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This document presents a case study of a 55-year-old male patient named Abdulmalik who was treated for 7 days for dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), congestive cardiac failure (CCF), and diabetes mellitus (DM). The patient had a history of DCM, smoking, and alcoholism. Examination found elevated blood pressure and blood sugar. Tests confirmed DCM, CCF, and DM diagnoses. The patient was prescribed medications and counseled on lifestyle changes including a low-salt, low-sugar diet, and quitting smoking and alcohol.
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Angina pectoris, commonly known as angina, is chest pain due to reduced blood flow to the heart muscle. It is usually caused by coronary artery disease which leads to plaques in the arteries restricting blood flow. There are three main types of angina - stable angina which occurs during physical exertion and goes away with rest, unstable angina which occurs more frequently and at rest, and microvascular angina which is caused by spasms in the tiny blood vessels of the heart. Diagnosis involves tests like ECG, stress tests, and angiography. Treatment focuses on lifestyle changes, medications to relieve symptoms and open arteries, and potentially interventions like stents or bypass surgery.
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Angina pectoris
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7. oedema
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3 angina pectoris
Etiopathogenesis and pharmacotherapy of CONGESTIVE CARDIAC FAILURE
a. the pathophysiology of selected disease states and the rationale for drug therapy;
b. the therapeutic approach to management of these diseases;
c. the controversies in drug therapy;
d. the importance of preparation of individualised therapeutic plans based on diagnosis;
e. needs to identify the patient-specific parameters relevant in initiating drug therapy,
and monitoring therapy (including alternatives, time-course of clinical and laboratory
indices of therapeutic response and adverse effects);
f. describe the pathophysiology of selected disease states and explain the rationale for
drug therapy;
g. summarise the therapeutic approach to management of these diseases including
reference to the latest available evidence;
h. discuss the controversies in drug therapy;
i. discuss the preparation of individualised therapeutic plans based on diagnosis; and
j. identify the patient-specific parameters relevant in initiating drug therapy, and
monitoring therapy (including alternatives, time-course of clinical and laboratory indices of therapeutic response and adverse effects).
Congestive cardiac failure
Congestive heart failure (CHF) occurs when the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. It can be left-sided or right-sided depending on whether the left or right ventricle is affected. Left-sided CHF causes fluid buildup in the lungs, while right-sided causes fluid buildup systemically. Risk factors include age, heart disease, diabetes, smoking, and others. Symptoms depend on whether it is left-sided (shortness of breath) or right-sided (edema). Treatment focuses on controlling symptoms through medications like ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, diuretics, and lifestyle changes.
Shock
This document discusses different types of shock, including definitions, causes, signs and symptoms, and treatment. It covers hypovolemic, cardiogenic, septic, anaphylactic, and neurogenic shock. Hypovolemic shock is defined as decreased intravascular volume and can be caused by external or internal fluid loss. Signs include rapid pulse, tachypnea, cool skin, and cyanosis. Treatment focuses on fluid resuscitation. Cardiogenic shock results from impaired heart function and common causes are heart attacks or cardiomyopathy. Septic shock is a severe infection that causes vasodilation and maldistribution of blood flow. Anaphylactic shock is a severe allergic reaction that also causes vasod
Myocardial infraction or Heart attack
Myocardial infraction or Heart attack are terms used anonymously, but the preferred term is MI.
In an MI an area of the myocardium is permanently destroyed.
MI is usually caused by reduced or decreased blood flow in a coronary artery due to rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque and subsequent occlusion of the artery by a thrombus.
Myocardial infarction (MI) death of the cells of an area of the heart muscle (myocardium) as a result of oxygen deprivation, which in turn is caused by obstruction of the blood supply; commonly referred to as a “heart attack.”
MI refers to the processes by which myocardial tissue is destroyed in regions of the heart that are deprived of an adequate blood supply because of reduced coronary artery blood flow.
Eighty percent to 90% of all acute MI are secondary to thrombus formation. When thrombus develops , perfusion to the myocardium distal to the occlusion is halted, resulting in necrosis.The myocardium receives its blood supply from the two large coronary arteries and their branches.
Occlusion of one or more of these blood vessels (coronary occlusion) is one of the major causes of myocardial infarction.
The occlusion may result from the formation of a clot that develops suddenly when an athermanous plaque ruptures through the sub layers of a blood vessel, or when the narrow, roughened inner lining of a scleroses artery leads to complete thrombosis.
The acute MI process takes time. Cardiac cells can withstand in ischemic conditions for approximately 20 minutes before cellular death begins.
