The document discusses mass coloration of polyamide and polyester fibers for industrial use. It begins by noting that mass colored fibers make up a low percentage of total production currently but are poised for rapid growth. The author then reviews production procedures for mass coloration and recommendations for colorant selection. An economic comparison is presented, finding that mass coloration has lower costs than dyeing due to reductions in labor, chemicals, water and energy usage. Mass coloration is positioned as an environmentally-friendly alternative to conventional dyeing.
Mass coloration, also known as solution dyeing or spun dyeing, involves adding pigments or insoluble dyes to the spinning solution or polymer melt before extrusion through a spinneret. This embeds the color within the fiber, resulting in fibers with excellent colorfastness to light, washing, rubbing, and other stresses. Mass coloration can be applied to both regenerated and synthetic fibers and is more economical and less wasteful than conventional dyeing processes. The most common mass coloration methods are addition during polymerization, chips coating, master batch addition, and injection into the extruder.
As we know polyester is a synthetic fiber and has
more crystalline structure than natural fibers. In continuous
dyeing of polyester by pad-Thermosol process, there are many
advantages such as bulk production, low-cost, good efficiency etc.
But during dyeing process there is a severe problem occurs that
is dye migration .in order to control the dye migration different
migration inhibitors are used in this project. Both natural and
synthetic migration inhibitors are applied on the 100% polyester
fabric in order to compare that which migration inhibitor hives
better results on the pad-Thermosol process.
After comparing the different properties of the both migration
inhibitors the synthetic inhibitors found more efficient then the
natural one. The following tests were conducted during project:
Migration test, tensile strength, color strength, bending length,
light fatness.
Synthetic migration inhibitors gives better results for the tests
which were conducted .but there is a problem that the synthetic
migration inhibitors are not environmental friendly and they are
costly then natural migration inhibitors.
This document discusses blended dyeing of textiles. It begins with an introduction to blending different fiber types and the properties this can provide. It then describes the types of blends as fiber, combination fiber, or single yarns composed of blended fibers. Reasons for blending fibers include processing, improved properties, multi-colored fabrics, and cost. Key factors that affect dyeing methods are the desired color effect, required colorfastness, compatibility with finishing processes, and costs. The document concludes by stating that learning about blended dyeing, procedures, recipes, and factors is important knowledge for textile students and their future careers.
This senior project report discusses dyeing methods for polyester/cotton blend fabrics. Specifically, it examines a one-bath dyeing process where the fabric is pretreated using an azeotropic solvent mixture to improve dyeing results. The report provides background on cotton and polyester fibers as well as their properties. It also reviews literature on traditional two-bath dyeing methods and more recent research on one-bath dyeing processes. The objective is to establish a new one-bath dyeing method for blends by pretreatment with a solvent mixture to make the process more efficient.
1. The document discusses dyeing polyester fabric with disperse dyes and different dyeing methods, including using a carrier or high temperature dyeing.
2. It explains that a carrier helps the disperse dye penetrate polyester fibers better than normal dyeing, while high temperature dyeing at 130C can achieve deep shades without a carrier.
3. The experiments compare dyeing polyester with a carrier versus high temperature dyeing, and how being heat set first affects dye uptake, finding that heat setting before dyeing reduces uptake while carriers or high heat increase it.
The document discusses various aspects of dyeing textiles, including:
1) Dyeing can be done at any stage of textile manufacturing (fiber, yarn, fabric) and involves coloring the substrate using dyes and pigments.
2) Dyes are applied through adsorption and become fixed to the textile through bonding or physical entanglement.
3) Proper dye selection and application process are important to avoid dyeing faults like uneven or patchy coloring.
4) Different dyeing machines like jiggers and winches are used depending on the material and process needs.
Standard, Monitoring & Evaluation of dyeing process Asaye Dessie
The document discusses various aspects of textile dyeing processes including:
- Different types of dyes and dyeing methods used for fibers like cotton, nylon, polyester.
- Key parameters to control in dyeing like temperature, time, chemical concentrations.
- Recipes and conditions for specific dyeing processes like direct dyeing, reactive dyeing, acid dyeing etc.
- Energy sources commonly used in textile dyeing like electricity, steam.
- Machines used for dyeing like jet dyeing machines, jigger dyeing machines.
- Process parameters and evaluation methods for dyeing.
Mass coloration, also known as solution dyeing or spun dyeing, involves adding pigments or insoluble dyes to the spinning solution or polymer melt before extrusion through a spinneret. This embeds the color within the fiber, resulting in fibers with excellent colorfastness to light, washing, rubbing, and other stresses. Mass coloration can be applied to both regenerated and synthetic fibers and is more economical and less wasteful than conventional dyeing processes. The most common mass coloration methods are addition during polymerization, chips coating, master batch addition, and injection into the extruder.
As we know polyester is a synthetic fiber and has
more crystalline structure than natural fibers. In continuous
dyeing of polyester by pad-Thermosol process, there are many
advantages such as bulk production, low-cost, good efficiency etc.
But during dyeing process there is a severe problem occurs that
is dye migration .in order to control the dye migration different
migration inhibitors are used in this project. Both natural and
synthetic migration inhibitors are applied on the 100% polyester
fabric in order to compare that which migration inhibitor hives
better results on the pad-Thermosol process.
After comparing the different properties of the both migration
inhibitors the synthetic inhibitors found more efficient then the
natural one. The following tests were conducted during project:
Migration test, tensile strength, color strength, bending length,
light fatness.
Synthetic migration inhibitors gives better results for the tests
which were conducted .but there is a problem that the synthetic
migration inhibitors are not environmental friendly and they are
costly then natural migration inhibitors.
This document discusses blended dyeing of textiles. It begins with an introduction to blending different fiber types and the properties this can provide. It then describes the types of blends as fiber, combination fiber, or single yarns composed of blended fibers. Reasons for blending fibers include processing, improved properties, multi-colored fabrics, and cost. Key factors that affect dyeing methods are the desired color effect, required colorfastness, compatibility with finishing processes, and costs. The document concludes by stating that learning about blended dyeing, procedures, recipes, and factors is important knowledge for textile students and their future careers.
