This document provides an overview of thermoacoustic refrigeration (TAR). It begins with introductions and basics of refrigeration and TAR. It then explains the main parts of TAR including the driver, resonator, stack, and heat exchangers. The document presents a case study on the Space Thermoacoustic Refrigerator launched in 1992. It discusses advantages and applications of TAR as well as challenges. In conclusion, TAR provides environmentally friendly refrigeration without ozone depleting chemicals or moving parts.
Thermo Acoustic refrigeration is a phenomenon that uses high intensity sound waves in a pressurized gas tube to pump heat from one place to other to produce refrigeration effect. This system completely eliminates the need for lubricants and results in 40% less energy consumption.
Air refrigeration systems, Carnot refrigeration cycle, Brayton refrigeration or the Bell-Coleman air refrigeration cycle, Aircraft refrigeration system, Simple air cooling system, Simple air evaporative cooling system, Bootstrap air cooling, Bootstrap air evaporative air cooling, Regenerative air cooling, Reduced ambient air cooling, Comparison of different systems
Thermo Acoustic refrigeration is a phenomenon that uses high intensity sound waves in a pressurized gas tube to pump heat from one place to other to produce refrigeration effect. This system completely eliminates the need for lubricants and results in 40% less energy consumption.
Air refrigeration systems, Carnot refrigeration cycle, Brayton refrigeration or the Bell-Coleman air refrigeration cycle, Aircraft refrigeration system, Simple air cooling system, Simple air evaporative cooling system, Bootstrap air cooling, Bootstrap air evaporative air cooling, Regenerative air cooling, Reduced ambient air cooling, Comparison of different systems
Aircraft refrigeration system (air cooling system)Ripuranjan Singh
Aircraft air refrigeration systems are required due to heat transfer from many external and internal heat sources (like solar radiation and avionics) which increase the cabin air temperature. With the technological developments in high-speed passenger and jet aircraft's, the air refrigeration systems are proving to be most efficient, compact and simple. Various types of aircraft air refrigeration systems used these days are.
Simple air cooling system
Simple air evaporative cooling system
Boot strap air cooling system
Boot strap air evaporative cooling system
Reduced ambient air cooling system
Regenerative air cooling system
COMPRESSOR EFFICIENCY AND TURBINE EFFICIENCY.
Comparison of Various Air Cooling Systems used for Aircraft ON basis of dart
Principle and mechanism for generating cooling effect using the magnet..
For any other enquiry u can contact me on +919540278218....
and can join my Page www.facebook.com/engineeringindia
Design and Fabrication of Thermo Electric Refrigeratorijtsrd
In the recent years, we have many problems such as energy crises and environment degradation due to increasing CO2 emissions on ozone layer depletion has become the primary concern to both developed and developing countries. Using thermo electric module is going to be one of the most effective, clean and environment friendly system. The main advantage of the thermoelectric refrigerator is no need of any refrigerant and mechanical devices like compressor, prime mover, etc for its operation. Thermo electric refrigerator works on the principle of Peltier effect, when a direct current is passed between two electrically dissimilar materials heat is absorbed or liberated at the junction. The direction of the heat flow depends on the direction of applied electric current. The materials used for the thermo electric refrigerator are Silicon germanium and its alloys. The main objective is to design and fabrication of thermo electric refrigerator with an interior cooling volume of 0.0258m3 Dr. S. Sreenatha Reddy | G. Naveen Kumar | K. Sridhar | M. Sai Siri ""Design and Fabrication of Thermo Electric Refrigerator"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23356.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/23356/design-and-fabrication-of-thermo-electric-refrigerator/dr-s-sreenatha-reddy
Design Considerations for Plate Type Heat ExchangerArun Sarasan
A plate heat exchanger is a type of heat exchanger that uses metal plates to transfer heat between two fluids. This has a major advantage over a conventional heat exchanger in that the fluids are exposed to a much larger surface area because the fluids spread out over the plates. This facilitates the transfer of heat, and greatly increases the speed of the temperature change. Plate heat exchangers are now common and very small brazed versions are used in the hot-water sections of millions of combination boilers. The high heat transfer efficiency for such a small physical size has increased the domestic hot water (DHW) flowrate of combination boilers. The small plate heat exchanger has made a great impact in domestic heating and hot-water. Larger commercial versions use gaskets between the plates, whereas smaller versions tend to be brazed.
Aircraft refrigeration system (air cooling system)Ripuranjan Singh
Aircraft air refrigeration systems are required due to heat transfer from many external and internal heat sources (like solar radiation and avionics) which increase the cabin air temperature. With the technological developments in high-speed passenger and jet aircraft's, the air refrigeration systems are proving to be most efficient, compact and simple. Various types of aircraft air refrigeration systems used these days are.
