John Rawls and Amartya Sen proposed influential theories of justice. [1] Rawls argued for a "veil of ignorance" where people in an "original position" wouldn't know their status and would choose principles for a just society. [2] Sen criticized Rawls' approach and argued justice involves comparative evaluation of institutions based on an independent spectator. [3] Both philosophers aimed to define justice, though they disagreed on methodology.
Definitions of Jurisprudence. Scope & Relationship with other social sciencescarolineelias239
this slide says about the definitions put forward by famous scholars, better meaning of jurisprudence, and how different social science subjects are inter connected with Jurisprudence.
Jeremy Bentham was an English philosopher and political radical. He is primarily known today for his moral philosophy, especially his principle of utilitarianism, which evaluates actions based upon their consequences. ... Happiness, according to Bentham, is thus a matter of experiencing pleasure and lack of pain.
Utilitarianism is one of the best known and most influential moral theories. ... Utilitarians believe that the purpose of morality is to make life better by increasing the number of good things (such as pleasure and happiness) in the world and decreasing the number of bad things (such as pain and unhappiness).
This PPT helps to understand Concept of Sovereignty. This PPT is more useful for Social Science students including Law at Graduate & Post bGrauat elevel .
Definitions of Jurisprudence. Scope & Relationship with other social sciencescarolineelias239
this slide says about the definitions put forward by famous scholars, better meaning of jurisprudence, and how different social science subjects are inter connected with Jurisprudence.
Jeremy Bentham was an English philosopher and political radical. He is primarily known today for his moral philosophy, especially his principle of utilitarianism, which evaluates actions based upon their consequences. ... Happiness, according to Bentham, is thus a matter of experiencing pleasure and lack of pain.
Utilitarianism is one of the best known and most influential moral theories. ... Utilitarians believe that the purpose of morality is to make life better by increasing the number of good things (such as pleasure and happiness) in the world and decreasing the number of bad things (such as pain and unhappiness).
This PPT helps to understand Concept of Sovereignty. This PPT is more useful for Social Science students including Law at Graduate & Post bGrauat elevel .
This includes topics such as the Theory of Justice, the role of justice, the subject of justice, the main idea in the theory of justice, what is original position and justification, classical utilitarianism, intuitionism and some remarks moral theory. for the second part, it includes principles of justice, democratic theory, social good and social security.
Welfare liberalism, justice as fairness, just society, accident of birth, original position, principles of justice, difference principle, social contractarianism, principle of reciprocity, just savings principle
NATURE, ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL LAW.pptxanvithaav
These slides helps the student of international law to understand what is the nature of international law? and how international law was originated and developed?.
The slides was well structured along with the highlighted points for better understanding .
A "File Trademark" is a legal term referring to the registration of a unique symbol, logo, or name used to identify and distinguish products or services. This process provides legal protection, granting exclusive rights to the trademark owner, and helps prevent unauthorized use by competitors.
Visit Now: https://www.tumblr.com/trademark-quick/751620857551634432/ensure-legal-protection-file-your-trademark-with?source=share
ALL EYES ON RAFAH BUT WHY Explain more.pdf46adnanshahzad
All eyes on Rafah: But why?. The Rafah border crossing, a crucial point between Egypt and the Gaza Strip, often finds itself at the center of global attention. As we explore the significance of Rafah, we’ll uncover why all eyes are on Rafah and the complexities surrounding this pivotal region.
INTRODUCTION
What makes Rafah so significant that it captures global attention? The phrase ‘All eyes are on Rafah’ resonates not just with those in the region but with people worldwide who recognize its strategic, humanitarian, and political importance. In this guide, we will delve into the factors that make Rafah a focal point for international interest, examining its historical context, humanitarian challenges, and political dimensions.
Car Accident Injury Do I Have a Case....Knowyourright
Every year, thousands of Minnesotans are injured in car accidents. These injuries can be severe – even life-changing. Under Minnesota law, you can pursue compensation through a personal injury lawsuit.
