This document discusses muscle tone, including its physiology, characteristics of normal and abnormal tone, and approaches to managing tone issues. Muscle tone refers to a continuous low-level contraction that keeps muscles firm and ready to respond. It is important for posture, balance, and movement. Abnormal tone can include hypotonia (low tone) or hypertonia (high tone), and has various causes. Managing tone issues depends on whether it is low or high, and may involve positioning, stretching, splinting or other techniques. The Modified Ashworth Scale is used to assess levels of high muscle tone.
Neurodynamics, mobilization of nervous system, neural mobilizationSaurab Sharma
This is the presentation which was delivered to third year Bachelor of Physiotherapy students at Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences (KUSMS), Dhulikhel, Nepal. Different schools of thoughts in manual therapy are the part of curriculum for the undergraduate students at KUSMS.
A type of manual therapy in which the muscle or the joint is altered and placed in a position of comfort for certain duration after which the pain disappears completely or gets reduced. this slide show explains about the principles, mechanism and Phases of PRT
Retraining of motor control basing on understanding of normal movement & analysis of motor dysfunction.
Emphasis of MRP is on practice of specific activities, the training of cognitive control over muscles & movt. Components of activities & conscious elimination of unnecessary muscle activity.
In rehabilitation programme involve – real life activities included.
Neurodynamics, mobilization of nervous system, neural mobilizationSaurab Sharma
This is the presentation which was delivered to third year Bachelor of Physiotherapy students at Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences (KUSMS), Dhulikhel, Nepal. Different schools of thoughts in manual therapy are the part of curriculum for the undergraduate students at KUSMS.
A type of manual therapy in which the muscle or the joint is altered and placed in a position of comfort for certain duration after which the pain disappears completely or gets reduced. this slide show explains about the principles, mechanism and Phases of PRT
Retraining of motor control basing on understanding of normal movement & analysis of motor dysfunction.
Emphasis of MRP is on practice of specific activities, the training of cognitive control over muscles & movt. Components of activities & conscious elimination of unnecessary muscle activity.
In rehabilitation programme involve – real life activities included.
This is the presentation which was delivered to third year Bachelor of Physiotherapy students at Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences (KUSMS), Dhulikhel, Nepal. Different schools of thoughts in manual therapy are the part of curriculum for the undergraduate students at KUSMS.
Brian Mulligan described novel concept of the simultaneous application of therapist applied accessory mobilizations and patient generated active movements
Brunnstrom Approach
Brunnstrom's Approach (SIGNE BRUNNSTROM)
Objectives: ➢ Discuss the concepts and principles underlying Brunnstrom’s approach ➢ Brunnstrom recovery stages ➢ Treatment principles & techniques
★ Brunnstrom’s approach was developed by the physical therapist from Sweden in the early 1950’s
★ Brunnstrom used motor control theory and observations of the patients'
★ Procedure: In a “trial & error” fashion ★ Later modified: in light of neurophysiological knowledge
Introduction: Reflex Theory Movement is controlled by stimulus-response. Reflexes are the basis for movement: reflexes are combined into actions that create behavior. Hierarchical Theory Characterized by a top-down structure, in which higher centers are always in charge of lower centers.
● When the CNS is injured, as, in a cerebrovascular accident, an individual goes through an “evolution in reverse”. Movement becomes primitive, reflexive, and automatic.
● Changes in tone and the presence of reflexes are considered a normal process of recovery.
● Movement recovery tends to be stereotypic.
● Patients exhibit only a few stereotypic movement patterns: Basic Limb Synergies.
● Based on observations of recovery following a stroke, this approach makes use of associated reactions, tonic reflexes, and the development of basic limb synergies to facilitate movements.
● The use of such a procedure is temporary.
Basic Limb Synergies:
● Normal synergistic movements are purposeful movements with maximum precision and minimum waste of energy.
● Basic limb synergy (BLS) does not permit the different combinations of muscles.
● BLS is considered primitive, automatic, and reflexive due to loss of inhibitory control from higher centers.
