater, marine, desert, grassland, forest, tundra and other biomes. Biomes are grouped based on whether they are primarily aquatic or terrestrial, and further broken down by specific biome type within those groups.
The document describes several major biomes including aquatic and terrestrial biomes. The aquatic biome includes freshwater regions like ponds, lakes, streams, rivers and wetlands as well as marine regions like oceans, coral reefs, and estuaries. Terrestrial biomes described include deserts, chaparral, savannas, temperate grasslands, temperate rain forests, tropical rain forests, temperate deciduous forests, taiga, and tundra. Each biome is characterized by its climate, soil, and dominant plant and animal species.
Mangrove ecosystems are found along coastal areas in intertidal and supra tidal zones consisting of muddy shores. In Sri Lanka, the largest mangrove patches are located in Puttalam Lagoon, Dutch Bay, and Portugal Bay complex, while the second and third largest patches are in Batticaloa and Trincomallee respectively. Mangroves have unique adaptations such as prop roots, pneumatophores, and salt glands that allow them to survive in the fluctuating temperature, high humidity, poor oxygen, and saline soil conditions. They provide important ecological functions like protecting coastlines from erosion and absorbing pollutants. However, mangroves in Sri Lanka are declining rapidly due to destructive activities like aqu
The Broads were formed by medieval peat digging that was later flooded, creating navigable rivers and lakes. However, human activities like farming, sewage, and boating are threatening the Broads through eutrophication and erosion. Eutrophication is caused by excess nutrients like nitrates and phosphates entering the water from fertilizers and sewage, causing rapid algae growth that depletes oxygen levels and kills plants and animals. Vegetation succession from plant growth can also fill in the Broads over time if left unchecked. Constant siltation and loss of habitats are reducing biodiversity in the protected wetland.
This document provides an overview of various aquatic ecosystems. It begins by defining key terms like environment, ecology, ecosystem, and biotic and abiotic components. It then describes different types of freshwater ecosystems like ponds, lakes, streams, rivers, and wetlands. Next it covers marine ecosystems like estuaries, mangrove swamps, salt marshes, rocky shores, and oceans. Within oceans it distinguishes zones like intertidal, pelagic, abyssal, and benthic and the organisms found in each. The document concludes by outlining ecosystem goods and services provided by aquatic environments.
Abby (ecosystem) fkaching ... love u rommel gallido..haha !!abbymarte
An ecosystem consists of the biological community and abiotic environment in a specific location. Major biomes include deserts, forests, grasslands, tundra, and aquatic ecosystems. Deserts are hot and dry or semi-arid, with specialized plants and animals. Grasslands include tropical, temperate, and cold varieties. Tundra is very cold with limited plant life. Aquatic ecosystems include marine environments covering most of Earth and freshwater ecosystems such as lakes, rivers, and wetlands.
Species Diversity of Mangroves in Catarman, Northern Samarijtsrd
This study identified mangrove species in Catarman, Northern Samar which was categorized into families, genera and species. The researcher utilized transect line plot to determine the species composition of mangroves. A 10m x 10m plot was laid along calibrated rope were mangrove species were located. The mangroves were identified and classified taxonomically up to the species level using the Field Guide Manual to Philippine Mangroves. The researcher able to sampled nine true mangrove species and eight mangrove associates from the study area. Beberlie L. Medrano-Dangkeo "Species Diversity of Mangroves in Catarman, Northern Samar" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd35857.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/35857/species-diversity-of-mangroves-in-catarman-northern-samar/beberlie-l-medranodangkeo
Recycling and Disposal on SWM Raymond Einyu pptxRayLetai1
Increasing urbanization, rural–urban migration, rising standards of living, and rapid development associated with population growth have resulted in increased solid waste generation by industrial, domestic and other activities in Nairobi City. It has been noted in other contexts too that increasing population, changing consumption patterns, economic development, changing income, urbanization and industrialization all contribute to the increased generation of waste.
