Background: Flexibility is an important physiological component of physical fitness and reduced flexibility can cause inefficiency in the workplace and is also a risk factor for low back pain. Increasing hamstring flexibility was reported to be an effective method for increasing hamstring muscle performance.Objective: To compare the effects of modified hold-relax proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretching technique and static stretching on flexibility of hamstring muscle.Materials and Methods: In this comparative study 60 subjects were selected by convenience sampling and research design was comparative and experiment in nature. Subjects were selected on the basis of inclusion criteria. Subjects were divided into two groups, group A and group B allocating alternate subjects to group A and group B, 30 in each group. Group A was treated with Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation with cryotherapy and Group B was treated with Static Stretching with cryotherapy. Baseline assessment was taken on pre stretch, post stretch and after 24 hours using Active Knee Extension test and Modified back saver sit and reach test.Results: Both the groups showed significant improvement in hamstring flexibility. (p0.05).Conclusion: Thus we concluded that the Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation Stretching Technique and Static Stretching both are effective to improve flexibility of hamstring muscle and clinically both the interventions are equally effective. Tanu Kapila | Dilpreet Kaur | Jaspinder Kaur"To Compare The Effect Of Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation and Static Stretching on Flexibility of Hamstring Muscle: A Comparative Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-5 , August 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd2266.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/2266/to-compare-the-effect-of-proprioceptive-neuromuscular-facilitation-and-static-stretching-on-flexibility-of-hamstring-muscle-a-comparative-study/tanu-kapila
Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness Alters the Response to Postural PerturbationsNosrat hedayatpour
The purpose of this study was to assess the EMG activity
of knee muscles during destabilizing perturbations performed
before, immediately after, and 24 and 48 h after eccentric
exercise.
Good Vibrations by Jon Denoris for Kinetica Sportsdenoris
This presentation is a review I put together for www.Kinetica-Sports.com on the pro's and con's of whole body vibration training. I believe it's certainly an exciting area, albeit one which unfortunately is prone to the usual fitness "fads" and exaggerated claims especially regarding weight loss / body fat loss.
Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness Alters the Response to Postural PerturbationsNosrat hedayatpour
The purpose of this study was to assess the EMG activity
of knee muscles during destabilizing perturbations performed
before, immediately after, and 24 and 48 h after eccentric
exercise.
Good Vibrations by Jon Denoris for Kinetica Sportsdenoris
This presentation is a review I put together for www.Kinetica-Sports.com on the pro's and con's of whole body vibration training. I believe it's certainly an exciting area, albeit one which unfortunately is prone to the usual fitness "fads" and exaggerated claims especially regarding weight loss / body fat loss.
This PPT contains a detailed explanation about resisted exercises, different types of exercise, indications & contraindications, manual & mechanical techniques.
Effect of delayed-onset muscle soreness on muscle recovery after a fatiguing ...Nosrat hedayatpour
the aim of the study was to assess EMG MPF during
recovery following a fatiguing contraction at multiple
locations of the quadriceps femoris muscle injured
by eccentric exercise.
Slide show for MT's as well as lay people who are interested in stretching as well as flexibility. This presentation defines the techniques that are used by MT's and keeps the techniques within our scope of practice. Its intention is to wade through the mud that often accompanies this subject and bridge a gap that can be useful for all MT's that really want to have a special tool to enhance their palpation sessions.
every exercise can not be performed by all the individuals. there occurs a lot of difference between exercise to be performed by health individuals, geriatric subjects and patients. so here are some guidelines to differentiate to test the exercise before prescribing them to subjects
If you have ever treated runners, having them stop or modify activity during rehabilita- tion is nearly impossible. As someone who specializes in the treatment of endurance
athletes, I am always looking for an edge
to return them to activity as soon as possible.
Comparison of a strengthening programme to a proprioceptive training in impro...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Strength and proprioception are important to have a stable and functional ankle .Individuals with
ankle injuries are bound to develop a loss of either or both of these during and after the phase of
immobilization. Objectives: 1. To assess the effects of a 4 weeks strengthening programme on dynamic balance
in CAI. 2. To assess the effects of a 4 weeks proprioceptive training on dynamic balance in CAI.3. To compare
the effects of a 4 weeks strengthening programme to a proprioceptive training on dynamic balance in CAI.