This senior project report discusses dyeing methods for polyester/cotton blend fabrics. Specifically, it examines a one-bath dyeing process where the fabric is pretreated using an azeotropic solvent mixture to improve dyeing results. The report provides background on cotton and polyester fibers as well as their properties. It also reviews literature on traditional two-bath dyeing methods and more recent research on one-bath dyeing processes. The objective is to establish a new one-bath dyeing method for blends by pretreatment with a solvent mixture to make the process more efficient.
1. The document discusses dyeing polyester fabric with disperse dyes and different dyeing methods, including using a carrier or high temperature dyeing.
2. It explains that a carrier helps the disperse dye penetrate polyester fibers better than normal dyeing, while high temperature dyeing at 130C can achieve deep shades without a carrier.
3. The experiments compare dyeing polyester with a carrier versus high temperature dyeing, and how being heat set first affects dye uptake, finding that heat setting before dyeing reduces uptake while carriers or high heat increase it.
The document discusses various aspects of dyeing textiles, including:
1) Dyeing can be done at any stage of textile manufacturing (fiber, yarn, fabric) and involves coloring the substrate using dyes and pigments.
2) Dyes are applied through adsorption and become fixed to the textile through bonding or physical entanglement.
3) Proper dye selection and application process are important to avoid dyeing faults like uneven or patchy coloring.
4) Different dyeing machines like jiggers and winches are used depending on the material and process needs.
Standard, Monitoring & Evaluation of dyeing process Asaye Dessie
The document discusses various aspects of textile dyeing processes including:
- Different types of dyes and dyeing methods used for fibers like cotton, nylon, polyester.
- Key parameters to control in dyeing like temperature, time, chemical concentrations.
- Recipes and conditions for specific dyeing processes like direct dyeing, reactive dyeing, acid dyeing etc.
- Energy sources commonly used in textile dyeing like electricity, steam.
- Machines used for dyeing like jet dyeing machines, jigger dyeing machines.
- Process parameters and evaluation methods for dyeing.
Parameters affecting the dye adsorption of polyester dyeing with disperse dyesNilakshaME
This document discusses several parameters that affect the dye adsorption of polyester dyeing with disperse dyes. It explains how increasing temperature paradoxically decreases dye partition coefficient and affinity due to the exothermic nature of dye transfer from water to fiber. The document also discusses how crystal form, particle size, dispersing agents, and leveling agents impact dye adsorption through mechanisms like solubility, dispersion stability, and controlled dye exhaustion.
It has great effect of hot brand reactive dye on cotton fabric with exhaustion method. Migration method is more acceptable for proper color fixation in a dyeing process. Another way when we followed ISO method has create a lot of problem such as wash fastness variation rubbing fastness variation, uneven dyeing etc. If we want to get perfect dyeing than we must maintain migration method.
Dyeing of cotton with reactive dyes quality q&aAdane Nega
The document discusses several key aspects of dyeing cotton with reactive dyes, including:
1) Dye quality can vary depending on the manufacturer and factors like impurities. Quality checks are important to evaluate dye concentration and color properties.
2) Proper dyeing conditions like temperature, pH, salt concentration, and alkali levels are important for ensuring level dyeing and reproducibility.
3) Dyeing properties vary for different dyes, fiber types (e.g. mercerized cotton), and dye classes like phthalocyanine dyes. Incremental addition of materials is often needed to control dye exhaustion.
This document provides information about reactive dyes and disperse dyes. It discusses the dyeing conditions for different types of dyes including acid, basic, direct, disperse, and reactive dyes. It also summarizes the types and properties of reactive dyes and disperse dyes, as well as the dyeing processes for polyester fibers using disperse dyes. Finally, it lists some of the author's textile-related Facebook pages for additional information.
The document discusses various dyeing methods for polyester/cotton blends, including batchwise, semi-continuous, and continuous methods. It focuses on one bath and two bath dyeing processes using disperse, reactive, vat, and direct dye classes. Specific dyeing recipes and processes are provided for one bath dyeing of disperse/vat and disperse/reactive dye combinations, as well as for semi-continuous and continuous dyeing.
Dyeing of polyester with disperse reactive dyesIIT DELHI
Disperse dyes are used to dye polyester fabrics. They are insoluble in water but can be dispersed onto fibers using dispersing agents. This document discusses the characteristics of disperse dyes and examples of common disperse dyes. It also examines using disperse reactive dyes for dyeing polyester, which have properties of both disperse and reactive dyes, and can provide improved fastness. The dyeing process for polyester using disperse reactive dyes is outlined, and effects of pH and dye concentration on dye uptake are analyzed.
The document discusses thermosol dyeing of PET/wool blended fabrics. It describes the process which involves padding the fabric with disperse dyes, drying, then applying heat in a stenter at 190-200 degrees C for 45-60 seconds. Dyes must be able to fix at this temperature range and minimally stain the wool. The thermosol conditions do not impair the mechanical properties of the wool. Faulty shades can be corrected by boiling the fabric in a solution containing levelling agents. Complete stripping is possible using a solution of formic acid, zinc sulphoxylate formaldehyde and other agents at elevated temperatures over time.
Dye is a coloured substance that chemically bonds to the substrate to which it is being applied. This distinguishes dyes from pigments which do not chemically bind to the material they colour. Dye is generally applied in an aqueous solution, and may require aftertreatment to improve the fastness of the dye on the fibre.
Dyes are usually soluble in water whereas pigments are insoluble. Dyes selection is very important when dyeing different types of textile fibre. Types of chemical dyes are Direct, Reactive, Vat, Sulphur dyes etc. All dyes required different chemical auxiliaries and different after treatment process. Each dyes possess different light, washing & rubbing fastness and having different characteristics also.
This document provides an introduction to basic textile definitions and preparation processes. It defines different types of fibers, yarns and fabrics. The key textile preparation processes described include singeing, desizing, scouring, bleaching, mercerizing and adding optical brightening agents. The goals of preparation are to remove impurities from fibers and ensure even dyeing and finishing. Proper preparation is important for quality textiles.
This document discusses disperse dyes, which are water-insoluble dyes used to dye synthetic fibers like polyester, acetate, and nylon. Disperse dyes penetrate fibers through weak Vander Waals forces and have a neutral charge. They require dispersing agents and high temperatures to dye polyester fabrics. The dyeing process involves an exhaust method where the dye bath is heated to 130°C to swell the polyester fibers and allow dye penetration. Disperse dyes have good fastness properties and provide a wide range of colors but are not environmentally friendly. The thermosol process is also described for dyeing mixed fabrics using a padding and heat fixation stage.
