This document provides an overview of particulate technology, specifically thickeners and clarifiers. It introduces thickeners and clarifiers, explains their working principles, types, and applications. Thickeners are used to separate liquids from solids, increasing the density and concentration of solids, while clarifiers separate solids to purify liquids through sedimentation. Common applications include mining operations, water treatment, and sewage treatment. While thickeners and clarifiers have similar designs, thickeners concentrate solids and clarifiers purify liquids.

1. PARTICULATE TECHNOLOGY
ASSIGNED BY: DR. ZEENAT MUHAMMAD ALI
PRESENTED BY: SARWAN AHMED URSANI (18CH101)
Dated: 20/07/2020

3.  INTRODUCTION TO THICKENERS
 WORKING OF THICKENRES
 TYPES OF THICKENERS
 APPLICATIONS OF THICKENERS
 INTRODUCTION TO CLARIFIERS
 WORKING OF CLARIFIERS
 APPLICATIONS OF CLARIFIERS

4. Introduced in 1905, in mining
industry.
The purpose of the thickener is to
separate the solid liquid by
sedimentation and raise the
density of mixture of solid and
liquid
In simple words, we can say that
the thickener is machine that
separates liquid form solids, due
to which the density of our
substance to be thickened
increases.
The driving force for the
separation is gravitational, where
the differences in phase densities
drive the separation of the solids
and liquid.

5. 1. Pipe feed is transferred to velocity
feed box, to removes excess energy
from slurry.
2. Flocculant are added in the feed pipe
for rapid agglomeration.
3. Solid particles formed settle to the
bottom of the Thickener.
4. The dense Thickener solids are
removed via a slurry pump through
the underflow pipe.
5. Clean water rises to the top of the
Thickener and overflows.
6. Collected clean water is sent to lake
for reuse.

6. The thickeners are two types of thickeners, classified on the basis of location of rake
deriving mechanism.
1. Centrally driven thickener
2. Peripherally driven thickener

7. The centrally driven thickeners are further
classified into two types
a. Column Type Thickeners
A kind of thickener where a central steel or
concrete column takes vertically the reaction
to the weight of the mechanism and
horizontally the torque load.
b. Bridge Type Thickeners
In the bridge type a structure spans across
the tank and is subjected vertically to the
weight of the mechanism plus any solids that
accumulate within the arms truss and
horizontally to the twin forces imposed by the
density of the raked underflow.

8. These thickeners incorporate a central column that serves as a axle to a rotating
raking arm that spans radially towards the periphery of the tank. The outer end of the
arm has a carriage with motorized wheels that are guided by a circumferential track
and move the entire arm structure in a circular trajectory to convey the settled solids
towards the center. The bridge is not subjected to any operational loads and serves
merely as a walkway for accessing the column and its pivot point from the outside.
These thickeners have no lifting devices therefore they cannot be used for storage.

9. Thickeners can be supplied for a variety of applications from mineral processing to water
treatment. Some applications where we have been involved in include:
 Tailings thickening for Platinum, Base Metals & Minerals
 Dewatering of Final Flotation Concentrates
 Treatment of Coal Slimes
 Gold Tailings Applications
 Phosphate Rock Treatment
 Counter Current Decantation (C.C.D)
 Clarification of Pregnant Liquor Solutions (P.L.S.)
 Water Treatment Applications
 Liquor Applications in the Pulp & Paper Industry
 Chemical Processing
 Neutralization of Acid Mine Water

10. The purpose of the Clarifier is to
separate the solid from liquid by
sedimentation and clarify the
water.
In simple words, we can say that
the classifier is machine that
separates liquid form solids, due
to which the water is cleaned for
reuse.
Actually it is a method of
dewatering of dilute pulp, to
remove impurities from water.

11. 1. The water with impurities is introduced into the
clarifier at controlled velocity.
2. The water is allowed some detention time in
the clarifier tank, the solid material is
suspended at the bottom.
3. Tube settlers are added at the both sides of the
tank, that help solids particles to settle at the
bottom
4. The oil, fats or grease are removed from the
top of tank by a rotating skimmer
5. The formed sludge is removed with the help of
scrapper quickly. if left for an extended period
of time, may become gluey and viscous, causing
difficulties in its removal. The sludge is also
called returned activated sludge

12.  Potable water treatment
Water consumed by humans, is treated with flocculation reagents and sent to
clarifiers where it is clarified and then sent for further chemical treatment.
 Waste water treatment
Sewage water is recycled these days to save the water, we use clarifiers as primary
treatment to sewage water to remove floating and settable solids through
sedimentation.
 Mining
In mining applications, clarification through clarifiers is applied to both the product
and tailings streams to recover water. This water is recycled in the process.

13.  Fundamentally, thickeners and clarifiers (which look visually like thickeners) are
both used to settle solids which results in the separation of liquids and solids. The
difference however is that thickeners are used to concentrate solids, while clarifiers
are used to purify liquids.

14. THE FLOOR IS OPEN FOR QUESTIONS