With the increasing urban population in Kenya, which is estimated to be growing at a rate higher than that of the country’s general population, waste generation and management is already a major challenge. The industrialization and urbanization process in the country, dominated by one major city – Nairobi, which has around four times the population of the next largest urban centre (Mombasa) – has witnessed an exponential increase in the generation of solid waste. It is projected that by 2030, about 50 per cent of the Kenyan population will be urban.
Aim:
A healthy, safe, secure and sustainable solid waste management system fit for a world – class city.
Improve and protect the public health of Nairobi residents and visitors.
Ecological health, diversity and productivity and maximize resource recovery through the participatory approach.
Goals:
Build awareness and capacity for source separation as essential components of sustainable waste management.
Build new environmentally sound infrastructure and systems for safe disposal of residual waste and replacing current dumpsites which should be commissioned.
Current solid waste management situation:
The status.
Solid waste generation rate is at 2240 tones / day
collection efficiently is at about 50%.
Actors i.e. city authorities, CBO’s , private firms and self-disposal
Current SWM Situation in Nairobi City:
Solid waste generation – collection – dumping
Good Practices:
• Separation – recycling – marketing.
• Open dumpsite dandora dump site through public education on source separation of waste, of which the situation can be reversed.
• Nairobi is one of the C40 cities in this respect , various actors in the solid waste management space have adopted a variety of technologies to reduce short lived climate pollutants including source separation , recycling , marketing of the recycled products.
• Through the network, it should expect to benefit from expertise of the different actors in the network in terms of applicable technologies and practices in reducing the short-lived climate pollutants.
Good practices:
Despite the dismal collection of solid waste in Nairobi city, there are practices and activities of informal actors (CBOs, CBO-SACCOs and yard shop operators) and other formal industrial actors on solid waste collection, recycling and waste reduction.
Practices and activities of these actor groups are viewed as innovations with the potential to change the way solid waste is handled.
CHALLENGES:
• Resource Allocation.
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.EpconLP
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...Open Access Research Paper
Water contamination is one of the major causes of water borne diseases worldwide. In Kenya, approximately 43% of people lack access to potable water due to human contamination. River Kuywa water is currently experiencing contamination due to human activities. Its water is widely used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This study aimed at characterizing bacteria and fungi in river Kuywa water. Water samples were randomly collected from four sites of the river: site A (Matisi), site B (Ngwelo), site C (Nzoia water pump) and site D (Chalicha), during the dry season (January-March 2018) and wet season (April-July 2018) and were transported to Maseno University Microbiology and plant pathology laboratory for analysis. The characterization and identification of bacteria and fungi were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Nine bacterial genera and three fungi were identified from Kuywa river water. Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. Fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus complex and Penicillium species. Wet season recorded highest bacterial and fungal counts (6.61-7.66 and 3.83-6.75cfu/ml) respectively. The results indicated that the river Kuywa water is polluted and therefore unsafe for human consumption before treatment. It is therefore recommended that the communities to ensure that they boil water especially for drinking.
Climate Change All over the World .pptxsairaanwer024
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
ENVIRONMENT~ Renewable Energy Sources and their future prospects.tiwarimanvi3129
This presentation is for us to know that how our Environment need Attention for protection of our natural resources which are depleted day by day that's why we need to take time and shift our attention to renewable energy sources instead of non-renewable sources which are better and Eco-friendly for our environment. these renewable energy sources are so helpful for our planet and for every living organism which depends on environment.
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
Presented by The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
1. Toroparu Ichthyofauna Baseline Report
2014
Guyana, the only English speaking country in South America, has two rainy or wet season: Long
wet season (late April to mid-August) and a short wet season (from December to early February). During
the short wet season, an Aquatic Biodiversity survey was conducted at the Toroparu Deposit located in
Region 7 (Cuyuni-Mazaruni), the Upper Puruni Concession. This survey, which focused on the
ETK/Sandspring Resources Tailings Disposal Site, located in the north eastern end of the concession, its
access roads, and other water bodies within the target area, recorded a total of thirty eight (38) species
from seventeen (17) families.