This document discusses a study on salt free reactive dyeing of cotton knit fabric using a cationic fixing agent. It provides background on conventional reactive dyeing which uses large amounts of salt. The study aims to compare dyeing with and without salt by analyzing color values and fastness properties. Pretreatment, dyeing, and properties of different reactive dyes are explained. The document serves as the background and objectives for a student project on evaluating salt free reactive dyeing.
Polyester is a polymer made from a condensation reaction between small molecules to form ester groups. It is commonly made from a dibasic acid and a dihydric alcohol. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fibers are widely produced today and modified forms also exist. PET polyester fabric can be finished through various sequences including scouring, heat-setting, and dyeing. Heat-setting is important to stabilize the fabric against shrinkage during further processing and use. Dyeing is typically done with disperse dyes at high temperature for an even application.
The document provides information about reactive dyes, including:
- Reactive dyes form covalent bonds with fiber polymers through reactive groups, giving excellent wash and light fastness.
- Important reactive groups include triazine, vinyl sulfone, and halogen groups.
- Reactive dyes were invented in 1956 and became popular for their bright colors, low temperature dyeing, and simple process.
- Common application methods are pad-batch and pad-dry processes at low temperatures. Proper pH, electrolyte, alkali, and time are required for effective dye fixation to the fiber.
City University textile department, topic: cotton dyeing method with reactive...Anik Deb
The document discusses dyeing methods and processes at Keya Knit Composite Ltd. It outlines the organizational structure, with the general manager at the top and operators and helpers at the bottom. It then explains the basic concepts of dyeing, including what dyestuffs are, criteria for suitable dyestuffs, and how dyeing works through adsorption, penetration, and fixation. It also lists the types of chemicals used in the dyeing section and provides an overview of the dyeing machines and their processes at the company.
The document provides information about dyeing cotton with reactive dyes, including:
1. Reactive dyes form covalent bonds with cotton fibers through reaction groups, making them very colorfast.
2. The dyeing process involves an exhaustion phase where the dye adsorbs to the fiber, and a fixation phase where the dye chemically reacts with and bonds to the fiber.
3. Key factors that affect dyeing include salt, soda, temperature, pH, time, and other assistants; the optimal time for fixation of reactive dyes to cotton is around 60 minutes.
Difference between reactive dye and disperse dye on fabricAzmir Latif Beg
We are introducing about reactive dye and disperse dye on fabric. At present reactive dye and disperse dyes is not a single word globally now it achieved vast sector in dyeing sector. I just try to make a different reactive dye and disperse dye on fabric application based.
Leveling agents are chemicals that help promote even dye distribution on fabrics during dyeing. They work by slowing the initial dye uptake to allow more uniform absorption over time. Leveling agents are classified as anionic, cationic, or non-ionic depending on their ionic nature, and include compounds like fatty acids, alcohols, and alkyl aryl sulphonates. Their effectiveness is tested by measuring factors like strike percentage and active content to evaluate uniformity. Careful selection of leveling agent type and concentration is needed to control dye exhaustion for consistent color without compromising yield.
This document provides a project report on the reaction mechanism of reactive dyes in Bengal Hurricane Group on cellulose fiber. It discusses the raw materials used, including fabrics, dyes, and chemicals. It explains the importance of studying reactive dye usage in major Bangladeshi textile industries. The methods of dyeing and printing cotton with reactive dyes and the technical deficiencies, causes, and remedies are examined.
This presentation discusses thickeners used in textile dyeing and printing. It begins by defining thickeners as substances that increase viscosity without changing other properties. Common natural thickeners for textiles mentioned include starch, flour, gum arabic, and guar gum. Synthetic thickeners and their properties are also discussed. The presentation provides information on the viscosity and factors affecting viscosity of different thickeners. It concludes by emphasizing the importance and multipurpose uses of thickeners like guar gum in textile printing and other industries.
Each colour of disperse dyes requires different raw materials. Because the range of colours is very large each colour has its own manufacturing process. The difference in the processes is primarily in the reaction period.
IRJET- Fabrication of Poly(Methacrylic Acid) Functionalized Cellulosic Fibers...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on functionalizing viscose cellulosic fibers with poly(methacrylic acid) to impart cationic dye uptake capacity for textile applications. Key findings include:
1) Viscose fibers were modified through in-situ polymerization and grafting of methacrylic acid to introduce anionic carboxyl groups onto the fiber surface.
2) The degree of cationic dye uptake from basic dyes increased with higher grafting levels of poly(methacrylic acid) onto the fibers, as measured by higher K/S values.
3) Additional treatment with tannic acid and potassium antimony tartrate further improved dye uptake and wash fastness properties for fibers with
This document defines and discusses right-first-time (RFT) dyeing. RFT dyeing aims to achieve the desired shade of a fabric in one dyeing process without needing to redo the dyeing. The document outlines the objectives, benefits, requirements and factors to consider for successful RFT dyeing. It discusses monitoring dye concentration and other variables during dyeing using specialized equipment to help ensure RFT results. Achieving RFT dyeing can increase productivity and profits while reducing costs, time, and fabric waste.
Parameters affecting the dye adsorption of polyester dyeing with disperse dyesNilakshaME
This document discusses several parameters that affect the dye adsorption of polyester dyeing with disperse dyes. It explains how increasing temperature paradoxically decreases dye partition coefficient and affinity due to the exothermic nature of dye transfer from water to fiber. The document also discusses how crystal form, particle size, dispersing agents, and leveling agents impact dye adsorption through mechanisms like solubility, dispersion stability, and controlled dye exhaustion.
It has great effect of hot brand reactive dye on cotton fabric with exhaustion method. Migration method is more acceptable for proper color fixation in a dyeing process. Another way when we followed ISO method has create a lot of problem such as wash fastness variation rubbing fastness variation, uneven dyeing etc. If we want to get perfect dyeing than we must maintain migration method.