Materials and methods: This was an interventional study done amongst athlete students at Deccan Education
Society college campus, Pune during November 2013 to April 2014. Total 27 college students who were known
athletes with chronic ankle instability were selected by convenient sampling. These 27 subjects were randomly
allotted, 13 to the strengthening group and 14 to the proprioceptive group. Dynamic balance was assessed
using the Functional reach test (FRT) prior to the intervention. Maximum three readings were collected and
then an average of the best two was taken while the first was considered as the trial. This was considered as the
pre intervention reading. These subjects then underwent a 4 week programme depending upon the group they
were allotted. Post intervention readings were taken of the FRT scores in the two groups and statistical analysis
was done. Results & Conclusion: Paired andUnpaired t tests were done to compare the Functional reach test
(FRT) scores pre and post in both the strengthening and proprioceptive groups and also the post training FRT
scores between the two groups. The differences in the pre and post FRT scores were found to be extremely
significant in both the groups (p value < 0.0001). However there was no significant difference between the FRT
scores post training between the two groups (p value > 0.0001). The study proves that both the strength training
as well as proprioceptive training are equally effective in improving the dynamic balance in athletes with ankle
instability. They should thus both be given to improve dynamic balance.
Keywords: Strength, Proprioceptive training, chronic ankle instability.
This PPT contains a detailed explanation about resisted exercises, different types of exercise, indications & contraindications, manual & mechanical techniques.
Effect of delayed-onset muscle soreness on muscle recovery after a fatiguing ...Nosrat hedayatpour
the aim of the study was to assess EMG MPF during
recovery following a fatiguing contraction at multiple
locations of the quadriceps femoris muscle injured
by eccentric exercise.
Slide show for MT's as well as lay people who are interested in stretching as well as flexibility. This presentation defines the techniques that are used by MT's and keeps the techniques within our scope of practice. Its intention is to wade through the mud that often accompanies this subject and bridge a gap that can be useful for all MT's that really want to have a special tool to enhance their palpation sessions.
every exercise can not be performed by all the individuals. there occurs a lot of difference between exercise to be performed by health individuals, geriatric subjects and patients. so here are some guidelines to differentiate to test the exercise before prescribing them to subjects
Similar to To Compare The Effect Of Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation and Static Stretching on Flexibility of Hamstring Muscle: A Comparative Study
If you have ever treated runners, having them stop or modify activity during rehabilita- tion is nearly impossible. As someone who specializes in the treatment of endurance
athletes, I am always looking for an edge
to return them to activity as soon as possible.
Comparison of a strengthening programme to a proprioceptive training in impro...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Strength and proprioception are important to have a stable and functional ankle .Individuals with
ankle injuries are bound to develop a loss of either or both of these during and after the phase of
immobilization. Objectives: 1. To assess the effects of a 4 weeks strengthening programme on dynamic balance
in CAI. 2. To assess the effects of a 4 weeks proprioceptive training on dynamic balance in CAI.3. To compare
the effects of a 4 weeks strengthening programme to a proprioceptive training on dynamic balance in CAI.
Materials and methods: This was an interventional study done amongst athlete students at Deccan Education
Society college campus, Pune during November 2013 to April 2014. Total 27 college students who were known
athletes with chronic ankle instability were selected by convenient sampling. These 27 subjects were randomly
allotted, 13 to the strengthening group and 14 to the proprioceptive group. Dynamic balance was assessed
using the Functional reach test (FRT) prior to the intervention. Maximum three readings were collected and
then an average of the best two was taken while the first was considered as the trial. This was considered as the
pre intervention reading. These subjects then underwent a 4 week programme depending upon the group they
were allotted. Post intervention readings were taken of the FRT scores in the two groups and statistical analysis
was done. Results & Conclusion: Paired andUnpaired t tests were done to compare the Functional reach test
(FRT) scores pre and post in both the strengthening and proprioceptive groups and also the post training FRT
scores between the two groups. The differences in the pre and post FRT scores were found to be extremely
significant in both the groups (p value < 0.0001). However there was no significant difference between the FRT
scores post training between the two groups (p value > 0.0001). The study proves that both the strength training
as well as proprioceptive training are equally effective in improving the dynamic balance in athletes with ankle
instability. They should thus both be given to improve dynamic balance.
Keywords: Strength, Proprioceptive training, chronic ankle instability.