A reconnaissancewalk through the targeted study area identified a total of seven major sampling
sites (creeks, streams and ravines), along with twenty five minor sample sites, both lying at different
elevations within disturbed and undisturbed areas. Three of the major sample sites were within the
Tailings Disposal site (size approximately 20 km2): TDS site 1 UTM 20N 831375E 723548N,TDS site 2
UTM 20N 831725E 722516N and TDS site 3 UTM 21N 170435E 721962N,with the other four sample sites
TAR site 1 UTM 20N 829610E 723126N,TAR site 2 UTM 20N 829271E 720855N,TAR site 3 UTM 20N
828937E 717225N and TAR site 4 (Wainamu creek bridge) UTM 20N 826718E 714051N along the Access
road (11 km). The Puruni River (UTM 20N 825413E 713375N)which was previous sampled in 2006, 2008
and 2010 (Toroparu Baseline Report), was also sampled. The major sample sites were 450m – 500m in
length, while the minor sites were 250m in length, running the length of the creek, stream or ravine
sampled. Each sample site was located at different elevations, thus, possess creeks, streams and ravines
which were either dried up or consisted of very little water (highly elevated areas), swampy (resulting
from blockage in water flow) or had normal or overflowing banks (areas of low elevation).
Sampling of fishes was conducted using a number of different sampling methods dependent on
various factors within the study area and water level. The specific methods used to assess the
Ichthyofauna diversity at the area of study were tangle seines, cast-nets, fishing rods (hook & line), drag
nets and hand nets. The hours of fishing started early in the morning around 5:30 am to noon and then
resumed at in the afternoon at 16:00 hrs to 20:00 hrs. Cast net and Tangle seines were only used in creeks
along the Access road (TAR site 3 and 4) and in the Puruni River. These areas were within depth range
and also had less disturbances within the water (fallen tree, branches, etc.) thus allowing the full use of
the equipment to capture fishes. The drag net was used at TAR sites 3 and 4 and TDS site 3 and its
surrounding minor sample sites. This was due to some of the areas being too deep or too steep for the
drag net to touch the bottom of the creek or ravine to capture bottom dwelling fish species. The
remaining methods of collection, fishing rods and hand nets, were effectively used at each sample sites.
Bait for the fishing rods were made from fish, mostly Curimatella immaculata, since this species of fish was
readily caught. The hand nets were dragged along the sides and corners of the creeks and ravines or to
scoop up surface dwellers. It was also used mainly during night surveys to catch sleeping or surface
dwelling fishes. In addition to sampling the identified area, temperature, velocity, appearance/turbidity,
length and depth were noted for each site. The depth of the sample site was taken with an improvised
meter rule; the temperature was measured with the use of the hands being placed in the water for
approximately one minute and also noted based on the weather the survey was conducted in. The
velocity of the water was noted by placing a freshly picked leaf into open water at a graduated distance
and noting the speed at which the water transported it.
2. Table 1 shows the Site and Habitat description of the Aquatic Sampling location
Site GPS In-stream feature/Appearance Reach Habitat Description and Anthropogenic
disturbances
Temp
(0C)
Velocity
(ft/s)
Turbidity/Appearance
(water colour)
Length Depth
TDS site 1 UTM 20N
831375E
723548N
28 0-0.5 ft/s Orange (loam) to
murky (tan)
> 500m 0.5-4
ft
Undulating freshwater habitat characterized by
85% mixed forest canopy. Shallow heavily
silted water along with leaf littered bottom.
TDS site 1
Opportunistic
Sample sites
UTM 20N
830280E
723558N
30 0-0.5 ft/s Murky (light tan) > 500m 2-5 ft Natural undulating freshwater habitat
interrupted by an access road crossing a
bridge made from fallen trees. Possession of
shallow and deep pools with leaf littered,
clayey and loamy bottom.
TDS site 2 UTM 20N
831725E
722516N
29 0 ft/s Murky (light tan) > 500m 5 ft Undulating freshwater habitat characterized by
heavy siltation upstream, murky water about
800m downstream, leaf littered bottom,
deforested trees in water reducing siltation,
gradually sloping edges, small riparian area
and loamy then clay filled bottom.