Simple air cooling system
Simple air evaporative cooling system
Boot strap air cooling system
Boot strap air evaporative cooling system
Reduced ambient air cooling system
Regenerative air cooling system
COMPRESSOR EFFICIENCY AND TURBINE EFFICIENCY.
Comparison of Various Air Cooling Systems used for Aircraft ON basis of dart
Principle and mechanism for generating cooling effect using the magnet..
For any other enquiry u can contact me on +919540278218....
and can join my Page www.facebook.com/engineeringindia
Design and Fabrication of Thermo Electric Refrigeratorijtsrd
In the recent years, we have many problems such as energy crises and environment degradation due to increasing CO2 emissions on ozone layer depletion has become the primary concern to both developed and developing countries. Using thermo electric module is going to be one of the most effective, clean and environment friendly system. The main advantage of the thermoelectric refrigerator is no need of any refrigerant and mechanical devices like compressor, prime mover, etc for its operation. Thermo electric refrigerator works on the principle of Peltier effect, when a direct current is passed between two electrically dissimilar materials heat is absorbed or liberated at the junction. The direction of the heat flow depends on the direction of applied electric current. The materials used for the thermo electric refrigerator are Silicon germanium and its alloys. The main objective is to design and fabrication of thermo electric refrigerator with an interior cooling volume of 0.0258m3 Dr. S. Sreenatha Reddy | G. Naveen Kumar | K. Sridhar | M. Sai Siri ""Design and Fabrication of Thermo Electric Refrigerator"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23356.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/23356/design-and-fabrication-of-thermo-electric-refrigerator/dr-s-sreenatha-reddy
Design Considerations for Plate Type Heat ExchangerArun Sarasan
A plate heat exchanger is a type of heat exchanger that uses metal plates to transfer heat between two fluids. This has a major advantage over a conventional heat exchanger in that the fluids are exposed to a much larger surface area because the fluids spread out over the plates. This facilitates the transfer of heat, and greatly increases the speed of the temperature change. Plate heat exchangers are now common and very small brazed versions are used in the hot-water sections of millions of combination boilers. The high heat transfer efficiency for such a small physical size has increased the domestic hot water (DHW) flowrate of combination boilers. The small plate heat exchanger has made a great impact in domestic heating and hot-water. Larger commercial versions use gaskets between the plates, whereas smaller versions tend to be brazed.
This project examines the effectiveness of thermo acoustic refrigeration, which is the theory of using sound waves as a coolant. The work reported here deals with the design and optimization of a thermo acoustic-refrigerator (TAR) as an attempt to address the future generation environment friendly energy systems.
In an early 19th century, modern refrigeration technologies were introduced to the world. In the last few
decades, the use of refrigeration systems has significantly increased. Currently, Cooling is achieved with vapour
compression system that use a specific refrigerant. In recent years, it has been discovered that conventional
refrigerants affect the environment adversely. For the safety of the environment, it is necessary to avoid the use of
environmentally hazardous refrigerants by developing new alternative refrigeration technologies such as
Thermoacoustic Refrigeration System. This paper describes the variation of hot end temperature and the temperature difference between the stack ends with the various parameters like frequency, mean pressure.
An overview of stack design for a thermoacoustic refrigeratoreSAT Journals
Abstract A thermoacoustic refrigerator utilizes the thermal interactions of the sound waves with the medium while they travel to produce refrigeration. Sound energy propagates in longitudinal fashion through the medium, thus resulting in compressions and rarefactions in the medium and hence heating and cooling the medium subsequently. The stack acts as a medium to transfer the heat from one point in the system to another. The stack is thus the heart of any thermoacoustic refrigeration system. This paper provides a brief overview of the construction and working of the thermoacoustic refrigerator and focusses on the stack of a thermoacoustic refrigeration system. The desired thermal properties of the stack material like the thermal conductivity and specific heat have been discussed. An optimum spacing obtained from previous works based on the thermal and viscous penetration depths has been briefly discussed. Various stack geometries like the parallel plate type, the spiral type, pin type and porous stacks made of reticulated vitreous carbon have been elaborated. Keywords: Thermoacoustic refrigerator, Stack, Thermal penetration depth, Stack geometry, Stack spacing.
It is a technolgy by which we can produce cooling Effect Using MAgnets and Magnetic Materials......
