International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The document discusses several textile processing technologies: plasma treatment, ultrasound waves, supercritical CO2 dyeing, microencapsulation, and foam dyeing. Plasma treatment and ultrasound waves are used to modify fiber surfaces. Supercritical CO2 dyeing allows for dyeing with fewer chemicals and water. Microencapsulation protects dye cores and controls dye release. Foam dyeing reduces water and energy usage during dyeing. Enzymes provide eco-friendly options for desizing, scouring, bleaching, and other processes.
As we know polyester is a synthetic fiber and has
more crystalline structure than natural fibers. In continuous
dyeing of polyester by pad-Thermosol process, there are many
advantages such as bulk production, low-cost, good efficiency etc.
But during dyeing process there is a severe problem occurs that
is dye migration .in order to control the dye migration different
migration inhibitors are used in this project. Both natural and
synthetic migration inhibitors are applied on the 100% polyester
fabric in order to compare that which migration inhibitor hives
better results on the pad-Thermosol process.
After comparing the different properties of the both migration
inhibitors the synthetic inhibitors found more efficient then the
natural one. The following tests were conducted during project:
Migration test, tensile strength, color strength, bending length,
light fatness.
Synthetic migration inhibitors gives better results for the tests
which were conducted .but there is a problem that the synthetic
migration inhibitors are not environmental friendly and they are
costly then natural migration inhibitors.
This document discusses blended dyeing of textiles. It begins with an introduction to blending different fiber types and the properties this can provide. It then describes the types of blends as fiber, combination fiber, or single yarns composed of blended fibers. Reasons for blending fibers include processing, improved properties, multi-colored fabrics, and cost. Key factors that affect dyeing methods are the desired color effect, required colorfastness, compatibility with finishing processes, and costs. The document concludes by stating that learning about blended dyeing, procedures, recipes, and factors is important knowledge for textile students and their future careers.
Effect of Alternative Scouring Agents on Dyeing Properties of Cotton/Polyeste...IOSR Journals
This research comprises of six alternative agents ((NH4)2C2O4, liquid NH3, CH3COOH, NH4OH, (COOH) 2, CH3CH2OH) at various concentrations of 1-5% used as scouring agents with NaOH as control on cotton/polyester blend fabric. The samples were bleached, mercerized and dyed. The suitability and reliability of the agents were evaluated for dyeing properties of the treated fabric. Water imbibing properties of the treated fabric, was investigated. The experimental results showed that the percentage exhaustion of indigo dye on the treated fabric were wonderful with values far above average (86.8-62.6%) except for 1% (NH4)2C2O4 that recorded slightly below average (49.7%). 2% liquid NH3 ranked the highest. The wash fastness is another interesting results where only 1-5% liquid NH3, 2% and 4% (NH4)2C2O4 that gave a grey scale rating for wash fastness of 4 (very good). The other alternative agents strongly competed at various concentrations with the control which revealed a rating of 5 (excellent wash fastness). 4% (NH4)2C2O4 scoured fabrics recorded the highest water of imbibitions (2.9 g). This implies that the alternative agents are suitable and reliable as impurity-removing (scouring) agents. The alternative agents improved the dyeing and water imbibing properties of the treated fabric far better than the control. Therefore could be employed in the textile industry.
Low Temprature Dyeing Of Wool by Acid Dyes after pretreatment with UV raysRaNa ALi HaiDer
Here we will Discuss the methods by which we can dye our fabric At low temp to avoid the Fiber Damage e.g Low Temprature Dyeing Of Wool by Acid Dyes after pretreatment with UV rays
ATC13 Full Manuscript - Engr Sadam Hussain- Final versionSadam Hussain
Increasing worldwide interest towards natural and sustainable products has driven the textile processing industry to use dyes and chemicals obtained directly from natural resources. Also, textile processors and researchers have been exploring the emerging technologies such as using ultrasonic energy, plasma, supercritical carbon dioxide, microwave and electrochemical methods for processing. In the same context, this work was undertaken to develop a method for dyeing of cotton fabric with natural dye extracted from marigold flower petals using ultrasonic energy. The aqueous extraction of natural dye from marigold flower petals was optimized for temperature and time. The resulting extract was used to further optimize its dyeing conditions on cotton fabric by ultrasonic and conventional exhaust dyeing methods. The effect of pre-mordanting with alum was also studied. Generally, all dyed samples were built with either yellow, golden yellow or tan colours (depending on varying dyeing parameters and conditions). It was found that the optimum aqueous extraction can produce strong colour yields with K/S value up to 5. Whereas, ultrasonic dyeing produced better colour yields comparing to conventional exhaust dyeing method. The colourfastness testing of optimum dyed fabric samples was also carried out for rubbing, washing and light exposure. The overall colourfastness of the dyed samples was acceptable except washing fastness of the sample dyed by conventional exhaust method without mordanting. However, washing fastness was considerably improved with pre-mordanting and further improved by ultrasonic dyeing method. Further, the rubbing and light fastness results were very good in case of pre-mordanting and ultrasonic dyeing method.
This senior project report discusses dyeing methods for polyester/cotton blend fabrics. Specifically, it examines a one-bath dyeing process where the fabric is pretreated using an azeotropic solvent mixture to improve dyeing results. The report provides background on cotton and polyester fibers as well as their properties. It also reviews literature on traditional two-bath dyeing methods and more recent research on one-bath dyeing processes. The objective is to establish a new one-bath dyeing method for blends by pretreatment with a solvent mixture to make the process more efficient.
The document discusses several textile processing technologies: plasma treatment, ultrasound waves, supercritical CO2 dyeing, microencapsulation, and foam dyeing. Plasma treatment and ultrasound waves are used to modify fiber surfaces. Supercritical CO2 dyeing allows for dyeing with fewer chemicals and water. Microencapsulation protects dye cores and controls dye release. Foam dyeing reduces water and energy usage during dyeing. Enzymes provide eco-friendly options for desizing, scouring, bleaching, and other processes.
As we know polyester is a synthetic fiber and has
more crystalline structure than natural fibers. In continuous
dyeing of polyester by pad-Thermosol process, there are many
advantages such as bulk production, low-cost, good efficiency etc.
But during dyeing process there is a severe problem occurs that
is dye migration .in order to control the dye migration different
migration inhibitors are used in this project. Both natural and
synthetic migration inhibitors are applied on the 100% polyester
fabric in order to compare that which migration inhibitor hives
better results on the pad-Thermosol process.
After comparing the different properties of the both migration
inhibitors the synthetic inhibitors found more efficient then the
natural one. The following tests were conducted during project:
Migration test, tensile strength, color strength, bending length,
light fatness.
Synthetic migration inhibitors gives better results for the tests
which were conducted .but there is a problem that the synthetic
migration inhibitors are not environmental friendly and they are
costly then natural migration inhibitors.
This document discusses blended dyeing of textiles. It begins with an introduction to blending different fiber types and the properties this can provide. It then describes the types of blends as fiber, combination fiber, or single yarns composed of blended fibers. Reasons for blending fibers include processing, improved properties, multi-colored fabrics, and cost. Key factors that affect dyeing methods are the desired color effect, required colorfastness, compatibility with finishing processes, and costs. The document concludes by stating that learning about blended dyeing, procedures, recipes, and factors is important knowledge for textile students and their future careers.
Effect of Alternative Scouring Agents on Dyeing Properties of Cotton/Polyeste...IOSR Journals
This research comprises of six alternative agents ((NH4)2C2O4, liquid NH3, CH3COOH, NH4OH, (COOH) 2, CH3CH2OH) at various concentrations of 1-5% used as scouring agents with NaOH as control on cotton/polyester blend fabric. The samples were bleached, mercerized and dyed. The suitability and reliability of the agents were evaluated for dyeing properties of the treated fabric. Water imbibing properties of the treated fabric, was investigated. The experimental results showed that the percentage exhaustion of indigo dye on the treated fabric were wonderful with values far above average (86.8-62.6%) except for 1% (NH4)2C2O4 that recorded slightly below average (49.7%). 2% liquid NH3 ranked the highest. The wash fastness is another interesting results where only 1-5% liquid NH3, 2% and 4% (NH4)2C2O4 that gave a grey scale rating for wash fastness of 4 (very good). The other alternative agents strongly competed at various concentrations with the control which revealed a rating of 5 (excellent wash fastness). 4% (NH4)2C2O4 scoured fabrics recorded the highest water of imbibitions (2.9 g). This implies that the alternative agents are suitable and reliable as impurity-removing (scouring) agents. The alternative agents improved the dyeing and water imbibing properties of the treated fabric far better than the control. Therefore could be employed in the textile industry.
Low Temprature Dyeing Of Wool by Acid Dyes after pretreatment with UV raysRaNa ALi HaiDer
Here we will Discuss the methods by which we can dye our fabric At low temp to avoid the Fiber Damage e.g Low Temprature Dyeing Of Wool by Acid Dyes after pretreatment with UV rays
ATC13 Full Manuscript - Engr Sadam Hussain- Final versionSadam Hussain
Increasing worldwide interest towards natural and sustainable products has driven the textile processing industry to use dyes and chemicals obtained directly from natural resources. Also, textile processors and researchers have been exploring the emerging technologies such as using ultrasonic energy, plasma, supercritical carbon dioxide, microwave and electrochemical methods for processing. In the same context, this work was undertaken to develop a method for dyeing of cotton fabric with natural dye extracted from marigold flower petals using ultrasonic energy. The aqueous extraction of natural dye from marigold flower petals was optimized for temperature and time. The resulting extract was used to further optimize its dyeing conditions on cotton fabric by ultrasonic and conventional exhaust dyeing methods. The effect of pre-mordanting with alum was also studied. Generally, all dyed samples were built with either yellow, golden yellow or tan colours (depending on varying dyeing parameters and conditions). It was found that the optimum aqueous extraction can produce strong colour yields with K/S value up to 5. Whereas, ultrasonic dyeing produced better colour yields comparing to conventional exhaust dyeing method. The colourfastness testing of optimum dyed fabric samples was also carried out for rubbing, washing and light exposure. The overall colourfastness of the dyed samples was acceptable except washing fastness of the sample dyed by conventional exhaust method without mordanting. However, washing fastness was considerably improved with pre-mordanting and further improved by ultrasonic dyeing method. Further, the rubbing and light fastness results were very good in case of pre-mordanting and ultrasonic dyeing method.