TDS site 2
Opportunistic
Sample sites
UTM 21N
169116E
722203N
28 0.5 ft/s Clear > 500m 4 ft Natural undisturbed freshwater habitat lined
and canopied 50% by understory fruit, hard
and softwood trees. Very steep eroded edges
exposing tree roots that houses rover predators
and bottom feeding fishes. Leaf littered, clayey
bottom. Evidence of fallen trees and branches
protruding water.
TDS site 3 UTM 21N
170435E
28 1-1.5 ft/s Murky (light tan) > 500m 3-6 ft Natural disturbed gradually flowing, slightly
silted (upstream) freshwater habitat, thus,
3. 721962N slightly leaf littered on the surface to the very
steep edges which expose the mixed forest tree
roots that line and canopied 60% of the sample
area.
TDS site 3
Opportunistic
Sample sites
UTM 21N
169707E
721498N
28 0 ft/s Orange (loam) > 500m 2 ft Man-made: Cut-off creek resulting in swampy-
like area. Heavily littered with leaf, muddy
smell, heavily siltation, mixture of clay and
loam bottom. Wide open, not canopied by
trees, but lined by shrubs to one edge and an
exposed clay bank to the other side.
TAR site 1 UTM 20N
829610E
723126N
29 1 ft/s Clear > 500m 5 ft Natural undulating undisturbed freshwater
stream lined and canopied 70% of the sample
area by hardwood and fruit tree. Slightly still,
leaf littered glossy surface with evidence of
water striders, snails, spiders on fallen
branches and trees protruding water surface.
Clayey loam bottom with sloping and steep
water edges exposing tree roots. Leaf littered,
clayey loam bottom.
TAR site 1
Opportunistic
Sample sites
UTM 20N
829338E
722084N
30 0.5 ft/s Light brown > 500m 3-7 ft Natural undisturbed freshwater habitat lined
and canopied 85% by mixed forest trees. Leaf
littered bottom and surface. Visibility of small
and large lurking fishes along with macro
invertebrates (snails. Spiders, water skimmers,
ants) along the sloping edges of exposed tree
roots. Leaf littered, loamy bottom.
TAR site 2 UTM 20N
829271E
720855N
28 1-2 ft/s Murky (tan) > 500m 4 ft Naturally undisturbed undulating freshwater
habitat canopied 45% by hardwood and fruit
trees. Riparian zone possessing small fishes
4. and macro invertebrates. Crossing of access
road resulted in cut-off stream and new
passage of water carrying heavy silt into
riparian area downstream.
TAR site 2
Opportunistic
Sample sites
UTM 20N
829314E
721614N
28 1 ft/s Orange (loam) to
Murky (tan)
> 500m 2 ft Highly disturbed freshwater habitat
characterized by undulation through a densely
mixed forest (epiphytes, lianas), silt-filled
bottom, pools of tan coloured water and steep
eroded edges showing trees roots.
TAR site 3 UTM 20N
828937E
717225N
29 0-1 ft/s Black and orange
(loam) water
> 500m 8 ft Natural, opened freshwater creek at hill base,
lined by densely mixed vegetation of fruit trees
and hard wood. Heavy siltation in riparian
zone downstream due crossing of access road.
Leaf littered loamy-clay bottom with fallen tree
and branches protruding a smooth and slightly
leaf littered water surface. Gradually sloping to
very steep (sudden drop) water edge.
TAR site 3
Opportunistic
Sample sites
UTM 20N
829641E
719199N
28 0 ft/s Black > 500m 1-3 ft Undisturbed riparian zone filled with grasses,
shrubs and sapwood (home to Tapir –
sightings of feces). Shallow streams with
sudden drop or sloping edges. Gravel filled
and leaf littered bottom with evidence of small
fishes (Pyrrhulina sp) and snails.
