1).i) Qualities of effective communication. 1 Clarity If your writing is clear, your reader is much more likely to understand and act on your message. Consider this the ultimate characteristic of effective communication.  2 Conciseness As George Orwell wrote in his essay “Politics and the English Language,” if it is possible to cut a word out, always cut it out. Your goal is to communicate your message as quickly and directly as possible. By doing this, you’ll save your reader time and trouble. 3 Correctness Proper grammar and syntax increase the effectiveness and credibility of your message. Mistakes might affect clarity, create ambiguity, and raise doubts. In addition, the message’s information needs to be accurate. Misinformation can derail productivity in the workplace and compound disorganization. 4  Completeness Effective communication requires the whole picture. Leaving information out can lead to unnecessary guesswork for readers. Comprehensive yet concise messages reduce follow-up questions and prevent delays. 5 Coherence Coherent communication is logical. Your points should be relevant to your thesis, and the text’s tone and flow should be smooth. 6 Consideration Empathy is a critical pillar of good workplace communication. Before you speak, consider your words and their potential effects on your listener. 7 Courtesy Being courteous is as much a necessity in a corporate setting as anywhere. Your team is working together to achieve the same goals of success and growth. Inside jokes, insults, or an aggressive tone work against teamwork. 8 Concreteness A concrete message is tangible, supported by facts for enhanced credibility, and helps your audience better understand what’s being conveyed. It also mitigates the risk of misunderstanding, a common struggle in the workplace. 9 Consistency Following the tips above will ensure that your communication is effective. Once you’ve improved, however, don’t let your quality slip. Your teams and operations are valuable and should always be treated as such. Effective communication depends on a steady and efficient workflow from everyone. ii)the process of effective communication. The Different Elements in The Process of Communication that makes it to be a process are: i)Sender The very foundation of communication process is laid by the person who transmits or sends the message. He is the sender of the message which may be a thought, idea, a picture, symbol, report or an order and postures and gestures, even a momentary smile. ii)Message Message is referred to as the information conveyed by words as in speech and write-ups, signs, pictures or symbols depending upon the situation and the nature and importance of information desired to be sent. iii)Encoding Encoding is putting the targeted message into appropriate medium which may be verbal or non-verbal depending upon the situation, time, space and nature of the message to be sent. T iv)Channel Channel(s) refers to the way or mode th

1. Lesson 10
Mental Health Disorders
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2. PERSONALITY DISORDERS
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• Currently psychiatrists tend to use a system of diagnosis
which identifies ten types of personality disorder.
• These are grouped into three categories.

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1. SUSPICIOUS
I. Paranoid personality disorder
II. Schizoid personality disorder
III. Schizotypal personality disorder
IV. Antisocial personality disorder

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2. EMOTIONAL AND IMPULSIVE
I. borderline personality disorder
II. histrionic personality disorder
III. Narcissistic personality disorder

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3. ANXIOUS
I. avoidant personality disorder
II. dependent personality disorder
III. obsessive compulsive personality disorder

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• Each personality disorder has its own set of diagnostic criteria.
• To get a specific diagnosis you must meet some of these criteria.
• The minimum amount you need to meet is different for different
types, but it should always be more than one or two.
• If you meet criteria for more than one type this may be
called mixed personality disorder.

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Paranoid personality disorder-
• The thoughts, feelings and experiences associated with
paranoia may cause you to:
1) find it hard to confide in people, even your friends and
family
2)find it very difficult to trust other people, believing they will
use you or take advantage of you (suspicious of others)
3) have difficulty relaxing

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4) read threats and danger (which others don't see) into
everyday situations, innocent remarks or casual looks from
others.
5)This might become such a big problem in your life that you
are given a diagnosis of paranoid personality disorder.

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Schizoid personality disorder
• Many people with schizoid personality disorder are able to function
fairly well.
• Unlike in schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder, you would not
usually have psychotic symptoms.
• However, as a result of the thoughts and feelings associated with
this diagnosis you may:
1) find difficulty forming close relationships with other people

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...
2) choose to live your life without interference from others
3) prefer to be alone with your own thoughts
4) not experience pleasure from many activities
5) have little interest in sex or intimacy
6) have difficulty relating to or are emotionally cold towards others.

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Schizotypal personality disorder
• Everyone has their own eccentricities or awkward behaviors.
• But if your patterns of thinking and behaving make relating to others
very difficult, you may receive a diagnosis of schizotypal personality
disorder.
• Unlike in schizophrenia, you usually would not experience psychosis.
• However, you may:
1) experience distorted thoughts or perceptions
2) find making close relationships extremely difficult

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3)think and express yourself in ways that others find 'odd', using
unusual words or phrases, making relating to others difficult
4)believe that you can read minds or that you have special powers
such as a 'sixth sense‘
5) feel anxious and tense with others who do not share these beliefs
6)feel very anxious and paranoid in social situations, finding it hard to
relate to others.

