This is Gas Turbine.
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This document provides information about how gas turbine engines work and their applications. It first describes the basic components and process of a simple cycle gas turbine, which involves compression, combustion, and expansion stages. It then discusses the key components in more detail, including axial compressors and turbines, and different combustor designs. The document outlines common performance characteristics like efficiency variations with load and ambient temperature. Finally, it lists some common industrial and power generation applications for gas turbines and how they are used for base load, peak load, and standby operations.
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This is Gas Turbine.
- 1. General Questions to All Manufacturers How does it work?How does it work?How does it work? This is a Gas Turbine.This is a Gas Turbine.This is a Gas Turbine.
- 2. General Questions to All ManufacturersContentsContents • How Does it Work? • Gas Turbine Components • Gas Turbine Performance • Gas Turbine Applications
- 3. General Questions to All Manufacturers 1) Compression 2) Combustion 3)Expansion (Turbine) Output Shaft Power Output Shaft Power Two Shaft Turbine Engine Two ShaftTwo Shaft Turbine EngineTurbine Engine Single Shaft Turbine Engine Single ShaftSingle Shaft Turbine EngineTurbine Engine
- 4. General Questions to All ManufacturersThe “Simple Cycle”The “Simple Cycle” • Compressor Pumps Air into Combustion Chamber • Fuel in Gaseous or Liquid Spray Form Injected into Combustion Chamber and Burned • Continuously Expanding Combustion Products Directed Through Stationary Airfoils − react against the blades of a turbine wheel, causing the shaft to turn, driving the compressor • Remaining High Energy Gas Can be Used − expansion across a nozzle (propulsion) − expansion across another turbine stage (shaft power)
- 5. General Questions to All Manufacturers Simple Cycle Gas TurbinesSimple Cycle Gas Turbines as Aircraft Engines and Land Based Prime Moversas Aircraft Engines and Land Based Prime Movers COMPRESSOR TURBINE COMBUSTOR FUEL AIR IN EXHAUST GAS OUT POWER OUTPUT COMPRESSOR TURBINE COMBUSTOR FUEL AIR IN EXHAUST GAS OUT NOZZLE THRUST HIGH VELOCITY JET POWER TURBINE
- 6. General Questions to All ManufacturersCommonalitiesCommonalities • Use One or Multiple Compressors • Have Combustor • Use One or Multiple Turbines to Drive Compressor(s) • Aeroengines Generate Propulsion Either by a Hot Gas Jet, Driven Fan or Propeller, or Combination • Industrial Gas Turbines Generate Mechanical Power Using Turbine Driven by Hot Gas
- 7. General Questions to All Manufacturers 1 2 3 5 7 BraytonBrayton Cycle (Simple Cycle Gas Turbine )Cycle (Simple Cycle Gas Turbine ) VelocityTemperaturePressure Station 1 2 3 5 7 Flame Temperature
- 8. General Questions to All Manufacturers Gas Turbine ComponentsGas Turbine Components
- 9. General Questions to All ManufacturersEngine External Components Industrial Engine on SkidIndustrial Engine on Skid
- 10. General Questions to All Manufacturers 1 2 3 5 7 The Compressor SectionThe Compressor Section • Axial or Centrifugal Flow • Axial Flow higher efficiency higher flow more stages • Centrifugal Compressors on smaller engines and some mid-size industrial engines less stages rugged simple • Driven by the Turbine on a Common Shaft • Compressor Uses 2/3 of the Fuel Energy That’s why keeping it efficient (read CLEAN) is so important!
- 11. General Questions to All ManufacturersAxial CompressorAxial Compressor • Airflow Parallel to Rotor Axis • Air Compressed in “Stages” row of moving blades followed by row of stationary blades (stators) is one stage. ♦ Moving blades impart kinetic energy ♦ stators recover the kinetic energy as pressure and redirect the flow to the next stage at the optimum angle
- 12. General Questions to All ManufacturersAxial CompressorAxial Compressor • Modern Compressor Designs are Extremely Efficient − gas turbine performance rating depends greatly on the compressor efficiency • High Performance Made Possible by Advanced Aerodynamics, Coatings, and Small Blade Tip Clearances • Even Small Amounts of Deposits on Compressor Blades May Cause Large Performance Losses Inlet Guide Vane Rotor Blades(rotating) Stator Vanes (fixed to case)
- 13. General Questions to All ManufacturersThe CombustorThe Combustor • Also Known as the “Burner” • Must be Compact and Provide “Even Temperature Distribution of Hot Gases to the Turbine • Three Basic Configurations: − annular − can − can-annular 1 2 3 5 7
- 14. General Questions to All ManufacturersAnnular CombustorAnnular Combustor Injector Combustor Liner (requires intensive cooling) Shaft
- 15. General Questions to All ManufacturersCombustor DesignCombustor Design • Annular − Donut shaped, single, continuous chamber that encircles the turbine • Can-annular − multiple, single burners (“cans”) evenly spaced around the rotor shaft • Silo or Can − One or more combustion chambers mounted external to the gas turbine body
- 16. General Questions to All ManufacturersFuel InjectorFuel Injector • Used to introduce fuel into the combustion chamber. • Can be for single or dual fuel • Fuel can be mixed with combustion air either… − in the combustor (standard combustion system) − pre-mixed prior to entering combustor ( lean pre-mix, DLN (dry-low-Nox), DLE (dry low emissions), (SoLoNOx) Pre-Mix Barrel Solar Mars Injector Standard vs SoloNOx Standard injector Dry-Low-NOx injector
- 17. General Questions to All Manufacturers 1 2 3 5 7 The TurbineThe Turbine • Two Basic Types - Radial and Axial − Almost all industrial Gas Turbines use axial flow turbines • Like the Compressor, Turbine Expansion Takes Place in “Stages” − a row of stationary blades (nozzles) followed by a row of moving blades = one stage.
