The document discusses different types of power plants in Pakistan including thermal, hydroelectric, nuclear, and others. Thermal power plants currently make up around 60% of Pakistan's electricity generation capacity, with various advantages like lower fuel costs but also disadvantages like pollution, large water usage, and high operating costs. The document provides statistics on Pakistan's current and projected energy supply and demand, the breakdown of power consumption by sector, and details on major existing and planned power generation facilities in the country.

1. Thermal Power Plants and Other Power Plants
Pakistan
Energy Source & Management
Engineer Muhammad Asim Khan
MBA (EEM) 2y (18316)
MBA Environmental Energy Management

2. Table of Contents
ABSTRACT.................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 3
INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4
THERMAL POWER PLANT ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES....................................................................................................................... 5
Advantages................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 5
Disadvantages ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 5
PAKISTAN SUPPLY & DEMAND................................................................................................................................................................................ 7
SUPPLY BY SOURCE................................................................................................................................................................................................... 9
POWER PLANTS.........................................................................................................................................................................................................10
SECTOR WISE POWER CONSUMPTION....................................................................................................................................................................11
POWER DEMAND BREAKDOWN..............................................................................................................................................................................12
HYDROELECTRIC POWER GENERATION................................................................................................................................................................13
THERMAL POWER GENERATION.............................................................................................................................................................................14
COAL POWER GENERATION ....................................................................................................................................................................................15
NUCLEAR POWER GENERATION.............................................................................................................................................................................16
UPCOMINGPOWER PROJECTS.................................................................................................................................................................................17
PARAMETERS OF PLANT & THERE COSUMPTIONS...............................................................................................................................................18
OPTIONS FOR POWER GENERATION INPAKISTAN...............................................................................................................................................20
PEAK DEMAND FORECAST (REGRESSION ANALYSIS 2015) .................................................................................................................................21
RESULTS.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................22
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................................................................................................25

3. ABSTRACT
Thermal Power plants are the major source of generation of electricity for any developing country.
Around 60% of electricity generation in our country is met by thermal power plants. Fuel is blown
into the combustible chamber of the boiler where it is burnt at high temperature where Heat energy
converts water into steam. High energy steam is passed through the turbine and the steam creates
force on the turbine causing the shaft to rotate at high speed. A generator is coupled at one end of
the turbine shaft which generates power. The thermal power plant has serious impacts on land ,
soil, air and various social impacts the thermal power plant are also said to emit large amount of
mercury and generate large quantity of fly ash which destroys the surrounding environment. These
plants also consume a large amount of water. Due to these problems they require a proper
Environmental impact assessment before commencement of the project which is not done
judiciously in our country. Various mitigation measures for the control of pollution caused by
thermal power plants along with some new technologies are discussed.

4. INTRODUCTION
A thermal power station is a power plant in which the prime mover is steam driven.
Water is heated, turns into steam and spins a steam turbine which drives an electrical
generator. After it passes through the turbine, the steam is condensedin a condenser
and recycled to where it was heated; this is known as a Rankine cycle. The greatest
variation in the design of thermal power stations is due to the different fossil fuel
resources generally used to heat the water. Some prefer to use the term energycenter
because such facilities convert forms of heat energy into electrical energy. Certain
thermal power plants also are designed to produceheat energy for industrial purposes
of district heating, or desalination of water, in addition to generating electrical power.
Globally, fossil fueled thermal power plantsproducea large part of man-made CO2
emissions to the atmosphere, and efforts to reduce these are varied and widespread.
The energy efficiency of a conventional thermal power station, considered salable
energy produced as a percent of the heating value of the fuel consumed, is typically
33% to 48%.

5. THERMAL POWER PLANT ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
Advantages
 Fuel used is cheaper
 Smaller space is required compared to hydro power plant
 Economical in initial cost compared to hydro plants and running costs are less compared to gas plants or diesel plants
 Thermal plants can be placed near load centers unlike hydro and nuclear plants. Hence transmission of power losses can be min imized
 Thermal plants are able to respond to the load demand more effectively and supports the performance of the electrical grid
 Steam plants can withstand for overload for certain extent
Disadvantages
 Pollution of the atmosphere
 Huge requirement of water
 Handling of coal and disposal of ash is quite difficult and requires large area
 Gestation period (period for commissioning of plant) takes long time
 Efficiency of thermal plant is quite less (30-35%)
 Operational cost of thermal plant is costlier compared to hydro and nuclear plant

6. Activities/Issues Impacts
Change in land use pattern/ Site clearing Erosion
Loss of biodiversity
Loss or change of soil quality and
quantity
Huge diversion and acquisition of
land in case of power plant with
captive mine
Civil works such as earth moving and
building of structures Dust pollution
Noise pollution