To Compare The Effect Of Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation Program Ve...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Low back pain has been a matter of concern, affecting up to 90% of population at some point in
their lifetime, up to 50% have more than one episode. People of all age group can be affected by this menace
irrespective to their gender and quality of life. It has become one of the leading causes for the visit to physician
thus also puts a heavy burden on the currency of the country. Physiotherapy is the most widely used form of
treatment adopted for gaining relief from low back pain. The exercises include stretching, strengthening, range
of motion exercises, McKenzie therapy and core stability exercises other techniques like Proprioceptive
neuromuscular facilitation program etc. It has been concluded in various studies core stability exercises and
Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation are beneficial in low back pain patients but comparison of their effect
needs to be established to provide early and better relief from the disability. Therefore objective of the study was
to compare the effect of Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation program and Core stabilization exercises on
low back pain patients. 40 subjects aged 30 – 50 years with low back pain for more than 4 weeks were made
part of the study based on inclusion and exclusion criteria and were then divided into two groups named A, B.
Group A received Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation and group B received Core stabilization exercises
and hot pack given initially for 10-15 minutes to the lower back. The exercise program was given for 4 weeks
with a total of 24 sessions and progression of the activity was made within the tolerance of the patient. Pre and
post treatment readings were taken of pain, Oswestry Disability Questionnaire and Functional Reach Test.
Results were analyzed using paired, unpaired t- test. Results showed that there is significant effect on pain,
Oswestry Disability Questionnaire and Functional Reach Test in the two groups but group A was clinically
more significant than groups B. The study concluded that patients with low back pain are benefitted more by
Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation program. So, Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation program
should be practiced more.
Keywords: Low Back Pain, Core Stabilization Exercises, Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation.
Delayed onset of vastii muscle activity in response to rapid postural perturb...Nosrat hedayatpour
In the current study, we analysed the relative timing of activation of the VMO and VL muscles during unexpected knee
perturbations performed before and after eccentric
exercise. The type of perturbation used resembles
perturbations that might commonly be encountered
during sport activities
Foam Rolling for Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness and Recovery of Dynamic Perfor...Fernando Farias
After an intense bout of exercise, foam rolling is
thought to alleviate muscle fatigue and soreness (ie, delayed-
onset muscle soreness [DOMS]) and improve muscular perfor-
mance. Potentially, foam rolling may be an effective therapeutic
modality to reduce DOMS while enhancing the recovery of
muscular performance.
The manual muscle testing procedure was described in this power point, indications, contraindications, limitations of MMT was included. the MMT grading system (scale) was explained well in this PPT.
Nikos Malliaropoulos - Rehabilitation of hamstring injuries MuscleTech Network
Nikos Malliaropoulos
Director of the Athletics National Sports Medicine Centre Thessaloniki Greece. Consultant SEM Physician Barts and The London Clinical Senior Lecturer QMUL CSEM.
-
The rehabilitation of Hamstring injuries - Can we be more injury specific?
(6th MuscleTech Network Workshop)
14th October, Barcelona
Stretching ;
Time spent on warming up and cooling down may help improve an athlete's level of performance and accelerate the recovery process needed before and after training or competition.
The coaches may wish to encourage the athletes to regard the warm-up and cool down as an essential part of both the training session and competition itself.
Remember *** According to periodization and athlete performance coaches have to do the programming. ***
Summer 2020
HamidReza Ebrahmi
To Compare The Effect Of Core Stability Exercises And Muscle Energy Technique...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Low back pain is considered one of the commonest condition in the western and industrialized
countries. It is estimated that up to 50% of adults experience low back pain during their life span. People of all
age group can be effected by this menace irrespective to their gender and quality of life. It has become one of
the leading causes for the visit to physician thus also puts a heavy burden on the currency of the country.
Physiotherapy is the most widely used form of treatment adopted for gaining relief from low back pain. The
exercises include stretching, strengthening, range of motion exercises, McKenzie therapy and core stability
exercises other techniques like muscle energy technique etc. It has been concluded in various studies core
stability exercises and muscle energy technique are beneficial in low back pain patients but comparison of their
effect needs to be established to provide early and better relief from the disability. Therefore objective of the
study was to compare the effect of core stability exercises and muscle energy techniques on low back pain
patients. 60 subjects aged 18 – 45 years with low back pain were made part of the study based on inclusion and
exclusion criteria and were then divided into three groups named A, B and C. Group A received core stability
exercise and conventional physiotheraphy and group B received muscle energy techniques and conventional
physiotherapy. The exercise program was given on alternate days with a total of 24 sessions and progression of
the activity was made within the tolerance of the patient. Pre and post treatment readings were taken of pain,
ROM and quality of life scale. Results were analyzed using paired, unpaired t- test and ANOVA. Results showed
that there is significant effect on pain, ROM and quality of life scale in the three groups but group A was
clinically more significant than the other groups. The study concluded that patients with low back pain are
benefitted more by core stability exercises. So, core stability exercises should be practiced more.