The earliest tissue to become ischemic is the sub endocardium (the innermost layer of tissue in the cardiac muscle)
If ischemia persists, it takes approximately 4 to 6 hours for the entire thickness if the heart muscle to become necrosis.
Cardiomegaly
Cardiomegaly refers to an enlarged heart and can be caused by conditions that weaken the heart muscle like heart attacks or abnormal heart rhythms. Symptoms include shortness of breath, arrhythmias, and swelling. An enlarged heart can lead to complications like heart failure, blood clots, murmurs, and cardiac arrest. Diagnosis and treatments may involve medications like diuretics, ACE inhibitors, and beta blockers, or surgeries.
markers of cardiac disorders
The document summarizes biomarkers of cardiac diseases that were presented by 400 level medical students at the University of Abuja. It defines biomarkers as measures that indicate the state of a cell, and cardiac markers specifically measure proteins released when heart cells are injured. The presentation outlines several key cardiac biomarkers including troponin, creatine kinase, myoglobin, and lactate dehydrogenase. It discusses the clinical significance of these biomarkers for diagnosing conditions like myocardial infarction, and their ideal properties. The biomarkers are classified based on the diseases they indicate such as cardiac injury, hemodynamic stress, or inflammation.
Edema
Edema is abnormal fluid accumulation caused by increased extravascular fluid volume. Factors that can cause edema include increased hydrostatic pressure, reduced oncotic pressure, increased capillary permeability, and lymphatic or venous obstruction. Edema can be localized to specific areas due to inflammation, lymphatic/venous obstruction, or drugs, or can be generalized involving anasarca due to conditions like heart failure, renal failure, nephrotic syndrome, cirrhosis, or malnutrition. Treatment involves diuretics if symptomatic as well as treating any underlying causes.
Drugs used in ischaemic heart disease
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Classification of haemostatic disorders and shock
-Classification of Haemostatic Disorders
-SHOCK
--- Introduction
- Types
---Hypovolemic
++++Haemorrhage
++++Burns
++++Dehydration
---Cardiogenic
++++Myocardial infarction
++++Cardiac tamponade
++++Pulmonary embolism
---Distributive
++++Septic shock
++++Anaphylactic shock
++++Neurogenic shock
-Pathophysiology
-Clinical features
Shock
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Circulatory shock
This document discusses circulatory shock and its types. It defines circulatory shock as inadequate tissue perfusion due to decreased cardiac output. The main types are hypovolemic, distributive, cardiogenic, and obstructive shock. Hypovolemic shock, the most common type, can be caused by hemorrhage, trauma, surgery, or burns. Hemorrhagic shock specifically results from acute blood loss of over 15ml/kg. The stages of shock include a reversible stage with rapid compensatory mechanisms and a later irreversible stage if compensation fails. Treatment focuses on blood and plasma transfusion as well as medications like epinephrine and dopamine to increase cardiac output, while avoiding sedatives and overwarm
D.cardiomyopathy
Cardiomyopathy is a disease of the heart muscle that causes it to become enlarged, thickened, or rigid, preventing it from pumping blood properly. There are several types including dilated cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, restrictive cardiomyopathy, and arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. Symptoms can include fatigue, shortness of breath, chest pain, and fluid retention. Diagnosis involves physical exam, ECG, echocardiogram, cardiac MRI/CT, and biopsy. Treatment may include medications, devices, surgery, or transplantation to improve symptoms and survival. Nursing care focuses on managing symptoms, ensuring proper nutrition and activity, and health education.
Coronary artery disease slide
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the most common type of cardiovascular disease. It is caused by plaque buildup in the coronary arteries that supply blood to the heart. This restricts blood flow and oxygen supply to heart muscle. Symptoms include chest pain and discomfort known as angina. Diagnosis involves electrocardiograms, stress tests, imaging like angiography and echocardiograms. Treatment focuses on lifestyle changes and medications to control symptoms and risk factors as well as procedures like angioplasty and stents to open blocked arteries. High dose thiamine injections showed promise in curing CAD in one research study. Proper management can help cure angina and allow those with CAD to live long, productive lives
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Shock Introduction with Management
This document discusses shock, including its definition, types, etiology, pathophysiology, stages, clinical manifestations, assessment and diagnostic findings, and management. Shock is defined as a life-threatening condition characterized by inadequate blood flow and oxygen delivery to tissues and cells. There are several types of shock based on etiology, such as hypovolemic, cardiogenic, neurogenic, anaphylactic, and septic shock. The pathophysiology and stages of shock - non-progressive, progressive, and irreversible - are outlined. Clinical signs include low blood pressure, fast heart rate, rapid breathing, pale skin, low urine output, and decreased consciousness. Diagnosis involves blood and urine tests. Management consists of
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Congestive cardiac failure occurs when the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. It can be caused by issues with the heart muscle or valves. Symptoms include chest pain, breathlessness, and edema. Diagnosis involves physical exam, ECG, echocardiogram and blood tests. Treatment focuses on reducing workload on the heart with medications like diuretics, ACE inhibitors, beta blockers, and devices or surgery for severe cases. Nursing management monitors cardiac output and fluid balance, educates on reducing risk factors and managing symptoms.