TAR site 4 UTM 20N
826718E
714051N
29 3-4 ft/s Black > 500m 2-11 ft Natural, opened, rapidly flowing freshwater
creek lined by shrubs in riparian zone
upstream and dense mixed primary forest
(shrubs, fruit trees – plum, hardwood) in
riparian zone downstream. Silted, leaf littered
bottom with small gravels in riparian zone.
5. Evidence of small densely shrub-filled islands
with creek and a large bridge leading into a
mixed forest area.
TAR site 4
Opportunistic
Sample sites
UTM 20N
827398E
715127N
30 0 ft Black to murky (tan) > 500m 2-4 ft Large shallow pool of still water. Disturbed
freshwater habitat with crossing of access
road and deforested area (fallen burnt trees
and branches). Clay filled bottom. Evidence of
young plant growth within water.
Puruni River UTM 20N
825413E
713375N
29 0.5-1 ft/s Murky (tan) > 1000m 9 ft A gently flowing, natural, slightly undulating
freshwater habitat with very steep edges, over
flowing banks, riparian area at interval, lined
with epiphytes and mixed forest trees
(hardwood, softwood, fruit trees) and log-filled
at weak banks.
Table 2 shows the comparison for the species of fishes recorded from different surveys conducted at Toroparu Mining Area
Family Scientific name Common name February
2014
Survey
Survey
2006
Survey
2007-
2008
Survey 2010 IUCN/CITES
July
(open
mining
pits)
November
(expanded
project
footprint
area)
Acestrorhynchidae Acestrorhynchus falcatus Fox fish X
Acestrorhynchidae Acestrorhynchus
microlepis
Fox fish/Dogfish X X
Anostomidae Leporinus arcus Daray X
Anostomidae Leporinus friderici Three-spot
leporinus
X X
Anostomidae Leporinus sp Daray X
Anostomidae Leporinus maculatus Spotted leporinus X
Auchenipteridae Ageneiosus inermis Dawalu X X
Auchenipteridae Auchenipterichthys Driftwood Catfish X
6. punctatus
According to
the IUCN Red
List, these taxa
have not yet
been assessed
for the IUCN
Red List, but
are in the
Catalogue of
Life.
Out of the
seventy two
(72) species of
Auchenipteridae Trachycorystes obscurus Boots X
Auchenipteridae Ageneiosus brevifilis Dawalu X
Auchenipteridae Ageneiosus sp Dawalu X
Auchenipteridae Trachycorystes sp. Imiri X
Characidae Roeboides descalvadensis Scale eater X
Characidae Hemigrammus sp Glow light tetra X
Characidae Brachychalcinus
orbicularis
Discus tetra X X
Characidae Charax gibbosus Glass head
stander
X X X
Characidae Hyphessobrycon sp. Tetra X
Characidae Hyphessobrycon sp. Tetra X
Characidae Astyanax bimaculatus Big-eye Seriba X X
Characidae Moenkhausia oligolepis Glass tetra X X
Characidae Tetragonopterus chalceus X
Characidae Astyanax fasciatus Banded astyanax X X
Characidae Roeboides guatemalensis Headstander X
Characidae Tetragonopterus sp. Glass headstander X
Cichlidae Guianacara dacrya Patwa X
Cichlidae Guianacara sp. Patwa X
Cichlidae Biotodoma cupido Cupid cichlid X X
Cichlidae Aequidens potaroensis Patwa X
Cichlidae Crenicichla lugubris Red pike X X
Cichlidae Crenicichla alta Sun fish X X
Cichlidae Crenicichla multispinosa Pike X X
Cichlidae Cichlasoma bimaculatum Common patwa X X
Cichlidae Crenicichla sp Sunfish X X
Cichlidae Guianacara sphenozona Sandspringer
patwa
X X X
Cichlidae Aequidens geayi Sandgrinder
patwa
X
Cichlidae Aequidens sp Sandgrinder
patwa
X
Cichlidae Aequidens sp Sandgrinder
patwa
X
7. Curimatidae Curimatella immaculata Cuticuri X fishes recorded
from surveys
conducted
within the
Toroparu
Mining Area
(mentioned
within this
table), none of
them are
documented
within the
sixteen (16)
species of
fishes listed in
Appendix I
and the eighty
seven (87)
species of
fishes listed in
Appendix II of
the CITES
Appendices.