This senior project report discusses dyeing methods for polyester/cotton blend fabrics. Specifically, it examines a one-bath dyeing process where the fabric is pretreated using an azeotropic solvent mixture to improve dyeing results. The report provides background on cotton and polyester fibers as well as their properties. It also reviews literature on traditional two-bath dyeing methods and more recent research on one-bath dyeing processes. The objective is to establish a new one-bath dyeing method for blends by pretreatment with a solvent mixture to make the process more efficient.
Project report on Textile effluent treatment by electrochemical processBrijmohan Sharma
This document provides an overview of a student project on treating textile effluent water using an electrochemical process. It includes a certificate verifying the students conducted the project, an acknowledgements section thanking those who helped with the project, and a preface describing how the project helped the students learn. The contents section outlines the document, which explores using electrochemical treatment to make textile wastewater safer before discharge by reducing parameters like BOD, COD and suspended solids. The aim is to compare electrochemical treatment to conventional ETP methods and reduce treatment costs.
Scope of Dyeing Polyester Cotton (PC) Blended Fabric in Single Bath Process f...iosrjce
Dyeing of fabric blends such as Polyester/Cotton (P/C) is presently done with two
chemically different classes of dyes namely disperse for polyester and reactive for cotton, in
two bath process. Experimental work was carried out on finding the possibility of dyeing the
P/C blends in one bath process without drain the liquor after polyester part dyeing. All the
existing chemical and conventional temperature range were applied in this study. The result
indicates that, the using of one bath method in the polyester cotton dyeing can slightly change
the fastness properties than the conventional method. The one bath dyeing method showed
level dyeing having good fastness properties and offers the option of cost effective and ecofriendly
dyeing process.
This document provides information about reactive dyes and disperse dyes. It discusses the dyeing conditions for different types of dyes including acid, basic, direct, disperse, and reactive dyes. It also summarizes the types and properties of reactive dyes and disperse dyes, as well as the dyeing processes for polyester fibers using disperse dyes. Finally, it lists some of the author's textile-related Facebook pages for additional information.
Dyes are colored organic compounds that can impart color to substrates like cloth, paper, plastic or leather. There are several types of dyes classified by their chemistry and application method. Reactive dyes are widely used for cotton dyeing due to their high washfast properties. Disperse dyes are used predominantly on polyester fibers. Direct dyes are water-soluble and used for cotton and cellulose. Vat dyes are applied to cellulosic fibers from a soluble leuco form. Sulfur dyes provide good washfastness for economical cotton dyeing.
Standard, Monitoring & Evaluation of dyeing process Asaye Dessie
The document discusses various aspects of textile dyeing processes including:
- Different types of dyes and dyeing methods used for fibers like cotton, nylon, polyester.
- Key parameters to control in dyeing like temperature, time, chemical concentrations.
- Recipes and conditions for specific dyeing processes like direct dyeing, reactive dyeing, acid dyeing etc.
- Energy sources commonly used in textile dyeing like electricity, steam.
- Machines used for dyeing like jet dyeing machines, jigger dyeing machines.
- Process parameters and evaluation methods for dyeing.
This document discusses a study on salt free reactive dyeing of cotton knit fabric using a cationic fixing agent. It provides background on conventional reactive dyeing which uses large amounts of salt. The study aims to compare dyeing with and without salt by analyzing color values and fastness properties. Pretreatment, dyeing, and properties of different reactive dyes are explained. The document serves as the background and objectives for a student project on evaluating salt free reactive dyeing.
The document provides information about reactive dyes, including:
- Reactive dyes form covalent bonds with fiber polymers through reactive groups, giving excellent wash and light fastness.
- Important reactive groups include triazine, vinyl sulfone, and halogen groups.
- Reactive dyes were invented in 1956 and became popular for their bright colors, low temperature dyeing, and simple process.
- Common application methods are pad-batch and pad-dry processes at low temperatures. Proper pH, electrolyte, alkali, and time are required for effective dye fixation to the fiber.
This document summarizes a study on using biodegradable organic salts as alternatives to inorganic salts and alkalis in the reactive dyeing of cotton textiles. The study found that three biodegradable polycarboxylic sodium salts - sodium edate, trisodium NTA, and tetrasodium GLDA - can provide color yields and fastness properties comparable to traditional inorganic salts and alkalis when used in pad-steam dyeing. Tetrasodium GLDA particularly increased color yield for one reactive dye. Using the organic salts also reduced the total dissolved solids in the dyeing effluent, offering environmental benefits over conventional reactive dyeing methods.
1. The document discusses supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2) dyeing as an alternative to conventional water-based dyeing.
2. Supercritical CO2 dyeing eliminates the use of water, chemicals, and auxiliaries in the dyeing process. It also reduces energy requirements compared to conventional dyeing.
3. The key advantages are that it produces no wastewater, reduces costs, and is more environmentally friendly than conventional dyeing.
This document discusses various chemical finishing methods to improve the wet fastness of dyed textiles. It begins by defining key terms like colour fastness, fading, and bleeding. It then describes the ratings system used to evaluate fastness from 1-5 or 1-8. The rest of the document discusses specific approaches to improving wet fastness for cellulosic, synthetic, and nylon textiles using techniques like intensive washing, reductive agents, cationic products, formaldehyde condensation products, and reactive compounds. It also notes some potential issues with these methods and describes evaluation standards.
The dyestuff sector is one of the important segments of the chemicals industry in India, linked with a variety of sectors like textiles, leather, paper, plastics, printing inks and foodstuffs.
Unit operations and process involved in manufacturing of dyes and dye intermediates, wastewater characteristics of dyes and dye intermediates, effluent discharge standards, treatment technology for dye and dye intermediates, solid waste generation and Gaseous emissions.
This document summarizes Wong Shi Ting's research project on the biosorption of the dye methylene blue using sugarcane bagasse. The research aims to characterize sugarcane bagasse using FTIR spectroscopy, study the factors affecting dye adsorption using two-level factorial design and response surface methodology, and determine the optimum adsorption conditions. Key findings include sugarcane bagasse having an adsorption capacity of 26.58 mg/g for methylene blue under optimal conditions identified by RSM. FTIR analysis also confirmed electrostatic interactions between the dye and sugarcane bagasse fibers during adsorption.
The Influence of Cationization on the Dyeing Performance of Cotton Fabrics wi...IJERA Editor
This document discusses how cationization, or chemical modification using cationic agents, can improve the dyeability of cotton fabrics with direct dyes. The author cationized cotton fabrics using different concentrations of a cationic agent and measured the nitrogen content, which increased with higher cationic agent concentration. Cationization was optimized based on factors like pH, temperature, and time. Dyeing cationized cotton with two direct dyes resulted in higher color strength values than untreated cotton. Cationization allows direct dyes to be used at lower concentrations, reducing dye and water usage and wastewater pollution.
This document provides a project report on applying disperse and reactive dyes to a 65/35 polyester/cotton blended fabric using a two bath system. It acknowledges those who helped with the project and thanks the textile college and company for the opportunity. The abstract discusses challenges in dyeing poly/cotton blends and how dye selection can help control color value, strength, and other properties. Laboratory trials tested compatibility of reactive dyes and analyzed dye fixation using spectrophotometry. The introduction discusses the importance of practical experience and outlines the project goals of studying dye application in different textile industries in Bangladesh.
Improving the Colour Fastness of the Selected Natural Dyes on CottonIOSR Journals
Abstract: This paper reports the improving the colourfastness of the natural dye with dye fixing agents,
extraction of the colourants from natural sources; effects of different mordants and mordanting methods;
selection of fixing agents; dyeing variables; post-treatment process; development of newer shades with post
treatment and analysis of colour improvement parameters with fixing agents for cotton dyed with natural dye;
assessed colour improvement with colourfastness test.
Key words: Dye fixing agents, coloufastness, shade variations with dye fixing agents, natural dye
The document discusses various auxiliaries and chemicals used in dyeing and finishing processes in the textile industry. It defines textile auxiliaries as chemicals that help processing operations like dyeing and printing by speeding them up or making them more efficient. It provides examples of common auxiliaries like sequestering agents, wetting agents, levelling agents, and discusses their functions. It also discusses chemicals used in specific processes like bleaching, mercerizing, soaping and printing.
This document discusses the process of dyeing textiles. It explains that there are three main types of dyeing: fiber, yarn and fabric dyeing. The dyeing process involves successive stages including dispersing dye in a dye bath, diffusion of dye onto and into the fiber substrate, and bonding between dye and fiber molecules. Dyes are also classified by their application method and chemical structure. Proper control of dye bath parameters like liquor ratio, electrolyte concentration, pH and temperature are important to ensure efficient dye absorption and an even color. Modern industrial dyeing is automated but still aims to produce textiles with homogeneous color in an economic manner with good colorfastness.
This document summarizes a study on using natural coagulants from Moringa, corn, green bean, and tamarind seeds to decolorize textile wastewater. The study tested the coagulation efficiency of the different seeds at removing dyes under varying conditions of pH, coagulant dose, and contact time. Moringa seed extract showed the highest color removal rate of 86.45% and produced the lowest sludge content. The natural coagulants were found to be effective and environmentally-friendly alternatives to chemical coagulants for treating textile wastewater.
Orange Text- Photoshop Tutorial In BanglaArchana Ghosh
Orange Text- Photoshop Tutorial In Bangla
It is a photoshop tutorial in about create a orange text.This tutorial is Orange Text- Photoshop Tutorial In Bangla .In this video,I show you how to create orange text effect on an image.such as Orange Text,Photoshop Tutorial,Photoshop Tutorial In Bangla,photoshop,Orange Text,Photoshop Tutorial,Photoshop Tutorial In Bangla,bangla photoshop,how to,how,to,bangla photoshop tutorial,text effect,orange text effect,fruit text,fruit text effect,orange free text,orange free texts,orange send a text,orange text sms,orange unlimited texts,orange text bundles,orange text message,orange wednesday text,orange text costs,orange text md,Adobe Photoshop (Software),Bengali Language (Human Language),Orange UK (Business Operation),Tutorial (Media Genre) .This process are also helpfull for photoshop cc,adobe cs6,Nice wallpaper.I think these video are also helpfull for every photoshoper.Thank you and god bless you.
AdobePhotoshop4all is created by Archana Ghosh who lives in India.And is a photoshop expert & graphics banner & logo desingner is a renounded photoshop expert across in India.He is also a blogger & youtube patner also.