Pharmacotherapy of Atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis is a disease where arteries narrow and harden due to plaque buildup. It is a chronic inflammatory response to injury of the arterial wall. Risk factors include high blood pressure, high cholesterol, smoking, and diabetes. Plaque builds up over time due to accumulation of macrophages and LDL cholesterol. Symptoms depend on the location of blockages but may include chest pain or numbness. Diagnosis involves tests like ultrasounds, blood tests, and angiograms. Treatment focuses on lifestyle changes and medications to control risk factors and slow progression, while procedures like angioplasty and bypass surgery are sometimes needed for severe blockages.
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Heart failure
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Coronary artery disease (CAD) occurs when plaque builds up in the coronary arteries, narrowing them and reducing blood flow to the heart. It is the most common type of heart disease and leading cause of death in the US. Risk factors include age, family history, smoking, high cholesterol, diabetes, and physical inactivity. Over time, plaque buildup can severely block arteries and cause chest pain, heart attack, or death. Diagnosis involves ECG, cardiac catheterization, and blood tests. Treatment focuses on lifestyle changes like diet, exercise, and quitting smoking as well as medications and procedures like stents or bypass surgery to open blocked arteries.
Angina pectoris
Angina pectoris is a type of chest pain or discomfort that occurs when the heart muscle does not receive enough oxygen-rich blood. It is caused by an imbalance between the heart's oxygen supply and demand. There are several types of angina including stable angina, unstable angina, and variant angina. Risk factors that can trigger angina include atherosclerosis, coronary artery spasm, increased cardiac output from exercise or stress, and damaged heart muscle. Diagnosis involves taking a medical history, physical exam, ECG, blood tests, imaging tests like angiography, and exercise testing. Treatment focuses on lifestyle changes, medications like nitroglycerin, beta blockers, and calcium channel blockers, and procedures like
7. oedema
Oedema, also known as edema, is the abnormal accumulation of fluid in the interstitial spaces or body cavities. It can occur locally in specific areas like the lungs or abdomen, or systemically throughout the body. Oedema is classified as either transudative or exudative based on its fluid composition, and as pitting or non-pitting based on whether the fluid can be displaced by pressure. The main causes of oedema are increased hydrostatic pressure, reduced plasma oncotic pressure, lymphatic obstruction, and inflammation.
Acute Myocardial Infarction
Acute myocardial infarction, or heart attack, results from prolonged ischemia due to a blockage in a coronary artery that supplies blood to heart muscle. Risk factors include increasing age, male sex, hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, smoking, obesity, physical inactivity, excessive alcohol intake, and family history. Diagnosis involves electrocardiogram changes, elevated cardiac biomarkers, and symptoms like chest pain. Management focuses on oxygen, pain relief, antiplatelet/anticoagulant drugs, revascularization, and lifestyle changes to prevent future heart attacks.
3 angina pectoris
Etiopathogenesis and pharmacotherapy of CONGESTIVE CARDIAC FAILURE
a. the pathophysiology of selected disease states and the rationale for drug therapy;
b. the therapeutic approach to management of these diseases;
c. the controversies in drug therapy;
d. the importance of preparation of individualised therapeutic plans based on diagnosis;
e. needs to identify the patient-specific parameters relevant in initiating drug therapy,
and monitoring therapy (including alternatives, time-course of clinical and laboratory
indices of therapeutic response and adverse effects);
f. describe the pathophysiology of selected disease states and explain the rationale for
drug therapy;
g. summarise the therapeutic approach to management of these diseases including
reference to the latest available evidence;
h. discuss the controversies in drug therapy;
i. discuss the preparation of individualised therapeutic plans based on diagnosis; and
j. identify the patient-specific parameters relevant in initiating drug therapy, and
monitoring therapy (including alternatives, time-course of clinical and laboratory indices of therapeutic response and adverse effects).