Dyeing of cotton with reactive dyes quality q&aAdane Nega
The document discusses several key aspects of dyeing cotton with reactive dyes, including:
1) Dye quality can vary depending on the manufacturer and factors like impurities. Quality checks are important to evaluate dye concentration and color properties.
2) Proper dyeing conditions like temperature, pH, salt concentration, and alkali levels are important for ensuring level dyeing and reproducibility.
3) Dyeing properties vary for different dyes, fiber types (e.g. mercerized cotton), and dye classes like phthalocyanine dyes. Incremental addition of materials is often needed to control dye exhaustion.
This document provides information about reactive dyes and disperse dyes. It discusses the dyeing conditions for different types of dyes including acid, basic, direct, disperse, and reactive dyes. It also summarizes the types and properties of reactive dyes and disperse dyes, as well as the dyeing processes for polyester fibers using disperse dyes. Finally, it lists some of the author's textile-related Facebook pages for additional information.
The document discusses various dyeing methods for polyester/cotton blends, including batchwise, semi-continuous, and continuous methods. It focuses on one bath and two bath dyeing processes using disperse, reactive, vat, and direct dye classes. Specific dyeing recipes and processes are provided for one bath dyeing of disperse/vat and disperse/reactive dye combinations, as well as for semi-continuous and continuous dyeing.
Dyeing of polyester with disperse reactive dyesIIT DELHI
Disperse dyes are used to dye polyester fabrics. They are insoluble in water but can be dispersed onto fibers using dispersing agents. This document discusses the characteristics of disperse dyes and examples of common disperse dyes. It also examines using disperse reactive dyes for dyeing polyester, which have properties of both disperse and reactive dyes, and can provide improved fastness. The dyeing process for polyester using disperse reactive dyes is outlined, and effects of pH and dye concentration on dye uptake are analyzed.
The document discusses thermosol dyeing of PET/wool blended fabrics. It describes the process which involves padding the fabric with disperse dyes, drying, then applying heat in a stenter at 190-200 degrees C for 45-60 seconds. Dyes must be able to fix at this temperature range and minimally stain the wool. The thermosol conditions do not impair the mechanical properties of the wool. Faulty shades can be corrected by boiling the fabric in a solution containing levelling agents. Complete stripping is possible using a solution of formic acid, zinc sulphoxylate formaldehyde and other agents at elevated temperatures over time.
Dye is a coloured substance that chemically bonds to the substrate to which it is being applied. This distinguishes dyes from pigments which do not chemically bind to the material they colour. Dye is generally applied in an aqueous solution, and may require aftertreatment to improve the fastness of the dye on the fibre.
Dyes are usually soluble in water whereas pigments are insoluble. Dyes selection is very important when dyeing different types of textile fibre. Types of chemical dyes are Direct, Reactive, Vat, Sulphur dyes etc. All dyes required different chemical auxiliaries and different after treatment process. Each dyes possess different light, washing & rubbing fastness and having different characteristics also.
This document provides an introduction to basic textile definitions and preparation processes. It defines different types of fibers, yarns and fabrics. The key textile preparation processes described include singeing, desizing, scouring, bleaching, mercerizing and adding optical brightening agents. The goals of preparation are to remove impurities from fibers and ensure even dyeing and finishing. Proper preparation is important for quality textiles.
This document discusses disperse dyes, which are water-insoluble dyes used to dye synthetic fibers like polyester, acetate, and nylon. Disperse dyes penetrate fibers through weak Vander Waals forces and have a neutral charge. They require dispersing agents and high temperatures to dye polyester fabrics. The dyeing process involves an exhaust method where the dye bath is heated to 130°C to swell the polyester fibers and allow dye penetration. Disperse dyes have good fastness properties and provide a wide range of colors but are not environmentally friendly. The thermosol process is also described for dyeing mixed fabrics using a padding and heat fixation stage.
This document discusses a study on salt free reactive dyeing of cotton knit fabric using a cationic fixing agent. It provides background on conventional reactive dyeing which uses large amounts of salt. The study aims to compare dyeing with and without salt by analyzing color values and fastness properties. Pretreatment, dyeing, and properties of different reactive dyes are explained. The document serves as the background and objectives for a student project on evaluating salt free reactive dyeing.
Polyester is a polymer made from a condensation reaction between small molecules to form ester groups. It is commonly made from a dibasic acid and a dihydric alcohol. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fibers are widely produced today and modified forms also exist. PET polyester fabric can be finished through various sequences including scouring, heat-setting, and dyeing. Heat-setting is important to stabilize the fabric against shrinkage during further processing and use. Dyeing is typically done with disperse dyes at high temperature for an even application.
The document provides information about reactive dyes, including:
- Reactive dyes form covalent bonds with fiber polymers through reactive groups, giving excellent wash and light fastness.
- Important reactive groups include triazine, vinyl sulfone, and halogen groups.
- Reactive dyes were invented in 1956 and became popular for their bright colors, low temperature dyeing, and simple process.
- Common application methods are pad-batch and pad-dry processes at low temperatures. Proper pH, electrolyte, alkali, and time are required for effective dye fixation to the fiber.
City University textile department, topic: cotton dyeing method with reactive...Anik Deb
The document discusses dyeing methods and processes at Keya Knit Composite Ltd. It outlines the organizational structure, with the general manager at the top and operators and helpers at the bottom. It then explains the basic concepts of dyeing, including what dyestuffs are, criteria for suitable dyestuffs, and how dyeing works through adsorption, penetration, and fixation. It also lists the types of chemicals used in the dyeing section and provides an overview of the dyeing machines and their processes at the company.
The document provides information about dyeing cotton with reactive dyes, including:
1. Reactive dyes form covalent bonds with cotton fibers through reaction groups, making them very colorfast.
2. The dyeing process involves an exhaustion phase where the dye adsorbs to the fiber, and a fixation phase where the dye chemically reacts with and bonds to the fiber.
3. Key factors that affect dyeing include salt, soda, temperature, pH, time, and other assistants; the optimal time for fixation of reactive dyes to cotton is around 60 minutes.
Difference between reactive dye and disperse dye on fabricAzmir Latif Beg
We are introducing about reactive dye and disperse dye on fabric. At present reactive dye and disperse dyes is not a single word globally now it achieved vast sector in dyeing sector. I just try to make a different reactive dye and disperse dye on fabric application based.