WINDING UP of COMPANY, Modes of DissolutionKHURRAMWALI
Winding up, also known as liquidation, refers to the legal and financial process of dissolving a company. It involves ceasing operations, selling assets, settling debts, and ultimately removing the company from the official business registry.
Here's a breakdown of the key aspects of winding up:
Reasons for Winding Up:
Insolvency: This is the most common reason, where the company cannot pay its debts. Creditors may initiate a compulsory winding up to recover their dues.
Voluntary Closure: The owners may decide to close the company due to reasons like reaching business goals, facing losses, or merging with another company.
Deadlock: If shareholders or directors cannot agree on how to run the company, a court may order a winding up.
Types of Winding Up:
Voluntary Winding Up: This is initiated by the company's shareholders through a resolution passed by a majority vote. There are two main types:
Members' Voluntary Winding Up: The company is solvent (has enough assets to pay off its debts) and shareholders will receive any remaining assets after debts are settled.
Creditors' Voluntary Winding Up: The company is insolvent and creditors will be prioritized in receiving payment from the sale of assets.
Compulsory Winding Up: This is initiated by a court order, typically at the request of creditors, government agencies, or even by the company itself if it's insolvent.
Process of Winding Up:
Appointment of Liquidator: A qualified professional is appointed to oversee the winding-up process. They are responsible for selling assets, paying off debts, and distributing any remaining funds.
Cease Trading: The company stops its regular business operations.
Notification of Creditors: Creditors are informed about the winding up and invited to submit their claims.
Sale of Assets: The company's assets are sold to generate cash to pay off creditors.
Payment of Debts: Creditors are paid according to a set order of priority, with secured creditors receiving payment before unsecured creditors.
Distribution to Shareholders: If there are any remaining funds after all debts are settled, they are distributed to shareholders according to their ownership stake.
Dissolution: Once all claims are settled and distributions made, the company is officially dissolved and removed from the business register.
Impact of Winding Up:
Employees: Employees will likely lose their jobs during the winding-up process.
Creditors: Creditors may not recover their debts in full, especially if the company is insolvent.
Shareholders: Shareholders may not receive any payout if the company's debts exceed its assets.
Winding up is a complex legal and financial process that can have significant consequences for all parties involved. It's important to seek professional legal and financial advice when considering winding up a company.
The Main Procedures for Obtaining Cypriot Citizenship
Theories of Justice (John Rawls and Amartya Sen)
1. SUBJECT: LAW AND JUSTICE
TOPIC: THEORIES OF JUSTICE
(JOHN RAWLS AND AMARTYA SEN)
SUBMITTED TO: SARITA MA’AM
SUBMITTED BY: KIRTI RASHMI (ROLL NO. 20)
ANSHIKA BAGHEL(ROLL NO. 11)
LLM (1 YEAR) 2019-20, BVDU, PUNE
2. TOPICS TO BE COVERED:
• John Rawls Theory
• Amartya Sen’s Theory
• Conclusion
3. JOHN RAWLS THEORY OF JUSTICE
• Key Words: Original Position, Veil of Ignorance, Justice as Fairness, Just Society, Maximin Principle, Principle of Equal
Liberty, Principle of Fair Equality of Opportunity and Difference Principle
John Rawls (1921-2002): Harvard philosopher
• According to him some people are more powerful and wealthier than others, so they area part of social majority. If they
dominate negotiations because of these qualities then it’ll be moral arbitrariness and wrong. Because Rawls believed that
they have not earned these advantages rather they get them by luck. And so for anyone using these unearned advantages to
their own benefit will cause unfairness and injustice to many. Thus, he conceived JUSTICE AS FAIRNESS.