Official Webpage For Fractalius(Demo Available) :http://www.redfieldplugins.com/filterFractalius.htm
Subscribe To My Channel and Get More Great Tips:http://www.youtube.com/channel/UCvxduUP9N9XAFV1aUbrCSrA?sub_confirmation=1
Follow me on my blogspot or ask me any question :http://adobephotoshoptutorial4all.blogspot.in/
Follow me: 1) https://plus.google.com/u/0/b/118434733124808162199/+Adobephotoshoptutorial4allBlogspotIn123/about
2) https://www.facebook.com/Adobephotoshoptutorial4all?ref=hl&ref_type=bookmark
3) https://twitter.com/ArchanaGhosh142
El documento discute la representación y tratamiento de los extranjeros y "el Otro" en los medios de comunicación y la sociedad. Citando a Ryszard Kapuscinski, señala que a menudo se les ve como objetos de estudio en lugar de socios iguales, y que deben dejar de asociarse solo con lo desconocido y hostil. También menciona la paradoja de que a pesar de la globalización de los medios, su cobertura sobre otros lugares y culturas tiende a ser superficial.
El documento discute el impacto de las nuevas tecnologías de la información y la comunicación (NTIC) en diferentes ámbitos. Explica que las NTIC han transformado la comunicación y distribución de información. También influyen en los entornos sociocultural, político y económico al ampliar el acceso a la información y modificar el comportamiento humano. Las organizaciones se benefician de las NTIC a través de menores costos, procesos más eficientes y mejor atención a clientes.
Project report on Textile effluent treatment by electrochemical processBrijmohan Sharma
This document provides an overview of a student project on treating textile effluent water using an electrochemical process. It includes a certificate verifying the students conducted the project, an acknowledgements section thanking those who helped with the project, and a preface describing how the project helped the students learn. The contents section outlines the document, which explores using electrochemical treatment to make textile wastewater safer before discharge by reducing parameters like BOD, COD and suspended solids. The aim is to compare electrochemical treatment to conventional ETP methods and reduce treatment costs.
Scope of Dyeing Polyester Cotton (PC) Blended Fabric in Single Bath Process f...iosrjce
Dyeing of fabric blends such as Polyester/Cotton (P/C) is presently done with two
chemically different classes of dyes namely disperse for polyester and reactive for cotton, in
two bath process. Experimental work was carried out on finding the possibility of dyeing the
P/C blends in one bath process without drain the liquor after polyester part dyeing. All the
existing chemical and conventional temperature range were applied in this study. The result
indicates that, the using of one bath method in the polyester cotton dyeing can slightly change
the fastness properties than the conventional method. The one bath dyeing method showed
level dyeing having good fastness properties and offers the option of cost effective and ecofriendly
dyeing process.
This document provides information about reactive dyes and disperse dyes. It discusses the dyeing conditions for different types of dyes including acid, basic, direct, disperse, and reactive dyes. It also summarizes the types and properties of reactive dyes and disperse dyes, as well as the dyeing processes for polyester fibers using disperse dyes. Finally, it lists some of the author's textile-related Facebook pages for additional information.
Dyes are colored organic compounds that can impart color to substrates like cloth, paper, plastic or leather. There are several types of dyes classified by their chemistry and application method. Reactive dyes are widely used for cotton dyeing due to their high washfast properties. Disperse dyes are used predominantly on polyester fibers. Direct dyes are water-soluble and used for cotton and cellulose. Vat dyes are applied to cellulosic fibers from a soluble leuco form. Sulfur dyes provide good washfastness for economical cotton dyeing.
Standard, Monitoring & Evaluation of dyeing process Asaye Dessie
The document discusses various aspects of textile dyeing processes including:
- Different types of dyes and dyeing methods used for fibers like cotton, nylon, polyester.
- Key parameters to control in dyeing like temperature, time, chemical concentrations.
- Recipes and conditions for specific dyeing processes like direct dyeing, reactive dyeing, acid dyeing etc.
- Energy sources commonly used in textile dyeing like electricity, steam.
- Machines used for dyeing like jet dyeing machines, jigger dyeing machines.
- Process parameters and evaluation methods for dyeing.
This document discusses a study on salt free reactive dyeing of cotton knit fabric using a cationic fixing agent. It provides background on conventional reactive dyeing which uses large amounts of salt. The study aims to compare dyeing with and without salt by analyzing color values and fastness properties. Pretreatment, dyeing, and properties of different reactive dyes are explained. The document serves as the background and objectives for a student project on evaluating salt free reactive dyeing.
The document provides information about reactive dyes, including:
- Reactive dyes form covalent bonds with fiber polymers through reactive groups, giving excellent wash and light fastness.
- Important reactive groups include triazine, vinyl sulfone, and halogen groups.
- Reactive dyes were invented in 1956 and became popular for their bright colors, low temperature dyeing, and simple process.
- Common application methods are pad-batch and pad-dry processes at low temperatures. Proper pH, electrolyte, alkali, and time are required for effective dye fixation to the fiber.
This document summarizes a study on using biodegradable organic salts as alternatives to inorganic salts and alkalis in the reactive dyeing of cotton textiles. The study found that three biodegradable polycarboxylic sodium salts - sodium edate, trisodium NTA, and tetrasodium GLDA - can provide color yields and fastness properties comparable to traditional inorganic salts and alkalis when used in pad-steam dyeing. Tetrasodium GLDA particularly increased color yield for one reactive dye. Using the organic salts also reduced the total dissolved solids in the dyeing effluent, offering environmental benefits over conventional reactive dyeing methods.
1. The document discusses supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2) dyeing as an alternative to conventional water-based dyeing.
2. Supercritical CO2 dyeing eliminates the use of water, chemicals, and auxiliaries in the dyeing process. It also reduces energy requirements compared to conventional dyeing.
3. The key advantages are that it produces no wastewater, reduces costs, and is more environmentally friendly than conventional dyeing.
This document discusses various chemical finishing methods to improve the wet fastness of dyed textiles. It begins by defining key terms like colour fastness, fading, and bleeding. It then describes the ratings system used to evaluate fastness from 1-5 or 1-8. The rest of the document discusses specific approaches to improving wet fastness for cellulosic, synthetic, and nylon textiles using techniques like intensive washing, reductive agents, cationic products, formaldehyde condensation products, and reactive compounds. It also notes some potential issues with these methods and describes evaluation standards.
The dyestuff sector is one of the important segments of the chemicals industry in India, linked with a variety of sectors like textiles, leather, paper, plastics, printing inks and foodstuffs.
Unit operations and process involved in manufacturing of dyes and dye intermediates, wastewater characteristics of dyes and dye intermediates, effluent discharge standards, treatment technology for dye and dye intermediates, solid waste generation and Gaseous emissions.
This document summarizes Wong Shi Ting's research project on the biosorption of the dye methylene blue using sugarcane bagasse. The research aims to characterize sugarcane bagasse using FTIR spectroscopy, study the factors affecting dye adsorption using two-level factorial design and response surface methodology, and determine the optimum adsorption conditions. Key findings include sugarcane bagasse having an adsorption capacity of 26.58 mg/g for methylene blue under optimal conditions identified by RSM. FTIR analysis also confirmed electrostatic interactions between the dye and sugarcane bagasse fibers during adsorption.
The Influence of Cationization on the Dyeing Performance of Cotton Fabrics wi...IJERA Editor
This document discusses how cationization, or chemical modification using cationic agents, can improve the dyeability of cotton fabrics with direct dyes. The author cationized cotton fabrics using different concentrations of a cationic agent and measured the nitrogen content, which increased with higher cationic agent concentration. Cationization was optimized based on factors like pH, temperature, and time. Dyeing cationized cotton with two direct dyes resulted in higher color strength values than untreated cotton. Cationization allows direct dyes to be used at lower concentrations, reducing dye and water usage and wastewater pollution.
This document provides a project report on applying disperse and reactive dyes to a 65/35 polyester/cotton blended fabric using a two bath system. It acknowledges those who helped with the project and thanks the textile college and company for the opportunity. The abstract discusses challenges in dyeing poly/cotton blends and how dye selection can help control color value, strength, and other properties. Laboratory trials tested compatibility of reactive dyes and analyzed dye fixation using spectrophotometry. The introduction discusses the importance of practical experience and outlines the project goals of studying dye application in different textile industries in Bangladesh.
Improving the Colour Fastness of the Selected Natural Dyes on CottonIOSR Journals
Abstract: This paper reports the improving the colourfastness of the natural dye with dye fixing agents,
extraction of the colourants from natural sources; effects of different mordants and mordanting methods;
selection of fixing agents; dyeing variables; post-treatment process; development of newer shades with post
treatment and analysis of colour improvement parameters with fixing agents for cotton dyed with natural dye;
assessed colour improvement with colourfastness test.
Key words: Dye fixing agents, coloufastness, shade variations with dye fixing agents, natural dye
The document discusses various auxiliaries and chemicals used in dyeing and finishing processes in the textile industry. It defines textile auxiliaries as chemicals that help processing operations like dyeing and printing by speeding them up or making them more efficient. It provides examples of common auxiliaries like sequestering agents, wetting agents, levelling agents, and discusses their functions. It also discusses chemicals used in specific processes like bleaching, mercerizing, soaping and printing.
This document discusses the process of dyeing textiles. It explains that there are three main types of dyeing: fiber, yarn and fabric dyeing. The dyeing process involves successive stages including dispersing dye in a dye bath, diffusion of dye onto and into the fiber substrate, and bonding between dye and fiber molecules. Dyes are also classified by their application method and chemical structure. Proper control of dye bath parameters like liquor ratio, electrolyte concentration, pH and temperature are important to ensure efficient dye absorption and an even color. Modern industrial dyeing is automated but still aims to produce textiles with homogeneous color in an economic manner with good colorfastness.
This document summarizes a study on using natural coagulants from Moringa, corn, green bean, and tamarind seeds to decolorize textile wastewater. The study tested the coagulation efficiency of the different seeds at removing dyes under varying conditions of pH, coagulant dose, and contact time. Moringa seed extract showed the highest color removal rate of 86.45% and produced the lowest sludge content. The natural coagulants were found to be effective and environmentally-friendly alternatives to chemical coagulants for treating textile wastewater.
Orange Text- Photoshop Tutorial In BanglaArchana Ghosh
Orange Text- Photoshop Tutorial In Bangla
It is a photoshop tutorial in about create a orange text.This tutorial is Orange Text- Photoshop Tutorial In Bangla .In this video,I show you how to create orange text effect on an image.such as Orange Text,Photoshop Tutorial,Photoshop Tutorial In Bangla,photoshop,Orange Text,Photoshop Tutorial,Photoshop Tutorial In Bangla,bangla photoshop,how to,how,to,bangla photoshop tutorial,text effect,orange text effect,fruit text,fruit text effect,orange free text,orange free texts,orange send a text,orange text sms,orange unlimited texts,orange text bundles,orange text message,orange wednesday text,orange text costs,orange text md,Adobe Photoshop (Software),Bengali Language (Human Language),Orange UK (Business Operation),Tutorial (Media Genre) .This process are also helpfull for photoshop cc,adobe cs6,Nice wallpaper.I think these video are also helpfull for every photoshoper.Thank you and god bless you.