Congestive cardiac failure
Congestive heart failure (CHF) occurs when the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. It can be left-sided or right-sided depending on whether the left or right ventricle is affected. Left-sided CHF causes fluid buildup in the lungs, while right-sided causes fluid buildup systemically. Risk factors include age, heart disease, diabetes, smoking, and others. Symptoms depend on whether it is left-sided (shortness of breath) or right-sided (edema). Treatment focuses on controlling symptoms through medications like ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, diuretics, and lifestyle changes.
Shock
This document discusses different types of shock, including definitions, causes, signs and symptoms, and treatment. It covers hypovolemic, cardiogenic, septic, anaphylactic, and neurogenic shock. Hypovolemic shock is defined as decreased intravascular volume and can be caused by external or internal fluid loss. Signs include rapid pulse, tachypnea, cool skin, and cyanosis. Treatment focuses on fluid resuscitation. Cardiogenic shock results from impaired heart function and common causes are heart attacks or cardiomyopathy. Septic shock is a severe infection that causes vasodilation and maldistribution of blood flow. Anaphylactic shock is a severe allergic reaction that also causes vasod
Myocardial infraction or Heart attack
Myocardial infraction or Heart attack are terms used anonymously, but the preferred term is MI.
In an MI an area of the myocardium is permanently destroyed.
MI is usually caused by reduced or decreased blood flow in a coronary artery due to rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque and subsequent occlusion of the artery by a thrombus.
Myocardial infarction (MI) death of the cells of an area of the heart muscle (myocardium) as a result of oxygen deprivation, which in turn is caused by obstruction of the blood supply; commonly referred to as a “heart attack.”
MI refers to the processes by which myocardial tissue is destroyed in regions of the heart that are deprived of an adequate blood supply because of reduced coronary artery blood flow.
Eighty percent to 90% of all acute MI are secondary to thrombus formation. When thrombus develops , perfusion to the myocardium distal to the occlusion is halted, resulting in necrosis.The myocardium receives its blood supply from the two large coronary arteries and their branches.
Occlusion of one or more of these blood vessels (coronary occlusion) is one of the major causes of myocardial infarction.
The occlusion may result from the formation of a clot that develops suddenly when an athermanous plaque ruptures through the sub layers of a blood vessel, or when the narrow, roughened inner lining of a scleroses artery leads to complete thrombosis.
The acute MI process takes time. Cardiac cells can withstand in ischemic conditions for approximately 20 minutes before cellular death begins.
The earliest tissue to become ischemic is the sub endocardium (the innermost layer of tissue in the cardiac muscle)
If ischemia persists, it takes approximately 4 to 6 hours for the entire thickness if the heart muscle to become necrosis.
Cardiomegaly
Cardiomegaly refers to an enlarged heart and can be caused by conditions that weaken the heart muscle like heart attacks or abnormal heart rhythms. Symptoms include shortness of breath, arrhythmias, and swelling. An enlarged heart can lead to complications like heart failure, blood clots, murmurs, and cardiac arrest. Diagnosis and treatments may involve medications like diuretics, ACE inhibitors, and beta blockers, or surgeries.
markers of cardiac disorders
The document summarizes biomarkers of cardiac diseases that were presented by 400 level medical students at the University of Abuja. It defines biomarkers as measures that indicate the state of a cell, and cardiac markers specifically measure proteins released when heart cells are injured. The presentation outlines several key cardiac biomarkers including troponin, creatine kinase, myoglobin, and lactate dehydrogenase. It discusses the clinical significance of these biomarkers for diagnosing conditions like myocardial infarction, and their ideal properties. The biomarkers are classified based on the diseases they indicate such as cardiac injury, hemodynamic stress, or inflammation.
Edema
Edema is abnormal fluid accumulation caused by increased extravascular fluid volume. Factors that can cause edema include increased hydrostatic pressure, reduced oncotic pressure, increased capillary permeability, and lymphatic or venous obstruction. Edema can be localized to specific areas due to inflammation, lymphatic/venous obstruction, or drugs, or can be generalized involving anasarca due to conditions like heart failure, renal failure, nephrotic syndrome, cirrhosis, or malnutrition. Treatment involves diuretics if symptomatic as well as treating any underlying causes.
Drugs used in ischaemic heart disease
This document discusses drugs used to treat ischemic heart disease. It begins by classifying common anti-anginal drugs into categories like nitrates, beta blockers, and calcium channel blockers. It then goes into detail about the pharmacology of each drug class, including their mechanisms of action, effects, uses, and side effects. Key points covered include how nitrates work by donating nitric oxide, the benefits of beta blockers in reducing cardiac work, and how different calcium channel blockers have varying selectivity for vascular smooth muscle vs cardiac muscle. The document provides a thorough overview of the pharmacological management of ischemic heart conditions.
