This document discusses sources and barriers of knowledge. It outlines several sources of knowledge including custom, traditions, intuition, reason, perception, introspection, memory, testimony, authority, and empiricism and rationalism. Barriers to knowledge mentioned include awareness, cultural factors, distance, experience, knowledge hoarding, relationships, time constraints, blind adherence to authority, propaganda, prejudice, linguistic fallacies, and material fallacies. Sources are discussed in epistemology as possible ways of gaining knowledge, while barriers refer to obstacles that can prevent the acquisition or sharing of knowledge.

1. Advanced Philosopy in Education
Sources and Barriers of
Knowledge
Prepared by: Mr. John Paul F. De Torres
MAED 401
Class 1

2. Source of Knowledge
Custom – is a group pattern of habitual activity
usually transmitted from one generation to another.
Traditions – is the handling down of statement,
beliefs, legends, and custom from generation to
generation especially by words of mouth or by
practice.

3. Source of Knowledge
Intuition – This is a direct perception
of fact and truth, which is independent of
any reasoning process and considered
one possible source of knowledge.

4. Source of Knowledge
Intuition – According to Carl Jung, a
psychologist, this is “thinking which is
done on the level of unconsciousness”. On
the other hand, Henri Bergson, renowned
French Philosopher, referred to intuition as
a “dynamic process of thought which
penetrated the static limitation of logic”.

5. Source of Knowledge
For Socrates, “disciplined conversation” is
the only way to attain knowledge, which can
be called ‘reliable’ in terms of its
(knowledge’s) quality.

6. Source of Knowledge
Sources of Knowledge In Epistemology,
a common concern
with respect to knowledge is what sources of
information are capable of giving knowledge.

7. Source of Knowledge
Empiricism- refer to experience and
observations when beliefs are justified and
proven.
Rationalism- emphasize reasons, We can gain
knowledge independent of sense experience.
Logical human mind is source of knowledge.

8. Source of Knowledge
Reason — it can be considered a source of
knowledge, either by deducing truths from existing
knowledge, or by learning things a priori, discovering
necessary truths
Perception — that which can be perceived through the
experiences of the senses. The view that experience is the
primary source of knowledge is called empiricism.

9. Source of Knowledge
Introspection — knowledge of one’s self that can be
found through internal self-evalution. This is generally
considered to be a sort of perception. (For example, I
know I am hungry or tired.)
Memory — Memory is the storage of knowledge that
was learned in the past — whether it be past events or
current information.

10. Source of Knowledge
Testimony — Testimony relies on others to acquire
knowledge and communicate it to us. Some deny that
testimony can be a source of knowledge, and insist
that beliefs gained through testimony must be verified
in order to be knowledge.

11. Source of Knowledge
Authority – Testimonies by individuals who
are considered authorities in their specialized
fields and verified facts from exceptional and
extraordinary fields of various sciences found
and attested by qualifies bodies are sources of
knowledge.

12. Barriers of Knowledge
Philosophers have been concerned with finding
out if we can really “know” anything in the sense of
possessing information that is open to questions. The
SOPHISTS, these class of wise men were extremely
doubtful about the possibility of discovering anything
that was really true.

13. Barriers of Knowledge
Awareness- refers to widespread communication of
Knowledge approaches and activities across the
organization. Organizations typically market the
available knowledge capabilities and approaches, so
people know how to connect to content and expertise.

14. Barriers of Knowledge
Cultural- encompasses working norms, unwritten or
spoken rules about how things work.
Corporate culture that does not value knowledge
sharing.
Range of sub- cultures within the organization that are
not bound together by the same value.

15. Barriers of Knowledge
Distance – separation from individuals, teams,
functions and so forth within an organization.
Infrequent contact is a form of distance.
Experience – refers to the knowledge or
competencies that a person develops over time in
specific role.

16. Barriers of Knowledge
Knowledge hoarding –refers to people who are
hesitant to share/ contribute knowledge for the good of
larger audience. “KNOWLEDGE IS POWER”
Relationships –may suffer in organizations that do
not provide opportunities to communicate.

17. Barriers of Knowledge
Time – refers to minute/hours (effort)
employees who think they are too busy to share
knowledge
knowledge outside the scope( misaligned measures)
Long learning curves

18. Barriers of Knowledge
Blind adherence to Authority. This is what referred to
as authoritarianism – a belief that knowledge is
acquired and validated by way of complete subjection
to authority, devoid of effort to find out what is true or
false.
Propaganda. Often aims at manipulation of ideas to
influence the behavior of a large number of people to a
certain belief of a particular organization.

19. Prejudice. This is an unfavorable opinion or
feeling without justifiable grounds or
adequate knowledge or information on the
issue or subject. An individual with prejudice is
emotionally charged. He thinks and reasons
resulting from some judgment and action
according to his self – interest.

20. Linguistic Fallacies. Based on the structure and
consistency of an arguments, examples of which
are those dealing with play on words.

21. Material Fallacies. Errors are based on the content of
the argument that is apparently faulty with misleading
evidence or an appeal to feeling instead of reason based on
logic.
Star is heavenly body, but Vilma is a star therefore,
Vilma is a heavenly body.
Light comes from the sun, but feathers are light,
hence, feathers come from the sun.