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A novel approach to design and fabrication of thermo-acoustic refrigerator us...IOSR Journals
The basic object of this paper is compression of refrigerant by the consumption of high amplitude
sound waves that results the generation thermal Energy. For generation of sound waves a loud speaker (or
common audio speaker) has been employed for creating high amplitude sound waves which compresses
refrigerant (helium) by the well Known thermodynamics process of heat absorption. A Thermo acoustic
refrigerator is fabricated with a cooler and loud speaker. The acoustic power produced by a loud speaker as a
sound waves reaches to heat the pump. The cooler works on a reverse Carnot cycle by incorporating a compact
acoustic network to create the travelling wave phasing necessary to operate. As the acoustic wave propagates
temperature difference occurs at the ends of stack, heat and cold is trap by the heat exchangers regenerator
from a cold heat exchanger to an ambient one. Instead of using co-axial topology network, the toroidal is used.
The design, construction and performance measurement of the cooler are also discussed. Finally, at 80 C a
coefficient of performance 7.0 is achieved.
Introduction
Mechanism of Heat Flow
Conduction
Heat Flow through a Cylinder-Conduction
Conduction through fluids
Convection
Film type condensation
Cold liquid-boiling of liquids
Modes of Feed-Heat Transfer
Thermal Radiation
Black Body
Grey body
Equipments
References
2.1 Heat
Heat is a form of energy. According to the principle of thermodynamics whenever a physical or chemical transformation occurs heat flow into or leaves the system.
A number of sources of heat are used for industrial scale operations steam and electric power is the chief sources to transfer heat. It is essential to cover steam without any loses to the apparatus in which it is used. The study of heat transfer processes helps in be signing the plant efficiently and economically
2.2 Heat Transfer:-
Work is one of the basic modes of energy transfer in machines the action of force on a moving body is identified as work. The work is done by a force as it acts upon a body moving in the direction of the force.
Work transfer is considered as occurring between the system and the surroundings work is said to be done by a system is the sole effect on things external to the system can be reduced to the raising of a weight.
If a system has a non-adiabatic boundary its temperature is not independent of the temperature of the surroundings and for the system between the states 1 and 2 the work w depends on path and the differential d-w is inexact. The work depends on the terminal state 1 and 2 as well as non-adiabatic path connecting them. For consistency with the principle of conservation of energy. Some type of energy transfer must have occurred because of the temperature difference between the system and its surroundings and it is identified as heat thus when an effect in a system occurs solely as result of temperature difference between the system and some other system the process in which the effect occur shall be called a transfer of heat from the system at the higher temperature to the system at the lower temperature.
1.1 Evaporation
1.2 Distillation
1.3 Drying
1.4 Crystallization
1.5 Sterilization
Application of Heat Transfer in Pharmaceuticals Industries
Heat Transfer Analysis to Optimize The Water Cooling Scheme For Combustion De...IJERA Editor
Thermal Propulsion system is one kind of propulsion system which is used to drive torpedo. The present study focuses mainly on design of combustion device known to be thrust chamber or thrust cylinder. The chamber and nozzle wall and the injector face plate must be made of metals selected for high strength at elevated temperature coupled with good thermal conductivity, resistance to high temperature oxidation. chemical inertness on the coolant on the coolant side, and suitability for the fabrication method to be employed. In the case of certain monopropellants, the metal must not catalyze the decomposition. Although aluminum and copper alloys have been used successfully for combustion chambers and nozzles, stainless steels and carbon steels are in widest use today.A cooling jacket permits the circulation of a coolant, which, in the case of flight engines is usually one of the propellants. Water is the only coolant recommended. The cooling jacket consists of an inner and outer wall. The combustion chamber forms the inner wall and another concentric but larger cylinder provides the outer wall. The space between the walls serves as the coolant passage. The nozzle throat region usually has the highest heat transfer intensity and is, therefore, the most difficult to cool.
Abstract:
Introduction: The several ways that thermal energy is transferred from one place to another are referred to as the principle of heat transfer.
This process is known as radiation heat transfer.
The transfer of energy by thermal radiation, or electromagnetic waves, is known as radiant heat transfer.
A convection current is created when heated air rises and is replaced by colder air, transferring heat from the inner pane to the outside pane(s).
Heat is carried via the window frame in triple-glazing units; convection is minor in double-glazing units up to 20 mm, especially when argon gas is used, which is denser than air.
Heat transfer through buildings rooms and roofs: Even while convection often involves more variables than conduction, we are nevertheless able to characterize it and do some simple, accurate calculations to determine its effects.
Figure 7 illustrates each of the three heat transmission techniques in this portion of the attic.
This natural convection heating system, when correctly built, may be quite effective in heating a home evenly.
