TOPIC 2 THE PSYCHOLOGICAL BASIS OF BEHAVIOR.pptx
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KHAN UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF DEVELOPMENT STUDIES IRD 1O3: DEVELOPMENT CONCEPTS AND ITS APPLICATION COURSE OUTLINE 1. Conceptualization of Development Economic, Social, Political and Environmental Conceptions and indicators of Development 2. Theories of Development: Rostow, Smith, Marx 3. Characteristics of transitional Societies Low incomes, Dual Economies, Poverty, Population Growth, Scarce Strategic Natural Resources, Demonstration Effects and Unemployment. 4. Africa’s Development Objectives Alleviation of Mass Poverty, Self-sustaining Growth and Development, Regional Integration and Collective Self-reliance. 5. Sectorial Development Agricultural and Rural Development, Industry and Informal Sector, Tourism, Infrastructural Development- water, institutions such as schools, colleges e.t.c. for manpower development; roads, airways, telecom, railways, shipment. 6. Organization Strategies for Development Top down Planning and Bottom up planning 7. Definition of Foreign Aid · Why countries accept foreign aid · Why donors give foreign aid 8. Structural Reforms and their impact on Development The rationale of Structural Reforms, Impact of Structural Adjustment Programmes in specific sectors (e.g. education, Health, Agriculture) COURSE OBJECTIVES: By the end of the lesson the student should be able to: 1. Have an understanding of the economic aspects of development process. 2. Appreciate development problems experienced by the Less Industrialized Countries. 3. Suggest solutions to these problems. DEFINITION OF DEVELOPMENT Historically the word development in its present context is of a very recent origin. It was used in the covenant of League of Nations and much later by the charter of the United Nations. The concept of development acquired more significance after the Second World War in 1945, partly as a requirement to help reconstruct the countries, which had been ruined by the two world wars, and later extended towards development of countries emerging from colonial rule. From the general Literature of development and from the descriptions of development projects one may deduce that development represents a process through which relatively simple traditional, agrarian societies become industrialized and therefore modernized. This philosophy, characterized planning and development, was thought in most developing nations in the 1950s and 1960s. In the 1950s and 1960s development tended to be looked at in strictly economic terms. Economic growth was considered synonymous with economic development, and thus the total development of a society. While economic growth is an essential component of a country’s development process, it is not sufficient. During this period, also referred to as the first development, meant the capacity of a national economy, whose initial economic condition has been more or less static for a long time, to generate and sustain an annual i
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Athene Noctua Undergraduate Philosophy Journal Issue .docx
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Issue No. 2 (Spring 2014)
The Formation and Structure of the Human Psyche
Id, Ego, and Super-Ego – The Dynamic (Libidinal) and Static Unconsciousness,
Sublimation, and the Social Dimension of Identity Formation
William Siegfried
Florida Atlantic University
As humans our behavior, our thoughts and actions, are the product of our psyche. In order to have an
understanding of why we behave as we do, it is necessary to identify the formation and structure of the
human psyche. Sigmund Freud’s work in the field of psychoanalysis was ground breaking because it
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only in an individual’s psychological development but also in psychological development from a cultural
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concepts will clarify the role of the human psyche in governing human behavior on both and individual and
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of personality. Freud claimed that the Id acts according to the pleasure principle and that the Id contains the
libido, which is the primary source of instinctual force that is unresponsive to the demands of reality.1
The pleasure principle drives the Id to seek immediate gratification of all needs, wants, and desires.
Clearly instant gratification of these desires is not always possible and thus psychological tension is created
that needs to somehow be discharged. The Id remedies this tension through, what Freud called, Primary
Process. The Id uses Primary Process to fulfill the need to act on an urge that is dangerous or unacceptable
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Edited by
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Edinburgh London New York Oxford Philadelphia St Louis Sydney Toronto 2018
© 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any
means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information
storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on
how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies
and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the
Copyright Licensing Agency can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions.
This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright
by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein).
First edition 1897
Twenty-fourth edition 2018
ISBN 978-0-7020-6739-6
International ISBN 978-0-7020-6740-2
Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and
experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional
practices or medical treatment may become necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge
in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds or experiments described
herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own
safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional
responsibility.
With respect to any drug or pharmaceutical products identified, readers are advised to
check the most current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the
manufacturer of each product to be administered to verify the recommended dose or
formula, the method and duration of administration and contraindications. It is the
responsibility of practitioners, relying on their own experience and knowledge of their
patients, to make diagnoses, to determine dosages and the best treatment for each
individual patient, and to take all appropriate safety precautions.
To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or
editors assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a
matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any
methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein.
The
publisher’s
policy is to use
paper manufactured
from sustainable forests
Printed in China
Last di
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Sublimation, and the Social Dimension of Identity Formation
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impulses; particularly our sexual and aggressive drives. The Id is an entirely unconscious aspect of the
psyche and, according to Freud, is the “source of all psychic energy”; thus making it the primary component
of personality. Freud claimed that the Id acts according to the pleasure principle and that the Id contains the
libido, which is the primary source of instinctual force that is unresponsive to the demands of reality.1
The pleasure principle drives the Id to seek immediate gratification of all needs, wants, and desires.
Clearly instant gratification of these desires is not always possible and thus psychological tension is created
that needs to somehow be discharged. The Id remedies this tension through, what Freud called, Primary
Process. The Id uses Primary Process to fulfill the need to act on an urge that is dangerous or unacceptable
by creating a mental image of the desired object to substitute for the urge. This mental representation then
diffuses psychological tension and relieves anxiety. Daydreaming and masturbation would be common
examples of the Primary Process. To elaborate, Freud believed that when a person masturbated it was to
relieve sexual tensions that they were experiencing. The act of masturbation proceeds from a.
