Topic 5.1 to 5.3
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This document outlines topics 5.1 through 5.3 from a biology outline. It defines key terms related to communities, ecosystems, and populations such as species, autotrophs, food chains, and trophic levels. It also discusses the greenhouse effect, global climate change, and air pollutants. Population concepts like natality, mortality, exponential growth phases are introduced.
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This document provides an overview and key concepts from chapters 3-6 of an ecology textbook. It covers levels of ecological organization, energy flow and nutrient cycling, climate and biomes, population growth and limits to growth, and human impacts on ecosystems. Key topics include photosynthesis, food chains and webs, ecological pyramids, ecological succession, biomes like tropical and temperate, factors affecting population growth, and how human activities affect resources and biodiversity.
Terrestrial Ecology Wesselman.ppt
This document provides an overview of key concepts in terrestrial ecology. It begins with definitions of fundamental terms like ecology, organism, population, community, ecosystem, producer, consumer, decomposer, food chain, and trophic level. It then covers ecosystem processes like energy flow, nutrient cycles, and limiting factors. Specific cycles discussed include carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, oxygen, water, and sulfur. Biotic and abiotic interactions are addressed, including competition, predation, parasitism, and symbiosis. Population dynamics like carrying capacity and growth cycles are also summarized. Human impacts on ecosystems and biogeochemical cycles are outlined.
ecology ppt ch 18.ppt Uzbekistan evolyutsiya
This document provides an overview of ecology and population ecology. It defines ecology as the study of interactions between organisms and their environment. It describes different levels of ecological organization from cells to biomes. It explains abiotic and biotic factors in ecosystems and how organisms are adapted to environmental conditions. The document also covers energy flow through ecosystems via food chains and webs. Finally, it discusses concepts in population ecology like population growth models, limiting factors, and density-dependent and density-independent regulation of populations.
Ecosystems
The document summarizes key aspects of ecosystems, including producers, consumers, trophic levels, food webs, and biogeochemical cycles. It then discusses specific biogeochemical cycles such as the carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle, phosphorus cycle, and water cycle. Key reservoirs and processes are identified for each cycle, including how nutrients move between ecosystems and the environment over time.
L01 Ecosystems-what are they
An ecosystem consists of all the organisms living in a community together with the abiotic factors they interact with. It is structured by many competitive interactions and complex mutualisms between species as well as predator-prey relationships. Ecosystems function through the flow of energy and cycling of materials as organisms capture and transfer carbon, nutrients, and water. Biodiversity allows ecosystems to perform essential functions like photosynthesis and the breakdown of organic matter.
Biogeochemical cycles chapter_5
Biogeochemical cycles describe the movement of elements and molecules through biotic and abiotic components of ecosystems. Major cycles include carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur, which circulate crucial nutrients through the biosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and lithosphere. These recycling processes are essential to sustaining life as they maintain the chemical conditions necessary for organisms to survive.
biogeochemical_cycles_chapter_5_1.ppt
Biogeochemical cycles describe the movement of elements and molecules through biotic and abiotic components of ecosystems. Key cycles include carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur. In these cycles, matter is transferred between living organisms, non-living matter like soil and water, and long-term stores like fossil fuels and sedimentary rocks. The recycling of nutrients through biogeochemical cycles is essential for sustaining life on Earth.
Atmosphere
The document discusses the composition and layers of Earth's atmosphere. It consists mainly of nitrogen and oxygen and is held in place by gravity. It plays a role in natural cycles and consists of four main layers - the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere - each with varying temperature profiles and chemical compositions. Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are also summarized as the key processes in the carbon and oxygen cycle that involves the exchange of carbon dioxide, water, and oxygen between organisms and the atmosphere.
air pollution
The document discusses air pollution, its causes and effects. It outlines the primary air pollutants such as particulate matter, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, volatile organic compounds, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and fluorides. Secondary pollutants like photochemical smog and acid rain are also mentioned. Control methods for air pollution include the use of scrubbers, cyclonic separators and electrostatic precipitators to capture particulate matter, and combustion, absorption and adsorption techniques to control gaseous pollutants. The role of Central Pollution Control Board in regulating air pollution in India is highlighted.