Keywords: Low Back Pain, Core Stabilization Exercises, Muscle Energy Technique.
This is a technical book and directory of clinical massage techniques applicable for debilities and neuro muscular conditions. It covers conventional therapies, and new techniques in sensory therapy, embryology, special sense therapies and therapeutic exercise.
A two day workshop presented by Albion Musculoskeletal Therapist Paula Nutting. Paula discusses stretching options for treatment of conditions including headaches, lower back pain, shoulder problems and more. Queensland born Remedial massage therapist Paula Nutting will show you easy effective stretches to help return to normal muscle length which should lead to pain relief.
Similar to To Compare The Effect Of Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation and Static Stretching on Flexibility of Hamstring Muscle: A Comparative Study (20)
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...
To Compare The Effect Of Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation and Static Stretching on Flexibility of Hamstring Muscle: A Comparative Study
1. @ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 1 | Issue – 5 Page: 203
ISSN No: 2456 - 6470 | www.ijtsrd.com | Volume - 1 | Issue – 5
International Journal of Trend in Scientific
Research and Development (IJTSRD)
UGC Approved International Open Access Journal
To Compare the Effect of Proprioceptive Neuromuscular
Facilitation and Static Stretching on Flexibility of Hamstring Muscle
a Comparative Study
Tanu Kapila
DAV Institute of Physiotherapy
and Rehabilitation,
Jalandhar, Punjab
Dilpreet Kaur
DAV Institute of Physiotherapy
and Rehabilitation,
Jalandhar, Punjab
Jaspinder Kaur*
DAV Institute of Physiotherapy
and Rehabilitation,
Jalandhar, Punjab
ABSTRACT
Background:
Flexibility is an important physiological component of
physical fitness and reduced flexibility can cause
inefficiency in the workplace and is also a risk factor
for low back pain. Increasing hamstring flexibility
was reported to be an effective method for increasing
hamstring muscle performance.
Objective:
To compare the effects of modified hold-relax
proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretching
technique and static stretching on flexibility of
hamstring muscle.
Materials and Methods:
In this comparative study 60 subjects were selected by
convenience sampling and research design was
comparative and experiment in nature. Subjects were
selected on the basis of inclusion criteria. Subjects
were divided into two groups, group A and group B
allocating alternate subjects to group A and group B,
30 in each group. Group A was treated with
Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation with
cryotherapy and Group B was treated with Static
Stretching with cryotherapy. Baseline assessment was
taken on pre stretch, post stretch and after 24 hours
using Active Knee Extension test and Modified back
saver sit and reach test.
Results:
Both the groups showed significant improvement in
hamstring flexibility. (p<0.005).On comparing the pre
stretch, post stretch and after 24 hours reading within
the Group A and Group B, there was significant
improvement in hamstring flexibility (p<0.05). But on
comparing both the groups, there was no significant
difference in hamstring muscle flexibility (p>0.05).
Conclusion:
Thus we concluded that the Proprioceptive
Neuromuscular Facilitation Stretching Technique and
Static Stretching both are effective to improve
flexibility of hamstring muscle and clinically both the
interventions are equally effective.
Keywords: Hamstring flexibility, Proprioceptive
Neuromuscular Facilitation, Static stretching,
Cryotherapy, Active Knee Extension test, Modified
back saver sit and reach test.
INTRODUCTION
Muscular flexibility is an important aspect of normal
human function.1
It is generally defined as range of
motion around a joint or group of joints and reflects
the ability of the muscle tendon to elongate. It has
long been recognized as an important component of
physical fitness and rehabilitation and is widely
conjectured that benefits of good flexibility include
2. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 1 | Issue – 5 Page: 204
reduction and prevention of injury risk and enhanced
sports performance.1
Flexibility is a vital component of a physical
conditioning program that allows the tissue to
accommodate easily to stress, to dissipate shock
impact and to improve efficiency of movement, thus
minimizing or preventing injury.2
Adequate flexibility
is an important characteristic of physical fitness.2
Limited flexibility has been shown to predispose a
person to several musculoskeletal injury and
significantly affect a person’s level of function.3
The
hamstrings play a crucial role in many daily activities.
