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Leadership is the collaboration and commitment of all the group
members in achieving group goals in a particular environment.
1. Trait Theories
2. Style Theories
3. People Task Orientations
4. Functional, or Action- centred leadership
5. Contingency Leadership
6. Principle-centred Leadership
Theories of Leadership
 Known as “Great Man Theory”
Attempt to identify;
1. Physiological (appearance)
2. Demographic (education background)
3. Intellective (knowledge)
4. Task-related (initative)
5. Sociability and cooperativeness
Trait Theories (1930-1940)
“Leaders are Born”
Conclusion:
A person is not born with self-confidence.
A person is not born with intellective.
etc....
• Authoritarian Style (Task Orientation)
• Democratic Style (People Orientation)
Style Leadership (1950)
“Leaders are Made”
Tannenbaum and Schmidt (Harvard Business Review, 1957)
Authoritarian
Democratic
D. McGregor
(Theory X and Theory Y)
Rensis Likert
(Four Management Systems, 1961)
System 1 : Epitome of the authoritarian style
System 2 : Basically of the paternalistic style (Benevolent Style)
System 3 : Moves toward greater democracy and teamwork
System 4 : Ultimate of the democratic style
People-Task Orientations
Concern for People –a leader considers the needs of team members when deciding how
best to accomplish a task.
Concern for Production/Results –a leader emphasizes concrete objectives when deciding
how best to accomplish a task.
Functional, or Action-centred Leadership
Prof. John Adair, 1973 (UK)
1) Task can only be performed by the team
and not by one person
2) Team can only achieve excellent task
performance if all the individuals are
fully developed
3) Individual needs the task to be
challenged and motivated
 Leader-Member Relation
–leadership acceptance
between the
organizational hierarchies
 Task Structure –clarity of
the project or tasks, their
methods to achieve the
end product
 Positional Power –amount
of authority the leader has
to influence the
productivity of the
followers, whether he can
reward or punish them.
Contingency Leadership
F.E. Fiedler (1967)
Principle-centered Leadership
(Covey, 1992)
1. Be Proactive – take responsibility as well as the initiative
2. Begin with the end in mind (where do you want to go, what do you
want to be, what do you want to achieve?)
3. Put first things first (Priorities)
4. Think WIN/WIN (look for the gain that all parties can get from
relationships, solutions, negotiations etc...)
5. Seek first to understand, then to be understood, develop listening
skills (Think before you act)
6. Synergies- Become creative
7. Sharpen the saw (Keeping fit in every department of your life)
The comparison between various leadership theories
Source Title Characteristics Dimensions
D McGregor Theory X &
Theory Y
Authoritarian Vs
Democratics
Either/or
R Likert Systems 1-4 Authoritarian Vs
Democratics
Either/or
Tannenbaum &
Schmidt
Leadership
Continuum
Authoritarian Vs
Democratics
Either/or
Blake & Mouton Managerial
Grid
Concern for people and
Concern for production
Both
J Adair Functional
Theory
Task, group and individual
needs; adaptive behaviour
Multiple
F E Fiedler Thoery of
leadership
effectiveness
Favourableness of the
situation; adaptive
behaviour
Multiple
S. Covey Principle
centred
Adoption of key moral
principles
Multiple
THANK YOU! !
Excellent Performance = Ability x Opportunity x Motivation

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Theory of Leadership

  • 1. Leadership is the collaboration and commitment of all the group members in achieving group goals in a particular environment.
  • 2. 1. Trait Theories 2. Style Theories 3. People Task Orientations 4. Functional, or Action- centred leadership 5. Contingency Leadership 6. Principle-centred Leadership Theories of Leadership
  • 3.  Known as “Great Man Theory” Attempt to identify; 1. Physiological (appearance) 2. Demographic (education background) 3. Intellective (knowledge) 4. Task-related (initative) 5. Sociability and cooperativeness Trait Theories (1930-1940) “Leaders are Born” Conclusion: A person is not born with self-confidence. A person is not born with intellective. etc....
  • 4. • Authoritarian Style (Task Orientation) • Democratic Style (People Orientation) Style Leadership (1950) “Leaders are Made” Tannenbaum and Schmidt (Harvard Business Review, 1957) Authoritarian Democratic
  • 5. D. McGregor (Theory X and Theory Y)
  • 6. Rensis Likert (Four Management Systems, 1961) System 1 : Epitome of the authoritarian style System 2 : Basically of the paternalistic style (Benevolent Style) System 3 : Moves toward greater democracy and teamwork System 4 : Ultimate of the democratic style
  • 7. People-Task Orientations Concern for People –a leader considers the needs of team members when deciding how best to accomplish a task. Concern for Production/Results –a leader emphasizes concrete objectives when deciding how best to accomplish a task.
  • 8. Functional, or Action-centred Leadership Prof. John Adair, 1973 (UK) 1) Task can only be performed by the team and not by one person 2) Team can only achieve excellent task performance if all the individuals are fully developed 3) Individual needs the task to be challenged and motivated
  • 9.  Leader-Member Relation –leadership acceptance between the organizational hierarchies  Task Structure –clarity of the project or tasks, their methods to achieve the end product  Positional Power –amount of authority the leader has to influence the productivity of the followers, whether he can reward or punish them. Contingency Leadership F.E. Fiedler (1967)
  • 10. Principle-centered Leadership (Covey, 1992) 1. Be Proactive – take responsibility as well as the initiative 2. Begin with the end in mind (where do you want to go, what do you want to be, what do you want to achieve?) 3. Put first things first (Priorities) 4. Think WIN/WIN (look for the gain that all parties can get from relationships, solutions, negotiations etc...) 5. Seek first to understand, then to be understood, develop listening skills (Think before you act) 6. Synergies- Become creative 7. Sharpen the saw (Keeping fit in every department of your life)
  • 11. The comparison between various leadership theories Source Title Characteristics Dimensions D McGregor Theory X & Theory Y Authoritarian Vs Democratics Either/or R Likert Systems 1-4 Authoritarian Vs Democratics Either/or Tannenbaum & Schmidt Leadership Continuum Authoritarian Vs Democratics Either/or Blake & Mouton Managerial Grid Concern for people and Concern for production Both J Adair Functional Theory Task, group and individual needs; adaptive behaviour Multiple F E Fiedler Thoery of leadership effectiveness Favourableness of the situation; adaptive behaviour Multiple S. Covey Principle centred Adoption of key moral principles Multiple
  • 12. THANK YOU! ! Excellent Performance = Ability x Opportunity x Motivation