AdobePhotoshop4all is created by Archana Ghosh who lives in India.And is a photoshop expert & graphics banner & logo desingner is a renounded photoshop expert across in India.He is also a blogger & youtube patner also.
Official Webpage For Fractalius(Demo Available) :http://www.redfieldplugins.com/filterFractalius.htm
Subscribe To My Channel and Get More Great Tips:http://www.youtube.com/channel/UCvxduUP9N9XAFV1aUbrCSrA?sub_confirmation=1
Follow me on my blogspot or ask me any question :http://adobephotoshoptutorial4all.blogspot.in/
Follow me: 1) https://plus.google.com/u/0/b/118434733124808162199/+Adobephotoshoptutorial4allBlogspotIn123/about
2) https://www.facebook.com/Adobephotoshoptutorial4all?ref=hl&ref_type=bookmark
3) https://twitter.com/ArchanaGhosh142
El documento discute la representación y tratamiento de los extranjeros y "el Otro" en los medios de comunicación y la sociedad. Citando a Ryszard Kapuscinski, señala que a menudo se les ve como objetos de estudio en lugar de socios iguales, y que deben dejar de asociarse solo con lo desconocido y hostil. También menciona la paradoja de que a pesar de la globalización de los medios, su cobertura sobre otros lugares y culturas tiende a ser superficial.
El documento discute el impacto de las nuevas tecnologías de la información y la comunicación (NTIC) en diferentes ámbitos. Explica que las NTIC han transformado la comunicación y distribución de información. También influyen en los entornos sociocultural, político y económico al ampliar el acceso a la información y modificar el comportamiento humano. Las organizaciones se benefician de las NTIC a través de menores costos, procesos más eficientes y mejor atención a clientes.
Margarita é um vinho produzido em 2007. É um vinho tinto feito principalmente de uvas tempranillo, garnacha e mazuelo. Foi produzido na região de Rioja, na Espanha.
Presentacion magistral del concepto que une la estetica con la investigacion de la iridologia como parte de ver la estetica como parte de la salud total de cuerpo humano.
Las operaciones binarias incluyen la suma, resta, multiplicación y división entre números en base 2. La suma y resta binarias siguen reglas simples como sumar los dígitos en la misma posición y propagar el acarreo. La multiplicación binaria se realiza de forma análoga a la decimal. La división binaria implica restar repetidamente el divisor del dividendo hasta que no quede más remanente.
Este documento descreve uma simulação de uma conferência sobre fixismo vs evolucionismo. Os alunos serão divididos em grupos para representar diferentes posições como defensores da geração espontânea, criacionismo, catastrofismo, lamarckismo e darwinismo. Cada grupo fará uma apresentação e depois haverá um debate entre as posições.
El documento presenta 13 experiencias de aprendizaje relacionadas con la evaluación del aprendizaje, incluyendo el desempeño en aprendizaje cooperativo, la elaboración de portafolios personales, la construcción de mapas conceptuales sobre material de lectura asignado, y la presentación de investigaciones y estrategias de evaluación.
The document is a Portuguese alphabet book for children. It contains the uppercase and lowercase letters of the Portuguese alphabet written out repeatedly with the letter name. The book was written by Simone Helen Drumond Ishkanian and teaches young readers the alphabet through repetition of each letter in a simple, easy to understand format.
The document outlines a school project by Simone Helen Drumond Ischkanian on legends of the Amazon. It includes sections for the student's school, teacher, name, grade and class. There are also sections left blank for writing individual legends from the Amazon region.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A história conta a jornada de Emy, uma menina que orou para ter olhos azuis como sua família, mas seu pedido não foi atendido. Anos depois, Emy se tornou missionária na Índia e precisava se disfarçar para entrar nos templos, o que era facilitado por seus olhos escuros. Sua amiga missionária percebeu que Deus deu a Emy os olhos que precisava para realizar sua missão.
Presentazione per la serata culturale dell'Associazione Amici del Museo delle Grigne Onlus a Esino Lario, mercoledì 23 luglio 2014 alle 21:00. Proiezione di immagini di Carlo Maria Pensa con Iolanda Pensa.
La persona describe varias actividades como salir con amigos, jugar con una consola portátil, beber Fanta de naranja y pasar unas Navidades geniales, y concluye deseando descansar y pasarlo bien con los amigos.
Aprendizajes según los tipos de contenidossilviabmanzur
Este documento describe los cuatro tipos principales de contenidos de aprendizaje según el constructivismo: contenidos factuales, conceptuales, procedimentales y actitudinales. Explica las características y formas de aprendizaje de cada tipo de contenido.
Este documento presenta la arquitectura WeBioCLOUD, una plataforma de nube inteligente bioinspirada diseñada para virtualizar el conocimiento, la inteligencia y la sabiduría. La arquitectura propone diferentes capas como KaaS, IIaaS y WaaS para ofrecer conocimiento, inteligencia y sabiduría como servicios en la nube de forma colaborativa.
A Comparative Study on Dyeing of Cotton and Silk Fabric Using Madder as a Nat...IOSR Journals
This document presents a study comparing the dyeing of cotton and silk fabrics with madder, a natural red dye. Various mordanting techniques were tested, including pre-mordanting, post-mordanting, and simultaneous mordanting with alum and copper sulfate. The dyed fabrics were evaluated based on color characteristics and colorfastness properties. The results showed that silk fabrics dyed darker shades than cotton and exhibited better colorfastness to washing and rubbing when mordanted. Mordanted silk samples showed deeper colors and greater wash fastness compared to mordanted cotton samples. While mordanting improved some properties, the dyed fabrics generally displayed poor perspiration fastness.
Correlation between thermodynamic parameters andAlexander Decker
Nine carboxylated reactive dyes were synthesized and applied to silk fabric. The dyes showed high equilibrium exhaustion percentages between 80-97% on the silk. However, wash fastness was poor due to weak dye-fiber bonds. Aftertreatment with carbodiimide improved fixation and significantly increased wash fastness for dyes containing carboxylic acid groups by forming covalent bonds between the dye and silk fiber. Thermodynamic parameters like partition coefficient and standard affinity correlated with exhaustion percentage and were higher for dyes with stronger dye-fiber interactions.
Removal of Harmful Textile Dye Congo Red from Aqueous Solution Using Chitosan...IJERA Editor
Color is an important aspect of human life. Textile industries are the major consumers of dye stuffs. During coloration process, 10 to 15 percent of the dyes will be lost and this will be discharged with the effluents coming from textile industries. These are very difficult to degrade and they may degrade to form products that are highly toxic to human. Today, methods such as coagulation, flocculation, activated carbon adsorption, etc. are available for the removal of dyes. These are all quite expensive and difficult to degrade. Chitosan is a natural hetero polymer derived from chitin. Chitosan has proved to be effective in removing hazardous compounds from environment due to its multiple functional groups. It is available as flakes and powder. In the present work, chitosan beads were prepared and modified with a cationic surfactant CTAB for the removal of dye Congo Red. Batch experiments were conducted to study the effect of CTAB concentration, contact time, agitation speed, adsorbent dosage, initial dye concentration and pH. Batch equilibrium data were analyzed using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm. Bach kinetic data were analyzed using Pseudo first order kinetic model and pseudo second order kinetic model.
This document discusses the effects of metals in water on the cotton knitting dyeing process. It finds that the main metals contaminating cotton knits are iron, calcium, magnesium, and manganese. Higher levels of these metals, especially iron, manganese and copper, negatively impact dye uptake and color fastness. The optimum metal concentrations are calcium and magnesium less than 10 mg/L, and iron, manganese and copper less than 0.1 mg/L. Controlling water quality helps ensure the right shade is achieved in dyeing with minimal reprocessing or waste.
The adsorption behavior of Methylene blue dye, Bismarck brown Y dye, and Indigo dye on to Sphagnum cymbifolium (moss) was investigated as a function of flow rate, and bed height through the fixed bed process.
One of the main objectives of this research is to expand the field of application of natural biomass for the treatment of dye waste waters from industrial effluents. Additionally, it is aimed at elucidating the dependency or otherwise of flow rate, and bed height on adsorption using the fixed bed technique method of adsorption.
The biomass was characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy in order to examine the morphology of the biomass. The screened biomass samples were characterized at 1000 ×magnification, and 500 ×magnification respectively for their surface morphologies. This was done using a scanning electron microscope which was equipped with an energy dispersive x-ray spectrophotometer employed for the elemental composition analyses. It was equally characterized with Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy before and after adsorption to ascertain the functional groups responsible for the adsorption. This was done using a Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectrophotometer (Perkin-Elmer, England) in the wavelength range of 350-4000 nm.
Results for the biomass morphology obtained through the Scanning Electron Microscopy revealed the presence of tiny pores. These pores represent sites where dye molecules could be trapped in the course of the adsorption. The result from the Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy after adsorption show that C-H, C≡H, C≡C functional groups were responsible for the adsorption. For methylene blue dye, at the flow rate of 20 m3/s, the amount of dye adsorbed was 18.80 mg/g, 22.70 mg/g at 30 m3/s, and 25.40 mg/g at 40 m3/s. For Bismarck brown Y dye, at the same range of flow rate, the amount of dye adsorbed ranged from 12.34 mg/g - 20.62 mg/g. For indigo dye, the values obtained ranged from 6.48 mg/g - 17.71 mg/g. In addition, at the bed height range of 4.0 - 6.0x10-2(m), the amount of dye adsorbed ranged from 6.31 mg/g - 27.73 mg/g for methylene blue dye. Within the same range of bed height, the amount of dye adsorbed ranged from 16.40 mg/g - 25.60 mg/g for Bismarck brown y dye, and 12.57 mg/g - 17.71 mg for indigo dye.
A series of batch and bioreactors experiments were carried out for absorption of dis-azo dyes present in
textile mill effluents under different aeration conditions. One fungal strain with five rates of air was
used to absorb direct brown dye. Five liters bioreactors were applied to study the removal performance.
The experimental results are compared for various operating conditions. The effects of airflow rate
(1/8, ¼, ½, 1, 2 v/v min) inlet on the dye removing were assessed. It was found that the rate of aeration
of ½ v/v min induced increase in dye removal percentages (72%) and fungal biomass (9.2 g); at the rate
of aeration of 2 v/v min, high dye removal percentage (77%) was recorded with a decrease in biomass
dry weight at the end of the incubation time. The results also indicated that the biomass dry weight
obtained at three flow rates of aeration was more or less similar until the end of the growth stage (after
incubation for three days). The results obtained indicate that using low rate of aeration (1/8, ¼, ½ v/v
min) was better for dye biosorption than high rate (1, 2 v/v min), and therefore it is recommended for
dis-azo dye removing.