FAL(2022-23)_FRESHERS_CHY1009_ETH_AP2022234000398_Reference_Material_I_18-Jan...
The document describes the oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur cycles. Each cycle involves the movement of the respective element between the environment and organisms. Key steps in each cycle are driven by photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, nitrogen fixation, nitrification, and weathering which are primarily carried out by microorganisms and plants. Human activities like burning fossil fuels and deforestation have disrupted the natural balances of these biogeochemical cycles.
Lecture 0_Ecosystems.pdf
The document defines key terms related to ecosystems, including organism, population, community, ecosystem, biotic and abiotic factors. It describes different types of ecosystems such as aquatic (freshwater, marine), terrestrial (forest, grassland, desert) and biogeochemical cycles. Photosynthesis, herbivory and carnivory are important processes. Factors like temperature, water, light and fire influence the distribution of plants and animals. Fire cycles renew some ecosystems by aiding seed dispersal.
Environmental pollution
The document discusses various types of environmental pollution including atmospheric, water, soil, noise and discusses their causes and effects. It provides information on key topics like the biosphere, ecosystem model, composition and layers of the atmosphere, primary and secondary pollutants, acid rain, ozone depletion, greenhouse effect and sources and health impacts of noise pollution. The conclusion emphasizes that environmental quality is essential for human survival and calls for collective efforts to preserve the environment for future generations.
Environmental-pollution
The document discusses various types of environmental pollution including atmospheric, water, soil, noise and discusses their causes and effects. It provides information on key topics like the biosphere, ecosystem model, greenhouse effect, ozone depletion, acid rain, and more. The presentation aims to educate about the environment, different types of pollution, their sources and impacts on health and climate change.
Similar to Topic 5.1 to 5.3 (20)
Biogeochemical cycles and conservation ecology 2010 edition
Biogeochemical cycles and conservation ecology 2010 edition
FAL(2022-23)_FRESHERS_CHY1009_ETH_AP2022234000398_Reference_Material_I_18-Jan...
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This document outlines the steps a teacher should take to address attendance issues like unexcused absences and tardies. For a first unexcused absence, the teacher contacts the student, parent, and counselor. For a second absence, a parent conference is required. After five unexcused absences, an attendance contract is written. For tardies, conferences are held with the student and then parent involvement increases with additional tardies, up to notifying the truancy officer.
Xerophytes and hydrophytes
Plants can adapt to survive in extreme environments like deserts or bodies of water through specialized structures and processes. Xerophytes, or desert plants, have adaptations like deep, widespread root systems to access water, short lifecycles, thick waxy cuticles to prevent water loss, and opening stomata at night to take in carbon dioxide without losing much water. Hydrophytes, or water plants, have adaptations like air spaces to allow floating, and breathing roots that grow above the water to access carbon dioxide.
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This document discusses the movement of water at the tissue and organ level in plants. It describes how water is absorbed by roots through root hairs and mycorrhizal fungi, then passed through the root cortex to the stele via the apoplast or symplast pathways. The symplast involves movement through plasmodesmata connecting cell cytosols, while the apoplast involves movement through cell walls. Water then moves up through the xylem tracheids and vessel elements to the stem.
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The document provides an overview of statistical analysis concepts through a series of PowerPoint slides. It discusses key terms like the mean, error bars, standard deviation, and T-tests. It explains how to calculate measures like the range and standard deviation. Several slides focus on performing T-tests, including defining the null hypothesis, calculating the critical value and degrees of freedom, and determining whether to accept or reject the null hypothesis based on the test statistic. The document also covers correlations, noting that a correlation does not necessarily indicate causation. Overall, the document reviews important statistical techniques and calculations through worked examples and practice questions.
Unit 3 notes
Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids found in living things. Water is essential to life as the solvent that allows biochemical reactions to occur within cells and between cells. Water has unique properties like a high heat capacity and polarity that allow it to act as a coolant and solvent. During digestion, carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins are broken down by hydrolysis reactions using water. DNA stores genetic information through its double helix structure formed by complementary base pairing between nucleotides. DNA replication ensures each cell receives an identical copy of the DNA through formation of new strands that are complementary to the original strands.
Topic 6
The document discusses several topics related to human health and physiology:
1. It describes the process of digestion, including ingestion, digestion, absorption, and transport of nutrients through the circulatory system. Key digestive enzymes and organs involved in digestion like the stomach and small intestine are explained.
