40. Hình 2.52: Zygomatic implants (Southern Implants, Centurion, South Africa). Chuù yù
phaàn keát noái ñöôïc beû goùc.
Caùc nghieân cöùu laâm saøng veà implant xöông goø maù cho thaáy tyû leä thaønh coâng cao
treân laâm saøng. Chrcanovic vaø coäng söï ñaõ xuaát baûn moät baøi toång quan caùc nghieân cöùu
veà implant xöông goø maù. 68 nghieân cöùu moâ taû 4556 implant xöông goø maù ôû 2161 beänh
nhaân, chæ coù 103 ca thaát baïi [tyû leä toàn taïi tích luõy (CSR) sau 12 naêm laø 95.21%]. Tyû leä
toàn taïi ñöôïc baùo caùo cho thaáy raèng implant xöông goø maù coù theå naâng ñôõ thaønh coâng
taûi troïng töùc thì khi vieäc choïn löïa beänh nhaân vaø quy trình taûi löïc ñöôïc kieåm soaùt caån
thaän. Quy trì naøy ñoøi hoûi vieäc keát noái taát caû implant haøm treân vôùi moät thanh noái cöùng
chaéc (rigid connector), taïo ra söï phaân boá taûi troïng thuaän lôïi, ñaëc bieät quan troïng ñoái
vôùi vieäc taûi löïc töùc thì hay taûi löïc sôùm.63
Implant chaân böôùm (pterygoid implant) cuõng laø moät löïa choïn ñeå söû duïng toái ña
vuøng xöông duøng ñöôïc ñeå ñaët implant ôû vuøng raêng sau haøm treân. Ñöôïc moâ taû laàn ñaàu
tieân bôûi Tulasne naêm 1989, implant chaân böôùm ñi qua loài cuû xöông haøm treân, moûm
thaùp xöông khaåu caùi vaø sau ñoù laø moûm chaân böôùm cuûa xöông böôùm. Implant duøng
trong kyõ thuaät naøy thöôøng daøi töø 15-20 mm. Implant ñöôïc ñaët ôû vuøng raêng coái lôùn 1
hoaëc 2 theo höôùng cheách vaøo trong vaø ra sau höôùng veà moûm thaùp. Sau ñoù noù ñi leân
treân giöõa hai maûnh cuûa moûm chaân böôùm vaø tìm thaáy ñieåm neo chaën ôû hoá chaân böôùm
hay hoá thuyeàn cuûa xöông böôùm (Hình 2.53).
Hình 2.53 Ñaët implant giaû ñònh vaøo vuøng
chaân böôùm (ñoä nghieâng theo chieàu gaàn-
xa ñöôïc theå hieän). (Nguoàn: Rodriguez X,
Lucas-Taulé E, Elnayef B, et al.
Anatomical and radiological approach to
pterygoid implants: a cross-sectional
study of 202 cone beam computed
tomography examinations. Int J Oral
Maxillofac Surg. 2016;45[5]:636–640.)
41. Öu ñieåm cuûa implant chaân böôùm laø coù vuøng xöông voû ñaëc ñeå gaøi implant vaø coù
khaû naêng traùnh ñöôïc vieäc naâng xoang haøm vaø caùc thuû thuaät gheùp xöông khaùc. Ñieàu
naøy laøm ruùt ngaén thôøi gian ñieàu trò vaø cho pheùp taûi löïc töùc thì.