The impact of flow rate and bed height on the adsorption behavior of methylene blue, Bismarck brown y, and indigo dyes on to Cedrus libani was investigated. The biomass was characterized by scanning electron microscopy as well as Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy before and after adsorption to ascertain the functional groups responsible for the adsorption. The amount of dye adsorbed per unit mass of the biomass (qe) was calculated and was found to be dependent on the variables investigated within the experimental range. It was discovered that increase in bed height and flow rate increased the value of the dye adsorbed on to the biomass. The results obtained show that methylene blue dye adsorbed more onto the biomass, while indigo dye adsorbed at the least level.
Assessment of Bleached and Unbleached Jute Yarn with Various Dyes and Paramet...CrimsonpublishersMedical
This project deals with the studies on dyeing behavior of bleached and unbleached jute yarn dyed with different dyes as well as assessment of different quality parameters like as effect of different color fastness properties, Absorbency and Weight loss. In this research work Reactive dyes (orange), Acid dyes (red), Basic dyes (yellow) and direct dyes (blue) were used. Lab dyeing machine and other fastness machines (To analyze Color Fastness to wash and Colorfastness to rubbing) were used to conduct this research work. It was found that bleached yarn had higher depth of shade and better fastness properties under the same dye concentration. Among all the dyes reactive dyes showed the better fastness property.
This document discusses the history and types of dyeing, as well as a novel electrochemical dyeing process. It notes that traditional dyeing uses chemicals that produce toxic byproducts and are difficult to recycle. However, the new electrochemical process allows for product savings, fewer chemicals with improved safety, less water and chemical waste pollution. It controls dye reduction electrically rather than chemically, improving process control and reproducibility while reducing environmental impact.
Adsorption Studies of an Acid Dye From Aqueous Solution Using Lagerstroemia I...IJMER
The effectiveness of adsorption for acid dye removal from wastewaters has made it an ideal
alternative to other expensive treatment options. The removal of acid Violet 4BS onto seeds of
Lagerstroemia indica (LIS) from aqueous solutions was investigated using parameters such as contact
time, pH, temperature, adsorbent doses, and initial dye concentration. Adsorption isotherms of dyes onto
LIS were determined and correlated with common isotherm equations such as the Langmuir and
Freundlich models. It was found that the Langmuir isotherm appears to fit the isotherm data better than
the Freundlich isotherm. Parameters of the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were determined using
adsorption data. The maximum removal of Acid Violet 4BS by the adsorbent was obtained at pH 2. The
maximum percentage of dye removal (86.67%) was obtained at an initial dye concentration of 10mg/L
with adsorbent dosage of 50 mg per 50 ml of dye solution. The adsorption kinetics of acid violet 4BS
could be described by the pseudo-second order reaction model. The data obtained from adsorption
isotherms at different temperatures were used to calculate several thermo-dynamic quantities such as the
Gibbs energy (ΔG
0
), enthalpy (ΔH
0
), and entropy (ΔS
0
) of adsorption. The adsorption process was found
to be spontaneous, exothermic and physical in nature. Locally available adsorbent LIS was found to have
a low cost and was promising for the removal of acid violet 4BS from aqueous solutions
Sustainability of vat and sulphur dyeingHaseeb Ahmad
1. The document compares different pad-dyeing methods for cotton fabrics using sulfur dyes, including a conventional pad-steam method and more sustainable pad-ox methods.
2. Testing found the pad-ox methods produced lower chemical oxygen demand and biological oxygen demand in effluents, with higher color yields and acceptable colorfastness compared to the conventional method.
3. The pad-ox methods also significantly reduced water and energy consumption, making them more cost-effective options for textile dyeing.
Simultaneous Acid Dyeing and Modified DMDHEU Finishing of Cotton Fabrics for ...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a study on simultaneously dyeing and finishing cotton fabrics with acid dyes and modified DMDHEU resin. The goal is to reduce energy consumption, time, and costs compared to conventional separate dyeing and finishing processes. Cotton fabrics were treated with varying concentrations of acid dye and modified DMDHEU using a pad-dry-cure method. The treated fabrics were evaluated for color strength, crease recovery angle, tensile strength, weight add-on, and fastness properties. The results showed improved color strength compared to separately dyed fabrics. Crease recovery angles were comparable to conventional processes. This simultaneous process offers advantages of reduced energy, time, and production costs while providing sustainable textile processing.
Application of response surface methodology for biosorption of reactive dyes ...IJLT EMAS
1. The document describes a study that used response surface methodology to optimize the biosorption of reactive dyes from textile effluent using dead biomass of the fungus Rhizopus arrhizus.
2. Central composite design was employed to determine the optimum conditions of pH, biosorbent dosage, agitation speed, and contact time for maximum dye removal.
3. Under the optimal conditions of pH 2.0, biosorbent dosage of 3 g/L, agitation speed of 80 rpm, and contact time of 60 minutes, 99.6% of dyes were removed from the wastewater.
This article studies the effect of surface modification of polyester (PET) and silk fabrics by exposing to cold plasma discharge. The cold plasma discharge was proceeded using oxygen/Argon mixed gas as a working gas and different plasma device parameters have been studied such as: different time, different current and different hydrostatic pressure. Treated fabrics are characterized by the measurements and evaluation of mechanical properties, air permeability, Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) and the changes in surface morphological of pretreated fabrics were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis (EDX)). Then the exposed plasma fabrics at optimum conditions were modified with prepared nano-silver. The antibacterial activity for treated fabrics against gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aurous) and gram negative bacteria (Escherichia coli) were examined. Also the ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) values increase for both exposed fabrics but the increase is not significant in silk fabrics while antibacterial properties were highly improved by the treatment of fabric. As an applied part for the efficiency of the plasma and nano-treatment, oxygen and oxygen/argon mixed gas plasma and/or nano-silver treated silk samples were separately dyed with Natural Red Lac Dye. Finally, as a metrological part, the uncertainty budget of tensile strength measurement of polyester samples was calculated and analyzed with a well verified traceability via applying all the measurements which are traceable to SI units.
Dyeing of Cotton and Polyester with Teak LeavesAkKhanSaki
This study investigated dyeing cotton and polyester fabrics with dye extracted from teak leaves. Teak leaves were extracted using boiling water to produce a dye solution. Cotton samples were dyed with and without mordants, and polyester was dyed using auxiliaries. The dyed fabrics were evaluated for colorfastness to rubbing, washing, perspiration and water. Results showed teak leaf dye provided color to both natural and synthetic fabrics. Colorfastness improved with use of mordants on cotton and auxiliaries on polyester. The study demonstrated the potential of teak leaf dye as a sustainable and eco-friendly dye source.
Operational parameters affecting the removal and recycling of direct blue ind...IJEAB
In this work the ability of “bleached” oil mill solid waste to reduce the dyestuff content in industrial textile wastewater was studied. Bleaching treatment consists in a preliminary oil mill solid waste management with NaOH and NaClO2 for obtaining cellulosic materials, mainly removing lignin from the waste surface. Thus, a novel bioadsorbent from agricultural residues, named bleached olive pomace (OP), was presented. Direct Blue 78 was studied as a model azoic dye. Experiments were planned to study the effect of different initial conditions on the adsorption processes: oil mill waste amount as grains and as a fine powder (OPP), solution temperature values, initial dye concentration, pH values and electrolytes influence. The results showed that the adsorption process using bleached oil mill waste determined an excellent degree of water color reduction, reaching the best work conditions when pH 2 and OPP were used. The presence of electrostatic interactions was also suggested. The adsorption appeared to be influenced by temperature values showing an endothermic character. Interestingly, to confirm the role of ionic interactions between dye and sorbent at pH 2, fashionable results were obtained. The adsorption process was verified also at pH 6 with 100% of dye removal in presence of both NaCl and Na2SO4 avoiding the aforementioned strong acid conditions. A very important aspect of this work is the recycle of both the dye and the adsorbent, with particular attention to the dye reuse for coloring cotton fabric.
IRJET - Effect of Ph and Oxidation Reduction Potential on Dyeing of Modal Kni...IRJET Journal
1) The document studies the dyeing performance of natural and synthetic indigo dyes on modal knitted fabric in terms of dye uptake (K/S value), color fastness to rubbing, and color fastness to wash.
2) It finds that natural indigo dye shows lower dye absorbency (K/S value) than synthetic indigo dye under the same dyeing parameters, but the color fastness to wash and rubbing is better with natural indigo dyed modal fabric than synthetic indigo dyed modal.
3) The dyeing performance is influenced by dye concentration, pH, and oxidation reduction potential (ORP), with pH 12 and ORP of -800mV found to produce the optimal color
Adsorption Studies on The Removal of Reactive Red Dye from Aqueous Solution U...IJLT EMAS
The increase in the use of dyes in industries has caused
major problems in the treatment of the industrial effluent. The
need to create economically and ecologically sound solutions to
this problem has been investigated here. Bio-adsorbent chitosan
has shown very promising characteristics in this field. A
comparative study of adsorption of aqueous Reactive red dye
solution on non-cross linked chitosan beads and ECH cross
linked chitosan beads was conducted using batch operations. The
extent of adsorption was tested against parameters of time,
adsorbent dosage, initial dye concentration, rpm and pH. Cross
linked beads were found to be more efficient than normal beads.
ECH cross linked chitosan beads are visibly more rigid than
chitosan beads and they have high stability in acidic medium
compared to chitosan beads which disintegrate in acidic medium.
A higher initial concentration of dye and pH of 3 was found to be
favorable for adsorption. Complete removal of dye was achieved
at 3 hours for a dye solution of 100ppm at pH 3. Kinetic rate
studies established that the pseudo-second order kinetics was
most suited to the adsorption of reactive red onto chitosan beads
The Freundlich isotherm was in agreement with the experimental
data.
Eco friendly dyeing of viscose fabric with reactive dyesiaemedu
This document summarizes research on eco-friendly dyeing of viscose fabric with reactive dyes using polyacrylic acid and cross-linking agents. The researcher synthesized and characterized polyacrylic acid and the cross-linking agent glycerol-1,3-dichlorohydrin. Viscose fabric was treated with optimized concentrations of polyacrylic acid and a cross-linking agent, then dyed with various reactive dyes without salt or alkali at neutral pH. Different dyeing processes were tested and dye uptake was evaluated. The treated fabric showed improved dyeability with reactive dyes at neutral pH without conventional chemicals.