The hamstring muscles serve many purposes in the
body such as walking, running, jumping and most
importantly they serve as antagonists to the
quadriceps in deceleration of knee extension. Tight
hamstrings can lead to injury and hamstring strains
are amongst the most common musculotendinous
injuries of the lower extremities.4
Often the term flexibility is use to refer more
specifically to the ability of musculotendinous unit to
elongate as a body segment or when joint moves
through a range of motion. Maintenance of flexibility
is an essential component of any conditioning
program in developing its mobility, improving athletic
performance and preventing injuries. Good flexibility
provides relaxation, eases muscle pain, helping quick
recovery, reducing stress, keeps the body feel loose
and agile5,6
as two joint muscle, the ability to produce
effective force at the knee is influenced by the relative
position of the other joint over which that muscle
crosses to maintain proper balance and centre of
gravity with shortening of hamstring muscle which
makes it more complicated resulting in
musculoskeletal problem of upper and lower back,
hip, knee and foot. The hamstring balance out the
quadriceps muscles onthe front of thigh and are
necessary for walking and most other physical
activities. Weak or excessively tight hamstrings can
lead to altered biomechanics and can lead to knee or
back injuries. Because the hamstrings are such a long
muscle group and cross over both hip and knee joint,
they are more prone to injury and tightness.6,7
PNF Stretching technique was originally developed
by Knott and Voss and Kabat, during 1940’s and
1954’s as a means to treat neuromuscular conditions
including polio and multiple sclerosis.8
The terms
‘contract relax’, ‘hold relax’ and ‘contract relax
agonist contraction’ are most commonly referred in
PNF stretching literature. Usually contract relax and
hold relax represents a passive placement of target
muscle. The target muscle is then passively moved
into a greater position of stretch.9
Contract relax
agonist contraction often refers to technique that is
similar to contract relax and hold relax except that
following uses the static contraction of the target
muscle, a shortening contraction of opposite muscle is
utilised to place target muscle into a new position of
stretch, which culminates in addition to passive
stretch.10
Static stretching has been defined as a stationary
stretch, held for a period of time, which specified
joints are locked in a position that places the muscle
and connective tissue at their greatest possible
length.11
It is a form of passive stretching in which an
external force exerts upon the limb to move it into the
new position.12
This is in contrast to active
stretching .Passive stretching resistance is normally
achieved through the force of gravity on the limb or
an the body weighing down on it.13
The principle methods of cold modalities to improve
efficacy of stretching are by reducing muscle pain and
muscle guarding.4
Cryotherapy decreases nervous
conduction velocity and consequently, pain and
muscle spindle discharge. Applying ice prior to
stretching optimizes improvements in flexibility, since
the muscle reflex response and pain are considered the
main barriers to stretching maneuvers.3
The hamstring muscle are commonly linked with
movement dysfunction at the lumbar spine, pelvis and
lower limbs, and have been coupled with low back
pain and gait abnormality (Mok et al., 2004; Orchard
et al.,2004; vleeming and stoeckart,
2007).Considering the importance of hamstring
flexibility in general and athletic population,
maintaining the flexibility of hamstring muscle is of
utmost importance for health care professionals and to
achieve this goal one needs to know effective and
efficient technique to gain hamstring flexibility.7
In the past, much of the literature has focused on the
relationship between hamstring flexibility and injury
and the most effective hamstring stretching method.
Sullivan et al reported that no significant difference
existed between static and proprioceptive
neuromuscular facilitation hamstring stretching. This
conflict with most studies that report the superiority of
PNF stretching compared with static stretching.14
3. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 1 | Issue – 5 Page: 205
METHOD
A total of 60 subjects with hamstring muscle tightness
were included in this study. Subjects under the
inclusion and exclusion criteria were conveniently
selected in the study and procedure was explained in
detail and there after written consent form was taken
from all the subjects. After that, assessment and
evaluation of subject was done on first day.