• To identify fairness, he developed two concepts: ORIGINAL POSITION and VIEL OF IGNORANCE. Original Position
is a hypothetical situation where Rawls asks, what social rules and institutions people would agree to not in actual situation
but under fair conditions that is, where nobody knows whether they are advantaged by luck or about their moral arbitrary
features like economic, social, political or religious status. He termed it as veil of ignorance. If this veil is lifted they might
end upon wrong side or they might choose any rule arbitrarily. Therefore it was necessary to achieve fairness.
• But in reality they aren’t ignorant about everything and are self interested. Therefore, they will end up choosing in a way
that even the worst possible position they could end up with is as good as possible. This is what is termed by Rawls as
MAXIMIN PRINCIPLE. JUST SOCIETY is created through original position, veil of ignorance and maximin principle.
4. RAWLS PRINCIPLE OF JUSTICE AS FAIRNESS
1) Principle of Equal Liberty: All people have equal claims to as freedom as is consistent with everyone else having the same
level of freedom.
2) Maximin Principle.
3) Fair equality of opportunity: People in original position will tolerate inequalities only if jobs that pay more are assigned
fairly.
4) Difference Principle: they will tolerate inequalities which might be the worst off but it maximizes the quality of their worst
possible outcomes.
CRTICISM:
1. Some inequality might be useful for growth of economy and wealth available.
2. Inequality of opportunity is inevitable.
3. People have some basic rights and liberties which cannot be overridden for common good.
4. Uniform distribution of resources cannot be attained as someone can earn more resources fairly.
5. It is silent on other forms of injustices like race, healthcare, etc.
6. Confused fairness with equality.
5. ILLUSTRATION OF RAWLS THEORY:
A is in Original Position where he does not have anything. Also, he does not know how much of cake he will get. B dictates
to A that he can divide it in a way he wishes but he cannot choose his share. A divides it equally so that even in the worst
possible outcome he will get equal share (maximin principle). Thus, everyone gets equal portion, fairness is achieved and
just society is established.
6. AMARTYA SEN’S THEORY OF JUSTICE
• Key Words: Realization focused comparative approach against Transcendental Institutionalism.
Amartya Sen in his book ‘The Idea Of Justice’ presented a critique and revision of John Rawls method of transcendental
institutionalism in contrast to his own comparative approach.
1. Justice is matter of comparative evaluation: Sen makes a radical break with the traditional notion of a rational economic
man as motivated mainly by self interest. He asserts that human beings are as concerned with eliminating remediable
injustices as they are with pursuing their own self interest. Thus, they have the innate desire and so ideal institutions are
not needed to inculcate sense of fairness into them. Public reason, open discussion and rational argument puts to rest
different ideologies regarding justice and enable people to come to one notion through comparative evaluation. Thus,
justice is a matter of comparative evaluation.
2. Abstract ideal of justice is not needed: According to Sen, we can compare the level of justice in to two institutions and
come to a meaningful conclusion without posting an ideal or transcendental ideal of justice. Plus, even if characterization
of spotless justice can emerge, it would not entail any clarity about how departure from that spotlessness would be
compared and ranked. He created a parable to explain this. A person can find Monalisa to be beautiful but it does not
reveal anything about how he would rank a Picasso against Van Gogh. Again this is not even necessary because both have
their own features.
3. Justice should be seen through the eyes of independent spectator: Influenced by Adam Smith believes that an independent
spectator can be used to compare the justness. He explains this through another parable.
7. Now thinkers of all political hues agree that justice means equality. But the questions is equality of what? And in this
given situation how it’ll be realized?
This story attracts three issues: 1. Principle of utility (A)
2. Principle of Economic equity (C)
3. Entitlement to the fruits of one’s unaided efforts (B)
This cannot be solved through Original Positional as all three children would not in any case agree to same rule. Further as
per Rawls equality cannot be done here to ensure fairness. There Sen critised Rawls.
8. CONCLUSION
To conclude the meaning of justice has different connotations. It can be equitableness and fairness as per
Rawls or impartial reasoning as per Amartya Sen.
Any Questions?
Thank You