7. PAKISTAN SUPPLY & DEMAND
 Total power generation capacity about 25,023 MW.
 Pakistan is the sixth most populous country of the world having about 183 million populations (Urban
share: 37%)
 Population growth: 2.0% per year
 GDP: 223,378 Million US dollar
 GDP growth: 3.7% per year
 Per capita income: 1,340 US dollar
 Total primary energy supply: 64.6 MTOE
 Per capita energy supply: 0.35 TOE
 Electricity generation: 98,894 GWh
 Per capita electricity consumption: 420 kWh
 Approx. 91,960 of electricity produced in last fiscal year.
 Shortfall of 5,000 MW.
 Government aiming to add 2110 MW by
2012
 Power line losses approx. 25%

9. SUPPLY BY SOURCE
3
Oil
Hydroelectric
Nuclear
Coal
Natural Gas
LPG
32
10
0.7
8
48
1

10. POWER PLANTS
 Thermal (14,415 MW)
 WAPDA operates 11 plants
 KESC operates 4 plants
 Independent Power Producers (IPPs) operate 26 plants
 Hydel (6,444+ MW)
 Nuclear (462 MW)
 Two nuclear power plants with combined capacity of 462 MW.
 Others (272 MW)

11. SECTOR WISE POWER CONSUMPTION
AREA
Domestic
Commercial
Industrial
Agriculture
Public Lighting
Bulk supply & others
44
6
32
11
1
6

12. POWER DEMAND BREAKDOWN
 Punjab: The current power demand in the Punjab is about 7,027
MW which is expected to rise to 29,103 MW in 2024-25 under
the most conservative growth rate of 6.1%.
 Sindh: The current power demand of 2,642 MW in Sindh is
expected to rise to 10,993 MW in 2024-25.
 NWFP: The current power demand of 1,697 MW in
NWFP is expected to rise to 7,018 MW in 2024-25.
 Baluchistan: In Baluchistan, the current power demand of 474
MW is expected to rise to 1,964 MW in 2024-2025.

13. HYDROELECTRIC POWER GENERATION
 There are five major hydropower generation projects in Pakistan:
 Tarbela – 3478 MW
 Mangla – 1000 MW
 Warsak – 240 MW
 Chashma – 187 MW
 Ghazi Barotha – 1450 MW.
 Total hydro potential is estimated at 59,773 MW
 Tarbela plant was largest in Asia until China started the Three
Gorges Project

14. THERMAL POWER GENERATION
 WAPDA operates the majority of thermal power plants,
with over 5000 MW installed capacity in its control.
 The Guddu plant is the largest plant operated by WAPDA
with a capacity of 1,650 MW.
 The two largest Independent Power Producers (IPPs) in
Pakistan are Kot Addu (1,600 MW) and Hub Power (1,292
MW)

15. COAL POWER GENERATION
 One of the world’s largest reserves, estimated at over
185 billion tons of lignite coal
 Electricity generation potential of 100,000 MW, at an
estimated consumption of 536 million tons/yr
 Investment of $94 million was made last year for the
development of Thar Coal Infrastructure
 150 MW plant currently being operated by WAPDA on
Lakhra coal

16. NUCLEAR POWER GENERATION
 Pakistan has two nuclear power plants:
 Chashma-1 – 300 MW
 KANUPP – 125 MW
 Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission operates both plants
 Pakistan is currently working on a nuclear power plant, with
the help of China
 Chashma-2 will have an installed capacity of 325 MW, in
2012
 Chashma-3 will be completed in 2016 by china
 Chashma-4 will be completed in 2017 by china
Both new Chashma 3,4 are Pressurized Water Reactors, 2x340 MW

17. UPCOMING POWER PROJECTS
Approximately 60 power projects are expected to go online
in the next 10 years
Category No of Projects Capacity (MW) Estimated Cost
(US$ m)
Oil Based 21 4603 3452
Pipeline Quality
Gas / Dual Fuel
6 1600 1201
Dedicated Gas
Fields
6 1174 882
Hydroelectric 21 5128 5594
Coal 6 3550 3550
TOTAL 60 16055 14682

18. PARAMETERS OF PLANT & THERE COSUMPTIONS
Efficiency1 30% 38% 45% 50%
Carbon Dioxide Emission
Grams /KWh
1116 881 743 669
Coal consumption
Grams/Kwh
480 379 320 288
The National Electric Power Regulatory Authority (NEPRA), in a bid to promote coal-based power generation in the
country, approved an attractive up-front tariff for coal-based power plants in 2011 – 12
Coal Upfront Tariff by NEPRA in 2011-12
Particulars local Financing Foreign Financing
Rs/Kwh US Cents/Kwh Rs/Kwh US Cents/Kwh
200 MW Local Coal Power Plant 11.4 12.95 9.57 10.87
600 MW Local Coal Power Plant 11.35 12.89 9.42 10.7
1000 MW Local Coal Power Plant 11.28 12.82 9.27 10.54
200 MW Imported Coal Power Plant 9.53 11.29 8.26 9.38
600 MW Imported Coal Power Plant 9.7 11.1 8.03 9.13
1000 MW Imported Coal Power plant 9.65 10.97 7.86 8.93