- 18. General Questions to All ManufacturersAxial TurbineAxial Turbine Turbine Nozzle SegmentTwo Stage Axial Turbine Nozzle Rotor Blade Nozzle Rotor Blade rotation rotation • First Stage Turbine Nozzle Sees the Hottest Temperatures − Referred to as TIT (Turbine Inlet Temperature) or TRIT (Turbine Rotor Inlet Temperature) − Modern engines run TRIT as high as 2200 F (some even higher)
- 19. General Questions to All ManufacturersBlade Cooling SchemesBlade Cooling Schemes COOLING AIR INLET HOT GAS FLOW HOT GAS FLOW COOLING AIR SHOWER HEAD FILM HOLES Film CoolingConvection Cooling
- 20. General Questions to All ManufacturersTemperature DefinitionTemperature Definition TIT TRIT T5 Combustor 1st Nozzle 1st Rotor 1st PT Nozzle Cooling Air Flows All temperatures are considered total.
- 21. General Questions to All Manufacturers Gas Turbine Performance Characteristics Gas TurbineGas Turbine Performance CharacteristicsPerformance Characteristics
- 22. General Questions to All Manufacturers Gas Turbine Performance vs. Ambient Temperature Gas TurbineGas Turbine Performance vs. Ambient TemperaturePerformance vs. Ambient Temperature 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 T amb (deg C) Power,Heatrate HP HR
- 23. General Questions to All Manufacturers Efficiency at Part Load OperationEfficiency at Part Load OperationEfficiency at Part Load Operation Gas Turbine Thermal Efficiencyη/ηref versus Load P/Pmax (Typical, for 3 arbitrarily selected industrial engines) 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 50 60 70 80 90 100 Load (%) Rel.ThermalEfficiency(%)
- 24. General Questions to All ManufacturersGas Turbine ApplicationsGas Turbine Applications
- 25. General Questions to All ManufacturersIndustrial Applications
- 26. General Questions to All Manufacturers Gas Turbine Driven Compressor SetGas Turbine Driven Compressor Set
- 27. General Questions to All Manufacturers 0 0 HEAD 1 UNIT 2 UNITS 3 UNITS IN PARALLEL SITE POWER AT 75F FLOW Operational Flexibility Managing Varying Demand Operational FlexibilityOperational Flexibility Managing Varying DemandManaging Varying Demand Operating Points in a Compressor Station
- 28. General Questions to All Manufacturers Centaur 50Centaur 50 Gas Turbine Driven GeneratorGas Turbine Driven GeneratorGas Turbine Driven Generator
- 29. General Questions to All ManufacturersApplicationsApplications • Base Load (Continuous Duty) – Designed to operate 6,000-8,000 hrs per year (more or less continuously) • Peak Load – Designed to operate approximately 1,000 hours per year (started during peak power demands, usually about once per day) • Stand-By – Designed to operate less than 1,000 hours per year (started if other systems fail) – A “Standby Duty” unit is operated as a backup to, not in parallel with, a normal source of power. – Typical operation ranges from 50 to 100 hours per year with one start per week.
- 30. General Questions to All ManufacturersBase and Peak Load UnitsBase and Peak Load Units • Firing Temperature − Output Power − Exhaust Temperature − Life − Maintenance intervals/Cost of Maintenance Output Power Exhaust Heat Maintenance Cost Net Cash Flow TRIT Maintenance Interval (hrs)
- 31. General Questions to All Manufacturers Base Load, Peak Load and StandBase Load, Peak Load and Stand--By UnitsBy Units • Engine Life depends on Firing Temperature (and number of starts*) – Thus, a peak load unit can be fired at higher temperatures without any design changes – Higher Firing Temperature means more power, but shorter engine life. * According to some manufacturers