● Mass movement patterns in response to a stimulus or voluntary effort both Gross flexor movement (Flexor Synergy) Gross extensor movement (Extensor Synergy) Combination of the strongest component of the synergies (Mixed Synergy)
● Appear during the early spastic period of recovery
Upper Limb Flexor Synergy: Scapula: Retraction / Elevation Shoulder: Abduction and External rotation Elbow: Flexion Forearm: Supination Wrist and Finger: Flexion Lower Limb Extensor Synergy: Pelvis: posterior tilt Hip: Extension, Adduction & Internal rotation Knee: Extension Ankle: Plantarflexion Toes: Flexion Upper Limb Extensor Synergy: Scapula: Protraction / Depression Shoulder: Adduction and Internal rotation Elbow: Extension Forearm: Pronation Wrist: Extension Finger: Flexion Lower Limb Flexor Synergy: Pelvis: anterior tilt Hip: Flexion, Abduction & External rotation Knee: Flexion Ankle: Dorsiflexion Toes: Extension
Upper Limb Mixed Synergy: Scapula retraction Shoulder add.+IR Elbow flexion Forearm pronation Wrist & fingers flexion Lower Limb Mixed Synergy: Pelvis post tilt hip add.+IR Knee extension Ankle & toes plantarflexion
Rubrospinal tract Vestibulospinal tract
Associated Reactions
Primitive Reflexes
NDT, BOBATH TECHNIQUE, BASIC IDEA OF BOBATH, CONCEPT OF BOBATH, NEUROPHYSIOLOGY OF NDT, ICF MODEL, PRINCIPLES OF TREATMENT OF NDT IN STROKE AND CP, AUTOMATIC AND EQUILIBRIUM REACTIONS, KEY POINTS OF CONTROL, FACILITATION, INHIBITION AND HANDLING IN NDT
At the end of the lecture, the students should be able to:
Discuss the theoretical basis of the neurodevelopmental approaches
Discuss the concepts and principles underlying the Bobath approach
Discuss the concepts and principles underlying the Brunnstrom approach
This presentation will give an basic insights about the spinal mobilisation and various manual therapy techniques used on Lumbar spine especially Maitland & Mulligan techniques.
This is the presentation which was delivered to third year Bachelor of Physiotherapy students at Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences (KUSMS), Dhulikhel, Nepal. Different schools of thoughts in manual therapy are the part of curriculum for the undergraduate students at KUSMS.
Brian Mulligan described novel concept of the simultaneous application of therapist applied accessory mobilizations and patient generated active movements
Brunnstrom Approach
Brunnstrom's Approach (SIGNE BRUNNSTROM)
Objectives: ➢ Discuss the concepts and principles underlying Brunnstrom’s approach ➢ Brunnstrom recovery stages ➢ Treatment principles & techniques
★ Brunnstrom’s approach was developed by the physical therapist from Sweden in the early 1950’s
★ Brunnstrom used motor control theory and observations of the patients'
★ Procedure: In a “trial & error” fashion ★ Later modified: in light of neurophysiological knowledge
Introduction: Reflex Theory Movement is controlled by stimulus-response. Reflexes are the basis for movement: reflexes are combined into actions that create behavior. Hierarchical Theory Characterized by a top-down structure, in which higher centers are always in charge of lower centers.
● When the CNS is injured, as, in a cerebrovascular accident, an individual goes through an “evolution in reverse”. Movement becomes primitive, reflexive, and automatic.
● Changes in tone and the presence of reflexes are considered a normal process of recovery.
● Movement recovery tends to be stereotypic.
● Patients exhibit only a few stereotypic movement patterns: Basic Limb Synergies.
● Based on observations of recovery following a stroke, this approach makes use of associated reactions, tonic reflexes, and the development of basic limb synergies to facilitate movements.
● The use of such a procedure is temporary.
Basic Limb Synergies:
● Normal synergistic movements are purposeful movements with maximum precision and minimum waste of energy.
● Basic limb synergy (BLS) does not permit the different combinations of muscles.
● BLS is considered primitive, automatic, and reflexive due to loss of inhibitory control from higher centers.