Environmental Heat Transfer
4
Introduction:
The several ways that thermal energy is transferred from one place to another are referred to as the principle of heat transfer. There are three main ways that heat travels through building assemblies: radiation, convection, and conduction. One or more of these mechanisms may be involved in a specific thermal energy transfer. Phase transitions also release or absorb heat through three processes: conduction, radiation, and convection. Examples of this include heat transfer from walls to rooms, from fluids to each other, between pipes, and from outside heat to dwellings. The types of heat transport are described in Figure 1. a (concept group LLC, 2023)
Figure 1: types of transferring heat. (energy saver, 2023)
Temperature and heat are not the same thing. Temperature is a measurement of the intensity of kinetic energy, which is what heat is. Consider two water containers, one holding 10 gallons and the other one holding 1 gallon, to demonstrate this. Both containers hold 50°F water. The bigger container retains ten times more heat than the smaller one, even if they are of the same temperature. Because it has a greater capacity, the larger container can hold more heat. (Clayton DeKorne, 2023)
Building heat transfer calculations are performed for different applications such as: (Kusuda T., 1977)
• heat transmission via the outer envelope, the basement walls, the slab-on-grade floor (to a semi-infinite zone),
• transmission, absorption, and reflection of short wavelengths (or solar heat) for openings.
• thermal storage in the external masses of structures.
Environmental Heat Transfer
5
• air leakage via outside envelopes as well as the interior partition walls, ceilings, and floors.
Interior environmental analyses-:
• radiant heat transfer between heat sinks or sources and interior surfaces,
• the transfer of heat convectively between interior surfaces an
sound wave moving producing Refrigeration process
Thermo acoustic refrigeration systems operate by using sound waves and a non-flammable mixture of inert gas (helium, argon, air) or a mixture of gases in a resonator to produce cooling.. The temperature difference is used to remove heat from the cold side and reject it at the hot side of the system.
Thermo acoustic refrigeration (TAR) is a phenomenon that uses high intensity sound waves in a pressurized gas tube to pump heat from one place to other to produce refrigeration effect
Steady State Thermal Analysis of Thermo Siphon Heat Pipe Photovoltaic Panel C...IJMTST Journal
Photovoltaic panels are designed to produce optimum power output only below a particular temperature which is called the nominal operating cell temperature. Higher operating temperatures of the photovoltaic panels have an adverse impact on the power output and efficiency. This is because of the predominant increase in the resistance to the current generated inside the photovoltaic cells which results in reduction of the power output. Temperature rise of photovoltaic panels due to high solar radiation intensity and ambient temperature is the problem discussed in this paper. Among various methods currently suggested and tested by researchers worldwide, thermo siphon heat pipe cooling mechanism is a feasible and low cost option. This method can be applied to both concentrating and non concentrating photovoltaic panels. The mechanism used for implementing this method of cooling is described. The effect of cooling on the panel temperature and the consequent rise in the power output and the efficiency of the photovoltaic panel is analyzed with the help of a simulation using ANSYS steady state thermal package. The results of using different phase change temperatures in the thermo siphon cooling mechanism are analyzed.
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According to TechSci Research report, “India Orthopedic Devices Market -Industry Size, Share, Trends, Competition Forecast & Opportunities, 2030”, the India Orthopedic Devices Market stood at USD 1,280.54 Million in 2024 and is anticipated to grow with a CAGR of 7.84% in the forecast period, 2026-2030F. The India Orthopedic Devices Market is being driven by several factors. The most prominent ones include an increase in the elderly population, who are more prone to orthopedic conditions such as osteoporosis and arthritis. Moreover, the rise in sports injuries and road accidents are also contributing to the demand for orthopedic devices. Advances in technology and the introduction of innovative implants and prosthetics have further propelled the market growth. Additionally, government initiatives aimed at improving healthcare infrastructure and the increasing prevalence of lifestyle diseases have led to an upward trend in orthopedic surgeries, thereby fueling the market demand for these devices.
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https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations]
Sustainability has become an increasingly critical topic as the world recognizes the need to protect our planet and its resources for future generations. Sustainability means meeting our current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. It involves long-term planning and consideration of the consequences of our actions. The goal is to create strategies that ensure the long-term viability of People, Planet, and Profit.
Leading companies such as Nike, Toyota, and Siemens are prioritizing sustainable innovation in their business models, setting an example for others to follow. In this Sustainability training presentation, you will learn key concepts, principles, and practices of sustainability applicable across industries. This training aims to create awareness and educate employees, senior executives, consultants, and other key stakeholders, including investors, policymakers, and supply chain partners, on the importance and implementation of sustainability.
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1. Develop a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental principles and concepts that form the foundation of sustainability within corporate environments.