Curimatidae Cyphocharax spilurus Cuticuri X
Doradidae Platydoras costatus Raphael catfish X X
Doradidae Acanthodoras
cataphractus
Spiny catfish X
Erythrinidae Hoplias aimara Haimara X X
Erythrinidae Hoplias malabaricus Huri X X X X X
Erythrinidae Hoplias macropthalmus Huri X X X
Erythrinidae Hoploerythrinus
unitaeniatus
Yarrow X X X X
Gasteropelicidae Gasteropelecus sternicla Hatchet fish X
Gymnotidae Gymnotus sp. Knife fish X
Gymnotidae Electrophorus electricus Electric eel X X
Hemiodontidae Hemiodopsis thayeria X
Heptapteridae Pimelodella cristata Kassi X
Heptapteridae Pimelodella sp X
Heptapteridae Rhamdia quelen Kassi X X
Heptapteridae Rhamdia holomelas Kassi X X
Lebiasinidae Pyrrhulina beni Pencil fish X
Lebiasinidae Pyrrhulina filamentosa Pencil fish X
Loricariidae Peckoltia sp. Hassar X
Loricariidae Peckoltia sp. Hassar X
Loricariidae Peckoltia sabaji Hassar X
Loricariidae Hypostomus sp. Hassar X
Loricariidae Lasiancistrus
schomburgkii
Rock hassar X
Loricariidae Sturisoma monopelte Whiptail catfish X
Pimelodidae Pimelodus blochii Four-lined Pim/
Catfish
X
Pimelodidae Pimelodus ornatus Ornate Pim /
Catfish
X
Pimelodidae Hypophthalmus
edentatus
Highwaterman
Catfish
X
Pimelodidae Pimelodus sp. Pim/ Catfish X X
Poeciliidae Poecilia reticulata Guppy X
Serrasalmidae Serrasalmus rhombeus Piranha X X
8. Serrasalmidae Serrasalmus eigenmanni Piranha X
Serrasalmidae Metynnis argenteus Silver dollar X
Serrasalmidae Serrasalmus sp Piranha X X
Sternopygidae Sternopygus macrurus Glass knife fish X
Sternopygidae Eigenmannia limbata Glass knife fish X
Sternopygidae Eigenmannia macrops Glass Knife fish X
Triportheidae Triportheus rotundatus Elongated hatchet
fish
X X X
Table 2 shows the species of fishes identified at different sample sites from within the Toroparu Mining area during the short wet season
(February 2014)
Family Scientific name Common name TDS
1
TDS
2
TDS
3
TAR
1
TAR
2
TAR
3
TAR
4
Puruni
river
Total
Acestrorhynchidae Acestrorhynchus falcatus Fox fish 2 2
Anostomidae Leporinus arcus Daray 1 6 13 20
Auchenipteridae Ageneiosus inermis Dawalu 2 2 4
Characidae Roeboides descalvadensis Scale eater 1 1 2
Characidae Hemigrammus sp Glow light tetra 3 2 6 1 4 4 7 27
Characidae Brachychalcinus orbicularis Discus tetra 1 2 2 2 3 10
Characidae Charax gibbosus Glass head stander 2 2 4
Characidae Hyphessobrycon sp. Tetra 3 2 11 1 6 5 7 35
Characidae Hyphessobrycon sp. Tetra 5 3 4 2 7 3 24
Characidae Astyanax bimaculatus Big-eye Seriba 1 2 3 2 2 3 13
Cichlidae Guianacara dacrya Patwa 4 2 2 23 3 34
Cichlidae Guianacara sp. Patwa 2 2 3 7
Cichlidae Biotodoma cupido Cupid cichlid 1 1
Cichlidae Aequidens potaroensis Patwa 3 4 5 2 14
Cichlidae Crenicichla lugubris Red pike 1 2 3
Cichlidae Crenicichla alta Sun fish 1 1 2
Curimatidae Curimatella immaculata Cuticuri 3 5 9 1 8 11 7 44
Erythrinidae Hoplias aimara Haimara 1 1 3 2 4 11
Erythrinidae Hoplias malabaricus Huri 2 5 1 1 2 11
10. Based on previous surveys conducted during the long wet seasons of 2007 – 2008,thirteen (13) and eleven
(11) fish species respectively were documented. During the short wet season five additional species, not
previously recorded in the area, were recorded namely Astyanax fasciatus, Crenicichla, Moenkhausia
oligolepis,Rhamdia quelen and Triportheus rotundatus. The most abundant species collected during that
survey were Aequidens tetramerus, Rhamdia holomelas and Astyanax fasciatus. During the previous long wet
season 22 individuals of fishes within eight genera were documented at the Bush camp and subsidiary
sites.