● Mass movement patterns in response to a stimulus or voluntary effort both Gross flexor movement (Flexor Synergy) Gross extensor movement (Extensor Synergy) Combination of the strongest component of the synergies (Mixed Synergy)
● Appear during the early spastic period of recovery
Upper Limb Flexor Synergy: Scapula: Retraction / Elevation Shoulder: Abduction and External rotation Elbow: Flexion Forearm: Supination Wrist and Finger: Flexion Lower Limb Extensor Synergy: Pelvis: posterior tilt Hip: Extension, Adduction & Internal rotation Knee: Extension Ankle: Plantarflexion Toes: Flexion Upper Limb Extensor Synergy: Scapula: Protraction / Depression Shoulder: Adduction and Internal rotation Elbow: Extension Forearm: Pronation Wrist: Extension Finger: Flexion Lower Limb Flexor Synergy: Pelvis: anterior tilt Hip: Flexion, Abduction & External rotation Knee: Flexion Ankle: Dorsiflexion Toes: Extension
Upper Limb Mixed Synergy: Scapula retraction Shoulder add.+IR Elbow flexion Forearm pronation Wrist & fingers flexion Lower Limb Mixed Synergy: Pelvis post tilt hip add.+IR Knee extension Ankle & toes plantarflexion
Rubrospinal tract Vestibulospinal tract
Associated Reactions
Primitive Reflexes
NDT, BOBATH TECHNIQUE, BASIC IDEA OF BOBATH, CONCEPT OF BOBATH, NEUROPHYSIOLOGY OF NDT, ICF MODEL, PRINCIPLES OF TREATMENT OF NDT IN STROKE AND CP, AUTOMATIC AND EQUILIBRIUM REACTIONS, KEY POINTS OF CONTROL, FACILITATION, INHIBITION AND HANDLING IN NDT
At the end of the lecture, the students should be able to:
Discuss the theoretical basis of the neurodevelopmental approaches
Discuss the concepts and principles underlying the Bobath approach
Discuss the concepts and principles underlying the Brunnstrom approach
This presentation will give an basic insights about the spinal mobilisation and various manual therapy techniques used on Lumbar spine especially Maitland & Mulligan techniques.
This PPT is contains the valuable information related to the tone of the muscle.This PPT is made up from the book physical rehabilitation by o sullivan.
This is my current baby. I have always been interested in personal health, and I am currently working on becoming NASM CPT certified (I've passed practice tests, I just need to set aside a few weeks to actually take the real thing). TrP are a topic of health that has always been an interest of mine, and when training people, or looking after my own health, I would like to incorporate clinical Myofascial dysfunction treatment in my and others workouts. I decided to go straight to the golden source, and I have slowly but surely been going over the Travell Trigger Point Manual over the previous few months, painstakingly notating all information I consider to be important. I plan on finishing this project in particular by mid-2018, and hope that I can help others identify any myofascial pain and stay healthy in their own personal lives :)
Principles and application of various Neurological Approaches. Comprises of PNF, ROODS, NDT, BOBATH, SENSORY INTEGRATION, BRUNNSTORM, VOJTA, Motor Re-learning Approach , Neural Tissue Mobilization
2. What is Muscle Tone?
• “Continuous state of mild contraction, or a state or preparedness in the
muscle” (Pendleton, 2012, p. 468)
• “Muscle tone does not produce active movements, but it keeps the muscles
firm, healthy, and ready to respond to stimulation” (Marieb & Hoehn, 2010,
p. 296)