Classification of haemostatic disorders and shock
-Classification of Haemostatic Disorders
-SHOCK
--- Introduction
- Types
---Hypovolemic
++++Haemorrhage
++++Burns
++++Dehydration
---Cardiogenic
++++Myocardial infarction
++++Cardiac tamponade
++++Pulmonary embolism
---Distributive
++++Septic shock
++++Anaphylactic shock
++++Neurogenic shock
-Pathophysiology
-Clinical features
Shock
Shock is defined as acute circulatory failure resulting in inadequate tissue perfusion and oxygen utilization. Abnormalities in tissue perfusion can be caused by heart failure, impediments to blood flow, loss of circulating volume, or issues with the peripheral circulation. The clinical features of shock vary depending on the specific type but may include signs of low blood pressure, increased heart rate, pale and cool skin, decreased urine output, altered mental status, and metabolic acidosis. Assessment of tissue perfusion through skin signs, lactate levels, and urine output can help evaluate the severity of shock.
Circulatory shock
This document discusses circulatory shock and its types. It defines circulatory shock as inadequate tissue perfusion due to decreased cardiac output. The main types are hypovolemic, distributive, cardiogenic, and obstructive shock. Hypovolemic shock, the most common type, can be caused by hemorrhage, trauma, surgery, or burns. Hemorrhagic shock specifically results from acute blood loss of over 15ml/kg. The stages of shock include a reversible stage with rapid compensatory mechanisms and a later irreversible stage if compensation fails. Treatment focuses on blood and plasma transfusion as well as medications like epinephrine and dopamine to increase cardiac output, while avoiding sedatives and overwarm
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Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) from the original author of CAD Tozki
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) from the original author of CAD Tozki
Similar to therapeutic case
D.cardiomyopathy
Cardiomyopathy is a disease of the heart muscle that causes it to become enlarged, thickened, or rigid, preventing it from pumping blood properly. There are several types including dilated cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, restrictive cardiomyopathy, and arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. Symptoms can include fatigue, shortness of breath, chest pain, and fluid retention. Diagnosis involves physical exam, ECG, echocardiogram, cardiac MRI/CT, and biopsy. Treatment may include medications, devices, surgery, or transplantation to improve symptoms and survival. Nursing care focuses on managing symptoms, ensuring proper nutrition and activity, and health education.
Coronary artery disease slide
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the most common type of cardiovascular disease. It is caused by plaque buildup in the coronary arteries that supply blood to the heart. This restricts blood flow and oxygen supply to heart muscle. Symptoms include chest pain and discomfort known as angina. Diagnosis involves electrocardiograms, stress tests, imaging like angiography and echocardiograms. Treatment focuses on lifestyle changes and medications to control symptoms and risk factors as well as procedures like angioplasty and stents to open blocked arteries. High dose thiamine injections showed promise in curing CAD in one research study. Proper management can help cure angina and allow those with CAD to live long, productive lives
Heart failure
Heart failure is defined as the inability of the heart to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. It can be caused by structural or functional problems with the heart's ventricles. Heart failure is classified based on whether the left ventricle has reduced ejection fraction (systolic) or increased filling pressures (diastolic), and whether cardiac output is high or low. Treatment involves reducing preload and afterload on the heart through medications like ACE inhibitors, ARBs, beta blockers, and diuretics. More advanced treatments include CRT, VADs, heart transplantation, and surgical procedures.
Cardiovascular manifestation in systemic disease
This document summarizes various cardiovascular manifestations that can occur in systemic diseases. It discusses how thiamine deficiency can cause heart failure and how supplementation can help. It also discusses protein-energy malnutrition and how it can affect the heart. Other conditions mentioned include hyperhomocysteinemia, obesity, carcinoid syndrome, pheochromocytoma, acromegaly, systemic lupus erythematosus, antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, systemic sclerosis, and rheumatoid arthritis; and their potential impacts such as cardiomyopathy, pericarditis, accelerated atherosclerosis, and pulmonary hypertension.