2. Explore the sustainability implementation model, focusing on effective measures and reporting strategies to track and communicate sustainability efforts.
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CONTENTS
1. Introduction and Key Concepts of Sustainability
2. Principles and Practices of Sustainability
3. Measures and Reporting in Sustainability
4. Sustainability Implementation & Best Practices
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The world of search engine optimization (SEO) is buzzing with discussions after Google confirmed that around 2,500 leaked internal documents related to its Search feature are indeed authentic. The revelation has sparked significant concerns within the SEO community. The leaked documents were initially reported by SEO experts Rand Fishkin and Mike King, igniting widespread analysis and discourse. For More Info:- https://news.arihantwebtech.com/search-disrupted-googles-leaked-documents-rock-the-seo-world/
Putting the SPARK into Virtual Training.pptxCynthia Clay
This 60-minute webinar, sponsored by Adobe, was delivered for the Training Mag Network. It explored the five elements of SPARK: Storytelling, Purpose, Action, Relationships, and Kudos. Knowing how to tell a well-structured story is key to building long-term memory. Stating a clear purpose that doesn't take away from the discovery learning process is critical. Ensuring that people move from theory to practical application is imperative. Creating strong social learning is the key to commitment and engagement. Validating and affirming participants' comments is the way to create a positive learning environment.
Personal Brand Statement:
As an Army veteran dedicated to lifelong learning, I bring a disciplined, strategic mindset to my pursuits. I am constantly expanding my knowledge to innovate and lead effectively. My journey is driven by a commitment to excellence, and to make a meaningful impact in the world.
As a business owner in Delaware, staying on top of your tax obligations is paramount, especially with the annual deadline for Delaware Franchise Tax looming on March 1. One such obligation is the annual Delaware Franchise Tax, which serves as a crucial requirement for maintaining your company’s legal standing within the state. While the prospect of handling tax matters may seem daunting, rest assured that the process can be straightforward with the right guidance. In this comprehensive guide, we’ll walk you through the steps of filing your Delaware Franchise Tax and provide insights to help you navigate the process effectively.
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Discover the innovative and creative projects that highlight my journey through Full Sail University. Below, you’ll find a collection of my work showcasing my skills and expertise in digital marketing, event planning, and media production.
RMD24 | Debunking the non-endemic revenue myth Marvin Vacquier Droop | First ...BBPMedia1
Marvin neemt je in deze presentatie mee in de voordelen van non-endemic advertising op retail media netwerken. Hij brengt ook de uitdagingen in beeld die de markt op dit moment heeft op het gebied van retail media voor niet-leveranciers.
Retail media wordt gezien als het nieuwe advertising-medium en ook mediabureaus richten massaal retail media-afdelingen op. Merken die niet in de betreffende winkel liggen staan ook nog niet in de rij om op de retail media netwerken te adverteren. Marvin belicht de uitdagingen die er zijn om echt aansluiting te vinden op die markt van non-endemic advertising.
Unveiling the Secrets How Does Generative AI Work.pdfSam H
At its core, generative artificial intelligence relies on the concept of generative models, which serve as engines that churn out entirely new data resembling their training data. It is like a sculptor who has studied so many forms found in nature and then uses this knowledge to create sculptures from his imagination that have never been seen before anywhere else. If taken to cyberspace, gans work almost the same way.
Memorandum Of Association Constitution of Company.pptseri bangash
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A Memorandum of Association (MOA) is a legal document that outlines the fundamental principles and objectives upon which a company operates. It serves as the company's charter or constitution and defines the scope of its activities. Here's a detailed note on the MOA:
Contents of Memorandum of Association:
Name Clause: This clause states the name of the company, which should end with words like "Limited" or "Ltd." for a public limited company and "Private Limited" or "Pvt. Ltd." for a private limited company.
https://seribangash.com/article-of-association-is-legal-doc-of-company/
Registered Office Clause: It specifies the location where the company's registered office is situated. This office is where all official communications and notices are sent.
Objective Clause: This clause delineates the main objectives for which the company is formed. It's important to define these objectives clearly, as the company cannot undertake activities beyond those mentioned in this clause.
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Liability Clause: It outlines the extent of liability of the company's members. In the case of companies limited by shares, the liability of members is limited to the amount unpaid on their shares. For companies limited by guarantee, members' liability is limited to the amount they undertake to contribute if the company is wound up.
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Capital Clause: This clause specifies the authorized capital of the company, i.e., the maximum amount of share capital the company is authorized to issue. It also mentions the division of this capital into shares and their respective nominal value.