PSYCHOANALYSIS THEORY BY SIGMUND FREUD
THE PRESENTATION INCLUDES :
INTRODUCTION
STRUCTURE OF THE PSYCHE OR MIND:
CONCEPT OF CONSCIOUS, SUBCONSCIOUS, AND
UNCONSCIOUS MIND
CONCEPT OF ID, EGO, AND SUPEREGO:
EDUCATIONAL IMPLICATIONS OF FREUD’S THEORY
CONCLUSION
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Psychoanalysis was founded by Sigmund Freud (1856-1939). Freud believed that people could be cured by making conscious their unconscious thoughts and motivations, thus gaining insight. The aim of psychoanalysis therapy is to release repressed emotions and experiences, i.e. make the unconscious conscious
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© 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any
means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information
storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on
how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies
and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the
Copyright Licensing Agency can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions.
This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright
by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein).
First edition 1897
Twenty-fourth edition 2018
ISBN 978-0-7020-6739-6
International ISBN 978-0-7020-6740-2
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Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and
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practices or medical treatment may become necessary.
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UNIT ONE: Introduction to Epidemiology..........
Objectives...................................................
Definition....................................................
v
• Introduction............................................................ Acknowledgement.................................................
• UNIT ONE: Introduction to Epidemiology..........
o Objectives...................................................
Definition....................................................
History of Epidemiology..............................
Purpose/Use of Epidemiology....................
o Exercise......................................................
• UNIT TWO: Disease Causation............................
o Objective....................................................
o Definition....................................................
o Causes of disease......................................
o Exercise....................................................
• UNIT THREE: Levels of prevention...................
o Objectives.................................................
o Natural history of disease.........................
o Measurements of morbidity......................
o Measurements of Mortality.......................
o Exercise:...................................................
o data collection......................................... UNIT SEVEN: Sources of Data and methods of
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o Sources of data........................................
o Exercise:...................................................
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o Types of epidemics...................................
o Investigation of an Epidemic.....................
o Exercise....................................................
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Testes: The testes are the primary male reproductive organs. They produce sperm cells through a process called spermatogenesis and secrete the hormone testosterone.
Epididymis: The epididymis is a coiled tube located on the surface of each testis. It serves as a site for sperm maturation and storage.
Vas Deferens: The vas deferens is a muscular tube that transports mature sperm from the epididymis to the urethra during ejaculation.
Seminal Vesicles, Prostate Gland, and Bulbourethral Glands: These accessory glands produce seminal fluid, which nourishes and protects the sperm. The seminal fluid is combined with sperm to form semen.
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Female Reproductive System Physiology:
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Uterus: The uterus, also known as the womb, is a hollow, muscular organ where a fertilized egg implants and develops into a fetus. It undergoes cyclic changes during the menstrual cycle in preparation for pregnancy.
Cervix: The cervix is the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. It contains a small opening called the os, which allows the passage of menstrual blood and sperm.
Vagina: The vagina is a muscular canal that connects the cervix to the external genitalia. It serves as the birth canal during childbirth and also receives the penis during sexual intercourse.
Mammary Glands: While not directly part of the reproductive system, the mammary glands in the breasts produce milk for nourishing newborns after childbirth.
Hormonal Regulation:
The reproductive system is regulated by hormones that coordinate and control its functions. In males, the hypothalamus releases gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), which stimulates the pituitary gland to release luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). LH stimulates the production of testosterone in the testes, while FSH promotes sperm production.
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KHAN UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF DEVELOPMENT STUDIES
IRD 1O3: DEVELOPMENT CONCEPTS AND ITS APPLICATION
COURSE OUTLINE
1. Conceptualization of Development
Economic, Social, Political and Environmental Conceptions and indicators of Development
2. Theories of Development:
Rostow, Smith, Marx
3. Characteristics of transitional Societies
Low incomes, Dual Economies, Poverty, Population Growth, Scarce Strategic Natural Resources, Demonstration Effects and Unemployment.
4. Africa’s Development Objectives
Alleviation of Mass Poverty, Self-sustaining Growth and Development, Regional Integration and Collective Self-reliance.
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Top down Planning and Bottom up planning
7. Definition of Foreign Aid
· Why countries accept foreign aid
· Why donors give foreign aid
8. Structural Reforms and their impact on Development
The rationale of Structural Reforms, Impact of Structural Adjustment Programmes in specific sectors (e.g. education, Health, Agriculture)
COURSE OBJECTIVES:
By the end of the lesson the student should be able to:
1. Have an understanding of the economic aspects of development process.
2. Appreciate development problems experienced by the Less Industrialized Countries.
3. Suggest solutions to these problems.
DEFINITION OF DEVELOPMENT
Historically the word development in its present context is of a very recent origin. It was used in the covenant of League of Nations and much later by the charter of the United Nations. The concept of development acquired more significance after the Second World War in 1945, partly as a requirement to help reconstruct the countries, which had been ruined by the two world wars, and later extended towards development of countries emerging from colonial rule.
From the general Literature of development and from the descriptions of development projects one may deduce that development represents a process through which relatively simple traditional, agrarian societies become industrialized and therefore modernized. This philosophy, characterized planning and development, was thought in most developing nations in the 1950s and 1960s.