3. Physiology of Muscle Tone
• Signals received at
neuromuscular junction
result in continuous
muscle contraction
Muscles and muscle tissue, 2013
4. Characteristics of Normal Tone
• High enough to resist gravity, yet low enough to allow movement
• Slight, involuntary, resistance to passive movement
• Ability to maintain position of limb if placed passively, and then released
• Ease of ability to shift between stability ↔ mobility
• Ability to use muscles in groups or selectively with normal timing and
coordination
5. Why is Muscle Tone Important?
• Across the lifespan, normal muscle
tone allows us to engage in
meaningful occupations by:
• Keeping muscles ready for action
• Maintaining posture
• Maintaining balance
• Laying framework for quick, reflexive
movements
6. Causes of Abnormal Tone
• Children
• Down Syndrome
• Cerebral Palsy
• Muscular dystrophy
• Adults
• CVA
• TBI
• Brain tumor
• SCI
• MS
• Myasthenia gravis
• The onset and course of abnormal tone is dependent upon the cause
7. Hypotonia
• Abnormally low tone
• Likely to occur in the acute stages of CVA, contralateral to brain lesion
• Diminished deep tendon reflexes
• Flaccidity: complete absence of deep tendon reflexes
8. Hypertonia
• Abnormally high tone
• Likely to occur following the acute stages of CVA
• May occur in synergistic movement patterns: Co-contraction of flexors and extensors
• Flexor synergy often seen in UEs
• Extensor synergy often seen in LEs
• Rigidity: simultaneous high tone of agonist and antagonist
• Lead pipe
• Cogwheel
• Decorticate
• Decerebrate
10. Spasticity
• Spasticity is a subset of hypertonia
• Overactive reflexes
• Involuntary movements
• Feel a “catch” with passive movement
• May lead to contractures if unmanaged
• Clonus: Repetitive contractions in antagonist
muscles in response to rapid stretch
• Can be associated with moderate-severe
spasticity
• Finger flexors and ankle plantar flexors
• Medical management
• Botox injections
• Baclofen pump
11. Managing Tone: General
• Aims of early positioning and mobility
• Provide support
• Inhibit abnormal tone
• Promote symmetry
• Provide normal sensory input
• Relieve pain and provide comfort
• Develop and reinforce basic elements of movement
• Principles to remember
• Normal movement cannot be superimposed on abnormal tone
• Proximal stability facilitates distal mobility
12. Managing Hypotonia
• Check for subluxation at glenohumeral joint before ROM
• Position patient in supported sit
• Facilitate tone
• Quick stretches in attempt to elicit clonus
• Cold temperatures
13. Managing Hypertonia
• Deep, slow stretches
• Deep pressure on muscle belly
• Warm temperatures
• Splinting and serial casting to encourage functional position of extremities
14. Assessing High Tone: Modified Ashworth Scale
Grade Description
0 No increase in muscle tone
1 Slight increase in muscle tone, catch when limb is moved
1+ Slight increase in muscle tone
2 More marked increase in muscle tone through >50% of the ROM, but affected
easily moved through passive range
3 Considerable increase in muscle tone, passive movement difficult
4 Affected limb rigid in flexion or extension
15. References
Bohman, I. M. (2003). Handling skills using in the management of adult hemiplegia (2nd ed.). Albuquerque: Clinician’s
View.
Marieb, E. N., & Hoehn, K. (2010). Muscles and muscle tissue. Human anatomy and physiology (8th ed) (pp. 275-319). San
Francisco: Pearson Education, Inc.
Muscles and Muscle tissue (2013). Overview of Muscle Tissue. Retrieved from
http://classes.midlandstech.edu/carterp/Courses/bio210/chap09/lecture1.html.
Pendleton, H. M. H., & Schultz-Krohn, W. (2012). Evaluation of motor control. Pedretti's occupational therapy: Practice skills
for physical dysfunction (7th ed.) (pp. 468-473). St. Louis: Mosby/Elsevier.
Editor's Notes
-These are just a few of the causes of abnormal tone
-Decorticate is more common, and often indicates more positive outcomes
-Decerebrate is not as common, and often indicates less positive outcomes
Modified Ashworth Scale – measures deep tendon reflexes; used to quantify the degree of hypertonicity
Place the patient in a supine position. If testing a muscle that primarily flexes a joint, place the joint in a maximally flexed position and move to a position of maximal extension over one second (count "one thousand one”) If testing a muscle that primarily extends a joint, place the joint in a maximally extended position and move to a position of maximal flexion over one second (count "one thousand one”)
0 – No increase in tone
1 – slight increase in tone, catch and release or minimal resistance at end of ROM when affected limb is moved into flexion or extension
1+ - slight increase in tone, catch, followed by minimal resistance throughout the remainder (<half of the ROM)
2 – more marked increase in muscle tone through most of ROM, but affected limb easily moved
3 – considerable increase in muscle tone, passive movement difficult
4 – affected part rigid in flexion or extension