Vieäc taêng neo chaën implant ôû vuøng raêng sau haøm treân cuõng cho pheùp phuïc hình coù
phaàn môû roäng veà phía sau lôùn hôn, loaïi boû phaàn voùi ôû phía xa. Nhöôïc ñieåm cuûa
implant chaân böôùm laø nhaïy caûm veà maët kyõ thuaät, gaàn vôùi caùc caáu truùc giaûi phaãu quan
troïng, vaø khoù tieáp caän ñoái vôùi baùc só laâm saøng vaø beänh nhaân.64
Tyû leä thaønh coâng cuûa
implant chaân böôùm laø töø 71% ñeán gaàn 100%.65
Hình 2.54 (A) Implant xöông goø maù vaø implant chaân böôùm ñöôïc ñaët ñoái beân vôùi caùc
implant tieâu chuaån. (B) Implant xöông goø maù vaø implant chaân böôùm xuyeân qua vaït
caúng tay quay (radial forearm flap) ñeå taùi taïo sau phaãu thuaät caét xöông haøm treân beân
traùi. (Nguoàn: Dierks EJ, Higuchi KW. Zygoma implants in a compromised maxilla. In:
Baheri SC, Bell RB, Ali H, eds. Current Therapy in Oral Maxillofacial Surgery.
Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2012. Courtesy David Hirsch, New York.)
Implant vuøng loài cuû (tuberosity implant) baét ñaàu ôû phaàn xa nhaát cuûa soáng haøm treân
vaø keát thuùc ôû moûm thaùp.66
Thuaät ngöõ lieân quan ñeán implant ñaët ôû vuøng naøy coøn thieáu
nhaát quaùn trong y vaên. Caùc thuaät ngöõ “pterygoid implants,” “pterygomaxillary
implants,” vaø “tuberosity implants” ñoâi khi ñöôïc söû duïng thay theá cho nhau. Pterygoid
implant ñöôïc ñònh nghóa laø “implant ñöôïc ñaët xuyeân qua loài cuû xöông haøm treân vaøo
maûnh chaân böôùm,” vaø caùc taùc giaû söû duïng thuaät ngöõ pterygomaxillary implant khi ñeà
caäp ñeán caùc implant ñöôïc ñaët trong phöùc hôïp chaân böôùm-haøm, bao goàm loài cuû xöông
haøm treân, moûm thaùp xöông khaåu caùi vaø caùc maûnh chaân böôùm. Loài cuû xöông haøm treân
ñöôïc ñònh nghóa laø “phaàn xa nhaát cuûa soáng haøm treân,” vaø coù söï khaùc bieät ñaùng keå
giöõa pterygoid implant vaø tuberosity implant (Hình 2.55). Pterygoid implant baét ñaàu ôû
loài cuû, phaàn lôùn thaân vaø choùp cuûa noù naèm beân trong xöông voû ñaëc cuûa caùc maûnh chaân
42. böôùm vaø moûm thaùp xöông khaåu caùi, trong khi tuberosity implant baét ñaàu ôû phaàn xa
nhaát cuûa soáng haøm treân vaø keát thuùc ôû moûm thaùp. Do vuøng loài cuû chuû yeáu laø xöông
ñaëc, neân söï naâng ñôõ cuûa xöông ñoái vôùi pterygoid implant vaø tuberosity implant coù theå
khaùc nhau ñaùng keå.64
Hình 2.55: Hai implant ñöôïc ñaët ôû xöông haøm treân beân phaûi, moät ôû vuøng loài cuû, moät ôû
vuøng R6, chuùng ñöôïc noái vôùi nhau bôûi caàu raêng söù-kim loaïi. (Nguoàn: Park YJ, Cho
SA. Retrospective chart analysis on survival rate of fixtures installed at the tuberosity
bone for cases with missing unilateral upper molars: a study of 7 cases. J Oral
Maxilllofac Surg. 2010;68[6]:1338–1344.)
Keát luaän
Moät boä thuaät ngöõ chuyeân bieät ñaõ ñöôïc phaùt trieån trong lónh vöïc caáy gheùp nha khoa ñeå
moâ taû caùc duïng cuï, phuï kieän vaø kyõ thuaät duøng trong thöïc haønh laâm saøng vaø labo. Caùc
thuaät ngöõ cô baûn ñaõ ñöôïc moâ taû trong chöông naøy, vaø, ñeå bieát theâm thoâng tin, ngöôøi
ñoïc neân tham khaûo Glossary of Implant Dentistry (ICOI) vaø Glossary of Prosthodontic
Terms (ACP).
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