In the 1950s and 1960s development tended to be looked at in strictly economic terms. Economic growth was considered synonymous with economic development, and thus the total development of a society. While economic growth is an essential component of a country’s development process, it is not sufficient. During this period, also referred to as the first development, meant the capacity of a national economy, whose initial economic condition has been more or less static for a long time, to generate and sustain an annual i
Topic 1 Introduction behavioural sciences-1.pptx
KHAN UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF DEVELOPMENT STUDIES
IRD 1O3: DEVELOPMENT CONCEPTS AND ITS APPLICATION
COURSE OUTLINE
1. Conceptualization of Development
Economic, Social, Political and Environmental Conceptions and indicators of Development
2. Theories of Development:
Rostow, Smith, Marx
3. Characteristics of transitional Societies
Low incomes, Dual Economies, Poverty, Population Growth, Scarce Strategic Natural Resources, Demonstration Effects and Unemployment.
4. Africa’s Development Objectives
Alleviation of Mass Poverty, Self-sustaining Growth and Development, Regional Integration and Collective Self-reliance.
5. Sectorial Development
Agricultural and Rural Development, Industry and Informal Sector, Tourism, Infrastructural Development- water, institutions such as schools, colleges e.t.c. for manpower development; roads, airways, telecom, railways, shipment.
6. Organization Strategies for Development
Top down Planning and Bottom up planning
7. Definition of Foreign Aid
· Why countries accept foreign aid
· Why donors give foreign aid
8. Structural Reforms and their impact on Development
The rationale of Structural Reforms, Impact of Structural Adjustment Programmes in specific sectors (e.g. education, Health, Agriculture)
COURSE OBJECTIVES:
By the end of the lesson the student should be able to:
1. Have an understanding of the economic aspects of development process.
2. Appreciate development problems experienced by the Less Industrialized Countries.
3. Suggest solutions to these problems.
DEFINITION OF DEVELOPMENT
Historically the word development in its present context is of a very recent origin. It was used in the covenant of League of Nations and much later by the charter of the United Nations. The concept of development acquired more significance after the Second World War in 1945, partly as a requirement to help reconstruct the countries, which had been ruined by the two world wars, and later extended towards development of countries emerging from colonial rule.
From the general Literature of development and from the descriptions of development projects one may deduce that development represents a process through which relatively simple traditional, agrarian societies become industrialized and therefore modernized. This philosophy, characterized planning and development, was thought in most developing nations in the 1950s and 1960s.
In the 1950s and 1960s development tended to be looked at in strictly economic terms. Economic growth was considered synonymous with economic development, and thus the total development of a society. While economic growth is an essential component of a country’s development process, it is not sufficient. During this period, also referred to as the first development, meant the capacity of a national economy, whose initial economic condition has been more or less static for a long time, to generate and sustain an annual i
Lesson 9 Personality.pptx
Thought of The Day
YESTERDAY’S A PAST…
…..TOMORROW IS A FUTURE….
…. BUT….
TODAY IS A GIFT
…… THAT’S WHY IT’S CALLED
PRESENT….!
Content
• Introduction
• Definition of Disaster
• Classification & Types of Disasters
• Disaster Nursing
• Disaster Management
• Disaster management Cycle
• Nodal Ministry of Disaster
Introduction
• Disaster word originated from Greek Word,
DUS= Bad & ASTR= Star….The root of disaster comes
from an Astrological sense of a calamity blamed on the
position of a planet.
• Health Sector Emergency Managers are concerned
with Public safety and public Health. Clients are
threatened/injured and damaged during Disaster. The
Disaster Management Act was established in 2005.
• Disaster is a sudden , calamitous event bringing great
damage, loss, destruction & devastation to life and
property.
Definition of Disaster
• “Any occurrence that causes damage,
ecological disruption, loss of human life ,
deterioration of health and health services ,
sufficient to warrant an extraordinary
response from outside the affected
community/area.” (WHO)
• “A disaster can defined as an occurrence
either Nature or Man made that causes Human
suffering and creates human needs that
victim can not alleviate without assistance.”
(American Red Cross)
Cont.
• “Disaster is an Emergency in which local
authorities cannot cope the goal of
emergency management is to protect public
health.”
ALL DISASTERS ARE EMERGENCIES
BUT
NOT ALL EMERGENCIES ARE DISASTERS
Definition of Hazard
• “Any phenomenon that has the potential to
cause Damage to people and their
Environment.” • There is a 4 classes of hazard
• Natural Hazard
• Technological Hazard
• Biological Hazard
• Societal Hazard
Vulnerability
Capacity to cope
High Low
Low High
Vulnerability
Very low Low
Exposure to
Hazard
High
Low
9
These are the determinants of risk (people).
THE MOST
VULNERABLE
Cont.
• For ex., an Earthquake hazard of the same
magnitude in a sparsely populated village of
Rajasthan and in the densely populated city of
Delhi will cause different levels of damage to
humans lives, property & Economic Activities.
• There is a two type of emergencies
• (i) Non-disaster Emergencies
• (ii) Disaster Emergencies
Classification Of Disasters
• Biological Disaster: Insect Infestation,
Epidemics & Animal Attacks.
• Geographical Disaster: Earth Quake &
Tsunamis, Volcanic Eruptions etc.
• Climatological Disaster: Droughts(Associated
with Food insecurities), Extreme Temperature
& Wild Fires
Cont.
• Hydrological Disaster: Flood including
Waves and Surges.