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Antisocial personality disorder
• It is natural to sometimes put our own needs, pleasure or
personal gain before those of others around us.
• However, if these actions occur very frequently and you struggle
to keep stability in your life, or you regularly act impulsively out
of anger or lack of consideration for others, this could lead to a
diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder.
• Hence you will:
1) behave dangerously and sometimes illegally (you may have a
criminal record)

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...
2) put yourself in dangerous or risky situations, often without
thinking about the consequences for yourself or other people
3) behave in ways that are unpleasant for others
4)feel very easily bored and act on impulse – for example, you may
find it difficult to hold down a job for long
5) behave aggressively and get into fights easily

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6) do things even though they may hurt people – to get what you
want, putting your needs and desires above other people's
7)have problems with empathy – for example, you may not feel or
show any sense of guilt if you have mistreated others
8) have had a diagnosis of conduct disorder before the age of 15.

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Borderline personality disorder (BPD)
• Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is also known as emotionally unstable
personality disorder (EUPD).
• We can all experience difficulties with our relationships, self-image and
emotions.
• But you might get a diagnosis of BPD/EUPD if these feel consistently unstable
or intense and cause you significant problems in daily life.
Symptoms
• feel very worried about people abandoning you, and either do anything to
stop that happening or push them away

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• have very intense emotions that can change quickly (for example,
from feeling very happy and confident in the morning to feeling low
and sad in the afternoon)
• not have a strong sense of who you are or what you want from life,
with your ideas about this changing significantly depending on who
you're with
• find it very hard to make and keep stable relationships or
friendships

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• act impulsively and do things that could harm you (such as
binge eating, using drugs or driving dangerously)
• have suicidal thoughts
• Self-harm
• feel empty and lonely a lot of the time
• get very angry, and struggle to control anger
• struggle to trust other people

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• experience other mental health problems alongside BPD,
including anxiety, depression, eating problems, and post-
traumatic stress disorder.
• When very stressed, sometimes you might:
• feel paranoid
• Have psychotic experiences, such as seeing or hearing things that
other people don't
• feel numb or 'checked out' and not remember things very well
after they've happened (known as dissociation).

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When very stressed, sometimes you might:
• Feel paranoid
• have psychotic experiences, such as seeing or hearing things that
other people don't
• feel numb or 'checked out' and not remember things very well
after they've happened (known as dissociation).

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Histrionic personality disorder
• Most people enjoy being given compliments or positive feedback
about their actions. But if you depend very heavily on being
noticed, or are seeking approval so much that this affects your day-
to-day living, you might get a diagnosis of histrionic personality
disorder.
Signs & Symptoms
• feel very uncomfortable if you are not the centre of attention
• feel that you have to entertain people

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• constantly seek, or feel dependent on, the approval of others
• make rash decisions
• flirt or behave/dress provocatively to ensure that you remain the
centre of attention
• get a reputation for being dramatic and overemotional
• be easily influenced by others.

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Narcissistic personality disorder
• It is human nature to be aware of our own needs, to express them, and to
want others to be aware of our abilities and achievements.
• These are not bad traits.
• However, if these thoughts, feelings and behaviors are very extreme and
cause problems in relating to others, you may get a diagnosis of narcissistic
personality disorder.
You may:
• believe that there are special reasons that make you different, better or more
deserving than others

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• have fragile self-esteem, so that you rely on others to recognize your
worth and your needs
• feel upset if others ignore you and don't give you what you feel you
deserve
• resent other people's successes
• put your own needs above other people's, and demand they do too
• be seen as selfish and dismissive or unaware of other people's needs.

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Avoidant personality disorder
• Even though we all have things, places or people we don't like, or
which make us anxious, but if these things cause so much anxiety
that you struggle to maintain relationships in your life, you may get
a diagnosis of avoidant personality disorder (sometimes also called
anxious personality disorder).
You may:
• avoid work or social activities that mean you must be with others
• expect disapproval and criticism and be very sensitive to it

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• worry constantly about being 'found out' and rejected
• worry about being ridiculed or shamed by others
• avoid relationships, friendships and intimacy because you fear
rejection
• feel lonely and isolated, and inferior to others
• be reluctant to try new activities in case you embarrass yourself.

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Dependent personality disorder
• It is natural to need other people to care for us or give us reassurance
sometimes.
• A healthy balance involves being able to both depend on others as well as
being independent from others sometimes.
• However, if feelings and thoughts about needing others become so
overwhelming that they impact your daily life and relationships, you may get
a diagnosis of dependent personality disorder.
You may:
• feel needy, 'weak' and unable to make decisions or function day-to-day
without help or support from others

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• allow or require others to assume responsibility for many areas of your
life
• agree to things you feel are wrong or you dislike to avoid being alone or
losing someone's support
• be very afraid of being left to fend for yourself
• have low self-confidence
• see other people as being much more capable than you are.

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Obsessive compulsive personality disorder (OCPD)
• OCPD is separate from obsessive compulsive disorders (OCD),
which describes a form of behaviour rather than a type of
personality.
• However, similarly to OCD, OCPD involves problems with
perfectionism, the need for control, and significant difficulty being
flexible in how you think about things.
You may:
• need to keep everything in order and under control

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...
• set unrealistically high standards for yourself and others
• think yours is the best way of doing things
• worry about you or others making mistakes
• feel very anxious if things aren't 'perfect'.

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...
Goodnight
everyone!