Individuals were assessed by active knee extension
test and modified saver back sit and reach test (Pre
treatment, immediately after stretching, after 24 hours
).Minimum 60 subjects were selected for the study
and were divided into 2 groups –group A and group B
with random allocation method, alternate subject in
each group.
Procedure
Interventions of Group A
Baseline assessments were taken using Active Knee
Extension test and Modified back saver sit and reach
test followed by:
➢ Cryotherapy for 10 minutes followed by 3
stretching sessions.
➢ PNF with 30 seconds of stretch with hold of 10
seconds in which 10 seconds of isometric
contraction of hamstring muscle followed by 10
seconds of relaxation in between the stretching
session.
Interventions of Group B
Baseline assessments were taken using Active Knee
Extension test and Modified back saver sit and reach
test followed by:
➢ Cryotherapy for 10 minutes.
➢ Static stretching passively with 30 seconds of
stretch with hold 10 seconds in between the
stretching session.
The Active Knee Extension Test for Measuring
Hamstring Tightness
Position of Patient
The subject was asked to lie in supine position, the
testing was done on the both extremity.
The left lower extremity and the pelvis were strapped
down the table to stable the pelvis and control any
accessory movements.
The hip and knee of the extremity being tested was
placed into 90 degree Flexion.
GONIOMETER ALIGNMENT
Landmarks used to measure hip and knee range of
motion were greater
trochanter, lateral condyle of femur and the lateral
malleolus which were marked by a marker.
INSTRUCTIONS: The subject was then asked to
extend the lower extremity as far as possible until a
mild stretch sensation was felt. A full circle
goniometer was then used to measure the angle of
knee flexion .Previous research using radiography
has established a good validity of goniometric
measurements.16
Three repetitions were performed
and an average of the three was taken as the final
reading for knee extension range of motion
(hamstring tightness).
Modified Back Saver Sit and Reach Test
The procedure for the BSSR was similar to those
described in the prudential FITNESSGRAM test
manual (Cooper Institute for Aerobics
Research).Subjects position will be sitting with knee
extended. The test will be administered using a SR
box. The participant sat opposite to SR box and fully
extended one leg so that the sole of foot rest fully
against that box and the other leg has to be bend so
that the sole of other foot will rest against floor and 7-
10cm to the side of straight knee. With the extended
leg as straight as possible, hands on top of each other
(tips of middle fingers parallel and even), palms
facing down, and the participant slowly trying to
reach forward slide the hands along the box scale as
far as possible. Three repetitions were performed and
an average of the three was taken as the final reading.
STRETCHING PROCEDURES
For Passive Stretch (Static Stretching):-
The subjects were asked to concentrate on relaxing
the muscles of the leg and thigh as much as possible
while the examiner passively flexed the hip joint to
the point of muscular restriction.
Knee extension was gradually increased manually for
30s; this was given thrice with rest period of 10s
during the stretch.
For Hold Relax PNF Stretch:-
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The subject was comfortably positioned in a supine
lying position on a plinth with the hip flexed at 90
degrees of flexion, and examiner then stretched the
Hamstrings passively until the subject felt a mild
stretch sensation and that position was held for 10
seconds. The subjects were asked to perform maximal
isometric contractions of the Hamstrings for 10
seconds against the resistance of the therapist. After
the contraction, the subjects were instructed to relax
for 10 seconds; this was given thrice with rest period
of 10s during the stretch.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
Unpaired t-test was used to compare the scores of
baseline assessments between the two groups to find
out whether the two groups were comparable or not
and on comparing the data there was no any
significant difference between two groups. So groups
were comparable (p>0.05). Statistical test used for the
analysis of scores of Active Knee Extension test and
Modified saver back sit and reach test by using
Repeated ANOVA test and Tukey’s method within
the group and between the groups respectively.