• Meteorological Disaster: Storms
Meteorological
Disasters
• Floods
• Tsunami
• Cyclone
• Hurricane
• Typhoon
• Snow
storm
• Blizzard
• Hail storm
Topographical
Disasters
• Earthquake
• Volcanic
Eruptions
• Asteroids
Environmental
Disasters
• Global
warming • Ozone
depletion • Solar flare
15
Technlogical
Disasters
• Transport
failure
• Public place
failure
• Fire
Industrial
• Chemical
spills
• Radioactive
spills
Security
relat
TOPIC 4 DEFENSE MECHANISMS.pptx
LECTURE NOTE
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
INTRODUCTION
Definitions:
Disaster:
The term disaster owes its origin to the French word “Desastre” which is a combination of
two words ‘des’ meaning bad and ‘aster’ meaning star. Thus the term refers to ‘Bad or Evil
star’.
A disaster can be defined as “A serious disruption in the functioning of the community
or a society causing wide spread material, economic, social or environmental losses
which exceed the ability of the affected society to cope using its own resources”.
A disaster is a result from the combination of hazard, vulnerability and insufficient
capacity or measures to reduce the potential chances of risk.
A disaster happens when a hazard impacts on the vulnerable population and causes
damage, casualties and disruption. Any hazard – flood, earthquake or cyclone which
is a triggering event along with greater vulnerability (inadequate access to resources,
sick and old people, lack of awareness etc) would lead to disaster causing greater
loss to life and property.
Hazards:
The word ‘hazard’ owes its origin to the word ‘hasard’ in old French and ‘az-zahr’ in Arabic
meaning ‘chance’ or ‘luck’.
Hazard may be defined as “a dangerous condition or event, that threat or have the
potential for causing injury to life or damage to property or the environment.”
Hazards can be grouped into two broad categories:
1. Natural Hazard
2. Manmade Hazard
Natural hazards are hazards which are caused because of natural phenomena (hazards
with meteorological, geological or even biological origin).
Examples of natural hazards are cyclones, tsunamis, earthquake and volcanic
eruption which are exclusively of natural origin.
Landslides, floods, drought, fires are socio-natural hazards since their causes are
both natural and manmade.
For example flooding may be caused because of heavy rains, landslide or blocking of
drains with human waste.
Manmade hazards are hazards which are due to human negligence.
Manmade hazards are associated with industries or energy generation facilities and
include explosions, leakage of toxic waste, pollution, dam failure, wars or civil strife
etc.
Various Types of Disasters:
Difference between Disaster and Hazard:
Vulnerability:
Vulnerability may be defined as “The extent to which a community, structure, services or
geographic area is likely to be damaged or disrupted by the impact of particular hazard, on
account of their nature, construction and proximity to hazardous terrains or a disaster prone
area.”
Vulnerabilities can be categorized into:
1. Physical vulnerability
2. Socio-economic vulnerability
Physical Vulnerability: It includes notions of who and what may be damaged or destroyed
by natural hazard such as earthquakes or floods. It is based on the physical condition of
people and elements at risk, such as buildings, infrastructure etc; and their proximity,
location and nature of the hazard. It also relates to the technical capability of building and
HCM 124 lecture 5 .ppt
Strategies Novartis can use to GROW from a Billion Dollar Company to a Trillion Dollar Company like Alphabet Inc
Novartis is a leading healthcare company which is situated in Switzerland and uses digital technologies and innovative science to come up with transformative ways of treatment in areas of great medicinal needs. This article explains what Novartis strategies and what they should employ so that they can rise from a billion dollar company to a trillion dollar company like the Google Alphabet Inc.
Novartis was formed in March 1996 by the merging of pharmaceutical and agrochemical divisions of Ciba-Geigy and Sandoz companies. Thanks to the merging of the two companies, Novartis is one of the biggest pharmaceutical companies in the world. Novartis is one of the largest companies which achieved a great milestone within a few decades. Novartis as a whole is divided into three major divisions: Sandoz (generics), Innovative Medicines and Alcon (eyecare). Novartis is also involved in collaborative research projects that are publicly funded.
Below are some of Novartis best selling drugs and their revenue
1.Cosenty – This is the top selling drug with a revenue of 4.788 billion dollars
2.Enfresto – This has a revenue of 4.644 billions dollars
3.Promacta – This has a revenue 0f 2.088 billion dollars
Medicine manufactured by Novartis and their uses
Medicine Medicine use
Cosentyx Used to treat psoriatic arthritis
Entresto Used to treat heart failure
Lucentis Used to block abnormal vessel growth in the back of the eye
Tasigna Used to treat chronic myelogenous leukemia which has the Philadelphia chromosome
Jakavi Used to treat myelofibrosis, polycythemia vera and graft-versus-host disease
Promacta Used to treat patients with abnormal low platelet count
Sandostatin Used to treat patients with tumor experiencing symptoms like flushing and diarrhea
Xolair Used to treat moderate and severe asthma
Gilenya Used to treat multiple sclerosis
How Novartis became one of the biggest pharmaceutical companies in the world
1.Market control through partnership
Geigy, Sandoz and Ciba combined their power so that they can compete with strong foreign firms and formed a cartel called the Basal Syndicate or Basal IG. Basal IG secured most of the manufacturing facilities all over the US and across Europe. It later joined with IG Farben and other chemical companies to form a big cartel called the Quadrapartite Cartel which dominated all of the European market and enjoyed the profits made from the joint manufacturing.
2.Growth acceleration through mergers
Since competition was very rampant in the pharmaceutical industry, Ciba and Geigy decided to merge with Sandoz AG to form Novartis. With this merge, Novartis became one of the growing giants in the pharmaceutical industry. This made Novartis gain a lot of fame and build a strong reputation over other companies. Novartis majored on agrochemical and pharmaceutical industries which made it easy to focus on a specific mar
HCM 124 lect 4.pptx
Strategies Novartis can use to GROW from a Billion Dollar Company to a Trillion Dollar Company like Alphabet Inc
Novartis is a leading healthcare company which is situated in Switzerland and uses digital technologies and innovative science to come up with transformative ways of treatment in areas of great medicinal needs. This article explains what Novartis strategies and what they should employ so that they can rise from a billion dollar company to a trillion dollar company like the Google Alphabet Inc.