Building Production Ready Search Pipelines with Spark and MilvusZilliz
Spark is the widely used ETL tool for processing, indexing and ingesting data to serving stack for search. Milvus is the production-ready open-source vector database. In this talk we will show how to use Spark to process unstructured data to extract vector representations, and push the vectors to Milvus vector database for search serving.
Essentials of Automations: The Art of Triggers and Actions in FMESafe Software
In this second installment of our Essentials of Automations webinar series, we’ll explore the landscape of triggers and actions, guiding you through the nuances of authoring and adapting workspaces for seamless automations. Gain an understanding of the full spectrum of triggers and actions available in FME, empowering you to enhance your workspaces for efficient automation.
We’ll kick things off by showcasing the most commonly used event-based triggers, introducing you to various automation workflows like manual triggers, schedules, directory watchers, and more. Plus, see how these elements play out in real scenarios.
Whether you’re tweaking your current setup or building from the ground up, this session will arm you with the tools and insights needed to transform your FME usage into a powerhouse of productivity. Join us to discover effective strategies that simplify complex processes, enhancing your productivity and transforming your data management practices with FME. Let’s turn complexity into clarity and make your workspaces work wonders!
Pushing the limits of ePRTC: 100ns holdover for 100 daysAdtran
At WSTS 2024, Alon Stern explored the topic of parametric holdover and explained how recent research findings can be implemented in real-world PNT networks to achieve 100 nanoseconds of accuracy for up to 100 days.
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
We’ll show you how to fix common misconfigurations that cause higher-than-expected user counts, and how to identify accounts which you can deactivate to save money. There are also frequent patterns that can cause unnecessary cost, like using a person document instead of a mail-in for shared mailboxes. We’ll provide examples and solutions for those as well. And naturally we’ll explain the new licensing model.
Join HCL Ambassador Marc Thomas in this webinar with a special guest appearance from Franz Walder. It will give you the tools and know-how to stay on top of what is going on with Domino licensing. You will be able lower your cost through an optimized configuration and keep it low going forward.
These topics will be covered
- Reducing license cost by finding and fixing misconfigurations and superfluous accounts
- How do CCB and CCX licenses really work?
- Understanding the DLAU tool and how to best utilize it
- Tips for common problem areas, like team mailboxes, functional/test users, etc
- Practical examples and best practices to implement right away
GraphSummit Singapore | The Art of the Possible with Graph - Q2 2024Neo4j
Neha Bajwa, Vice President of Product Marketing, Neo4j
Join us as we explore breakthrough innovations enabled by interconnected data and AI. Discover firsthand how organizations use relationships in data to uncover contextual insights and solve our most pressing challenges – from optimizing supply chains, detecting fraud, and improving customer experiences to accelerating drug discoveries.
AI 101: An Introduction to the Basics and Impact of Artificial IntelligenceIndexBug
Imagine a world where machines not only perform tasks but also learn, adapt, and make decisions. This is the promise of Artificial Intelligence (AI), a technology that's not just enhancing our lives but revolutionizing entire industries.
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/building-and-scaling-ai-applications-with-the-nx-ai-manager-a-presentation-from-network-optix/
Robin van Emden, Senior Director of Data Science at Network Optix, presents the “Building and Scaling AI Applications with the Nx AI Manager,” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
In this presentation, van Emden covers the basics of scaling edge AI solutions using the Nx tool kit. He emphasizes the process of developing AI models and deploying them globally. He also showcases the conversion of AI models and the creation of effective edge AI pipelines, with a focus on pre-processing, model conversion, selecting the appropriate inference engine for the target hardware and post-processing.
van Emden shows how Nx can simplify the developer’s life and facilitate a rapid transition from concept to production-ready applications.He provides valuable insights into developing scalable and efficient edge AI solutions, with a strong focus on practical implementation.
HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind für viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heißes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und Lizenzgebühren zu kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer möglich. Das verstehen wir und wir möchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Überblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
Diese Themen werden behandelt
- Reduzierung der Lizenzkosten durch Auffinden und Beheben von Fehlkonfigurationen und überflüssigen Konten
- Wie funktionieren CCB- und CCX-Lizenzen wirklich?
- Verstehen des DLAU-Tools und wie man es am besten nutzt
- Tipps für häufige Problembereiche, wie z. B. Team-Postfächer, Funktions-/Testbenutzer usw.
- Praxisbeispiele und Best Practices zum sofortigen Umsetzen
“An Outlook of the Ongoing and Future Relationship between Blockchain Technologies and Process-aware Information Systems.” Invited talk at the joint workshop on Blockchain for Information Systems (BC4IS) and Blockchain for Trusted Data Sharing (B4TDS), co-located with with the 36th International Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering (CAiSE), 3 June 2024, Limassol, Cyprus.
Goodbye Windows 11: Make Way for Nitrux Linux 3.5.0!SOFTTECHHUB
As the digital landscape continually evolves, operating systems play a critical role in shaping user experiences and productivity. The launch of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 marks a significant milestone, offering a robust alternative to traditional systems such as Windows 11. This article delves into the essence of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, exploring its unique features, advantages, and how it stands as a compelling choice for both casual users and tech enthusiasts.
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing DaysKari Kakkonen
My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
Climate impact / sustainability of software testing discussed on the talk. ICT and testing must carry their part of global responsibility to help with the climat warming. We can minimize the carbon footprint but we can also have a carbon handprint, a positive impact on the climate. Quality characteristics can be added with sustainability, and then measured continuously. Test environments can be used less, and in smaller scale and on demand. Test techniques can be used in optimizing or minimizing number of tests. Test automation can be used to speed up testing.
Unlocking Productivity: Leveraging the Potential of Copilot in Microsoft 365, a presentation by Christoforos Vlachos, Senior Solutions Manager – Modern Workplace, Uni Systems
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 5DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 5. In this session, we will cover CI/CD with devops.
Topics covered:
CI/CD with in UiPath
End-to-end overview of CI/CD pipeline with Azure devops
Speaker:
Lyndsey Byblow, Test Suite Sales Engineer @ UiPath, Inc.
Sudheer Mechineni, Head of Application Frameworks, Standard Chartered Bank
Discover how Standard Chartered Bank harnessed the power of Neo4j to transform complex data access challenges into a dynamic, scalable graph database solution. This keynote will cover their journey from initial adoption to deploying a fully automated, enterprise-grade causal cluster, highlighting key strategies for modelling organisational changes and ensuring robust disaster recovery. Learn how these innovations have not only enhanced Standard Chartered Bank’s data infrastructure but also positioned them as pioneers in the banking sector’s adoption of graph technology.
1. M.F. Shahin et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 6( Version 4), June 2014, pp.35-40
www.ijera.com 35 | P a g e
Optimizing the Dyeing Process of Alkali-Treated Polyester Fabric
with Dolu Natural Dye
M.F. Shahin,٭ R.M. Ahmed,٭٭ and M.M. Marie٭
٭Textile Printing, Dyeing and Finishing Department, Faculty of Applied Arts, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt.
٭٭The Higher Institute of Applied Arts, Art & Design Academy, Egypt.
Abstract
An attempt has been made to optimize the process of dyeing polyester (PET) fabric with natural dyes. Polyester
has been first treated with NaOH solution in order to study its impact on the dyeability to the natural dye. The
required and used colour component was extracted from a natural plant, namely: Rhubarb; Rheum officinale.
The chemical structure of the used colouring matter is observed to have all the characteristics of a typical
disperse dye.
The colour strength of PET fabric was noticed to increase as a result of alkali treatment which may be attributed
to the alteration in the hydrophobicity of polyester fibre. The most effective parameters that may affect the dye
uptake of the natural dye on alkali-treated PET fabric and the final dyeing properties including dye bath pH,
dyeing temperature and time were studied in details.
The behaviour of the selected and used natural dye was found to be similar to that of disperse dyes. Addition of
salicylic acid to the dye bath accelerated the rate of dyeing and subsequently higher colour strength was
attained. Non- ionic dispersing agent was also used to ensure better dyeing uniformity and higher dispersion
stability of dye liquor.
It is obvious from this study that natural dyes can produce bright colour hues and colour fastness properties
equivalent to those of synthetic disperse dyes. Thus, natural dyes may be considered as an eco- friendly
alternative to the synthetic ones.
Key words: Polyester, natural dye, Rhubarb, dyeing, alkali- treated polyester.
I. Introduction
Synthetic fibres, in general, are dyed with
disperse dyes. Disperse dyes, as most of the synthetic
dyes, especially the azo dyes (-N=N-) have
deleterious environmental consequences, and
contribute to pollution and waste disposal problems.
(1)
The dyes are produced from intermediates and
chemicals which are toxic and hazardous to human
health as well as to the environment. As a result, a
great interest in realization of clean industry and
using a safe and eco- friendly alternatives to synthetic
dyes has been generated during the recent years. (2)
In
line with this trend, there is now an increasing
interest for using natural dyes for colouring both
natural and synthetic fibres. (3)
A number of investigations have been reported
on the application of natural dyes on wool (4-7)
, silk (8-
11),
and on cotton fibres (12-16)
. However, limited
studies are made on the application of natural dyes on
synthetic fibres (17-22)
. On the other hand, intense
studies were made for improving the physical
properties of polyester fibres especially in the trend
of increasing the water absorption capacity as well as
improving the electric properties (minimizing static
charges accumulation on fibre surface).
Alkaline treatment of polyester with aqueous
solutions of sodium hydroxide and/or amine
compounds was found to enhance the physical
properties of polyester and improve its appearance to
be silk- like fibres. Therefore, many various studies
were made to optimize the alkaline treatment
conditions in order to realize the desired qualities (23-
26)
.
In the present study, a natural dye (Rhubarb) is
selected to study its behaviour during the dyeing of
alkalized polyester fibres and optimizing the dyeing
conditions.
II. Experimental
Materials:
Fabric
Scoured and bleached polyester fabric weighting
200 g/m2
was used for this study.
Dyes
Chinese Rhubarb "Dolu" (Rheum officinale)
was obtained from the Agricultural Seeds Medicinal
and Medical Plant Company (Harraz), Cairo, Egypt.
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
2. M.F. Shahin et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 6( Version 4), June 2014, pp.35-40
www.ijera.com 36 | P a g e
Chemicals
Sodium hydroxide for (alkali treatment of
polyester), Tanasperse OH (dispersing agent) and
Tanaterge FTD-N (anionic detergent) from SYBRON
TANATEX Company and salicylic acid as (an
accelerator) were used throughout this investigation.
