This document discusses the history and development of toothpaste. It describes how early Egyptians, Chinese, Greeks and Romans used mixtures of ingredients like crushed bone, rocks, eggshells and herbs to clean their teeth. Modern toothpaste was invented in the 1800s and typically came in powder form. Key developments included the addition of soap in 1824, chalk in the 1850s, and mass production in jars in 1873. Fluoride was added in 1914 and has played an important role in preventing cavities. Today there are many types of toothpaste formulated for purposes like whitening teeth or reducing sensitivity. The document outlines the main ingredients in toothpaste like abrasives, fluoride, detergents and flavors, and how they function

1. DENTIFRICE
By : Bint alhuda, Haneen and Rafal

2. Let us talk about toothpaste
We all use toothpaste ,
hopefully everyday !
How many of you used it early
in the morning this day ?
Can you imagine a world
where people don’t use it ?
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3. Let’s go back to the
very start
3
the question is Who invented
the toothpaste?
How did the toothpaste change
the world?

4. “Early Egyptians, Chinese, Greek
and Roman writings describe
different mixtures of toothpastes
and powders used to clean their
teeth. Typical ingredients back then
included crushed bone, rocks ,
burnt egg, pumice and oyster
shells. Some included better tasting
ingredients such as powdered fruit,
honey, mint and dried flowers.
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5. Miswak
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The World Health Organization (WHO)
recommended the use of the miswak in 1986, but in
2000 an international consensus report on oral
hygiene concluded that further research was
needed to document the effect of the miswak.
Some of this further research has been done on a
population of 203, and concluded, in turn, "that the
periodontal status of miswak users in this
Sudanese population is better than that of
toothbrush users"

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1800s“Modern” toothpastes, usually in
powder form, were invented.
1824 Dr. Peabody added soap to
toothpaste.
1850s Dr. John Harris added chalk to
toothpaste.
1873 Colgate mass-produced the first
toothpaste in a jar.
1886 Dr. Washington Sheffield invented the
collapsible tube.
1914 Fluoride was added to toothpaste.
Today The most recent developments to
toothpaste include whitening formulas and
additives to protect against gum disease,
plaque and bad breath.

7. Dr. Washington
Sheffield

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In the late 1980’s the
development was
adding soluble
calcium fluoride to
the toothpaste

9. How does fluoride work ?
Fluoride concentrates in the growing bones and developing
teeth of children, helping to harden the enamel on baby
and adult teeth before they emerge
Fluoride helps to harden the enamel on adult teeth that
have already emerged
Fluoride works during the demineralization and
remineralization processes that naturally occur in your
mouth.
Fluoride helps prevent cavities in two
different ways :
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10. After you eat, your saliva
contains acids that cause
demineralization a dissolving of
the calcium and phosphorous
under the tooth's surfaceAt other
times when your saliva is less
acidic it does just the opposite,
replenishing the calcium and
phosphorous that keep your teeth
hard. This process is caused
remineralization. When fluoride is
present during remineralization,
the minerals deposited are
harder than they would otherwise
be, helping to strengthen your
teeth and prevent dissolution
during the next demineralization
phase
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11. Want big impact?
Use big image.
11

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Types:
1- cosmetic dentifrice: it must clean and polish
teeth, they are effective in removing the
extrinsic staining that occur on tooth surface,
often the end product of bacteria metabolism
range from green to yellow to black.
2- therapeutic dentifrice: it must reduce some
disease process (caries, gingivitis, calculus,
sensitivity)

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Contrary to what you might think, all toothpastes are not
the same. In fact, toothpaste comes in many different
varieties, each of which has its own special uses and
ingredients.Here is a list of five of the major types of
toothpaste you’ll find on the market:
1. Children’s toothpasteThis type of toothpaste typically
contains less fluoride than those designed for adults. This
is because of the health risks posed to children who
might accidentally ingest too much fluoride. Children’s
toothpaste also has fewer abrasives in it since kids’ teeth
are much more sensitive than those of adults.
Additionally, children’s toothpaste is flavored with the
candy-loving tastes of youngsters in mind

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.2. Smoker’s toothpasteThis toothpaste is formulated
specifically for those who smoke tobacco. Smokers
often find that their teeth become stained as a result of
drawing tobacco smoke into their mouths. As time
passes, tar causes teeth become tainted with yellowish-
brown patches. Toothpaste for smokers usually
contains cleansing agents designed to make teeth look
whiter.
3. Teeth-whitening toothpasteEven if people don’t
smoke, they are still susceptible to dental stains that
come about as a result of consuming certain kinds of
foods such as coffee, tea or cola. Teeth-whitening
toothpaste contains cleansers and abrasives that help
remove or lessen the appearance of those stains.

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4. Sensitive teeth toothpasteSome individuals have
teeth that are sensitive to hot or cold substances.
Sensitive teeth toothpaste contains potassium
nitrate, a substance which can help to reduce the
painful sensations associated with this condition.
5. Herbal toothpasteThis type of toothpaste is a
popular option for people who are either sensitive to
the ingredients in regular toothpaste or who simply
want a more natural cleansing alternative. You
should be aware that some of these toothpastes
contain no fluoride. Dentists always recommend
toothpastes that do contain fluoride because this
ingredient protects enamel and strengthens teeth.