Novartis was formed in March 1996 by the merging of pharmaceutical and agrochemical divisions of Ciba-Geigy and Sandoz companies. Thanks to the merging of the two companies, Novartis is one of the biggest pharmaceutical companies in the world. Novartis is one of the largest companies which achieved a great milestone within a few decades. Novartis as a whole is divided into three major divisions: Sandoz (generics), Innovative Medicines and Alcon (eyecare). Novartis is also involved in collaborative research projects that are publicly funded.
Below are some of Novartis best selling drugs and their revenue
1.Cosenty – This is the top selling drug with a revenue of 4.788 billion dollars
2.Enfresto – This has a revenue of 4.644 billions dollars
3.Promacta – This has a revenue 0f 2.088 billion dollars
Medicine manufactured by Novartis and their uses
Medicine Medicine use
Cosentyx Used to treat psoriatic arthritis
Entresto Used to treat heart failure
Lucentis Used to block abnormal vessel growth in the back of the eye
Tasigna Used to treat chronic myelogenous leukemia which has the Philadelphia chromosome
Jakavi Used to treat myelofibrosis, polycythemia vera and graft-versus-host disease
Promacta Used to treat patients with abnormal low platelet count
Sandostatin Used to treat patients with tumor experiencing symptoms like flushing and diarrhea
Xolair Used to treat moderate and severe asthma
Gilenya Used to treat multiple sclerosis
How Novartis became one of the biggest pharmaceutical companies in the world
1.Market control through partnership
Geigy, Sandoz and Ciba combined their power so that they can compete with strong foreign firms and formed a cartel called the Basal Syndicate or Basal IG. Basal IG secured most of the manufacturing facilities all over the US and across Europe. It later joined with IG Farben and other chemical companies to form a big cartel called the Quadrapartite Cartel which dominated all of the European market and enjoyed the profits made from the joint manufacturing.
2.Growth acceleration through mergers
Since competition was very rampant in the pharmaceutical industry, Ciba and Geigy decided to merge with Sandoz AG to form Novartis. With this merge, Novartis became one of the growing giants in the pharmaceutical industry. This made Novartis gain a lot of fame and build a strong reputation over other companies. Novartis majored on agrochemical and pharmaceutical industries which made it easy to focus on a specific mar
lact8protoza-130927064752-phpapp01.pdf
See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342360535
DISASTER MANAGEMENT Compiled Notes for Unit Lectures
Method · June 2020
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.13488.99842
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DISASTER MANAGEMENT
BY
DR. BENARD LANGO
Benard.lango@gmail.com
Compiled Notes for Unit Lectures
Disaster Management – Compiled Lecture Notes: Dr. Benard Lango 1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................................4
1. 0 Common Terminologies.....................................................................................................................4
1.2 Characteristics of Disasters.................................................................................................................5
1.3 Types of Disasters...............................................................................................................................6
1.3.1 Natural Disasters..........................................................................................................................6
1.3.2 Human-Made Disasters................................................................................................................6
1.3.3 Incidences of Mass Trauma..........................................................................................................7
1.4 Differences between Emergencies and Disasters...............................................................................7
1.5 Disaster Management Life Cycle.........................................................................................................8
CHAPTER 2:RISKS AND VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT........................................................................10
2.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................10
2.2 Hazards and Hazard Assessment ......................................................................................................11
2.2.1 Common Types of Hazards ........................................................................................................11
2.2.2 Hazard Control ...........................................................................................................................11
2.2.3 Hazard Classification ...............................................................
Topic 8 mental disorders.pptx
1).i) Qualities of effective communication.
1 Clarity
If your writing is clear, your reader is much more likely to understand and act on your message. Consider this the ultimate characteristic of effective communication.
2 Conciseness
As George Orwell wrote in his essay “Politics and the English Language,” if it is possible to cut a word out, always cut it out. Your goal is to communicate your message as quickly and directly as possible. By doing this, you’ll save your reader time and trouble.
3 Correctness
Proper grammar and syntax increase the effectiveness and credibility of your message. Mistakes might affect clarity, create ambiguity, and raise doubts. In addition, the message’s information needs to be accurate. Misinformation can derail productivity in the workplace and compound disorganization.
4 Completeness
Effective communication requires the whole picture. Leaving information out can lead to unnecessary guesswork for readers. Comprehensive yet concise messages reduce follow-up questions and prevent delays.
5 Coherence
Coherent communication is logical. Your points should be relevant to your thesis, and the text’s tone and flow should be smooth.
6 Consideration
Empathy is a critical pillar of good workplace communication. Before you speak, consider your words and their potential effects on your listener.
7 Courtesy
Being courteous is as much a necessity in a corporate setting as anywhere. Your team is working together to achieve the same goals of success and growth. Inside jokes, insults, or an aggressive tone work against teamwork.
8 Concreteness
A concrete message is tangible, supported by facts for enhanced credibility, and helps your audience better understand what’s being conveyed. It also mitigates the risk of misunderstanding, a common struggle in the workplace.
9 Consistency
Following the tips above will ensure that your communication is effective. Once you’ve improved, however, don’t let your quality slip. Your teams and operations are valuable and should always be treated as such. Effective communication depends on a steady and efficient workflow from everyone. ii)the process of effective communication.
