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G8 Science Q4- Week 6-Roles of Organism.ppt
- 2. 8LT-IVi23 Analyze the roles of organisms in the cycling of materials
- 3. Core Case Study: Tropical Rainforests Are Disappearing (1) Found near the equator 2% land surface ~50% world’s known terrestrial plant and animal species ≥50% destroyed or disturbed by humans Cutting trees Growing crops Grazing cattle Building settlements
- 4. Core Case Study: Tropical Rainforests Are Disappearing (2) Consequences of disappearing tropical rainforests 1. Decreased biodiversity as species become extinct 2. Accelerated global warming: fewer trees to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere 3. Changes regional weather patterns: can lead to increase in tropical grasslands
- 6. 3-1 What Keeps Us and Other Organisms Alive? The four major components of the earth’s life-support system are the atmosphere (air), the hydrosphere (water), the geosphere (rock, soil, sediment), and the biosphere (living things). Life is sustained by the flow of energy from the sun through the biosphere, the cycling of nutrients within the biosphere, and gravity.
- 7. Earth Has Four Major Life- Support Components Atmosphere Hydrosphere Geosphere Biosphere
- 8. Fig. 3-2, p. 41
- 9. Rock Crust Atmosphere Vegetation and animals Biosphere Mantle Lithosphere Soil Geosphere (crust, mantle, core) Mantle Core Crust (soil and rock) Biosphere (living organisms) Atmosphere (air) Hydrosphere (water)
- 10. Three Factors Sustain Life on Earth One-way flow of high- quality energy from the sun Cycling of matter or nutrients through parts of the biosphere Gravity
- 11. Solar Energy Reaching the Earth Electromagnetic waves Visible light UV radiation Heat Natural greenhouse effect Energy in = energy out Human-enhanced global warming
- 12. Fig. 3-3, p. 41
- 13. Solar radiation Radiated by atmosphere as heat Reflected by atmosphere Most absorbed by ozone Absorbed by the earth Greenhouse effect Visible light UV radiation Heat radiated by the earth Heat Troposphere Lower Stratosphere (ozone layer)
- 14. 3-2 What Are the Major Components of an Ecosystem? Concept 3-2 Some organisms produce the nutrients they need, others get the nutrients they need by consuming other organisms, and some recycle nutrients back to producers by decomposing the wastes and remains of organisms.
- 15. Ecology How organisms interact with biotic and abiotic environment Focuses on specific levels of matter: Organisms Populations Communities Ecosystems Biosphere
- 17. Smallest unit of a chemical element that exhibits its chemical properties Biosphere Ecosystem Community Population Organism Cell Molecule Atom Parts of the earth's air,water, and soil where life is found A community of different species interacting with one another and with their nonliving environment of matter and energy Populations of different species living in a particular place, and potentially interacting with each other A group of individuals of the same species living in a particular place An individual living being The fundamental structural and functional unit of life Chemical combination of two or more atoms of the same or different elements Water Hydrogen Oxygen
- 18. Smallest unit of a chemical element that exhibits its chemical properties Atom Molecule Chemical combination of two or more atoms of the same or different elements Cell The fundamental structural and functional unit of life Organism An individual living being Population A group of individuals of the same species living in a particular place Community Populations of different species living in a particular place, and potentially interacting with each other Ecosystem A community of different species interacting with one another and with their nonliving environment of matter and energy Biosphere Parts of the earth's air,water, and soil where life is found
- 19. Living and Nonliving Components Abiotic Water Air Nutrients Solar energy Rocks Heat
- 20. Living and Nonliving Components Biotic Plants Animals Microbes Dead organisms Waste products of dead organisms
- 22. Soluble mineral nutrients Producers Decomposers Secondary consumer (fox) Carbon dioxide (CO2) Primary consumer (rabbit) Producer Oxygen (O2) Precipitation Water
- 23. Trophic Levels (1) Producers – autotrophs Photosynthesis Consumers – heterotrophs Primary - herbivores Secondary - carnivores Third-level Omnivores
- 24. Trophic Levels (2) Decomposers Release nutrients from the dead bodies of plants and animals Detrivores Feed on the waste or dead bodies of organisms
- 26. Time progression Powder broken down by decomposers into plant nutrients in soil Mushroom Wood reduced to powder Dry rot fungus Termite and carpenter ant work Decomposers Detritus feeders Carpenter ant galleries Bark beetle engraving Long-horned beetle holes
- 27. Production and Consumption of Energy Photosynthesis Carbon dioxide + water + solar energy glucose + oxygen Aerobic respiration Glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide + water + energy
- 28. Energy Flow and Nutrient Recycling Ecosystems sustained through: One-way energy flow from the sun Nutrient recycling
- 30. Abiotic chemicals (carbon dioxide, oxygen, nitrogen, minerals) Decomposers (bacteria, fungi) Consumers (herbivores, carnivores) Producers (plants) Solar energy Heat Heat Heat Heat Heat
- 31. Science Focus: Invisible Organisms (1) Microorganisms/Microbes Bacteria Protozoa Fungi Phytoplankton
- 32. Science Focus: Invisible Organisms (2) Microbes can cause disease Malaria Athlete’s foot Microbes are also beneficial Intestinal flora Purify water Phytoplankton remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere
- 33. 3-3 What Happens to Energy in an Ecosystem? Concept 3-3 As energy flows through ecosystems in food chains and webs, the amount of chemical energy available to organisms at each succeeding feeding level decreases.
