The thyroid gland is an important endocrine gland that regulates metabolism, growth, and development. It is butterfly-shaped and located in the front of the neck. The thyroid produces thyroid hormones T3 and T4 which regulate metabolic rate, and calcitonin which regulates calcium levels. The thyroid's hormone production is controlled by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland in a negative feedback loop. Disorders of the thyroid include hypothyroidism, where insufficient hormones cause goiter and myxedema, and hyperthyroidism, where excess hormones cause Graves' disease and exophthalmos.

1. THYROID GLAND
Megha Naik,
Batch 12- PGDCR
Date : 14.12.12

2. CONTENTS
 Introduction
 Table of Contents
 Why is Thyroid Gland important?
 Anatomy
 Physiology
 Functions of thyroid hormones
 How are Thyroid hormones regulated?
 Disorders of Gland
 Hypothyroidism
 Hyperthyroidism
 Summary

3. WHY IS THYROID GLAND
IMPORTANT ?
Secretions of the Thyroid gland control:
 Body’s Metabolism
 Growth
 Development
Also affects : Cardiovascular System,
Central Nervous System and
Reproductive System.

4. ANATOMY
 Butterfly-shaped organ,
 composed of two cone-
like lobes or wings
connected via
the isthmus,
 Lies on the anterior side
of the neck, lying against
and around
the larynx and trachea

5. PHYSIOLOGY
 Endocrine Gland
 Follicular Cells - secretes Thyroid
hormones-
T3 – triiodothyronine and
T4 – Tetraiodothyronine / thyroxine
 Parafollicular cells – secretes Calcitonin

6. FUNCTIONS
HORMONES FUNCTIONS
T3 and T4 Regulates metabolic rate
Calcitonin Regulates calcium and
phosphate levels in blood.

7. HOW ARE THYROID HORMONES
REGULATED?
Controlled by :
 Thyrotropin
Releasing
Hormone
 Thyroid Stimulating
Hormone
Regulated by :
 Negative feedback
mechanism

8. DISORDERS OF THYROID GLAND
 Hypothyroidism
 Hyperthyroidism

9. HYPOTHYROIDISM
Reasons Effects Treatment
 Hashimoto  Hormone
 Goiter
disease, replacement
 Myxedema Therapy
 Iodine
 Cretinism  Levothyroxin
Deficiency,
 Pituitary e (T4)
 Liothyronine
Insufficiency,
 Surgical (T3)
removal of
thyroid gland

10. HYPERTHYROIDISM
Reasons Effects Treatment
 Grave’s  Thyroid
 Grave’s
disease, Inhibitors,
Disease  Radioactive
 Tumors,
 Exopthalmos iodine,
 Thyroiditis,
 Gluco-
 Thyroid Storm,
corticoids,
 Surgical
removal

11. Summary
 Endocrine gland located in the anterior
neck.
 Primary function is to regulate body’s
metabolic rate.
 Deficiency of the thyroid hormones causes
Goiter,Myxedema, Cretinism.
 Hypersecretion causes Grave’s Disease
and Exopthalmos

12. References
 http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphy
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroid
 http://images.yourdictionary.com/thyroid-gland

13. QUESTIONS??

14. THANK YOU