19. Coal Upfront Tariff by NEPRA in 2013-14
Particulars local Financing Foreign Financing
Rs/Kwh US Cents/Kwh Rs/Kwh US Cents/Kwh
200 MW Local Coal Power Plant 9.36 9.64 8.05 8.29
600 MW Local Coal Power Plant 8.93 9.19 7.56 7.79
1000 MW Local Coal Power Plant 8.5 8.75 7.27 7.49
200 MW Imported Coal Power Plant 9.32 9.6 8.03 8.27
600 MW Imported Coal Power Plant 8.88 9.15 7.55 7.77
1000 MW Imported Coal Power plant 8.48 8.74 7.27 7.49
Cost & Efficiencies of Coal Based Power Project
Project Net Capacity(MW) Cost USD Million USD Million Cost/MW Efficiency
200 254.88 1.2744 39.5
600 702 1.17 42
1000 1,062.00 1.062 42
THERMAL POWER PLANTS
CAPACITY PLANT EFFECIENCY
Announced Requested of GoP
200 MW 39.5% 36%
600 MW 42% 39%
1,000 MW 42% 40%

20. OPTIONS FOR POWER GENERATION IN PAKISTAN
 Hydro (Potential =55,000 MW; Already exploited =7,500 MW)
 Gas-fired (Gas insufficient to meet current requirements)
 Nuclear (Target of 8,800 MW installed capacity by 2030)
 Wind (Potential =~50,000 MW)
 Solar (Potential high; techno-economic issues)
 Oil-fired (Small reserves; expensive option)
 Coal (Resource ~ 186 billion tones; 98% of the resource is lignite with
more than 40% moisture)

21. PEAK DEMAND FORECAST (REGRESSION ANALYSIS 2015)

22. RESULTS
Among thermal based power generation, coal based power plants are highest in: Air pollution, Waste
generation, Water consumption, Emission of mercury, Greenhouse emission
Impact of Thermal power plant on water source
 High impact on river & ground water
 Water demand for the once-through system is 30 to 50 times that of a closed cycle system.
Thermal power plant: Largest emitter of mercury
 Typical power plant emits 90 % of its mercury into the air and 10 percent on land
 On an average 65 tons of mercury released in the atmosphere by Indian thermal power plant
Air pollution due to thermal power plants
Air Pollution from point source:
Particulates matter, Gaseous emission - Sulphur dioxide, oxides of nitrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon
dioxide, Hydrocarbon.

23. Air Pollution from non-point source:
Transportation of coal, Loading/unloading of fuel, Coal storage yard, Fly ash handling & Transportation.,
Coal storage yard
Thermal power plant: Potential source of water pollution
1) Sources of water pollution
Cooling Tower Blow Down, Boiler Blow Down, Demineralization (DM) Plant Effluent, Coal
Handling Plant Dust Suppression, Ash handling (Leachate of heavy metal (ash pond)
contaminate groundwater), Effluent from oil handling and transformer areas, Power House and
Turbine Area Effluent, Domestic waste water
Remediation Measures in thermal power plant
2) Air pollution control – Point source
 For boiler stacks – ESP/Bag house.
 Coal crusher – Bag filter
 Coal mill – Bag filter

24. 3) Fugitive Dust Control
 Covered storage yard for coal
 Closed unloading of coal with adequate dust suction device
 Closed conveyor belt for transportation of raw

25. REFERENCES
[1] www.cseindia.org › Industry & Environment › Community Support
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[3] www.miga.org/documents/EIA_Takoradi.pdf
[4] www.envfor.nic.in/legis/eia/eisntpp.htm
[5] www.eib.org/attachments/.../1604_preliminary_eia_Sidi_Krir_en.pdf
[6] F.!!LI*, F.! PAPE*, P.! STANFORD**!
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[7] environmentclearance.nic.in/.../TGM_Thermal%20Power%20Plants_010
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[9] www.sarienergy.org/.../eia/.../INDIA_CASESTUDY2_Thermal_Power
[10] hppcb.gov.in/Publications/Thermal/EIATHERMAL.pdf
[11] www.unece.org/env/pp/compliance/C2005-12/Response/FinalEIA.pdf
[12] www.harmo.org/Conferences/Proceedings/_Paris/.../H13-093-abst.pdf
[13] www.environmental-expert.com/.../environmental-impact-assessment-of
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