- 34. Energy Flow in Ecosystems Trophic levels Food chain Sequence of organisms, each of which serves as a source of food for the next Food web Network of interconnected food chains More complex than a food chain
- 36. Fourth Trophic Level Third Trophic Level Second Trophic Level First Trophic Level Heat Heat Heat Heat Heat Tertiary consumers (top carnivores) Secondary consumers (carnivores) Primary consumers (herbivores) Producers (plants) Solar energy Heat Heat Decomposers and detritus feeders
- 40. Increased flooding from wetland destruction Condensation Evaporation from ocean Climate change Infiltration and percolation into aquifer Condensation Ocean Lakes and reservoirs Ice and snow Surface runoff Surface runoff Aquifer depletion from overpumping Point source pollution Reduced recharge of aquifers and flooding from covering land with crops and buildings Groundwater movement (slow) Runoff Precipitation to land Precipitation to ocean Transpiration from plants Evaporation from land Processes Processes affected by humans Reservoir Pathway affected by humans Natural pathway
- 42. Respiration Forest fires Deforestation Diffusion Carbon dioxide dissolved in ocean Carbon in limestone or dolomite sediments Marine food webs Producers, consumers, decomposers Transportation Carbon dioxide in atmosphere Carbon in animals (consumers) Plants (producers) Animals (consumers) Decomposition Respiration Compaction Carbon in fossil fuels Carbon in plants (producers) Burning fossil fuels Photosynthesis Processes Reservoir Pathway affected by humans Natural pathway
- 44. Nitrogen in atmosphere Nitrogen loss to deep ocean sediments Nitrogen oxides from burning fuel Nitrates from fertilizer runoff and decomposition Nitrogen in ocean sediments Ammonia in soil Volcanic activity Electrical storms Nitrogen in animals (consumers) Bacteria Nitrate in soil Nitrogen in plants (producers) Nitrification by bacteria Denitrification by bacteria Uptake by plants Decomposition Processes Reservoir Pathway affected by humans Natural pathway
- 45. Phosphorus Cycle Does not cycle through the atmosphere Obtained from terrestrial rock formations Limiting factor on land and in freshwater ecosystems Biologically important for producers and consumers
- 47. Sea birds Phosphate in shallow ocean sediments Bacteria Animals (consumers) Plants (producers) Runoff Runoff Runoff Phosphates in fertilizer Phosphates in mining waste Phosphates in sewage Phosphate dissolved in water Erosion Phosphate in deep ocean sediments Ocean food chain Plate tectonics Phosphate in rock (fossil bones, guano) Processes Reservoir Pathway affected by humans Natural pathway
- 49. Refining fossil fuels Sulfur in animals (consumers) Sulfur in plants (producers) Sulfur dioxide in atmosphere Sulfur in soil, rock and fossil fuels Sulfur in ocean sediments Dimethyl sulfide a bacteria byproduct Processes Reservoir Pathway affected by humans Natural pathway Decay Sulfuric acid and Sulfate deposited as acid rain Uptake by plants Decay Mining and extraction Burning coal Smelting
- 52. Animation: Feedback Control of Temperature
- 53. Animation: Diet of a Red Fox
- 56. Animation: Energy Flow in Silver Springs
- 58. Animation: Prairie Food Web
- 62. Animation: Roles of Organisms in an Ecosystem
- 63. Animation: Matter Recycling and Energy Flow
- 64. Animation: Current and Projected Population Sizes by Region
- 65. Animation: Demographic Transition Model
- 67. Animation: Species Diversity By Latitude
- 68. Animation: Area and Distance Effects
- 70. Animation: Categories of Food Webs
- 77. Video: Owl with Mouse
- 78. Content, images, text, etc. used belong to the rightful owner. No copyright infringement intended.