1) John Rawls proposes a theory of justice based on two principles that would be chosen by rational individuals in an "original position" behind a "veil of ignorance" where they do not know their place in society.
2) The two principles are equal liberty for all and that inequalities must benefit the least advantaged members of society.
3) Rawls believes these principles balance considerations of individual rights and welfare that are found in philosophies like Kantianism and Utilitarianism.
Jeremy Bentham was an English philosopher and political radical. He is primarily known today for his moral philosophy, especially his principle of utilitarianism, which evaluates actions based upon their consequences. ... Happiness, according to Bentham, is thus a matter of experiencing pleasure and lack of pain.
Utilitarianism is one of the best known and most influential moral theories. ... Utilitarians believe that the purpose of morality is to make life better by increasing the number of good things (such as pleasure and happiness) in the world and decreasing the number of bad things (such as pain and unhappiness).
Jeremy Bentham was an English philosopher and political radical. He is primarily known today for his moral philosophy, especially his principle of utilitarianism, which evaluates actions based upon their consequences. ... Happiness, according to Bentham, is thus a matter of experiencing pleasure and lack of pain.
Utilitarianism is one of the best known and most influential moral theories. ... Utilitarians believe that the purpose of morality is to make life better by increasing the number of good things (such as pleasure and happiness) in the world and decreasing the number of bad things (such as pain and unhappiness).
This includes topics such as the Theory of Justice, the role of justice, the subject of justice, the main idea in the theory of justice, what is original position and justification, classical utilitarianism, intuitionism and some remarks moral theory. for the second part, it includes principles of justice, democratic theory, social good and social security.
Utilitarianism is a form ofconsequentialism, which states that the c.pdfaptexx
Utilitarianism is a form ofconsequentialism, which states that the consequences of any action are
the only standard of right and wrong. This view can be contrasted or combined with virtue ethics
which holds virtue as a moral good.
Intrinsic Good & Instrumental Good :
Rule-utilitarianism :
Rule utilitarianism is a form of utilitarianism that says an action is right as it conforms to a rule
that leads to the greatest good, or that \"the rightness or wrongness of a particular action is a
function of the correctness of the rule of which it is an instance.
Rights, Legal Rights, Moral Rights, negative rights, positive rights & contractual rights :
Legal rights are those bestowed onto a person by a given legal system.
Moral rights are rights of creators of copyrighted works generally recognized in civil law
jurisdictions and, to a lesser extent, in some common law jurisdictions. They include the right of
attribution, the right to have a work published anonymously or pseudonymously, and the right to
the integrity of the work.
The libertarian view on rights :
Natural-rights libertarianism refers to the view that all individuals possess certain natural or
moral rights, mainly a right of individual sovereignty, and that therefore acts of initiation of force
and fraud are rights-violations and that is sufficient reason to oppose those acts. This is one of
the two ethical view points within right-libertarianism, the other being consequentialist
libertarianism, which only takes into account the consequences of actions and rules when judging
them, and holds that free markets and strong private property rights have good consequences.
Distributive Justice, Fundamantal & Material principal of distributive justice
Distributive justice concerns the nature of a socially just allocation of goods in a society. A
society in which incidental inequalities in outcome do not arise would be considered a society
guided by the principles of distributive justice. The concept includes the available quantities of
goods, the process by which goods are to be distributed, and the resulting allocation of the goods
to the members of the society.
Distributive justice is concerned with the fair allocation of resources among diverse members of
a community. Fair allocation typically takes into account the total amount of goods to be
distributed, the distributing procedure, and the pattern of distribution that results.
Various principles might determine of how goods are distributed as under :-
Capitalist Justice, Socialist Justice, L justice, :
Capitalist Justice is the justice that is supported and served by the capitalist person or individual,
one who supports the tenets of capitalism.
Socialist Justice is the justice that is supported and served by the socialistlist person or
individual, one who supports the tenets of socialism.
Principle of equal liberty, Difference Principle, Principle of fair equality of opportunity :
Difference Principle : The Difference Principle regulates ineq.
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Lesson 9 - Resisting Temptation Along the Way
SBs – Sunday Bible School
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MAGAZINE: THE CAREER THAT IS PROPOSED TO US: The Path of Salvation, Holiness and Perseverance to Reach Heaven
Commentator: Pastor Osiel Gomes
Presentation: Missionary Celso Napoleon
Renewed in Grace
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The texts are in English.
For the Video with audio narration, comments and texts in English, please check out the Link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zF2g_43NEa0
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Theory of justice
1. John Rawls: Theory of Justice
The basis of a society is a set of tacit
agreements. [“social contract”]
The agreed-upon principles must not be
dependent on one’s place in society.
Rawls believed that rational, self-interested
people with roughly similar needs would
choose the following two principles to guide
their moral interactions
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2. John Rawls: Theory of Justice
1. The Principle of Equal Liberty
2. a. The Difference Principle
b. Principle of Fair Equality of Opportunity
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3. The Principle of Equal Liberty
Whether the action protects our rights from
invasion and provides rights for us equal
to the rights of others.
This principle goes beyond protecting us from
invasions of our privacy to prohibiting force,
fraud and deception.
The latter would deprive us of rights equal
to others.
This preserves the Kantian commitment –
no one wants to be treated as a “mere
means”
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4. The second principle has two parts
PART 1:The Difference Principle
There will be inequalities, but we are morally
obligated to improve the worst off unless it
would make everyone worse off.
In business this guarantees an efficient use of
resources and competitive markets free of
price-fixing and monopolies.
Omelas?
Preserves the Utilitarian belief in “net
benefits”
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5. PART 2: Principle of Fair
Equality of Opportunity
Requires that job qualifications be related to
the job.
There must be equal access to training for
the most desirable jobs.
These principles combine Kant [treating
people as free & equal] & Utilitarianism
[treating people equal]
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6. Rawls' justification for this
choice of principles
How are these principles to be chosen?
From the “original position” behind the “veil of
ignorance”
You know you would be IN the society, but
none of the details with regard to sex, religion,
economic class etc…
He believes that these are the principles that a
rational self-interested person would choose if
they were in the “original position” behind the
“veil of ignorance.”
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7. UTILITY: focuses on all affected by a potential action
Bentham -- Weighs the social costs and benefits,
looking for the action that provides the “greatest
net benefits”
RIGHTS: focuses on the freedom & equality of
individuals
Kant -- Decides on the basis of rights that a
person has that are necessary to provide
freedom and equality for that person.
JUSTICE: focuses on the distribution of goods
Rawls -- Looks for a fair distribution of benefits
and burdens. The question is which moral
principles will ensure that.
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8. Feature
Rejection of Utilitarianism He rejected the
concept of Bentham.
Self Esteem It was public affirmed
distribution of Fundamental Rights and
liberties.
Relation between Liberty and Equality
There should be Ideal relation between it.
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9. Substantive Social Justice To him moral
system can be understood only in the
context of class relationship and of
ownership. It is a procedural theory of
justice which maximizes the well being of
the least advantaged. The natural assets
should be distributed according to the
principle of social Justice.
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10. Justice as fairness Principle of Justice as
fairness comes close to society, for it
meets the principles which free and equal
persons would assent to under
circumstances that are fair.
Then justice as fairness succeeds
reasonably well.
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11. Criticism
Once his theory is broad than suddenly it
is too narrow.
Rawl’s theory of Justice is criticized on the
ground that justice as fairness rejects the
conception of the individuals underlying
beliefs and practices.
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