In 2010,a total of nine families and fourteen species were documented during the surveys conducted. It
was stated that the most common families Loricariidae and Cichlidae were represented by three species
each. The total number of individuals collected from the Puruni River and Wainamu Creek was 40.
Hoplias malabaricus, Crenicichla sp, Pimelodus sp and Guianacara were documented in both wet season
surveys. Ten additional species of fish were recorded during another 2010 survey in an expanded project
foot print area.
This study area, Toroparu Tailings Disposal Site was previously sampled as an Expanded Project
Footprint in November of 2010. Its Access road to the Wainamu creek bridge was not previously
sampled. Based on the results of the sampled sites within this area, it is evident that there is a moderate
diversity of species of fishes. Sampling of this area resulted in the documentation of new species of fishes
not recorded elsewhere in the Toroparu. These species of fishes are the Hyphessobrycon sp, Hemigrammus
sp, Aequidens potaroensis, Gasteropelecus sternicla, Eigenmannia limbata, Sternopygus macrurus, Serrasalmus
eigenmanni, Gymnotus sp, Pyrrhulina beni and P. filamentosa. Based on the survey conducted in the 2010 at
the expanded footprint area, seven of those species of fishes were again recorded. These are Ageneiosus
inermis, Brachychalcinus orbicularis, Hoplias malabaricus, Hoplias aimara, Hoploerythrinus unitaeniatus, Charax
gibbosus and Triportheus rotundatus.
The most abundant species recorded of the four hundred and nineteen (419) individuals were Cuticuri
(Curimatella immaculata) with forty four (44) individuals. The species of fish with the lowest number of
individuals recorded were the Glass knife fish (Eigenmannia limbata), Cupid cichlid (Biotodoma cupido),
Ornate Pim (Pimelodus ornatus) and Four-lined Pim (Pimelodus blochii), each with one (1) individual being
recorded in the area of interest. Each of the seven aquatic sample sites sampled had their own species
abundance and richness. TAR site 3 had the highest species richness (twenty four species of fishes
recorded from this area) while TAR site 1 had the lowest species richness (nine species of fishes recorded
from this area). The most abundant fish species recorded within an aquatic sample site was Guianacara
dacrya, a total of twenty three (23) in TAR site 3 while the least abundant fish species recorded within an
aquatic sample site was Hyphessobrycon sp and Poecilia reticulata, each recording five individuals in TDS
site 1.
Based on the various methods employed to sample the Ichthyofauna Biodiversity of the study area, it was
noted that the fishing rods caught a total of twenty three (23) species from which eight were only caught
with the fishing rod (Erythrinidae, Pimelodidae, Rhamdia quelen, Eigenmannia limbata). The hand net was
second in line with fourteen (14) species which mainly caught the surface dwellers out of which five
individuals species were caught (Hemigrammus sp, Hyphessobrycon sp, Pyrrhulina filamentosa, Pyrrhulina
beni and Poecilia reticulata). The tangle seines collected a total of eleven (11) species from which three
species (Acestrorhynchus falcatus, Charax gibbosus and Roeboides descalvadensis) were only collected by the
11. tangle seine. The cast net and the drag net collected the lowest species of fish, seven (7) and two (2)
respectively, with the cast net collecting one (1) species (Biotodoma cupido) respectively.
