Galileo Galilei was an Italian astronomer, physicist and engineer during the Renaissance. He made several important scientific discoveries using the newly invented telescope. His observations of the moons of Jupiter and the phases of Venus helped overturn the Ptolemaic model of the universe and supported the Copernican view that the Earth and planets revolve around the Sun. This led to conflicts with the Catholic Church and resulted in Galileo being tried and found "vehemently suspect of heresy". Despite this, his work laid the foundation for modern observational astronomy and physics.

1. Humanities
Johannes Andersson
8A

2. In most societies throughout most of the
second millennium, women were
deprived of property, education, and
legal status. They were made to the
responsibility of their husbands or fathers.
The Change
As a woman writer, Pisan is an example of
an exceptional woman who challenged
patriarchal structures in defending women
and defeating the authority of men.
Impact
And still in our times feministic writers are
continuing to demand improvements in
women's social and personal rights.

3. Impact
The invention of the printing press
represents the very beginning of
the possibility to provide the
available knowledge and the recent
religious and scientific theories to
the public.
Johannes Gutenberg, a German printer and
pioneer in the use of movable type, invented
his printing press around 1450. In this way Gutenberg's Bible was
the first mass product!
Change
Instead of writing the books by hand like in
former days , the printing process consisting
of making a lot of identical reproductions of
an original was the big change.

4. Change
Leonardo designed many inventions
that were so modern that it should
last until our time before they could
be realized. For example the
helicopter and the war tank.
Impact
In his paintings he used a “vanishing
point”. This method gives the
paintings a three-dimensional space.
Leonardo has been described as the typical “Renaissance Man”. He was a
artist, scientist and inventor. He painted some of the most famous paintings
in the history, like Mona Lisa and The Last Supper, and had ideas of many
very modern inventions.

5. Change
Columbus was a navigational genius and
came to believe that he could reach East
Asia—what he called “the Indies”—by
sailing west from Europe. By his courage
and skills he reshaped the humanity's view
of the earth.
Impact
Columbus’s explorations had an large
impact on our modern world. They led
directly to the opening of the western
hemisphere to European colonization to
wide exchanges of plants, animals, cultures
and ideas between the two worlds. And also
today the Europeans are still orienting
themselves on America.

6. The Humanist and Theologian
Giovanni Pico della Mirandola (1463-
1494) writes in his book Oration of the
dignity of man that unlike other
creatures, mankind has not been
assigned a fixed place in the universe.
Change
Our destiny is not determined by Impact
anything outside us. God gave us the His ideas about the right of man to
liberty to determine the form and value decide himself about his destiny
our lives shall acquire. In other words, have been carried on until the
man is the master of his own destiny. modern time. Many people tries to
live their lives after this idea.

7. In the Renaissance
times when
Renaissance Woman
was supposed to marry
well and give birth to
boys, Isabelle d’Este
did not fit this mold.
At the age of sixteen,
Isabella d'Este was able
to speak Greek and
Latin, was very well-
educated, understood
arts and sciences and
was able to debate with Impact
people much older than While she was governing Mantua,
her. she showed great leadership skills
and a huge political talent. By
commenting on politics in more
Change over two thousands letters she sat an
After her husband’s, - example for women to break away
Francesco Gonzagas’s from the traditional role.
death, - she took over
his job and ruled as
Marchioness of Also in our times, Isabelle d’Este
Mantua Mantua on her inspires young women to take
own (1509). actively part in politics.

8. Change
On October 31, 1517, Luther nailed
his 95 Theses against the selling
of indulgences at the door of the All
Saints Castle Church in Wittenberg ,
marking the beginning of the
Protestant Reformation.
Impact
Historians consider his
revolutionary ideas the single most
important contribution to the
Reformation, a movement that
ultimately broke Catholicism's
1,200-year dominance in Europe and
Martin Luther, a professor of theology gave rise to Protestantism.
at the University of Wittenberg, Lutheranism is one of many
attacked the corruption of the papacy Protestant denominations and has
today about 316 millions adherents.
and the Catholic church selling
indulgences by monetary payment .

9. Apart from her political role, Catherine of
Medici was a patron of the Arts. Her
interest in architecture led to the
construction of a new wing of the Louvre
and of the landscaping of the gardens of the
Tuileries.
Change
She founded a great library, containing
lots of rare manuscripts, which was very
famous in Renaissance France.
Impact
The incredible amount of knowledge
collected in her library is still useful and of
interest for scientists in our times.
Some of the architecture encouraged by her
may have inspired lots of architects in the
20th century.

10. The political philosopher, Impact
Niccolo di Bernardo dei Machiavelli is regarded
Machiavelli, wrote the The as the father of modern
Prince, a short guide to political theory.
political power in 1505, He introduced a secular
concept of the state - a
published in 1532. state divorced from its
theological implications.
Change In our days in most of
the modern states the
He turned away from power of the state is
morality, religion and the separated from the
papacy believing that the power of the church,
like in France, Sweden
state was a creation of men, and Austria.
not of God . The state and the
prince were considered to be Unfortunately,
one and the same thing. The Machiavelli’s thoughts
Essence of any state is power . about the maintenance
of power have often
been misused by
authoritarian regimes.

