Air pollution in lahore, causes and it effect on environment, air pollutant, major air pollutants that causes the air pollution , NOX, SOX, carbon monoxide, conclusions and recommendations,ned university

1. NAME MEESUM HUSSAIN
YEAR THIRDYEAR
BATCH 2012-2013
TOPIC AIR POLLUTION IN LAHORE
AIR POLLUTION IN LAHORE
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING -1

2. Table of contents
POLLUTION .................................................................................. 3
AIR POLLUTION .......................................................................... 3
AIR POLLUTION IN LAHORE.................................................... 3
CAUSES OFAIR POLLUTION IN LAHORE .............................. 4
LAHORE SMOG............................................................................ 5
FACTS AND FIGURES ABOUT LAHORE................................. 7
RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS ......................... 7

3. POLLUTION
Pollution can be defined as the interference of the foreign substances into the
environment that causes the adverse changes in the natural environment.
Pollution can be in the form of chemicals or energy , such as heat, noise, and light.
The cause of the pollution are the pollutants, that can occurnaturally or can be
manmade(anthropogenic).
AIR POLLUTION
Air pollution is the contamination of air by the introduction of the foreign substances
in the atmosphere . It can also be defined as the contamination of air either chemically,
physically or biologically which may effect the human and the organisms.
Air pollution is the main cause of the some serious disease including respiratory
infections, COPD, lung cancer, heart disease. Health effects that air pollution can cause
may include wheezing, coughing, difficulty in breathing etc.
Important chemical pollutants that are emitted by the vehicles on the land include
Sulphur dioxide (SO2), Carbon monoxide (CO), Particulate matters (PM), Nitrogen
dioxide (NO2). Smoke is form when PM mixed with the Chemical gases , which when
inhaled may cause respiratory problems.
AIR POLLUTION IN LAHORE
Air pollution in Lahore, now a days has become a serious threat to the life of the
people of Lahore, it is the quickly increasing environmental problem in the country,
As Lahore become the polluted metropolis of the country. Highly inefficient energy
use, which accelerated the number increasing in the vehicle population and
kilometers traveled daily basis, industrialization is also the causeof air pollution in
Lahore, as the industries emit hazardous gases withoutadequate treatment of the
gases, open burning of the solid wasteincluding plastic, burning of coal, and use of
the ODS (ozonedepletion substances aresome of the major reasons of worsening of
ambient air quality in Lahore.Lahore is second biggestcity of Pakistan having
population more than ten million.

4. Excessivepopulation, shortageof funds for development especially municipal
services, illiteracy, vehicular pollution becauseof substandard fuels, industry within
city and without emission control systems, ineffectiveEPA and overall POVERTY is the
causeof severe environmentalpollution in Lahore.
CAUSES OFAIR POLLUTION IN LAHORE
 Vehicular smoke
 Industrial Activities

5.  Burning of Solid Waste
If we look around the city Lahore, we see that from Data Darbar to the railway station,
the environment all around is highly polluted , which is mainly because of motorcycle
rickshaws and two-stroke rickshaws.
According to the environmental department of Lahore, two-stoke rickshaws are
causing 65% of the total vehicular pollution in the city. Nitrogen dioxide, Sulphur
dioxide, lead and Carbonmonoxide are the main pollutants due to heavy traffic that
moves around the city.
LAHORE SMOG
Every year, during the month of December, a thick fog descends uponLahore,
blocking out the winter sunshine, closing off the motorway after dusk and preventing
flights from landing at the international airport at night.
The problem is becoming serious over the last six years due to high levels of pollution
and poorair quality in Lahore, due to vehicular smoke and industrial activities. Even
during the summer months, there is now a photochemical smog hanging over the
Lahore ,which is washed away by rain.

6. According to Dr Qamar uz Zaman Chaudhry, national climate change expert and
former Director General of Pakistan’s Meteorological Department, “The main source
of the pollutants in our lower atmosphere is Eastern Punjab where all the coal based
industries are centered (across the borderin India). Of course, we have added our share
of the pollutants as well from factory and car emissions.”
The places near the irrigation lands, rice paddies and rivers where the moisture is in more
quantity available, the thicker fog has seen. When it rains in the Lahore , smog gets
cleared and the lower layer of the atmosphere where all the harmful gases and other
pollutants are present, washes away.
The smog in the Lahore is caused by gaseous emission by vehicular exhaust which when
may mixed with dust or sootparticles form a fog , and the fog is then triggered by the
temperature inversion .
Smoke particles intent in the fog give it a yellowish black color and this smog sometimes
stays over the Lahore for days causing reduction in visibility, which is one of the most
noticeable indicators of pollution in the atmosphere. It regularly occurs as a result of
smog that blurred the clarity, color, texture, and form of what people look at. Lahore
Airport remains close during long hours of smog disturbing schedule of national and
international flights to and from the city. Lahore Motorway (M 2) has to be closed. Even
railway schedule is affected.

7. FACTS AND FIGURES ABOUT LAHORE
Air pollution data that is collected by wealth health organization about Lahore are as
follows :
Particulate matter (10) 198
Particulate matter (2.5) 68
PM (10) Pollution Level Extremely high
Ambient Air quality in Lahore
City SO2 (ppb) NOx (ppb) CO (ppm) TSP (ug/m3)
Lahore 44.6 156.6 2.82 895
RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS
As the main cause of the Air pollution in Lahore in smoke emission from Vehicles, so
there is a need for a master action plan to address the critical situation of air pollution in
the city.
The environmental protection agencies and the transportation departments working in
the city Lahore should take serious actions in order to stop or reduce the emission of
hazardous gases in the environment through vehicles and industries.
According to the section 15 of the Pakistan environmental protection act 1997, vehicles
which produces air pollutants and noise beyond the limitation provided by national
environment quality department should be banned or not allowed. Two stoke rickshaws
should replaced with four stoke vehicles. Vehicles using diesel as fuel should converted
into alternative fuel (cng). Industries should charge as much as the pollute the
environment. More tree plantation around the city.