Procedures:
Alkali Treatment
Polyester samples were treated with aqueous
solution of NaOH (12%) at L.R. 1:50 at different
degrees of temperatures (50-80̊ C) and for various
durations (30-120 min.). The treated samples were,
then, rinsed with hot and cold water.
Extraction of the dye
The dye was extracted from rhubarb plant
regarding the following method:
-10 gm of plant (powder) + 100 ml water.
-Boiling for 1 hour then the filtration process takes
place.
After filtration the extracted solution was placed
in a cold place and also a little amount of alcohol was
added to the extract in order to prevent the
appearance of bacteria in the extracted solution until
its usage.
Dyeing
The dyeing process was performed according to
the following conditions:
-L.R 1:100
-50% of the dyeing solution is the dye extract.
-7 g/l salicylic acid.
-pH value was about 2.5 after acid addition.
The dyeing process started at about 50 ̊ C
then the temperature was gradually raised to 95 ̊C
during 10 minutes, after which the dyeing process
continued for 75 min.
Washing
The dyed samples were washed in order to
remove the excess dye from the fibre surface . The
soaping solution contained 2 g/l detergent and the
process was carried out using liquor ratio 1:100 at 60̊
C for 15 minutes. The samples were then rinsed with
hot and cold water and finally air- dried.
Colour Measurement
The colour strength (K/S) of the dyed samples
were measured using spectrophotometer, model
I.C.S., made by Texicon Ltd., Kennetside Park, New
bury, Berkshire, UK. The K/S values were obtained
directly according to the equation:
K/S = (1-R) 2
/ 2R
Where K and S are constants associated with the
light absorption and scattering of the fabric
respectively. R is the reflectance of the dyed fabric
measured at the wavelength of maximum light
absorption expressed in fractional form.
Fastness Properties Determination
The fastness properties of the dyed samples were
determined by the following tests prescribed by ISO
and AATCC standards:
Washing fastness ISO 105 C01
Light fastness ISO 105 B04
Rubbing fastness AATCC Test Method
No.8
Perspiration fastness AATCC Test Method
No.15
III. Results and Discussion
(i) Optimization of alkali treatment
The treatment of polyester fabric in alkali
medium is a common modification process for
producing a fabric with desirable qualities. Alkali
treatment of polyester fabric could produce a fabric
with better performance. The results show that alkali
treatment with NaOH at the optimum temperature
and time could hydrolyze the polyester fiber surface
and the fiber changes to a soft cloth with draping, and
may also improve some of the fabric properties, such
as fabric regain, water absorbency, and fabric pilling.
(27, 28)
The dyeing and resultant colour properties of
alkali treated polyester would be expected to change
as progressively more material is hydrolytically
removed from the fiber surface. Earlier studies have
shown that alkali etched polyester tends to be dyed
more deeply and to slightly different shades than
does untreated polyester. (29)
The present work tries to take advantage of this
treatment to enhance dyeability of natural dyes
towards polyester fabric, and factors affecting this
treatment were investigated in order to achieve better
colour strength of the dyed samples keeping the
weight loss in the range of not affecting the tensile
strength of the treated samples.
1- Effect of treatment temperature:
The temperature of the treatment bath plays a
great role, and to determine the suitable temperature
that achieve maximum colour strength of the after
dyed samples, taking into consideration its influence
Engli
sh
name
Botani
cal
name
Part
used
Chemical
structure
C.I
No.
Chine
se
Rhub
arb
Rheum
officin
ale
Root
s
R1= CH3,R2= H
Natura
l
yellow
23
O
OOH
R2 R1
OH
5
10a 10
4a
3
2
5a8a
7
6
3. M.F. Shahin et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 6( Version 4), June 2014, pp.35-40
www.ijera.com 37 | P a g e
on the rapidity of the treatment and eventually on the
weight loss, polyester samples were treated in sodium
hydroxide solution as mentioned before for 30
minutes at different temperatures. The K/S of the
alkali treated and dyed PET samples are illustrated in
table (1).
Temperature Weight
loss%
K/S Increase in
K/S (%)
50̊ C ~ 0.54 4.09 9.06
60̊ C ~ 3.00 4.13 10.13
70̊ C ~ 4.00 4.21 12.27
80̊ C ~ 8.00 4.42 17.87
Table (1): The relationship between the treatment
temperature and the K/S of the treated polyester
fabric dyed with dolu extract.
From table (1), it can be noticed that the colour
strength increased as a result of increasing the
temperature which reaches its maximum value (4.42)
at 80̊ C. These results were expected as polyester
only starts to saponify to a larger extent above the
glass transition temperature which is between 80 and
90̊ C with the usual fiber types. (30)
It must be
mentioned that the K/S of the untreated PET samples
(control) is (3.75).
2- Effect of treatment duration:
To study the importance of this factor and its
impact on the alkali treatment and hence the weight
loss of polyester fabric, the alkali treatment process
was carried out for different durations i.e. (30,60,90
and 120 minutes) at 70̊ C. The alkali treated PET
samples were then dyed with dolu extract under
definite conditions, washed and air- dried. The K/S
were then, measured and the received data are shown
in table (2).
Time Weight
loss%
K/S Increase in
K/S (%)
30 min. ~ 4.00 4.21 12.27
60 min. ~ 9.40 4.32 15.20
90 min. ~ 14.13 4.53 20.80
120 min. ~ 20.30 4.76 26.93
Table (2): The relationship between the treatment
time and the K/S of the treated polyester fabric dyed
with dolu extract.
It is well observed from table(2) that the colour
strength of the dyed samples increases by increasing
the treatment time, and it reaches its maximum value
when performing the alkali treatment for 120
minutes, and it is worth mentioning that the weight
loss was kept within limits.
It may be concluded, from the previous
results, that there is a relationship between degree of
alkaline surface modification of PET fibres and their
dyeability to the applied natural dye extract (dolu).
Alkaline treatment of PET fibres results in a
substantial surface modification with formation of
such a number of holes as a result of alkaline
hydrolysis of PET polymer chains at the fibre surface
(31)
. Increasing the porosity of fibre surface will thus
accelerate the rate of dye diffusion (dolu) inside the
fibres and as a result, higher colour strength is
attained.
(ii) Optimization of dyeing conditions
The initial studies showed that it was indeed
possible to dye nylon and polyester with natural dyes
in deep and fast colours (32)
, and to insure good
performance it was better to choose a dye that
resembles synthetic disperse dyes. Dolu was the dye
that extracted from the rhubarb plant and it was
evident that the dyes present in materials such as
henna, juglone, madder and rhubarb had molecules
which had all the characteristics of a typical disperse
dye. (32)
Dolu is one of the dyes based on a quinone
molecule (hydroxy anthraquinone) (33)
and the values
of standard affinity quite high compared to those for
most synthetic dyes indicating a high affinity of the
dye for polyester. (32)
The main colour component of Rhubarb roots is
the chrysophanic acid which is present as the
glycoside chrysophanein, C12 H20 O9, together with
emodin -3- monomethylether and rhein. (34)
In the present study, emphasis has been given on
optimization of conditions for dyeing alkalized PET
fibres with dolu natural dye. All the factors that may
affect the dyeing process were studied in details.
1- Effect of dispersing agent concentration:
In order to disclose the function of dispersing
agent in the natural dyeing bath with dolu, the
dispersing agent was added to the bath at different
concentrations i.e. (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2 g/l). The results of
K/S measurements of dyed samples are shown in
table (3).
Dispersing agent conc. K/S
0.0 g/l 3.36
0.5 g/l 3.20
1.0 g/l 3.21
1.5 g/l 3.47
2.0 g/l 3.39
Table (3): The relationship between the dispersing
agent concentration and the K/S of the treated
polyester fabric dyed with dolu extract.
Dyeing conditions: 50% dye extract , temp. 100̊ C,
time: 60 min., L.R 1:100
4. M.F. Shahin et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 6( Version 4), June 2014, pp.35-40
www.ijera.com 38 | P a g e
It is clear from table (3) that dispersing agent is
not playing a significant role in increasing the colour
strength since its essential role in the dyebath is to
help maintain dispersion stability under dyeing
conditions and to assist level dyeing.
2- Effect of dyeing accelerator concentration:
Employment of carriers is a familiar method for
increasing the speed of diffusion of dyes in
hydrophobic fibers. Their particular feature is that
they provoke loosening of the fiber microstructure.
(35)
Salicylic acid was selected as an accelerator or as a
carrier to be added to the dyeing bath to facilitate the
dyeing process; especially that the dyeing process
was carried out under the boiling point.
Table (4) indicates the effect of salicylic acid
concentration on the colour strength obtained.
Salicylic acid conc. K/S Increase in K/S (%)
without 3.36 -
3.0 g/l 3.47 3.27
5.0 g/l 3.51 4.46
7.0 g/l 3.82 13.69
10 g/l 4.30 27.98
Table (4): The relationship between salicylic acid
concentration and the K/S of the treated polyester
fabric dyed with dolu extract.
Dyeing conditions: 50% dye extract , temp. 100̊ C,
time: 60 min., L.R 1:100
It can be concluded from the data in table (4) that
colour strength of the pretreated fabric increases by
increasing salicylic acid concentration up to 10 g/l.
The maximum colour strength (4.30) was obtained
using 10 g/l of salicylic acid, since the colour
strength is found to increase by about 28% compared
to that sample dyed without using salicylic acid.
Dyeing assistants or carriers are playing an
essential role in dyeing synthetic fibres especially
when the dyeing process is carried out under
atmospheric pressure. Salicylic acid acts as a carrier
or plasticizing agent for PET fibres resulting in
increasing the number and size of voids within which
the molecules of dolu natural dye can diffuse easily
and faster inside the molecular structure of PET
fibres.
3- Effect of dyeing pH:
The effect of dyeing pH was investigated in
order to achieve maximum colour strength of the
dyed samples. The results are presented in table (5).
Dyeing pH value K/S
4 3.54
5 3.27
6 2.93
7 2.62
8 2.34
Table (5): The relationship between dyeing pH value
and the K/S of the treated polyester fabric dyed with
dolu extract.
Dyeing conditions: 50% dye extract , 7 g/l salicylic
acid, temp. 100̊ C, time: 60 min., L.R 1:100
It is obvious that the lower the pH value, the
more colour strength attained. A gradual decrease in
K/S is noticed as a result of increasing the pH of
dyeing from pH 4 to pH 8, since the (%) reduction in
K/S reached about 33.9%. This result may be
attributed to the effect of pH of dyeing bath on the
state of functional groups in both alkalized PET fibre
and dolu natural dye.