Cardiomyopathy
Cardiomyopathy is a group of diseases that weaken and enlarge the heart muscle, making it harder for the heart to pump blood to the rest of the body. There are three main types: dilated cardiomyopathy which causes the heart chambers to enlarge and the heart walls to thin; hypertrophic cardiomyopathy where the heart muscle becomes abnormally thick; and restrictive cardiomyopathy which causes the heart muscles to stiffen. Symptoms vary depending on the type but can include fatigue, shortness of breath, chest pain, and heart palpitations. Diagnosis involves echocardiograms, electrocardiograms, and cardiac imaging to examine the structure and function of the heart. Treatment may include medications, medical devices, and
Cardiomyopathy
This document defines and describes various types of cardiomyopathies including dilated cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and restrictive cardiomyopathy. It discusses their causes, risk factors, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and management. The main types are defined as primary disorders of the heart muscle that cause abnormal function and are not caused by other cardiac diseases. Causes can include genetic/inherited factors, infections, metabolic disorders, toxins and medications. Symptoms vary from none to heart failure and arrhythmias depending on the individual and severity of disease.
cardiacarrest-new.pptx
Cardiac arrest is when the heart suddenly stops beating, cutting off blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. It is most commonly caused by diseases affecting the ventricles that disrupt their rhythm. Risk factors include preexisting heart conditions, abnormal heart rhythms, coronary artery disease, smoking, high blood pressure, and diabetes. Signs include loss of pulse and consciousness, no breathing or blood pressure, and dilated pupils. Diagnosis involves physical exam, ECG, cardiac catheterization, echocardiography, and blood tests. Treatment focuses on restoring normal heart rhythm through CPR, defibrillation, and antiarrhythmic drugs.
congestiveheart-131005000245-phpapp01.pdf
Congestive heart failure occurs when the heart muscle is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. It can be caused by conditions that weaken or stiffen the heart muscle like heart attacks, or by prolonged high blood pressure. Symptoms include shortness of breath, fatigue, and fluid retention. Treatment focuses on managing symptoms with medications and lifestyle changes.
Congestive heart failure
Congestive heart failure occurs when the heart muscle is unable to pump efficiently, causing blood to back up in the lungs and body. It can be caused by conditions that weaken or stiffen the heart muscle like heart attacks, or from long-term high blood pressure. Symptoms include shortness of breath, fatigue, and fluid retention. Treatment focuses on managing symptoms with medications and lifestyle changes.
Ccf
The document provides information on congestive cardiac failure (CCF), including:
1. CCF occurs when the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body's needs, causing fluid buildup in tissues.
2. Risk factors include age, hypertension, diabetes, smoking, and coronary artery disease. Symptoms include shortness of breath, fatigue, and swelling.
3. Diagnosis involves medical history, physical exam, chest X-ray, echocardiogram and blood tests. Treatment focuses on lifestyle changes, medications, procedures and managing underlying causes.
CAD,_MI,_ANGINA,_CARDIOMYOPATHY[1] ppt.pptx
Coronary artery disease (CAD) involves the narrowing of the coronary arteries due to atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is a condition where fatty deposits called plaques build up inside the arteries. It begins as soft deposits that harden over time, restricting blood flow. The major risk factors for CAD include older age, family history, smoking, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes, and obesity. A heart attack occurs when an atherosclerotic plaque ruptures and forms a blood clot that blocks one of the coronary arteries, damaging the heart muscle due to lack of oxygen. The symptoms of a heart attack include chest pain and discomfort, shortness of breath, nausea, and feeling weak or anxious. Diagnostic tests
Myocardial Infarction
Myocardial infarction, also known as a heart attack, results from prolonged lack of oxygen supply to heart muscle, causing cell death. It is usually caused by a blockage of a coronary artery from an atherosclerotic plaque rupture. Symptoms include chest pain and shortness of breath. Diagnosis involves evaluating symptoms, electrocardiogram changes, and cardiac enzyme levels. Treatment focuses on restoring blood flow, reducing workload and complications through medications like antiplatelets, anticoagulants, beta blockers, and ACE inhibitors.
Cardiac Failure by M.A.Lateef Siddiqui
1. Heart failure occurs when the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs, despite normal or increased filling pressures, due to problems with the heart muscle's ability to contract.
2. Heart failure has cardiac and non-cardiac causes and can be systolic, diastolic, acute, chronic, left-sided, right-sided, or bi-ventricular.
3. Symptoms include dyspnea, fatigue, cough, edema, and general weakness. Treatment involves identifying and treating the underlying cause, lifestyle changes like diet and rest, and medications like diuretics, vasodilators, and ACE inhibitors.