Leveling agents are chemicals that help promote even dye distribution on fabrics during dyeing. They work by slowing the initial dye uptake to allow more uniform absorption over time. Leveling agents are classified as anionic, cationic, or non-ionic depending on their ionic nature, and include compounds like fatty acids, alcohols, and alkyl aryl sulphonates. Their effectiveness is tested by measuring factors like strike percentage and active content to evaluate uniformity. Careful selection of leveling agent type and concentration is needed to control dye exhaustion for consistent color without compromising yield.
This document provides a project report on the reaction mechanism of reactive dyes in Bengal Hurricane Group on cellulose fiber. It discusses the raw materials used, including fabrics, dyes, and chemicals. It explains the importance of studying reactive dye usage in major Bangladeshi textile industries. The methods of dyeing and printing cotton with reactive dyes and the technical deficiencies, causes, and remedies are examined.
This presentation discusses thickeners used in textile dyeing and printing. It begins by defining thickeners as substances that increase viscosity without changing other properties. Common natural thickeners for textiles mentioned include starch, flour, gum arabic, and guar gum. Synthetic thickeners and their properties are also discussed. The presentation provides information on the viscosity and factors affecting viscosity of different thickeners. It concludes by emphasizing the importance and multipurpose uses of thickeners like guar gum in textile printing and other industries.
Each colour of disperse dyes requires different raw materials. Because the range of colours is very large each colour has its own manufacturing process. The difference in the processes is primarily in the reaction period.
IRJET- Fabrication of Poly(Methacrylic Acid) Functionalized Cellulosic Fibers...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on functionalizing viscose cellulosic fibers with poly(methacrylic acid) to impart cationic dye uptake capacity for textile applications. Key findings include:
1) Viscose fibers were modified through in-situ polymerization and grafting of methacrylic acid to introduce anionic carboxyl groups onto the fiber surface.
2) The degree of cationic dye uptake from basic dyes increased with higher grafting levels of poly(methacrylic acid) onto the fibers, as measured by higher K/S values.
3) Additional treatment with tannic acid and potassium antimony tartrate further improved dye uptake and wash fastness properties for fibers with
This document defines and discusses right-first-time (RFT) dyeing. RFT dyeing aims to achieve the desired shade of a fabric in one dyeing process without needing to redo the dyeing. The document outlines the objectives, benefits, requirements and factors to consider for successful RFT dyeing. It discusses monitoring dye concentration and other variables during dyeing using specialized equipment to help ensure RFT results. Achieving RFT dyeing can increase productivity and profits while reducing costs, time, and fabric waste.
IRJET - Effect of Ph and Oxidation Reduction Potential on Dyeing of Modal Kni...IRJET Journal
1) The document studies the dyeing performance of natural and synthetic indigo dyes on modal knitted fabric in terms of dye uptake (K/S value), color fastness to rubbing, and color fastness to wash.
2) It finds that natural indigo dye shows lower dye absorbency (K/S value) than synthetic indigo dye under the same dyeing parameters, but the color fastness to wash and rubbing is better with natural indigo dyed modal fabric than synthetic indigo dyed modal.
3) The dyeing performance is influenced by dye concentration, pH, and oxidation reduction potential (ORP), with pH 12 and ORP of -800mV found to produce the optimal color
Eco friendly dyeing of viscose fabric with reactive dyesiaemedu
This document summarizes research on eco-friendly dyeing of viscose fabric with reactive dyes using polyacrylic acid and cross-linking agents. The researcher synthesized and characterized polyacrylic acid and the cross-linking agent glycerol-1,3-dichlorohydrin. Viscose fabric was treated with optimized concentrations of polyacrylic acid and a cross-linking agent, then dyed with various reactive dyes without salt or alkali at neutral pH. Different dyeing processes were tested and dye uptake was evaluated. The treated fabric showed improved dyeability with reactive dyes at neutral pH without conventional chemicals.
Eco friendly dyeing of viscose fabric with reactive dyesiaemedu
This document summarizes a study on eco-friendly dyeing of viscose fabric with reactive dyes. The study synthesized and characterized polyacrylic acid and a cross-linking agent called glycerol-1,3-dichlorohydrin. Viscose fabric was pretreated with polyacrylic acid and the cross-linking agent and then dyed with various reactive dyes without using salt, alkali or other chemicals in the dyebath. The dyed fabrics were evaluated for color strength and fastness properties and compared to conventionally dyed samples. The goal was to develop a non-polluting reactive dyeing process for cellulosic fabrics like viscose.
1. The document compares pigment printing systems using acrylate and butadiene-based binders.
2. It finds that the butadiene-based binder shows better performance in terms of crocking fastness, formaldehyde release, and PVC migration. The K/S values are also higher for prints using butadiene binder.
3. Increasing the binder concentration decreases formaldehyde release and improves crocking fastness for both binders. However, the butadiene binder continues to perform better.
Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) fibers can be dyed using disperse dyes with modified wet processing. PLA requires pretreatment like scouring to remove impurities without degrading the fiber. Dyeing of PLA is done at temperatures between 90-115°C for 15-30 minutes at a pH of 4-7 to maximize dye uptake while minimizing strength loss. Proper control of pH, temperature, and time is important during wet processing of PLA to avoid hydrolysis and maintain fiber strength. Dyeing and other wet processing of PLA/cellulosic blends also requires adapted methods to prevent PLA degradation.
Sustainability Assessment of Bitumen with Polyethylene as PolymerIOSR Journals
Now a day’s increment in percentage of waste material due to excessive use of polyethylene in daily
use products has become a great problem. Most of the waste materials are of types which are nonbiodegradable.
These materials require difficult and challenging methods to dispose safely and in
underdeveloped countries like Pakistan it is even a bigger problem of concern. Also the continuous increase in
number of vehicles emphasizes on need of sustainable infrastructure of roads with better quality and
engineering design. Grinded plastic is used as polymer in Bitumen in this research by 0% ,0.5 %, 1%, 1.5 %
and 2 % .The properties evaluated are Fire point ,Flash point, softening point and penetration of Bitumen.