Association Clause: It simply states that the subscribers wish to form a company and agree to become members of it, in accordance with the terms of the MOA.
Importance of Memorandum of Association:
Legal Requirement: The MOA is a legal requirement for the formation of a company. It must be filed with the Registrar of Companies during the incorporation process.
Constitutional Document: It serves as the company's constitutional document, defining its scope, powers, and limitations.
Protection of Members: It protects the interests of the company's members by clearly defining the objectives and limiting their liability.
External Communication: It provides clarity to external parties, such as investors, creditors, and regulatory authorities, regarding the company's objectives and powers.
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Binding Authority: The company and its members are bound by the provisions of the MOA. Any action taken beyond its scope may be considered ultra vires (beyond the powers) of the company and therefore void.
Amendment of MOA:
While the MOA lays down the company's fundamental principles, it is not entirely immutable. It can be amended, but only under specific circumstances and in compliance with legal procedures. Amendments typically require shareholder
2. Introduction
Basics of Refrigeration
Basics of Thermoacoustic Refrigeration
Thermoacoustics
Main Parts
Case Study
Advantages, Disadvantages and Applications of TAR
Conclusion
2
3. INTRODUCTION
Over the past two decades, physicists and engineers have been
working on a class of heat engines and compression-driven
refrigerators that use no oscillating pistons, oil seals or lubricants.
Thermo acoustic devices take advantage of sound waves
reverberating within them to convert a temperature differential into
mechanical energy or mechanical energy into a temperature
differential.
3
4. STEVEN L. GARRETT
Leading Researcher
United Technologies Corporation
Professor of Acoustics
The Pennsylvania State University.
He invented the thermoacoustic
refrigerator in the year 1992 and that
TAR was used in the space shuttle
Discovery(STS-42).
4
5. A refrigerant is a compound used in a heat
cycle that undergoes a phase change from a
gas to a liquid and back.
For example, let us assume that the refrigerant
being used is pure ammonia, which boils at
-27 degrees F. And this is what happens to
keep the refrigerator cool:
5
6. 1. The compressor compresses the ammonia gas. The
compressed gas heats up as it is pressurized
(orange).
2. The coils on the back of the refrigerator let the hot
ammonia gas dissipate its heat. The ammonia gas
condenses into ammonia liquid (dark blue) at high
pressure.
3. The high-pressure ammonia liquid flows through
the expansion valve. The expansion valve is a small
hole. On one side of it, is high-pressure ammonia
liquid. On the other side of the hole is a low-
pressure area.
4. The liquid ammonia immediately boils and
vaporizes (light blue), its temperature dropping to
-27 F. This makes the inside of the refrigerator cold.
5. The cold ammonia gas is sucked up by the
compressor, and the cycle repeats.
6
7. D I S A DVA N TAG E S O F
C O N V E N T I O N A L R E F R I G E R AT O R
Uses harmful refrigerants like ammonia, CFC‟s and HFC‟s
Refrigerants if leaked causes the depletion in the ozone layers.
Refrigerants are costly.
The moving parts like the compressors require lubrication.
Leakage of refrigerant may result in adverse human health effects
including cancers, cataracts, immune system deficits, and
respiratory effects, as well as diminish food supplies and promote
increases in vector borne diseases.
7
8. The principle can be imagined as a loud speaker creating high amplitude
sound waves that can compress refrigerant allowing heat absorption
The researches have exploited the fact that sound waves travel by
compressing and expanding the gas they are generated in.
Suppose that the above said wave is traveling through a tube.
Now, a temperature gradient can be generated by putting a stack of
plates in the right place in the tube, in which sound waves are bouncing
around.
8
9. Some plates in the stack will get hotter while the others get colder.
All it takes to make a refrigerator out of this is to attach heat
exchangers to the end of these stacks.
9
10. Acoustic or sound waves can be utilized to produce cooling.
The pressure variations in the acoustic wave are accompanied by temperature
variations due to compressions and expansions of the gas.
For a single medium, the average temperature at a certain location does not
change. When a second medium is present in the form of a solid wall, heat is
exchanged with the wall.
An expanded gas parcel will take heat from the wall, while a compressed
parcel will reject heat to the wall.
10
11. As expansion and compression in an acoustic wave is
inherently associated with a displacement, a net transport of
heat results.
To fix the direction of heat flow, a standing wave pattern is
generated in an acoustic resonator.
The reverse effect also exists: when a large enough
temperature gradient is imposed to the wall, net heat is
absorbed and an acoustic wave is generated, so that heat is
converted to work.
11
12. Thermoacoustics combines the branches of acoustics and thermodynamics
together to move heat by using sound.