Increasing the pH of the dyebath enhance the
tendency of carboxyl groups in alkalized PET fibres
and the aromatic hydroxyl groups in the dye
molecules to ionization, resulting in increasing the
electrical repulsion between fibre and dye. Thus, the
rate of dyeing will be effectively reduced and the
magnitude of decreasing in dye up take will depend
to great extent on the degree of ionization of both –
COOH and
-OH groups in fibre and dye respectively.
In the aforementioned factor, the pH of the
dyeing bath reached
~ 2.5 by using 7 g/l salicylic acid and the K/S
obtained was (3.82). When comparing this result with
the results based on table (5), it is better to add
salicylic acid to the dyeing bath without adjusting the
pH value.
4- Effect of dyeing temperature:
To study the importance of this factor in the
dyeing process, the pretreated samples were dyed at
various degrees of temperature i .e. ( 60, 70, 80, 90,
and 100̊ C), after which the K/S of the dyed samples
was measured.
Table (6) illustrates the influence of the dyeing
temperature on the colour strength of the dyed
samples.
Dyeing Temperature K/S
60 ̊ C 0.93
70 ̊ C 2.62
80 ̊ C 2.86
90 ̊ C 6.84
100̊ C 6.54
Table (6): The relationship between dyeing
Temperature ̊ C and the K /S of the treated polyester
fabric dyed with dolu extract.
5. M.F. Shahin et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 6( Version 4), June 2014, pp.35-40
www.ijera.com 39 | P a g e
Dyeing conditions: 50% dye extract, 7 g/l salicylic
acid, time: 60 min., L.R 1:100
It is well observed from table (6) that the K/S of
the pretreated samples dyed with dolu extract
increases by raising the dyeing temperature,
especially when raising the temperature from 80 to
90 ̊ C since there was a remarkable increase in the
colour strength. The (%) increase in K /S is found to
reach about 139.2% as a result of raising dyeing
temperature from 80 to 90 ̊ C.
Referring to the action of temperature , below 90 ̊
C, on the colour strength of alkalized PET samples ,
one can easily notice its relatively slight effect since
the (%) increase in K /S as a result of raising dyeing
temperature from 70 ̊ C up to 80 ̊ C not exceed about
9%. This result confirms that dyeing of PET fibres is
effectively performed when temperature exceed 80 ̊ C
to reach at least 90 ̊ C. This behavior of dolu natural
dye under the influence of dyeing temperature is
similar to that of synthetic disperse dyes.
This could be due to the possibility of existence
of dye molecules in an aggregated form at lower
temperatures and the solubility will increase at higher
temperatures of dyeing. (33)
Besides, the carrier is
capable of penetrating from boiling solutions inside
the fibers. (35)
On the other hand, temperature plays a very
effective role in determining the state of the
molecular polymer chains, by raising the temperature
the movement speed of segment polymer chains is
increased resulting in such reduction in glass
transition temp. (Tg) as well as dyeing transition
temp. (Td). As a result, the number and volume of
voids will be greater and the diffusion of dolu dye
molecules will be easier and faster leading to higher
amount of dyes inside the fibre and consequently
higher colour strength is achieved.
These are expected results since the mechanism
of dyeing, i.e. solid solution, is similar to that of
dyeing hydrophobic fibers with anthraquinone -
based disperse dyes, and it is well known that the rate
of dye uptake, as well as the total dye uptake,
increases with an increase in temperature (36)
, since
the dyeing process is endothermic. (5)
5- Effect of dyeing time:
The dyeing time and its influence on the
obtained colour strength was also investigated in
order to achieve maximum colour strength.
The pretreated samples were dyed with dolu
extract at boiling for different durations i.e. (30, 45,
60, 75 min.) and the data is presented in table (7).
Dyeing Time K/S
30 min. 4.49
45 min. 5.38
60 min. 6.54
75 min. 7.09
Table (7): The relationship between dyeing time
(min.) and the K/S of the treated polyester fabric
dyed with dolu extract.
Dyeing conditions: 50% dye extract , temp. 100̊ C,
pH=2.5, L.R 1:100
From table (7) one can notice that the colour
strength increases with increasing the duration of the
dyeing process, since maximum K/S is attained after
75 min. These are predictable results since prolonged
dyeing time gives the dye the opportunity to
penetrate and diffuse inside the PET fibres attaining
maximum dye absorption capacity when reaching the
dynamic dyeing equilibrium state.
(iii) Colour fastness determination:
The treated and untreated samples dyed with
dolu extract, using optimum conditions were
subjected to fastness tests such as rubbing, washing,
perspiration, and light. All were evaluated by the
visual assessment and the received results are
illustrated in table (8).
N.B.: 1- (*) refers to staining on polyester fibres and
(**) refers to staining on cotton fibres.
2- The samples were exposed to the
artificial light (xenon) for 50 hours.
Table (8): Colour fastness properties of the treated and untreated samples dyed under the optimum dyeing
conditions.
Fabric
Rubbing Washing Perspiration
Light
Dry Wet Alteration
Stain
Acid Alkali
Alteration Stain Alteration Stain
* ** * ** * **
Untreated 4/5 4/5 4/5 5 5 4 4 4/5 4/5 4 4/5 7/8
Treated 4/5 4/5 4/5 5 5 4 4/5 4/5 4 4 4 7/8
The results in table (8) reveal that the dolu
natural dye has very good colour fastness properties
on both treated and untreated polyester fibres, and
this proves that some natural dyes could be good
alternatives to those harmful synthetic ones.
6. M.F. Shahin et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 6( Version 4), June 2014, pp.35-40
www.ijera.com 40 | P a g e
IV. Conclusion
This research paper is aiming to make use of the
double effect of the alkali treatment of polyester
fabric with NaOH along with the use of carrier
(salicylic acid) to enhance the colour strength of the
dyed materials to reach its maximum value.
Dolu natural dye extracted from Rhubarb plant
can be used for dyeing polyester producing a yellow
shade, given acceptable fastness properties (without
using mordants) which are good enough comparing
with those of synthetic disperse dyes.
References
[1] B. H. Patel, B. J. Agarwal and H. M. Patel,
Colourage, V.50 (1), P.21, (2003).
[2] B. Glover and H. P. Jeffrey, JSDC, V.109
(1), P. 5, (1993).
[3] H. T. Lokhand, D. A. Vishnu and S. R.
Naik, Amer. D. Reptr., V.87 (9), P. 40,
(1998).
[4] M. M. Marie, R. M. Mohamed, Y. M. El-
Hamaky and M. F. Abd Elhamid, 1st
Inter.
Conf. Text. Res. Div., NRC, Cairo, Egypt,
March 2- 4 (2004).
[5] A. Agarwal, A. Garg and K.C. Gupta,
Colourage, V. 39 (10), P. 43, (1992).
[6] N. Verma, N. P. Gupta and S. Parthasarthy,
Indian Text. J., V. 108 (11), P. 82, (1998).
[7] S. Vednere, S. Jalan and K. C. Gupta,
Colourage, V. 45, P.48, (1998).
[8] N. Singh, S. Jalan and K.C. Gupta, ibid, V.
40 (8), P. 33, (1993).
[9] A. Agarwal, S. Paul and K.C. Gupta, Indian
Text. J., V. 104 (1), P. 10, (1993).
[10] B. Gupta and A. Goel, ibid, V. 107 (4), P.76,
(1997).
[11] M. R. Katti, R. Kaur and Srihari, Colourage,
V. 43 (12), P. 37, (1996).
[12] V. Tiwari and P. S. Vankar, ibid, V.48 (5),
P. 25, (2001).
[13] V. Tiwari, B. Ghorpade and P. S. Vankar,
ibid, V. 47 (3), P. 21, (2000).
[14] A.K. Samanta, D. Singhee and M. Sethia,
ibid, V. 50 (10), P.29, (2003).
[15] R. Sivakumar, R. Jayaprakasam and N. P.
Wagle, ibid, V. 50 (4), P. 39, (2003).
[16] B. Ghorpade, M. Darvekar and P. S. Vankar,
ibid, V. 47 (1), P.27, (2000).
[17] H. T. Lokhande and V. A. Dorugade, Amer.
D. Reptr., V. 88 (2), P. 29, (1999).
[18] D. Maamoun, A. A. Salem and M. M.
Marie, 4 th
Inter. Conf. Text. Res. Div.,
NRC, Cairo, Egypt, April 15-17 (2007).
[19] D. B. Gupta, S. Kumari and M. L. Gulrajani,
Color. Technol., V. 117, P. 328, (2001).
[20] D. Gupta, S. Kumari and M. Gulrajani, ibid,
V. 117, P. 333, (2001).
[21] D. R. Rathi and R. N. Padhye, Colourage, V.
41 (12), P. 25, (1994).
[22] M.L. Gulrajani, D. Gupta and S. R. Maulik,
Indian J. Fibre Text. Res., V. 24 (9), P. 223,
(1999).
[23] M. S. Ellison, L. D. Fisher, K. W. Alger and
S. H. Zeronian, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., V. 26,
P. 247, (1982).
[24] C. G. G. Namboori and M. S. Haith, ibid, V.
12, P. 1999, (1968).
[25] C. G. G. Namboori, Text. Chem. Color., V.
1, P. 50, (1969).
[26] N. T. Liljemark and H. Asnes, Text. Res. J.,
V. 41, P. 732, (1971).
[27] C. Takeshi, Kako Gijutsu, V. 34 (12), P.780,
(1999).
[28] M. Montazer, A. Sadighi, J. Appl. Polymer
Sci., V. 100 (6), P. 5049, (2006).
[29] H. L. Needles, S. Holmers, and M.J. Park,
JSDC, V. 106 (12), P. 385, (1990).
[30] D. Richeter, Colourage, V. 38 (1), P. 55,
(1991).
[31] A. L. Simal and J. P. Bell, J. Appl. Polymer
Sci., V. 30, P. 1195, (1985).
[32] D. Gupta, Colourage, V. 47 (3), P.23,
(2000).
[33] M. Ding, S. Ma, and D. Liu, Analytical
Science, V. 19 (8), P. 1163, (2003).
[34] M. Suri, B. Sethi, D. K. Bedi and S. Anand,
Colourage, V. XLVII (12), P. 13, (2000).
[35] F. Sadov, M. Korchagin, and A. Matetsky,
"Chemical Technology of Fibrous
Materials", Mir Publishers, Moscow, P. 332,
(1973).
[36] D. Gupta, S. Kumari, and M. Gulrajani,
Color. Technol., V.117 (6), P.333, (2001).