Regardless of the replacement ratio, Bitumen as a polymer had a satisfactory performance
1. A case study compares the costs of continuous open width treatment versus traditional rope treatment for finishing knitwear. Continuous treatment reduces costs by 20-24% in Europe and 20% in South Asia even when accounting for higher investment costs.
2. Continuous treatment significantly reduces water, steam and chemical consumption. It also improves quality by eliminating abrasions and curling and allows for a 2-3% higher selling price.
3. In addition to cost savings, continuous treatment has environmental benefits from reducing resource usage and waste. It establishes a payback period of 12-20 months for the additional investment required.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Simultaneous Acid Dyeing and Modified DMDHEU Finishing of Cotton Fabrics for ...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a study on simultaneously dyeing and finishing cotton fabrics with acid dyes and modified DMDHEU resin. The goal is to reduce energy consumption, time, and costs compared to conventional separate dyeing and finishing processes. Cotton fabrics were treated with varying concentrations of acid dye and modified DMDHEU using a pad-dry-cure method. The treated fabrics were evaluated for color strength, crease recovery angle, tensile strength, weight add-on, and fastness properties. The results showed improved color strength compared to separately dyed fabrics. Crease recovery angles were comparable to conventional processes. This simultaneous process offers advantages of reduced energy, time, and production costs while providing sustainable textile processing.
This document summarizes research into optimizing a solvolysis process for recycling carbon fiber reinforced composites. Key findings include:
1) A degradation of up to 98% of epoxy resin was achieved by processing composite material at 320°C for 2 hours using a mixture of acetone and water as a solvent.
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Today mass coloration in the lndustrial environment
1. Heft 52 LENZINGER BERICHTE
-
Februar 1982
Today Mass Coloration in the lndustri-
al Environment
Ing. Gilbert H e r b u I o t, P. C. Ugine K u h I m an n, PCUK
Produts Chimiques, Villers-Saint-Paul, Frankreich
The author Shows that mass colored fibers amount only to a very
low percentage. He gives his reasons for mass coloration and
reviews production and coloration procedures.
A classification of different types of mass coloration in PAM and
PET, and their rational utrlization IS followed by recommendations
for the selection of colorants and economic considerations com-
paring mass coloration with dyeing in full bath.
Finally in addition to the economic aspect the advantages of mass
coloration in view of water consumption and pollution are pointed
out.
Der Autor zergt, daß massegefärbte Fasern nur einen sehr geringen
Prozentsatz ausmachen. Er nennt seine Gründe für eine Masse-
färbung und bespricht die Produktions- und Färbeverfahren.
Der Klassifizierung der verschiedenen Massefärbungsverfahren
für PAM und PES schließt sich eine Empfehlung für die Farbstoff-
auswahl und für den Wirtschaftsvergleich zwischen Massefärbung
und Vollbadfärbung an.
Schließlich werden zusätzlich zum wirtschaftlichen Aspekt die Vor-
teile der Massefärbung im Hinblick auf den Wasserverbrauch und
die Umweltverschmutzung aufgezeigt.
A few decades ago we spoke of technique and economy.
Today the three main topics are:
-technique,
- economy,
- ecology,
especially when we speak of advanced and future techno-
logy. The Problems of disposal of waste-water and the
scarcity of water in certain regions of the world, bring us to
a Point where we should have respect for this natura1 ele-
ment. Of these Problems of disposal and scarcity of water
we all are weil aware. Therefore, we would like to offer to the
textile industry an alternative method of processing colored
fibers by a dry process, enabling these fibers to be manu-
factured into garments, carpeting and into other articles
necessary for man’s daily usage.
The textile industry has always been a heavy consumer
of water and energy, especially for dyeing. We like to Point
this out before illustrating the technique of colouring by
mass coloration of the principal textile fibers of today and
tomorrow.
Polyamide and Polyester
Let us look at the importante of these synthetic fibers on
todays market, and the importante they will have at the
beginning of the next century (Fig. 1).
Though the 1979 worldwide productionl of PA and PES
fibers amounted to 3284 (1000 T) for PA and 5134 (1000 T)
for PES respectively the percentage of mass colored fibers
(not counting carbon black colored fibers) is estimated: 2 -
3 % of the total PA fibers produced in 1979, and 0.5 % of
PES fibers produced. These figures, Iow for PA and lower
for PES, allow us to foresee a rapid development in the near
future.
Fig. 1: Textile fibers
Why Mass Coloration?
Ecological interests are met by no waste and economy of
water.
The simplicity of the process is obvious and will be exam-
ined.
A tendency for popular shades and seasonal shades has
been existing for sometime.
Actually the limitation of the numcer of shades will become
necessary for economic savings to the textile industry of
tomorrow. For uniforms this has been practized in many
countries.
Large productions today require clope dyeing of textile
fibers used in furniture, rugs and carpets, cars and also in
male clothing.
The fibers obtained exhibit excellent ;3ll-round fastness, their
quality equals that of the uncolored fiber, since no additio-
nal processing is entailed.
Savings in production time, energy, and dyeing chemicals
make the process economical; s.Iso wastage of colorants
tan be neglected. High flexibility in finishing and end-uses
are achieved because of higher fastness compared with
conventional dyeing methods.
The Technology of Mass Coloration
Before speaking of the economics of this subject, the tech-
niques proposed for the mass-coloration of fibers will be
reviewed.
Mass coloration consists in the introduction of a coloring
material into a polymer before transforming it into threads
or fibers
This transformation is realized by extrusion of the molten
polymer, through a spinnerett ai a temperature between
280 - 300” C.
During ihe continuous process (for large tonnages) the
molten polymer enters directly into the Pumps and the spin-
nerett after polycondensation in the continuous reactors.
In the discontinuous process the polymer leaves the poly-
86
2. Februar 1982 LENZINGER BERICHTE
-
Heft 52
condensation reactor is cooled and transformed into Chips.
These granules are stored in dried condition and furnished
on demand to the melters. This procedure is more easily
adaptabted to small quantities.
The Coloration Procedure
A) The Oldest of all Methode
For large tonnage in the same shade, this consists of incor-
poration of organic or mineral bigments during polycon-
densation. In this case Pigments must resist many hours at
280 - 300” C.