While acoustics is primarily concerned with the macroscopic effects of sound
transfer like coupled pressure and motion oscillations, thermoacoustics focuses on
the microscopic temperature oscillations that accompany these pressure changes.
Thermoacoustics takes advantage of these pressure oscillations to move heat on a
macroscopic level.
This results in a large temperature difference between the hot and cold sides of the
device and causes refrigeration.
12
13. CARNOT CYCLE
The most efficient cycle of
thermodynamics.
The Carnot cycle uses gas in a
closed chamber to extract work
from the system.
13
14. The figure traces the basic
thermoacoustic cycle for a packet
of gas, a collection of gas
molecules that act and move
together.
Starting from point 1, the packet of
gas is compressed and moves to the
left.
As the packet is compressed, the
sound wave does work on the
packet of gas, providing the power
for the refrigerator. Figure 4.3 THERMOACOUSTIC REFRIGERATION CYCLE (From Reference 2)
14
15. As the packet is compressed, the sound wave does work on the
packet of gas, providing the power for the refrigerator.
When the gas packet is at
maximum compression, the gas
ejects the heat back into the stack
since the temperature of the gas is
now higher than the temperature of
the stack.
This phase is the refrigeration part
of the cycle, moving the heat
Figure 4.3 THERMOACOUSTIC REFRIGERATION
CYCLE (From Reference 2)
farther from the bottom of the tube.
15
16. In the second phase of the cycle, the gas is returned to the initial
state. As the gas packet moves back towards the right, the sound
wave expands the gas.
Although some work is expended to
return the gas to the initial state, the
heat released on the top of the stack
is greater than the work expended to
return the gas to the initial state.
This process results in a net transfer
of heat to the left side of the stack.
Figure 4.3 THERMOACOUSTIC REFRIGERATION
CYCLE (From Reference 2)
16
17. Finally, in step 4, the packets of
gas reabsorb heat from the cold
reservoir.
Ant the heat transfer repeats and
hence the thermoacoustic
refrigeration cycle.
Figure 4.3 THERMOACOUSTIC REFRIGERATION
CYCLE (From Reference 2)
17
21. A loudspeaker (or "speaker") is an electroacoustic transducer
that produces sound in response to an electrical audio signal
input.
It was invented in the mid 1820‟s by the scientist Johann Philipp
Reis.
It is powered by electricity.
The magnet or the coil in the speaker vibrates to produce the
waves of required frequency.
21
22. It is also called as regenerator.
The most important piece of a thermoacoustic device is the
stack.
The stack consists of a large number of closely spaced surfaces
that are aligned parallel to the to the resonator tube.
In a usual resonator tube, heat transfer occurs between the walls
of cylinder and the gas.
22
23. However, since the vast majority of the molecules are far from the
walls of the chamber, the gas particles cannot exchange heat with
the wall and just oscillate in place, causing no net temperature
difference.
The purpose of the stack is to provide a medium where the walls
are close enough so that each time a packet of gas moves, the
temperature differential is transferred to the wall of the stack.
Most stacks consist of honeycombed plastic spacers that do not
conduct heat throughout the stack but rather absorb heat locally.
With this property, the stack can temporarily absorb the heat
transferred by the sound waves.
23
24. The spacing of these designs is crucial.
If the holes are too narrow, the stack will be difficult to fabricate,
and the viscous properties of the air will make it difficult to
transmit sound through the stack.
If the walls are too far apart, then less air will be able to transfer
heat to the walls of the stack, resulting in lower efficiency.
The different materials used in the Stack are
Paper
Alluminium
Lexan
Foam
24
25. Heat exchangers are
devices used to transfer
heat energy from one
fluid to another.
25
26. A heat exchanger is a piece of equipment
built for efficient heat transfer from one
medium to another.
The media may be separated by a solid
wall, so that they never mix, or they may be
in direct contact.
They are widely used in space heating,
refrigeration, air conditioning, power
plants, chemical plants, petrochemical
plants, petroleum refineries, natural gas
processing, and sewage treatment.
26
28. The Space Thermo acoustic Refrigerator (STAR) was designed
and built by a team at the Naval Postgraduate School led by Steve
Garrett. It has the ability to move about 50 Watts of heat.
The Space Thermo Acoustic Refrigerator was the first electrically-
driven thermo acoustic chiller designed to operate autonomously
outside a laboratory. It was launched on the Space Shuttle
Discovery (STS-42) on January 22, 1992.
It was not a very efficient thermoacoustic refrigerator. And hence
did not refrigerate for many years.
28
29. The refrigerator is driven by a modified compression driver
that is coupled to a quarter-wavelength resonator using a
single-convolution electroformed metal bellow.