11. Change
Bacon remained extremely
influential through his works,
especially as during the scientific
practitioner of the scientific
method evolution.
Bacon was an English philosopher, His demand for a planned
scientist and pioneer of the scientific procedure of investigating all things
method. He is called the father of natural marked a new turn in the
rhetorical and theoretical
Empiricism, a theory of knowledge, framework for science.
highlighting that knowledge comes
primarily via sensory experience. Impact
It is still an important part of the
His works established inductive scientific methodology of today
that all hypotheses and theories
methodologies for scientific inquiry, must be tested against observations
often called the Baconian or scientific of the natural world by experiments.
method.

12. William Shakespeare was an English
playwright and poet who recognized in
much of the world as the greatest of all
dramatists. He remains our greatest
entertainer and perhaps our most
profound thinker.
Change
Shakespeare helped to create much of
the modern English language. His plays
are still played.
Impact
His impact on the world were his skills
of writing drama pieces like Juliet and
Romeo.
He has inspired many modern writers
and poets and other artists. He has an
enormous impact on theater, movie and
other kind of culture. Shakespeare has
created figures in his plays, who are
familiar until today.

13. Impact
Galileo played an important
role in the so called
“Scientific Revolution”.
After the discoveries of
Galileo, it was common
knowledge that the Earth
was not the centre of the
Galileo Galilei was an Italian astronomer, but also a Universe and that the Earth
physicist, philosopher and mathematician. moved around the sun. This
was contradicting the
Change teachings of the Church and
Galileo was sent to house
Galileo made many inventions. His most famous arrest in his house.
one was the telescope in 1609. With the telescope
he could look to the moon and also discovered the
satellites of Jupiter. When he discovered that the In year 1992, the church
satellites moved around Jupiter, he later officially declared that
understood and proved that the earth moved Galileo was right.
around the sun (like another astronomer,
Copernicus, had written before him).

14. Impact
What is remarkable about the
Rudolphine Tables that is that they
proved to be accurate over decades.
Calculating tables, the normal business And also today the continued
for an astronomer, always involved accuracy of the tables is naturally
heavy arithmetic. seen as an argument for the
correctness of Kepler's laws, and
thus for the correctness of the
Change heliocentric astronomy.
Kepler published a proof of how
logarithms worked, based on Euclid’s
“Elements” Book. These tables were
published with the Rudolphine Tables.
The astronomical tables used also
Kepler's laws of planetary motion.

15. Impact
Descartes tried to apply the rational As scientist and mathematician
methods of science, and particularly Descartes was one of the most
of mathematics, to philosophy. influential thinkers in Western
Before his time, philosophy was philosophy in applying the method of
based on comparing and discussing deductive reasoning in the
the theses of other known philosophy (Cogito, ergo sum...I think,
philosophers. therefore I am!)
He had a big influence on other
Change modern and rational thinkers like
Descartes pointed out the Henry More and Spinoza.
importance of scepticism of thought
in holding nothing for true until His "Cognito argument" rejects the
having established grounds for authority of texts and teachers and
believing that it is true. encourage everyone of us to think
independently.

16. Christine de Pisan Christopher Columbus
Source: Encarta kids Source: christopher-columbus.eu
Image: newworldencyclopedia.org Image: christopher-columbus.eu
Gutenberg Giovanni Pico della Mirandola
Source: Source: http://www.historyguide.org/
http://h.whyville.net/smmk/whytim intellect/pico.html
es/article?id=63 Image: http://www.elec-
Image: Encarta kids intro.com/oration-pico
Martin Luther Isabella d'Este
Source: Encarta kids Source:
Image: http://www.yesnet.yk.ca/schools/proj
http://thegospelcoalition.org/blogs/j ects/renaissance/renaissancewomen.ht
ustintaylor/2010/10/25/95-theses/ ml
Image: artchive.com
Leonardo da Vinci
Source: http://www.davincilife.com/
Image: http://www.davincilife.com/

17. Martin Luther Niccolo di Bernardo dei Machiavelli
Source: Encarta kids Source:
Image: http://www.historyguide.org/earlymo
http://thegospelcoalition.org/blogs d/lecture1c.html
/justintaylor/2010/10/25/95- Image:
theses/ http://www.entreprenant.us/2011/01/
26/book-review-the-prince-by-niccolo-
Catherine de Medici machiavelli/
Source: Encarta kids
Image: Francis Bacon
http://www.mystudios.com/artgall Source:
ery/S/Santi-Di-Tito/Musical-angels- http://www.iep.utm.edu/bacon/
with-a-trompe-loeil-cloister,-detail- Image:
of-cherub-playing-a-flute,-from-the- http://www.iep.utm.edu/bacon/
interior-west-facade.html

18. William Shakespeare Johannes Kepler
Source: http://www.shakespeare- Source: http://www-history.mcs.st-
online.com and.ac.uk/Biographies/Kepler.html
http://www.online- Image: http://www-history.mcs.st-
literature.com/shakespeare/ and.ac.uk/Biographies/Kepler.html
Image:
http://www.cosmosmagazine.com/ Rene Descartes
news/945/shakespeare-good-brain Source: Encarta kids
Image:
Galileo Galilei http://www.quia.com/pages/epistemo
Source: http://galileo.rice.edu/ logy.html
http://inventors.about.com/od/gsta
rtinventors/a/Galileo_Galilei
Image:
http://coolwallpaper786.blogspot.co
m/2011/06/galileo-galilei-
telescope.html