INTERPRETATION:
Table 1.Comparison of Age between Group A and
Group B
Unpaired T Test
Comparison
AGE
Group A Group B
Mean 21.80 22.07
S.D. 1.270 1.946
Unpaired T Test 0.628
P value >0.05
Result Not-Significant
GRAPH -1
Table 2: Comparison of Gender between Group A
and Group B
Frequency (%)
Gender
Group A Group B
Male% 43.3 46.7
Female% 56.7 53.3
Male 13.00 14.00
Female 17.00 16.00
GRAPH-2
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Table 3: Comparison of Active Knee Extension test within Group A
. Group A
Repeated ANOVA AKE TEST
PRE POST After 24 HOURS
Mean 53.03 57.27 55.43
S.D. 8.876 8.749 8.553
F Test 82.05
P value <0.005
Result Significant
GRAPH -3
Table 4: Comparison of Modified back saver sit and reach test within Group A
. Group A
Repeated ANOVA MODIFIED BACK SAVER SIT AND REACH TEST
PRE POST After 24 HOURS
Mean 7.10 7.88 7.51
S.D. 2.429 2.399 2.405
F Test 156.10
P value <0.005
00Result Significant
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GRAPH - 4
Table 5: Comparison of Active knee extension test within Group B
. GroupB
Repeated ANOVA AKE TEST
PRE POST After 24 HOURS
Mean 50.23 57.73 55.60
S.D. 8.846 8.578 8.476
F Test 316.97
P value <0.005
Result Significant
GRAPH- 5
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Table 6: Comparison of Modified back saver sit and reach test within Group B
. Group-B
Repeated ANOVA MODIFIED BACK SAVER SIT AND REACH
TEST
PRE POST After 24 HOURS
Mean 6.49 7.34 7.13
S.D. 3.101 3.024 2.949
F Test 91.73
P value <0.005
Result Significant
GRAPH- 6
Table 7: Comparison of Active Knee Extension test between the Group A & Group B
Unpaired T Test
AKE TEST
PRE POST After 24 HOURS
Group
A
Group
B
Group
A
Group
B
Group
A
Group
B
Mean 53.03 50.23 57.27 57.73 55.43 55.60
S.D. 8.876 8.846 8.749 8.578 8.553 8.476
Unpaired T Test 1.224 0.209 0.076
P value >0.05 >0.05 >0.05
Result Not-Significant Not-Significant Not-Significant
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GRAPH -7
Table 8: Comparison of Modified back saver sit and reach test between the Group A& Group B
Unpaired T Test
MODIFIED BACK SAVER SIT AND REACH TEST
PRE POST After 24 HOURS
Group
A
Group
B
Group
A
Group
B
Group
A
Group
B
Mean 7.10 6.49 7.88 7.34 7.51 7.13
S.D. 2.429 3.101 2.399 3.024 2.405 2.949
Unpaired T Test 0.848 0.766 0.552
P value >0.05 >0.05 >0.05
Result Not-Significant Not-Significant Not-Significant
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GRAPH -8
RESULTS
Sixty subjects were selected for the study. After
selecting, the subjects were randomly divided into two
equal groups, group A and group B. Thirty subjects
were taken in each group. Group A was given
Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Stretching with
Cryotherapy and Group B was given Static Stretching
with Cryotherapy. Subjects were assessed by Active
knee extension test and Modified back saver sit and
reach test (Pre stretch, Post stretch and after 24
hours).
➢ Comparison of each component on Pre stretch,
Post stretch and immediately after 24 hours for
both the groups was done by using unpaired t-test
with assuming no normality and its p-value was >
0.05 then the results were not significant and if
p-value was <0.05 then result were significant.
➢ Table 1. Shows Comparison of Age between the
groups that there was no significant difference
between the Group A and B related to age
(P>0.05) at the start of treatment. The mean age of
Group A was 21.80±1.270. The mean age of
Group B was 22.07 ± 1.946. So, the Groups were
comparable.
➢ Table 2. Shows Frequency of males and females
between the Group A and Group B. The number
of males and females in group A was 13 males
and 17 females. The number of males and females
in group B was 14 males and 16 females.
➢ Table 3. ShowsComparison of scores of AKE
within group A (pre, post and after 24 hours of
intervention) There was statistically significant
improvement in flexibility of hamstring muscle
(p<0.005) during Proprioceptive Neuromuscular
Facilitation Stretching technique by using active
knee extension test.
➢ Table 4. ShowsComparison of scores of Modified
back saver sit and reach test within group A (pre,
post and after 24 hours of intervention). There was
statistically significant improvement in flexibility
of hamstring muscle (p<0.005) with
Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation
stretching technique.
➢ Table 5. Shows Comparison of scores of AKE
within group B (pre, post and after 24 hours of
intervention).There was statistically significant
improvement in flexibility of hamstring muscle
(p<0.005) with Static Stretching technique
➢ Table 6.ShowsComparison of scores of Modified
back saver sit and reach test within group B
(pre,post and after 24 hours of intervention).