The resonator contains the heat exchangers and the stack.
The stack is 3.8 cm in diameter and 7.9 cm in length. It was
constructed by rolling up polyester film (Mylar™) using
fishing line as spaces placed every 5 mm.
The device was filled with a 97.2% Helium and 2.7% Xenon
gas mixture at a pressure of 10 bars.
29
30. Length of the tube is 35 cm.
Diameter of the tube is 3.9 cm
Length of the stack is 7.9 cm
Diameter of the stack is 3.8 cm
Gas used is 97.2% Helium and 2.7% Xenon
Heat pumping capacity is 50 Watts.
Refrigeration Temperature is 12ᴼC
Commercial Loudspeaker is used.
Speaker operates at 135 Hz and 100 W.
30
31. No moving parts for the process, so very reliable and a long life span.
Environmentally friendly working medium (air, noble gas).
The use of air or noble gas as working medium offers a large window of
applications because there are no phase transitions.
Use of simple materials with no special requirements, which are
commercially available in large quantities and therefore relatively cheap.
On the same technology base a large variety of applications can be
covered.
31
32. Out of these, the two distinct advantages of thermo acoustic refrigeration
are that the harmful refrigerant gases are removed. The second advantage
is that the number of moving parts is decreased dramatically by removing
the compressor.
Also sonic compression or „sound wave refrigeration‟ uses sound to
compress refrigerants which replace the traditional compressor and need
for lubricants.
The technology could represent a major breakthrough using a variety of
refrigerants, and save up to 40% in energy.
Thermo acoustic refrigeration works best with inert gases such as helium
and argon, which are harmless, nonflammable, nontoxic, non-ozone
depleting or global warming and is judged inexpensive to manufacture.
32
33. Efficiency: Thermo acoustic refrigeration is currently less efficient
than the traditional refrigerators.
Lack of suppliers producing customized components.
Lack of interest and funding from the industry due to their
concentration on developing alternative gases to CFCs.
Talent Bottleneck: There are not enough people who have expertise
on the combination of relevant disciplines such as acoustic, heat
exchanger design etc.
33
34. In order to overcome the drawbacks, some improvements were made.
In order to improve the efficiency, regenerators are used. The
function of a regenerator is to store thermal energy during part of
the cycle and return it later. This component can increase the
thermodynamic efficiency to impressive levels.
The extra stress given in using standing waves also paved to be
fruitful. This increased the level of temperature gradient setup
thereby providing more refrigeration effect.
34
35. Liquefaction of natural gas:
Burning natural gas in a thermo acoustic engine generates
acoustic energy. This acoustic energy is used in a thermo acoustic
heat pump to liquefy natural gas.
Chip cooling:
In this case a piezoelectric element generates the sound wave. A
thermo acoustic heat pump cools the chip.
35
36. Electronic equipment cooling on naval ships:
In this application, a speaker generates sound waves. Again a
thermo acoustic pump is used to provide the cooling.
Electricity from sunlight:
Concentrated thermal solar energy generates an acoustic wave in
a heated thermo acoustic engine. A linear motor generates
electricity from this.
Upgrading industrial waste heat:
Acoustic energy is created by means of industrial waste heat in a
thermo acoustic engine. In a thermo acoustic heat pump this acoustic
energy is used to upgrade the same waste heat to a useful temperature
level.
36
37. Thermo acoustic engines and refrigerators were already being considered a
few years ago for specialized applications, where their simplicity, lack of
lubrication and sliding seals, and their use of environmentally harmless
working fluids were adequate compensation for their lower efficiencies.
In future let us hope these thermo acoustic devices which promise to
improve everyone‟s standard of living while helping to protect the planet
might soon take over other costly, less durable and polluting engines and
pumps. The latest achievements of the former are certainly encouraging, but
there are still much left to be done.
37
38. • http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/thermo/carnot.html.
• Daniel A. Russell and Pontus Weibull, “Tabletop thermoacoustic
refrigerator for demonstrations,” Am. J. Phys. 70 (12), December 2002.
• G. W. Swift, “Thermoacoustic engines and refrigerators,” Phys. Today
48, 22-28 (1995).
• http://www.howstuffworks.com/stirling-engine.htm.
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnot_cycle.
• Chilling at Ben & Jerry‟s: Cleaner, Greener.” Ken Brown. Available:
• http://www.thermoacousticscorp.com/news/index.cfm/ID/4.htm. 17
July 2006.
• S. L. Garrett and S. Backhaus, „„The power of sound,‟‟ Am. Sci. 88, 516–
• 525 (2000).
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