Cardiac Failure by M.A.Lateef Siddiqui
1. Cardiac failure, also known as heart failure, occurs when the heart is unable to pump sufficiently to maintain blood flow to meet the body's needs. It can result from several cardiac causes related to problems with the heart muscle, valves, or pericardium, as well as non-cardiac causes like anemia or hypertension that overload the heart.
2. Symptoms depend on whether the left side or right side of the heart is predominantly affected but commonly include fatigue, breathlessness, and fluid retention. Signs involve findings related to congestion in the lungs or periphery.
3. Treatment involves identifying and treating the underlying cause, restricting salt and fluid intake, medications like diuretics and A
Heart failure
This document provides an overview of heart failure, including its definition, incidence, pathology, types, risk factors, etiology, diagnosis, management, and complications. Some key points:
- Heart failure is defined as the heart's inability to pump sufficiently to maintain blood flow to meet the body's needs. It can be acute or chronic and is a common cause of hospitalization.
- Pathologically, it involves increases in preload and afterload along with decreased contractility. The main types are based on output (low or high), the ventricles affected (left, right, or both), and systolic or diastolic dysfunction.
- Risk factors include hypertension, diabetes, and coronary artery disease
seminar ON cardiomegaly FOR NURSING STUDENTS.pptx
Cardiomegaly is a condition where the heart becomes enlarged. It is usually caused by underlying conditions that make the heart work harder like obesity, heart valve disease, and high blood pressure. An enlarged heart may not pump blood effectively, potentially leading to congestive heart failure. Diagnosis involves tests like chest x-rays, EKGs, echocardiograms and cardiac catheterization. Treatment focuses on managing the underlying cause with medications, lifestyle changes, and sometimes surgery. Complications include heart failure, blood clots, and sudden cardiac death if not properly treated.
Cardiovascular emergencies - solo.pptx
1) The document discusses various cardiovascular emergencies including acute coronary syndrome, cardiac conditions like angina and myocardial infarction, and other emergencies such as aortic dissection, hypertensive crisis, and shock.
2) It provides details on cardiac anatomy and physiology, describes the signs and symptoms of acute coronary syndrome, and reviews treatments for conditions like angina and myocardial infarction.
3) Additionally, it discusses other cardiovascular emergencies such as aneurysms, electrical and mechanical issues of the heart, heart failure, aortic dissection, hypertensive crisis, and the different types of shock.
heartfailure-190730143120.pdf
Heart failure occurs when the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. It can be caused by problems with either the left or right side of the heart. Common causes include heart disease and hypertension. Symptoms depend on whether the left or right side is affected. The left side controls blood flow to the lungs, so left heart failure causes shortness of breath and coughing up blood. The right side controls blood returning from the body, so right heart failure causes fatigue, leg swelling and liver/fluid issues. Over time the heart tries to compensate through enlargement but eventually decompensates leading to further symptoms.
Heart failure
Heart failure occurs when the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. It can be caused by problems with either the left or right side of the heart. Common causes include heart disease and hypertension. Symptoms depend on whether the left or right side is affected. The left side controls blood flow to the lungs, so left heart failure causes shortness of breath and coughing up blood. The right side controls blood returning from the body, so right heart failure causes fatigue, leg swelling and liver/kidney congestion. Over time the heart tries to compensate through enlargement but eventually decompensates leading to further symptoms.
CHF (Congestive Heart Failure)
Heart failure is the inability of the heart to maintain adequate cardiac output to meet the metabolic needs of the body because of impaired pumping ability.
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The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptx
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
3D Hybrid PIC simulation of the plasma expansion (ISSS-14)
3D Particle-In-Cell (PIC) algorithm,
Plasma expansion in the dipole magnetic field.
Nucleic Acid-its structural and functional complexity.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
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and the revised UWWTD (Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive)”
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
如何办理(uvic毕业证书)维多利亚大学毕业证本科学位证书原版一模一样
原版纸张【微信：741003700 】【(uvic毕业证书)维多利亚大学毕业证】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
BREEDING METHODS FOR DISEASE RESISTANCE.pptx
Plant breeding for disease resistance is a strategy to reduce crop losses caused by disease. Plants have an innate immune system that allows them to recognize pathogens and provide resistance. However, breeding for long-lasting resistance often involves combining multiple resistance genes
原版制作(carleton毕业证书)卡尔顿大学毕业证硕士文凭原版一模一样
原版纸张【微信：741003700 】【(carleton毕业证书)卡尔顿大学毕业证】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless Reproducibility
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless ReproducibilityUniversity of Rennes, INSA Rennes, Inria/IRISA, CNRS
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
Isolation of pure culture, its various method.