Fewer species of fishes were recorded in the Tailings Disposal Site as compared to the Access road, but
more species of fishes were recorded combined as compared to the other areas such as the Puruni River
and Wainamu creek previously sampled in other surveys. Anthropogenic disturbances mainly heavy
siltation of streams and creeks due to building of access road altered the natural freshwater habitat that
was present there, thus, resulting in migration of fish species. In addition, species such as Serrasalmus
rhombeus, Charax gibbosus, Roeboides descalvadensis, Gasteropelecus sternicla, Pimelodus blochii and Pimelodus
ornatus seem to be endemic to low elevations or large body of water since they were not found in the
Tailings site. It was further noted that species of the families Erythrinidae, certain species of Characidae
and Cichlidae such as Aequidens sp, Guianacara sp, Hemigrammus sp, Curimatella immaculata and
Brachychalcinus orbicularis are migratory species since they were found in 80% of the sampled sites.
In addition it was noted that several species previously collected were not recorded. These were
Moenkhausia oligolepis,Tetagonopterus chalceus, Hypophthalmus edentatus, Aunchenipterichthys punctatus,
Trachycorystes obcurus, Cyphocharax spilurus, Astyanax fasciatus, Acestrorhynchus microlepis, Crenicichla
multispinosa, Eigenmannia macrops, Cichlasoma bimaculatum, Rhamdia holomelas, Metynnis argenteus,
Leporinus friderici, Electrophorus electricus, and Ageneiosus brevifilis.
When conducting the surveys, questions were asked about fish caught in the area by workers and it was
noted that several fish species recorded in the footprint area have economic and social values. These
include Haimara (Hoplias aimara), Huri (Hoplias malabaricus), Daray (Leporinus arcus) and Yarrow
(Hoploerythrinus unitaeniatus) which are used as important food sources.
According to the IUCN Red list, the species of fishes identified from this aquatic survey at Toroparu
during the short wet season are not evaluated. In addition, none of these species of fishes are present or
emphasized within the CITES Appendices.
12. Map 1 showing the various sampling sites sampled for fishes during the short wet season at Toroparu,
Upper Puruni Concession.
Square black line – Tailings Disposal Site
Blue – major sample sites within the Tailings Disposal Site
Green – major sample sites on the Access road
Black circle – minor or opportunistic sample sites
Purple dot – Sample site on Puruni River
Turquoise – Camp
15. Picture 1 shows the result of creeks flowing across the road – murky water being pushed away by
clean freshwater
Picture 2 showing a filled up mining pit that turned into a creek and surrounded by dense vegetation
16. Picture 3 showing a creek flowing through an undisturbed mixed forest in the Tailings Disposal Site
(TDS)
Picture 4 showing a log-filled creek sampled 300m from the Tailings Access Road (TAR)
17. Picture 5 showing a creek flowing across a road (TDS) with the use of trees as a passageway for the
water to flowing
Picture 6 shows heavily silted murky water which is the result of shallow creeks or streams flowing
across the road in TDS
18. References
Axelrod, Glen S.; Pronek, Neal; Burgess, Warren E. and Axelrod, Herbert R. 2007 Dr. Axelrod's Atlas of
Freshwater Aquarium Fishes 11th edition TFH Publications pg. 215 - 577
Gardiner, Stephen L. (bulletin Editor), Collette, Bruce B. (review Editor), 10 September 2009 Bulletin of
the Biological Society of Washington Checklist of the Freshwater Fishes of the Guiana Shield Number 17
The Custodian of Publications Washington D.C.
Holland, W. H. (editor) 1912 Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum Volume 5 Serial No. 67 Eigenmann: The
Freshwater Fishes of British Guiana Carnegie Institute Pittsburgh