2. The transport system is summarized, including the structure and double pump function of the heart to circulate blood through the pulmonary and systemic circulations to lungs and body respectively via arteries, arterioles, capillaries and veins.
3. Defence against infectious diseases is briefly covered, noting that pathogens like viruses, bacteria, fungi can cause disease, and that antibiotics work by selectively targeting differences between bacterial and human cells
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Chromosomes contain DNA and are found in pairs in eukaryotic cells like humans who have 23 chromosome pairs. Genes are segments of DNA that control traits and can exist in different forms called alleles. Mutations are random changes in genetic material that can cause conditions like sickle cell anemia. Meiosis produces gametes with half the normal chromosome number through two cell divisions followed by crossing over and separation of homologous chromosomes. Genetic engineering techniques like polymerase chain reaction and DNA profiling allow manipulation and analysis of DNA.
Enzymes
Enzymes have a specific shape that allows them to bind to a specific substrate at the active site. They speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy needed. An enzyme's activity is affected by temperature, pH, and substrate concentration. Temperature and pH can cause an enzyme to denature and lose its shape and function. The reaction rate increases with temperature until the enzyme denatures. Enzymes work most efficiently at an optimal pH and substrate concentration, beyond which there is no additional effect. Lactose in milk is broken down by the enzyme lactase into glucose and galactose, but some people lack this enzyme, causing lactose intolerance.
6 3 notes
The document discusses gas exchange and the human respiratory and nervous systems. It provides details on:
1) Ventilation is the process of breathing air in and out of the lungs. Gas exchange occurs as oxygen moves from the lungs into the bloodstream and carbon dioxide moves out.
2) The nervous system includes the brain, spinal cord, neurons, nerves, and cranial and spinal nerves which transmit sensory information and motor responses.
3) The document also discusses human reproduction, including the hormones that control the female menstrual cycle and roles of testosterone in males. In-vitro fertilization is summarized.
3 7 cell respiration
The document discusses key terms related to cellular respiration, including glycolysis, aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, ATP, ATPase, phosphorylation, and defines the differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration. Aerobic respiration uses oxygen and occurs in mitochondria, producing a large amount of ATP. Anaerobic respiration does not use oxygen, and pyruvate is converted to lactate in humans or ethanol in yeast, producing no ATP. The document also notes that cellular respiration is not the same as breathing.
3 5 translation and transcription
Translation and transcription are the two main steps of protein synthesis. Transcription involves copying a gene from DNA into mRNA. The mRNA is then translated by ribosomes into a polypeptide chain. Translation reads the mRNA code and assembles amino acids into proteins. It involves initiation, elongation, and termination steps. Transcription also begins with DNA and uses codons to produce mRNA for ribosomes to then translate into proteins.
6.1 digestion
Digestion is the breakdown of large food molecules using enzymes so that they can be absorbed through the plasma membrane. It occurs through a series of steps where the food is broken down in the mouth, stomach, and small intestine by enzymes. In the small intestine, nutrients are absorbed into the blood through villi, which are finger-like projections containing capillaries and lacteals that increase the surface area for absorption.
5.4 5.5
There are two main ways that variation can occur in bacteria: evolution and genetic mutations. Evolution occurs over many generations as genetic mutations arise and natural selection favors some mutations over others, allowing populations to adapt to their environments. Genetic mutations can be caused by errors during DNA replication or through horizontal gene transfer between bacteria. These genetic changes introduce variations within bacterial populations that natural selection can then act upon.
4 3 and 4.4(2)
Gregor Mendel discovered the laws of inheritance by experimenting with pea plants and using Punnett squares to show the possible combinations of genetic traits being passed from parents to offspring. A monohybrid cross examines a single trait, while codominance occurs when multiple alleles for a gene are both expressed. The human genome project worked to catalogue all the DNA bases in humans to determine the sequence of A, T, C, and G and find genes associated with certain traits or molecules. DNA profiling uses genetic analysis to match unknown DNA samples to known ones for uses like identifying criminals or determining paternity.