The Different Elements in The Process of Communication that makes it to be a process are:
i)Sender
The very foundation of communication process is laid by the person who transmits or sends the message. He is the sender of the message which may be a thought, idea, a picture, symbol, report or an order and postures and gestures, even a momentary smile.
ii)Message
Message is referred to as the information conveyed by words as in speech and write-ups, signs, pictures or symbols depending upon the situation and the nature and importance of information desired to be sent.
iii)Encoding
Encoding is putting the targeted message into appropriate medium which may be verbal or non-verbal depending upon the situation, time, space and nature of the message to be sent. T
iv)Channel
Channel(s) refers to the way or mode th
GIT SECRETIONS, DIGESTION & ABSORPTION.pptx
E STUDY 5-1 UNDER THE MICROSCOPE
FOCUSING IN
Members of the clinically significant group of
parasites located in blood and tissue that move
by means of flagella, known as the hemoflagel
lates, belong to the genera Leishmania and Try
panosoma. There are four morphologic forms of
clinical significance associated with these hemo
flagellates: amastigote, promastigote, epimasti
gote, and trypomastigote, all of which are defined
and described in detail in this chapter. Although
the specific life cycle may vary, all the organisms
in these two genera involve some combination of
the four morphologic forms. The transmission of
all hemoflagellates is via the bite of an arthropod
vector. The major difference between the two
genera is the primary diagnostic form found in
each; for Leishmania it is the amastigote and for
Trypanosoma it is the trypomastigote, with the
exception of Trypanosoma cruzi, in which amas
tigotes may also be found. Speciation within the
genera usually depends heavily on the patient
importance of this information, this text pro
vides a discussion of the geographic distribution
and symptomatology of each hemoflagellate.
Suspicions of hemoflagellate disease processes
are typically confirmed by more advanced diag
nostic techniques, such as serologic tests. Because
the initial diagnosis of hemoflagellate infections
relies primarily on the detection of the morpho
logic forms, this text will begin with a detailed
discussion of the morphologic forms.
MORPHOLOGY AND LIFE
CYCLE NOTES
Morphology
Amastigotes. The average roundish to oval
amastigote measures 5 by 3 μm in size (Figs. 51
and 5-2; Table 5-1). The amastigote contains a
nucleus, a basal body structure (called a blepha
roplast), and a small parabasal body. The large
single nucleus is typically located offcenter,
sometimes present more toward the edge of the
Nineyearold Chares, an African boy, recenty emigrated
to the United States from Kenya with his family. He began
complaining of chills and diarrhea 2 weeks prior to the
office vsit. After taking his temperature, whch revealed a
fever, hs mother took him into his pediatrician’s office.
During the examination, the doctor found a skn leson on
hs right arm and marked hepatosplenomegaly. A compete
bood count (CBC) was ordered, which revealed that
Charles was anemic. The doctor, afraid that the chid
was experiencing dum dum fever (kalaazar), ordered
a biopsy of the infected skin lesion and blood for
parasite study.
When the specimens were received in the laboratory,
the laboratory technician on duty made slides of the skn
lesion material and blood, stained them with Giemsa stan,
and carefully examined the slides. No parastes were found
in the bood slide The biopsy slide revealed an oval organ
ism (see diagram); it contained one nuceus, a parabasal
body, and an axonemelike structure.
Questions for Consideration
1. What parasite do you suspect? (Objective 5-10B)
2. Which morphologic form of the parasit
Medical sociology.pptx
iemsa Stain report; Table of ContentsIntroductionObjectives of Giemsa stainPrincipleReagents UsedProcedureStaining procedure 1: Thin Film stainingStaining Procedure 2: Thick Film StainingResultsInterpretation/ConclusionApplications Giemsa stainAdvantagesLimitationsReferencesFour Charged in Plot to Kidnap an Iranian Journalist in New YorkIntroductionGiemsa stain was a name adopted from a Germany Chemist scientist, for his application of a combination of reagents in demonstrating the presence of parasites in malaria.It belongs to a group of stains known as Romanowsky stains. These are neutral stains made up of a mixture of oxidized methylene blue, azure, and Eosin Y and they performed on an air-dried slide that is post-fixed with methanol. Romanowsky stains are applied in the differentiation of cells, pathological examinations of samples like blood and bone marrow films and demonstration of parasites e.g malaria. There are four types of Romanoswsky stains:Giemsa stainJenner StainWright stainMay-Grunwald StainLeishman stainObjectives of Giemsa stainTo accurately prepare the Giemsa stain stock solutionTo stain and identify blood cellsTo differentiate blood cells nuclei from the cytoplasmPrincipleGiemsa stain is a gold standard staining technique that is used for both thin and thick smears to examine blood for malaria parasites, a routine check-up for other blood parasites and to morphologically differentiate the nuclear and cytoplasm of Erythrocytes, leucocytes and Platelets and parasites.Like any type of Romanowsky stains, it composed of both the Acidic and Basic dyes, in relation to affinities of acidity and basicity for blood cells. Azure and methylene blue, a basic dye binds to the acid nucleus producing blue-purple color. Eosin is an acidic dye that is attracted to the