16. Forms :
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1-Tooth paste
2-powder
3-gel

17. Composition:
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In addition to 20%–42%
water, toothpastes are
derived from a variety of
components, the three main
ones being abrasives,
fluoride, and detergents and
other components

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Abrasives:Abrasives constitute at
least 50% of a typical toothpaste.
These insoluble particles are
designed to help remove plaque
from the teeth. The removal of
plaque and calculus prevents the
accumulation of tartar and is
widely claimed to help minimize
cavities and periodontal disease,
although the clinical significance
of this benefit is debated.
Representative abrasives include
particles of aluminum hydroxide
(Al(OH)3), calcium carbonate
(CaCO3), various calcium
hydrogen phosphates, various
silicas and zeolites, and
hydroxyapatite (Ca5(PO4)3OH).
Abrasives, like the dental
polishing agents used in
dentists' offices, also cause a
small amount of enamel
erosion which is termed
"polishing" action. Some
brands contain powdered
white mica, which acts as a
mild abrasive, and also adds a
cosmetically pleasing glittery
shimmer to the paste. The
polishing of teeth removes
stains from tooth surfaces, but
has not been shown to
improve dental health over
and above the effects of the
removal of plaque and
calculus.

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Fluoride:various forms is the most
popular active ingredient in toothpaste
to prevent cavities. Fluoride is present
in small amounts in plants, animals,
and some natural water sources. The
additional fluoride in toothpaste has
beneficial effects on the formation of
dental enamel and bones. Sodium
fluoride (NaF) is the most common
source of fluoride, but stannous
fluoride are also used. Stannous
fluoride has been shown to be more
effective than sodium fluoride in
reducing the incidence of dental caries
and controlling gingivitis, but causes
somewhat more surface stains.

21. ▪ detergents: is
found in many
other personal
care products
as well, such as
shampoo, and is
mainly a
foaming agent,
which enables
uniform
distribution of
toothpaste,
improving its
cleansing
power.

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1-Antibacterial:
Triclosan or zinc chloride prevent gingivitis and, according to the
American Dental Association, helps reduce tartar and bad breath.
A 2006 review of clinical research concluded there was evidence
for the effectiveness of (0.30% triclosan in reducing plaque and
gingivitis).
Another Cochrane review in 2013 has found that triclosan
achieved a (22% reduction in plaque, and in gingivitis), a (48%
reduction in bleeding gums).
2-Xylitol:
Some studies have demonstrated that toothpastes with xylitol as
an ingredient are more effective at preventing dental caries in
permanent of children teeth than toothpastes containing fluoride
alone.
Other components:

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3- Flavorants:
Toothpaste comes in a variety of colors and flavors, intended to encourage use of the product. The
three most common flavorants are peppermint, spearmint, and wintergreen
These flavors are provided by the respective oils, e.g. peppermint oil. More exotic flavors include
Anethole anise, apricot, bubblegum, cinnamon, fennel, lavender, neem, ginger, vanilla, lemon,
orange, and pine.
Alternatively, unflavored toothpastes exist.
4- Remineralizers:
Hydroxyapatite nanocrystals and a variety of calcium phosphates are included in formulations for
remineralization, i.e. the reformation of enamel.
5- Miscellaneous components:
- Agents are added to suppress the tendency of toothpaste to dry into a powder. Included are various
sugar alcohols, such as glycerol, sorbitol, or xylitol.
- Strontium chloride or potassium nitrate is included in some toothpastes to reduce sensitivity.

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the function of
toothpaste in
conjuction with
toothbrushing are
:
1_ minimizing
plaque build up
2_ Anti_caries
action
3_ Removal of
stains
4_Mouth
refreshner

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Application:_ Amount of toothpaste or gel needed for effective
cleaning is per sized dab on the top half of the toothbrush._
Dentifrices should preferably dispersed in between bristles
rather than on the tips._ Children under 6 years of age should
only be given half the amount of dentifrices as compared to
that of an adult .

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Adverse effects:
1. A single brushing with a full ribbon of paste on a
brush head provides about one gram (equivalent
10ml ) of toothpaste and will expose an individual
to approximately 1mg .F. it is only when
substantial , quantities of pastes are eaten by
children, who may experience the phenomenon of
pica that the acute toxicity of flouride dentifrice
must be considered .
2. Detergents and flavouring oils in dentifrices ,
however irritate the stomach when injested in large
amounts and cause vomiting . also abrasives may
interfere with complete intestinal absorptipn of
flouride form toothpaste. Thus a child is unlikely to
receive a highly toxic amount of flouride from
eating a family sized tube of dentifrice.the food
and drug administation advisoryreview panel on
over the counter (OTC) untieariesdrugs has
recommended that flouride content of dentifrice
containers be limited to 260 mg of flouride.
Fluorosis

27. Recent Development:_ toothpaste for children_
Natural toothpaste (Herbal toothpaste)_ whitinig
toothpaste (as it contains highly abrasive silica
particles not recommended for regular use ).
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28. Should you use water when brushing teeth?
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some people , myself included, have a
dry mouth when they first wake, a little
water on the paste helps get the
cleaning process moving smoothly
fluoride in toothpaste is very important to
prevent decay. If you want to maximize
its effect I recommended that you skip
the water.putting water on toothpaste diluted the
amount of fluoride and thus make it toothpaste less
effective.so unless you find toothpastes taste pungent,
brush without water

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Thank you
for your
attention
If you have any further question , google it !