6) Continuous Process
The colorant is added to the polymer eighter as a powder
or in master batch form. The colorant is distributed con-
tinuously with the help of a doser, mixed with Chips, be-
fore the melter (screw type extruder or static melter) or it
tan be added directly to the molten polymer.
The colorant tan also be added in Paste or liquid form
(Fig. 2). To obtain these a binder, a polymer to coat the
colorant, or a polyglycol of high molecular mass is need-
ed. In both cases the polymer is injected continuously
into a molten polymer, with the help of a secondary ex-
truder during a continuous process.
Fig. 2: PA 6 mass colouration using a liquid master batch - Conti-
nous process 6) b)
C) Discontinuous Process
a) In the case of Polyester the Chips are dried in rotary
driers or tumblers under vacuum at 140 - 180” C for
some hours. Specially selected colorants are added at
the end of this Operation (Fig. 3) and are fixed to the
granules of PES by thermodiffusion (Fig. 4). The colored
granules are utilized in the same way as white granules.
b) In the case of Polyamide 6 the Chips are dyed in an aque-
Fig. 3: PES mass colouration thermodiffusion of the colorant on
chlps - Discontinous process C) a)
THERMODIFFUSldN TUMBLING-
PREPARATION DE CHIPS PE5 COLORES C3LCURATlON OF PE5 CHIPS-
Fig. 4: Tumbling: colouraticn of PES Chips
ous System (Fig. 5). This operat on permits simultaneous
washing and dyeing of the granules used after strong
drying at 120” C like the white granules (Fig. 6).
According to the amount produced one of these possi-
bilities, is Chosen:
over 50 tons: A) B)
over 10 tons: B) b)
over 5 tons: B) a)
over 2 tons: for PES: C) a)
for PA: C) b)
whereby an installation of 8 tons/clay is considered rea-
sonable.
Selection of Colorants for the Mass Coloration
of Polyamide and Polyester Fiber.+
These products are illustrated in the shade cards Endanil-
Endegal of P. C. U. K., reference LADC No 13 - 14. The
87
3. Heft 52 LENZINGER BERICHTE Februar 1982
through the spinnerett. Endanil in polyamide and Endegal
in Polyester show good thermal stability during at least 30
minutes at 280” C in the molien polymer. Endanil and
Endegal colorants offer the best fastness available when
used in combination with their proper fibers. Therefore, it is
to be noted that Endanil and Endegal colorants tan not be
used during polycondensation.
Economic Considerations comparing Mass Colora-
tion with Dyeing in Full Bath
First of all we will eliminate in our calculations similar opera-
tions, common to both processes. To compare the costs of
the coloration, we Start with known facts
- the tost of the dyehouse operaiion and
- the tost of the colorant itself.
Cost of
(Fig. 7)
Dyehouse Operation
Fig. 5: PA 6 mass colouration method: Chips Dyeing - Disconti:
nous process C) b)
Fig. 6: Diagram for dyeing Polyamide granules in an aqueous
medium R=1/2-115
Endanil for Polyamide and the Endegal for Polyester are
soluble in the polymers. These products dissolve in the
molten state. After recooling, the colorant stay dissolved in
the solidified polymer.
This characteristic presents many essential advantages: it
permits to obtain deep shades without an expensive grind-
ing process as for Pigment, and without strong disper-
sion of the colorant in the polymer. The Endanil as well as
the Endegal does not influence the filterabilitv of the oolymer
This scheme illustrates the following elementss:
- Cost of labor
-General Expenses
- Colorants and Chemical Products
- Electricity
- Testing
- Profits
- Compressed Air
- Environment
- Heating
- Eff luents
- Water
Fig. 7: Proportions of dyehouse tost JSDC March 1976
1) Labour 30 % 6) Pr311110 %
2) Overheads and 7) Compressed air
other costs 16 % 11)Environnement 2 %
3) Colotant, Dyes 25 % fl) Heat 9 %
4) Electric 3.5 % l(l) Eftluence 2.8 %
5) control 1 % 1 ) water 2 %
30.0 %
16.1 %
25.0 %
3.5 %
0.1 %
10.0 %
0.2 Yo
1.2%
9.1 %
2.8 %
2.0 %
100.0 %
Cost of the Colorant
In Order to rationally calculate the tost of the colorant utili-
zed in mass coloration and to cornpare that to a full bath
dyehouse, we have examined the following cases separa-
tely.
In the case of Polyamide we will compare:
l on one hand the mass coloration of 3 medium shades
using Endanil (in threads 23 x 3 polyamide 6, by the pro-
cedure B) a) and
88
4. Februar 1982 LENZINGER BERICHITE Heft 52
0 on the other hand, the same threads; dyed in a full bath
to the exact three shades using Neutrichrome S colorants
(premetallized dyes).
The following illustration (Table 1) compares the tost of the
colorant in both processes, obtaining the same shades and
similar fastnesses. The tost of the colorant is the same in
both cases.
Table 1: Polyamide 6,23 x 3 dtex
Dyeing
Dyestuff tost
Shade 100 kg PA
Mass colouration
Dyestuff tost
Shade 100 kg PA
Rouge
brique
Brun
187 FF
12OFF
Rouge
brique
Brun
186FF
128 FF
I I I
1 Gris
L
1 77 FF 1 Gris 1 78 FF 1
/ I l 1
Table 2: Polyester fil. 23 x 3 dtex
Li
Brun clair
Marine 25
Marron 64
135FF
360 FF
221 FF
Brun clair
Marine 25
Marron 64
148FF
240 FF
228i FF
In the case of Polyester (Table 2) the same comparisons
were made; in mass coloration Endegal was used, and
during dyeing at 130” C on threads 23 x 3 similar (to the
mass dyed) we used Novester disperse dyes.
For corresponding shades we have used a selection of dye-
stuffs with very similar fastnesses to those obtained by
using Endegal in mass coloration. Here too the tost of the
colorant is the same for both techniques.
Comparing Cost for Mass Coloration
In this demonstration, we must remember two important
elements: the base = 100 contains the costs of dyehouse
Operation and the costs of the colorant in both cases (mass
coloration and dyeing) for which we assume 25 % of the
base 100.
In addition we must add diverse costs inherent to mass
colaration and the need to use the following materials:
- Device for preparing the colorants in injectable form.
- lnjection Pumps or extruder.
- Static mixing line.