cytoplasm and cytoplasmic granules which are alkaline-producing red coloration. The stain must be buffered with water to pH 6.8 or 7.2, to precipitate the dyes to bind simple materials.Classically, Giemsa stain is a differential stain which is made up of a combination of reagents (Azure, Methylene blue, and Eosin dye) used widely in cytogenetics and histopathology for the diagnosis of:Malaria, spirochetes and other blood parasitesChlamydia trachomatis inclusion bodiesBorrelia sppYersinia pestisHistoplasma sppPneumocystis jiroveci cystsReagents UsedMethanolGiemsa powderGlycerinWater (Buffer)ProcedurePreparation of the Giemsa Stain Stock solution (500ml)Into 250ml of methanol, add 3.8g of Giemsa powder and dissolve.Heat the solution up to ~60oCThen, add 250ml of glycerin to the solution, slowly.Filter the solution and leave it to stand for about 1-2 months before use.Preparation of Working solutionAdd 10ml of stock solution to 80ml of distilled water and 10ml of methanolStaining procedure 1: Thin Film stainingOn a clean dry microscopic glass slide, make a thin film of the specimen (blood) and leave to air dry.dip the smear (2-3 dips) into pure methanol for fixation of the smear, lea
HCM 124 lecture 8 Malaria.pptx
able of ContentsIntroductionObjectives of Giemsa stainPrincipleReagents UsedProcedureStaining procedure 1: Thin Film stainingStaining Procedure 2: Thick Film StainingResultsInterpretation/ConclusionApplications Giemsa stainAdvantagesLimitationsReferencesFour Charged in Plot to Kidnap an Iranian Journalist in New YorkIntroductionGiemsa stain was a name adopted from a Germany Chemist scientist, for his application of a combination of reagents in demonstrating the presence of parasites in malaria.It belongs to a group of stains known as Romanowsky stains. These are neutral stains made up of a mixture of oxidized methylene blue, azure, and Eosin Y and they performed on an air-dried slide that is post-fixed with methanol. Romanowsky stains are applied in the differentiation of cells, pathological examinations of samples like blood and bone marrow films and demonstration of parasites e.g malaria. There are four types of Romanoswsky stains:Giemsa stainJenner StainWright stainMay-Grunwald StainLeishman stainObjectives of Giemsa stainTo accurately prepare the Giemsa stain stock solutionTo stain and identify blood cellsTo differentiate blood cells nuclei from the cytoplasmPrincipleGiemsa stain is a gold standard staining technique that is used for both thin and thick smears to examine blood for malaria parasites, a routine check-up for other blood parasites and to morphologically differentiate the nuclear and cytoplasm of Erythrocytes, leucocytes and Platelets and parasites.Like any type of Romanowsky stains, it composed of both the Acidic and Basic dyes, in relation to affinities of acidity and basicity for blood cells. Azure and methylene blue, a basic dye binds to the acid nucleus producing blue-purple color. Eosin is an acidic dye that is attracted to the cytoplasm and cytoplasmic granules which are alkaline-producing red coloration. The stain must be buffered with water to pH 6.8 or 7.2, to precipitate the dyes to bind simple materials.Classically, Giemsa stain is a differential stain which is made up of a combination of reagents (Azure, Methylene blue, and Eosin dye) used widely in cytogenetics and histopathology for the diagnosis of:Malaria, spirochetes and other blood parasitesChlamydia trachomatis inclusion bodiesBorrelia sppYersinia pestisHistoplasma sppPneumocystis jiroveci cystsReagents UsedMethanolGiemsa powderGlycerinWater (Buffer)ProcedurePreparation of the Giemsa Stain Stock solution (500ml)Into 250ml of methanol, add 3.8g of Giemsa powder and dissolve.Heat the solution up to ~60oCThen, add 250ml of glycerin to the solution, slowly.Filter the solution and leave it to stand for about 1-2 months before use.Preparation of Working solutionAdd 10ml of stock solution to 80ml of distilled water and 10ml of methanolStaining procedure 1: Thin Film stainingOn a clean dry microscopic glass slide, make a thin film of the specimen (blood) and leave to air dry.dip the smear (2-3 dips) into pure methanol for fixation of the
HCM 124 lecture 6.pptx
nd invade the genital ridges in the sixth week of
development. here they form primitive sex cords. in
the absence of tdf, medullary cords disappear and
get replaced by a vascular stroma (ovarian medulla).
cortical cords develop and surround one or more
primitive germ cells. the germ cells subsequently
develop into oogonia, while the surrounding epithelial
cells form the follicular cells. this differentiates
undifferentiated gonads into ovaries. stroma of ovary
develops from basal mesenchyme. granulosa and theca
cells develop from celomic epithelium.
development of genital ducts
development of genital duct system and the external
genitalia occurs under the influence of hormones
circulating in the fetus. sertoli cells in the fetal testes
produce a nonsteroidal substance known as müllerian
inhibiting substance (mis) that causes regression of
müllerian ducts. androgen from the fetal testes causes
masculinization of external genitalia. in the absence of
mis, müllerian ducts develop and mesonephric duct
system regresses. in the absence of androgen, external
genitalia differentiate into female phenotype. the
müllerian duct develops between the fifth and sixth
weeks lateral to intermediate cell mass and wolffian
duct. the müllerian duct has the following three parts:
•cranial vertical portion that opens into celomic
cavity. later it differentiates into fallopian tubes.
•horizontal part crosses the mesonephric duct.