There was statistically significant improvement in
flexibility of hamstring muscle (p<0.005) with
Static Stretching technique.
➢ Table 7. Shows Comparison of scores of AKE test
between group A and group B(pre, post and after
24 hours of intervention). Unpaired t-test was
appliedto compare the AKE between group A and
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group B on Pre stretch, Post stretch and after 24
hours. There was no statistically significant
difference in hamstring flexibility in between both
the groups (P>0.05).
➢ Table 8. Shows the Comparison of scores of
Modified back saver sit and reach test between
group A and group B(pre, post and after 24 hours
of intervention). Unpaired t-test was applied to
compare the scores. There was no statistically
significant difference in hamstring flexibility in
between both the groups (P>0.05).
Thus the finding of our present study supports the
H0hypothesis. There is no significant difference
between effects of Proprioceptive Neuromuscular
Facilitation Stretching and Static Stretching on
flexibility of hamstring muscle.
DISCUSSION
Flexibility is an important physiological component of
physical fitness and reduced flexibility can cause
inefficiency in the workplace and is also a risk factor
for low back pain. Increasing hamstring flexibility
was reported to be an effective method for increasing
hamstring muscle performance.16
This study was
designed to compare the effects of modified hold-
relax proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation
stretching technique and static stretching on flexibility
of hamstring muscle.
Modified hold-relax Proprioceptive Neuromuscular
Facilitation Stretching improves flexibility through
relaxation of the contractile component of the
muscles, while static stretching causes an increase in
elasticity of the non-contractile viscoelastic
component15
.Thus, the study demonstrated that both
of these mechanisms play equal roles in improving the
flexibility of the muscles.
The finding of study concurs with other previous
studies that have reported similar results. Feland et
al. had studied that contract-relax and static stretching
similar benefits in improving flexibility17
. Similarly,
Gribble et al. found that static and hold-relax
stretching were equally effective in improving
hamstring range of motion15
.
Recently Lim et al. had studied similar effects of
static and PNF stretching on hamstring muscle
extensibility18
.
A possible mechanism for the improvement of
hamstring range of motion relies on the effects of
autogenic inhibition. Autogenic inhibition is
contingent on the function of the Golgi tendon organs,
which not only detect changes in length but also
changes in tension. Tension is produced in the
antagonists with both static and PNF hamstring
stretching techniques. Therefore, the presence of
autogenic inhibition would not be affected if the
measurement technique was an active or passive
stretch or if the training method was a static or hold-
relax stretch 15
.
Another possible mechanism for the increase in range
of motion is augmentation of stretch tolerance. This is
supported by Halbertsma et al., who reported an
increase in hamstring flexibility in their study6
.
Sharma et al. reported stretching along with warming
up is an effective way to improve hamstring
flexibility20
. Moreover, their participants reported an
increase in pain tolerance at the end of study. They
attributed the gains in flexibility to an increase in
stretch tolerance.
The results also suggest that a single session
stretching does not deform tissues enough to produce
a permanent change (i.e., a plastic deformation in the
musculotendinous unit). Therefore, the temporary
improvement in hamstring flexibility may be
attributed tochanges in the elastic region caused by a
single session of stretching 19
.
CONCLUSION
Thus present study concluded that the Proprioceptive
Neuromuscular Facilitation Stretching technique and
Static Stretching both are effective to improve
flexibility of hamstring muscle and clinically both the
interventions are equally effective.
STUDY LIMITATION
➢ Sample size was small.
➢ Sample included only healthy young individuals
and the result of this investigation should not be
generalized to person outside the sample
population.
➢ The effect of the study was temporary, so
prolonged stretching session can be carried out to
see the effect of stretching on hamstring muscle.
➢ The point of muscular restriction used for
stretching was determined by the subject
indicating point of resistance, but no pain and
clinical soft tissue stretch and feel detected by
therapist.
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RECOMMENDATION
➢ We believe that further research with more
participants and longer follow up periods could
help to assess the long term benefits.
➢ The duration of stretching in both groups can be
alter to check the effectiveness of treatment.
➢ Other outcome measures can be added to see the
effect on flexibility of hamstring muscle.
➢ Along with stretching to maintain the flexibility of
hamstrings the subjects can be advised home
stretching program.
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