Equivariant neural networks and representation theory
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
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Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
Recently uploaded (20)
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptx
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therapeutic case
- 1. CASE PRESENTATION ARYANA AMIRI 3rd YEAR PHARMD 28/09/2018
- 2. • NAME: ABDULMALIK • AGE:55 • WRIGHT:61KG • DURATION TIME OF TREATMENT: 7 DAYS
- 3. DEFINITION DCM: dilated cardiomyopathy is condition in which the heart becomes enlarged and can’t pump blood properly and effectively. CCF: Heart failure which is also known as congestive cardiac failure is a condition in which the heart muscle is weakened and can’t pump as well sit usually does. DM: it is a metabolic disorder in which blood glucose or blood sugar is too high.
- 4. Etiology • Coronary artery disease is the most important factor • Arteries that supply blood to heart muscle, narrow from a build up of fatty deposits • Heart attack • High blood pressure • Infection of heart muscle by virus or bacteria • Abnormal heart valves • Exact cause of heart failure may be unknown
- 5. Pathophysiology Congestive heart failure is a syndrome that can be caused by a variety of abnormalities, including pressure and volume overload, loss of muscle, primary muscle disease or excessive peripheral demands such as high output failure. In the usual form of heart failure, the heart muscle has reduced contractility. This produces a reduction in cardiac output, which then becomes inadequate to meet the peripheral demands of the body. The 4 primary determinants of left ventricular (LV) performance are generally altered as follows: (1) There is an intrinsic decrease in muscle contractility. (2) Preload or left atrial filling pressure is increased, resulting in pulmonary congestion and dyspnea. (3) Although systemic blood pressure is often reduced, there is an increase in systemic vascular resistance (afterload), which can further reduce cardiac output. (4) Heart rate is generally increased as part of a compensatory mechanism associated with an increase in sympathetic tone and circulating catecholamines. In patients with coronary disease, there is often an imbalance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand. An increase in heart size may be particularly deleterious by increasing wall tension because of the Laplace relation and increasing myocardial oxygen consumption
- 6. ALGORITHM CCF diagnosis Assess for presence of fluid retention Fluid retention No fluid retention ACE inhibitorsDiuretic Beta blockers ARB,Spironolactone,digoxin.isosorbide
- 8. CURRENT COMPLIANT AND HISTORY OF PRESENT ILLNESS• DCM AND CCF • COUGHING • BREATHLESSNESS • JOINT PAIN • HEADACHE • NON REGULARLY UNDER MEDICAL CONTROL
- 10. PERSONAL HISTORY • SMOKING • ALCOHOLISM • CARBOHYDRATE INTAKE
- 11. SOCIAL HISTORY • DIET—->MIXED (NON-VEG) • SLEEP—->ADEQUATE • APPETITE—>NORMAL
- 12. PHYSICAL EXAMINATION • BP: 130/100 mmHG • HB: 13 g/dl • NEUTROPHIL:57% • LYMPHOCYTE:40% • MONOCYTE:00% • PLATELET COUNT: 160000 • PULSE:68/MIN • S1S2:HEARD CLEARLY • TEMP:NORMAL • CNS:NORMAL
- 13. PROVISIONAL DIGANOSIS • DCM AND CCF • DM
- 14. LABRATOARY DATA TEST TEST VALUE NORMAL VALUE Hb 13 12-17 WBC 9529 4.5-11K ESR 22mm/hr 0-29 Blood urea 31mg/dl 15-40mg/dl
- 15. DIAGNOSIS TEST • CHEST X-RAY • BLOOD SUGAR TEST (155 mg/dl)
- 16. MEDICATION TABLE DRUG NAME DOSE DOSE BEGIN DOSE ENDED CEFTRIAXONE 1gm 11/09 19/09 T.SPIRONOLACT ONE 50 mg 11/09 19/09 SERRATIOPEPTID ASE 10 mg 11/09 19/09 BUDESONIDE 0.5 mg 11/09 19/09 FUROSEMIDE 40mg 11/09 19/09 Metformin 500 mg 11/09 19/09
- 17. ASSESSMENT • DUE TO HIGH BLOOD SUGAR LEVEL DM DIAGNOSED • ABNORMAL BP CCF AND DCM DIAGNOSED • MIGRAINE
- 18. PATIENT COUNSELING • LIMIT SALT AND SUGAR INTAKE • LOW CARBOHYDRATE DIET • STOP ALCOHOL AND SMOKING • TAKING DRUG ON TIME • RESTRICTION OF SODIUM
- 19. THANK YOU ALL