•caudal vertical part that fuses with its partner
from opposite side. this fused part later differ
entiates into uterus, cervix, and upper one-third
of the vagina.
the dorsal celomic epithelium (which forms
müllerian duct) remains open at its site of origin and
ultimately forms the fimbriated ends of the fallopian
tubes. at their point of origin, each of the müllerian
ducts forms a solid bud. each bud penetrates the
mesenchyme lateral and parallel to the wolffian duct.
as the solid buds elongate, a lumen appears in the
cranial part, beginning at each celomic opening. the
caudal end of each müllerian duct crosses the way
Medical Mycology.pptx
and invade the genital ridges in the sixth week of
development. here they form primitive sex cords. in
the absence of tdf, medullary cords disappear and
get replaced by a vascular stroma (ovarian medulla).
cortical cords develop and surround one or more
primitive germ cells. the germ cells subsequently
develop into oogonia, while the surrounding epithelial
cells form the follicular cells. this differentiates
undifferentiated gonads into ovaries. stroma of ovary
develops from basal mesenchyme. granulosa and theca
cells develop from celomic epithelium.
development of genital ducts
development of genital duct system and the external
genitalia occurs under the influence of hormones
circulating in the fetus. sertoli cells in the fetal testes
produce a nonsteroidal substance known as müllerian
inhibiting substance (mis) that causes regression of
müllerian ducts. androgen from the fetal testes causes
masculinization of external genitalia. in the absence of
mis, müllerian ducts develop and mesonephric duct
system regresses. in the absence of androgen, external
genitalia differentiate into female phenotype. the
müllerian duct develops between the fifth and sixth
weeks lateral to intermediate cell mass and wolffian
duct. the müllerian duct has the following three parts:
•cranial vertical portion that opens into celomic
cavity. later it differentiates into fallopian tubes.
•horizontal part crosses the mesonephric duct.
•caudal vertical part that fuses with its partner
from opposite side. this fused part later differ
entiates into uterus, cervix, and upper one-third
of the vagina.
the dorsal celomic epithelium (which forms
müllerian duct) remains open at its site of origin and
ultimately forms the fimbriated ends of the fallopian
tubes. at their point of origin, each of the müllerian
ducts forms a solid bud. each bud penetrates the
mesenchyme lateral and parallel to the wolffian duct.
as the solid buds elongate, a lumen appears in the
cranial part, beginning at each celomic opening. the first time
1- Anatomy of Female Reproductive System.pdf
vement along the dorsal mesentery of the hindgut
and invade the genital ridges in the sixth week of
development. here they form primitive sex cords. in
the absence of tdf, medullary cords disappear and
get replaced by a vascular stroma (ovarian medulla).
cortical cords develop and surround one or more
primitive germ cells. the germ cells subsequently
develop into oogonia, while the surrounding epithelial
cells form the follicular cells. this differentiates
undifferentiated gonads into ovaries. stroma of ovary
develops from basal mesenchyme. granulosa and theca
cells develop from celomic epithelium.
development of genital ducts
development of genital duct system and the external
genitalia occurs under the influence of hormones
circulating in the fetus. sertoli cells in the fetal testes
produce a nonsteroidal substance known as müllerian
inhibiting substance (mis) that causes regression of
müllerian ducts. androgen from the fetal testes causes
masculinization of external genitalia. in the absence of
mis, müllerian ducts develop and mesonephric duct
system regresses. in the absence of androgen, external
genitalia differentiate into female phenotype. the
müllerian duct develops between the fifth and sixth
weeks lateral to intermediate cell mass and wolffian
duct. the müllerian duct has the following three parts:
•cranial vertical portion that opens into celomic
cavity. later it differentiates into fallopian tubes.
•horizontal part crosses the mesonephric duct.
•caudal vertical part that fuses with its partner
from opposite side. this fused part later differ
entiates into uterus, cervix, and upper one-third
of the vagina.
the dorsal celomic epithelium (which forms
müllerian duct) remains open at its site of origin and
ultimately forms the fimbriated ends of the fallopian
tubes. at their point of origin, each of the müllerian
ducts forms a solid bud. each bud penetrates the
mesenchyme lateral and parallel to the wolffian duct.
as the solid buds elongate, a lumen appears in the
cranial part, beginning at each celomic opening. the
caudal end of each müllerian duct crosses the ventra
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◆◆◆◆◆ — — — — — — — — 【留学教育】留学归国服务中心 — — — — — -◆◆◆◆◆
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【微信：176555708】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
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【主营项目】
一.毕业证【微信：176555708】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
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◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分→ 【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
选择实体注册公司办理，更放心，更安全！我们的承诺：可来公司面谈，可签订合同，会陪同客户一起到教育部认证窗口递交认证材料，客户在教育部官方认证查询网站查询到认证通过结果后付款，不成功不收费！
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- 1. THE PSYCHOLOGICAL BASIS OF BEHAVIOR LIJODI BRENDA
- 3. Psychoanalytic theory is based on Freud’s concept that behavior is determined by forces derived from unconscious mental processes
- 4. FREUDS THEORY OF THE MIND Topographic theory
- 5. Topographic theory The mind contains three levels The unconscious, pre conscious and the conscious The unconscious Contains repressed thoughts and feelings that are not available to the conscious mind Uses primarily process thinking which is associated with primitive drives, wish fulfilment, immediate gratification and pleasure seeking
- 6. It has no logic or concept of time Freuds proof of the unconscious Dreams, parapraxes,hypnosis
- 7. Topographic theory Preconscious mind Contains memories that are not immediately available but can be accessed easily Example the names of the cranial nerves Conscious mind Contains thoughts that the person is currently aware of
- 12. Structural component Topographical level of operation Age at which it develops Characteristics Id Unconscious Present at birth Contains instinctive sexual and aggressive drives Controlled by primary process thinking Not influenced by external reality Ego Unconscious, preconscious, and conscious Begins to develop immediately after birth Controls the expression of the id to adapt to the requirements of the external world primarily by the use of defense mechanisms
- 13. Structural component Topographical level of operation Age at which it develops Characteristics Superego Unconscious, preconscious, and conscious Begins to develop at about 6 y of age Associated with moral values and conscience Controls the expression of the id