Questions 4 1
The document contains questions about genetics concepts: which chromosome pair determines sex (23), who was the first clone (Dolly), when nondisjunction occurs in meiosis (anaphase), and what type of base substitution mutation can change an amino acid (missense mutation, sickle cell).
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Overview
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Key Topics Covered
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Power Grid Model
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Topic 5.1 to 5.3
- 1. Christie, Reyna, Alexandra, Karina, Reyna, Pia Biology Topic 5 Outline 5.1) Communities and Ecosystems: Species- a group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring Population- a group of organisms of the same species who live in the same area at the same time Community- a group of organisms living and interacting with each other in a specific area Ecosystem- a community and its abiotic environment Ecology- the study of relationships between living organisms and between organisms and their environment Autotroph- an organism that synthesizes its organic molecules from simple inorganic substances Heterotrophy- an organism that obtains organic molecules from other organisms Consumer- an organism that ingests other organic matter that is living or recently killed Detritivore- an organism that ingests dead organic matter Saprotroph- an organism that liven on or in dead organing matter, secreting digestive enzymes into and absorbing the products of digestion Food chain- a sequence showing the feeding relationships and energy flow between species Food web- the feeding relationships between species including the possibility of one species having more than one trophic level Trophic level- the position on the food chain according to how many energy-transfer steps is required to reach that level Light- initial source of energy for almost all communities Energy flow- energy losses between trophic levels such as heatloss through cell respiration, bone marrow and material not assimilated Pyramid of energy- the shape shows the flow of energy from trophic level to trophic level in a community. Enters and leaves- energy does this in an ecosystem Is recycled- nutrients do this in an ecosystem Recycle nutrients- done by saprotrophic baceria and fungi 5.2) The Greenhouse Effect Greenhouse effect- warming of the Earth due to the insulating effect of gases in the atmosphere, such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (ch4) and water vapor Clean air act of 1970- A law that Set air-quality standards and tough emissions guidelines for car manufacturers Baghouse- a system of large filters that physically removes particulate matter from incinerator emissions Scrubbers- Equipment designed to extract or "scrub" sulfur gases before they escape into the atmosphere
- 2. Catalytic converters- Causes the exhaust gases (carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, & nitrogen oxides) to react and in doing so forming less harmful carbon dioxide and water Heavy smog incident- ollution trapped near the earth's surface donoran PA, smog hits the town because the factory creates so much pullution it creates a thermal inversion Ozone Layer- a layer in the stratosphere (at approximately 20 miles) that contains a concentration of ozone sufficient to block most ultraviolet radiation from the sun Thermal inversion- The temperature inversion in which warm air traps cold air and pollutants near the earth Photochemical smog- a brownish haze that is a mixture of ozone and other chemicals, formed when pollutants react with each other in the presence of sunlight. sun +no2+voc's= ozone (smog) Evidence of global climate change- temp. increased 4-7 degrees. ice (glaciers) is breaking apart Voc's- volatile organic compounds, produced by paint fumes, vehicles and burning fuels Reduction of global climate change- shorter showers, turn off lights when you leave the room, solar panels (sun energy), build turbines (wind energy), drive less Effects of global climate change- melting polar ice caps (polar bears dying), raising ocean levels (wipe out costal towns and islands), Carbon monoxide- an odorless very poisonous gas that is a product of incomplete combustion of carbon/fossil fuesl. effects: interfers with the blood stability, dangerously high concentration which causes death Nitrogen oxide- formed when combustion (burning) temps. exceed 538c and nitrogen and oxygen combine brownish haze to smog Sulfur oxide- the compound made by combining sulfur (S) with oxygen (O) to form SO₃burning coal Particulate matter- tiny particles of liquid or solid matter construction/ agriculture, fires, vehicles, and industrial process Lead- a toxic metal Tropospheric ozone- Man- made pollutant in the lower atmosphere, secondary air pollutant, component of photochemical smog Composition of air- 78%nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 9% argon, .04% carbon dioxide 5.3) Populations Natality- The number of new membranes of the species due to reproduction Mortality- The number of deaths Immigration- Members arriving from other places Emigration- Members leaving the population Exponential Growth- Number of individuals increases at a faster and faster rate Transitional Phase- The growth rate slows down considerably, population is still increasing but at a slower and slower rate Plateau Phase- The number of individuals has stabilized