In addition, we must add the tost; for Personne1 and the
costs of stock of the colored matter.
Collection lof Known Values
(monetary value FF: French Francs 1979)
Before pursuing this known value, it is interesting to regroup
the values allready known. As an Nexample the tost of 100
kilos Polyamide in brown eauals 120 FF.
We already know:
- Cost of colorant for 100 kg,
a brown in medium shade (Taille 3); dyeing = 120 FF
- The value of base = 100 480 FF
In the case of the same brown: since the price of the CO-
lorant is equal to 120 FF for 100 ‘<g of matter which repre-
sents 25 %I of base = 100.
- Price for 100 kg of Polyamide nalural 650 FF
- Concretization of cdmparisons.
Supplementary costs must be added In case of mass color-
ation.
Table 3: Price of the Polyamide materials 650 FF
Price of mass coloration
28.6 % of base 100 = 480 F
Amortization of supplementary
material
L
Cost of supplementary personnel
l *1 50 FF
-
Total 800 FF
137.28 FF
6.40 FF
6.00 FF
149.68 FF
Mass Coloration - Supplementary Material
In an unit cap’able of producing 8 tois oer day of Polyamide
(2500 tons yearly), we estimate that the supplementary tost
to be added to a System of non-dyed spinning is 800.000 FF
(1979 value) as described in the pr’evious chapter after
amortizing during 5 years, this will mean a supplementary
tost of 6.4 FF per 100 ka (about 1 % oi the price of the non-
dyed fibers).
lf we consider brown as Standard shalde, its price is 120 FF
for the colorant for 100 kg. An additional tost due to amor-
tization of the supplementary material, amounts to 5 % of
the priCe of the colorant; this means 1.3 % of our base 100
(value 480 FF/1 00 kg).
Personal Costs
To produce ithese 2500 tons/year in mass coloration, we
need 2 more persons compared to the same non-dyed
production: this is equal to 150.000 IFF or 6 FF/100 kg of
fibers produced or again 1.25 % of our base 100.
Cost of Stock
For the estimiated storage time of 4 months, we tan calcu-
89
5. Heft 52 LENZINGER BERICHTE
-
Februar 1982
late an additional tost of 12 % per year on the total value
as shown in table 3.
Price for 100 kg of mass colored matter / shade: brown
For storage during 4 month 490 of 150 FF must be added
what equals 6 FF for 100 kg.
Table 4: Price of 100 kg of Polyamide colored matter
(stock), brown shade:
Price material
Dye tost
Complete price of
mass coloration
Supplementary costs
of stock
Total
Dye in
stock
650 FF
480 FF
-
1130FF
Iyed by mass
coloration
650 FF
150FF
6 FF
806 FF
This comparison Shows that fibers of Polyamide dyed in
stock finally are about 40 % more expensive to dye than
those fibers of the same quality dyed by mass coloration.
We used similar arguments in the case of the coloration of
polyester. For dyeing continuous threads of Polyester, we
consider a rate of offshade, making re-dyeing necessary.
We also evaluted the tost of a Change of shade in mass
coloration, and its consequences on the tost of the total
Operation regarding the utilized procedure.
Cost Con!parison of Dyed Polyester
100 kilos of Polyester (production 2500 tons/year, 8 tons/
dw)
Indirect Costs
We must introduce a new factor to complete our compari-
son. To determine the tost of a Change in shade by mass
coloration along with the procedure utilized. The following
Table 5: Comparison of price for 100 kg PES
Cut Fibers Continuous
Fibers
Dyed
Mass
colored
Dyed
Mass
colored
Price of Polyester 450 F 800 F
Classic dyeing tost 800 F 800 F
Redyes 200 F
Cost of coloration in
mass colorant 200 F 200 F
Investment in machinery 8F 8F
1.OOO.OOOFF
Man-hours and other costs 1OF 1OF
Total 1250F 668F 18OOF 1018F
loss must be considered in the case of a 8 tons per day -
production:
cont~~nuous tut
thread fibers
Procedure A) 4000 kg = 32000 F 18000 F
W 4 500 kg = 4000 F 2250 F
W b) 670 kg = 5360 F 3015F
0 333 kg = 2664 F 1500F
This loss gets more and more neglectable the higher the
quantity of one shade produced.
Choice of a Procedure
We have noticed an economic intelrest for procedure C) for
small tonnage.
The prlocedure B) a) is also interesting for slightly greater
tonnage.
The procedure B) b) is less interesting for small tonnage,
but it represents an advantage for continuously colored
tonnages.
Ecological Aspect
We have reviewed the proposeid technology for the mass
coloratron of PA and PES, and have ascertained the
economical advantages of using these techniques.
Now let us go back to one very important advantage of
using this technology, the use c’f water. The processes A),
B), B) a), C) a) which we have Seen use practically none of
this important element.
This becomes very interesting in regions where’water is
scarce, and where it is prohibited to return waste-water
containing colored matter, and cloubtful Chemical products,
such as chrome salts, as is the case when dyeing with
chrome or mordant dyestuffs.
Even irr our process C) b) where the coloration of granulated
Polymers (PA) is done in an aqueous medium before fusion,
the amount of water necessary for this Operation is 5 : IO
times less then that used in dyeing according to the con-
ventional method.
Conclusion
We have attempted to demonstrate the clear advantages of
mass coloration, while saving energy, by avoiding the com-
plementary and costly dyeing cperation for the Polyamide
and the particularly hight tost of dyeing Polyester at high
temperature.
However it is difficult to establisf- an absolute rule permitting
us to determine by less than 1C % the economic advanta-
ges of mass coloration compared with conventional dyeing.
We estimate that mass coloration is between 20 - 30 % less
expensive than dyeing by the usJal methods actually practi-
ced for Polyamide and polyester.
References
1) Text. Organon (July 1979)
2) F. Manier; Criteria for Selecting Colorants for Mass Co-
loration of Synthetic Fibers; Ind. Text. (March 1978);
F. Manier; Chem. Vlakna (June 1977)
3) D. R. Sqire; J. Sec. Dyers Colour. (March 1976)
4) M. J. Wampetich; Chemiefasern Text. Ind.
5) K. Berhalter; Chem. Vlakna, 26, 104, 111 (1976)
90