This document discusses various theories of aging from biological, psychosocial, and sociological perspectives. It describes several biological theories including programmed aging theories that propose aging is genetically determined and error theories which argue that random environmental factors cause cellular damage over time. Psychosocial theories discussed include disengagement theory, activity theory, and continuity theory. Sociological theories examine how social roles and relationships change as people age. The document emphasizes that no single theory can fully explain the complex aging process and different theories provide guidance for promoting healthy aging.
This document discusses aging and various theories related to it. It addresses what aging is, various theories that attempt to explain the aging process (such as programmed aging theory and genetic aging theory), signs of successful aging, life extension sciences, and strategies to potentially slow aging or extend life. The document provides a broad overview of topics relating to the biological, psychological, and social aspects of aging.
The document discusses several theories of aging from biological and sociological perspectives. Biologically, aging is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Stochastic theories propose aging results from random damage caused by free radicals and errors over time. Non-stochastic theories view aging as programmed by genes or hormones. Sociologically, theories examine how social engagement or disengagement impact aging, as well as the influence of social roles and status. Psychologically, theories explore how human needs, personality development, and life stages shape aging. The document provides examples and details for numerous theories of biological, sociological, and psychological aging.
The document discusses several topics related to aging including:
1. It summarizes several theories of aging including oxidative damage, mitochondrial genome damage, and wear and tear.
2. It describes genetic pathways involved in aging in C. elegans such as the insulin signaling pathway and pathways involving germ cells.
3. It notes that similar genetic pathways regulating aging have been found in other species such as Drosophila and mice. Understanding these pathways may help increase human life expectancy in the future.
The document summarizes several theories of aging from biological/physiological and psychosocial perspectives. Biologically, aging is explained by either programmed theories, which propose a biological timetable or internal clock, or error theories, which argue aging results from damage to cells over time. Psychosocially, theories view aging through a full life development lens or focus on challenges of mature life, such as accepting physical limitations. Overall, the document outlines numerous theories that attempt to explain the aging process at biological and psychological levels.
This document discusses 15 major theories on the biological basis of aging:
1) Evolutionary theories propose that lifespan is genetically determined and subject to natural selection.
2) The telomere theory suggests that shortening telomeres act as a "clock" that limits the number of times a cell can divide.
3) The reproductive-cell cycle theory links aging to declining reproductive hormones that dysregulate cell signaling.
4) DNA damage theories posit that aging results from accumulated DNA damage over time.
5) The gene loss theory observes that aging involves the gradual loss of genes, particularly in mitochondria.
The document discusses various biological theories of aging proposed over centuries. It describes genetic cellular theories which attribute aging to changes in DNA and RNA programmed by genes. Non-genetic cellular theories view aging as damage caused over time by the internal and external environment. Physiological system theories see aging resulting from the gradual failure of regulatory systems in the body. The document also discusses theories around sleep, aging solutions like antioxidants and collagen, and the goals of the Charles Rivers Institute to develop anti-aging therapies and identify mechanisms of aging.
Short introduction
Definition
Theorieses of aging
causes of aging
life span
Aging can be defined as the time related deterioration of the physiological functions necessary for survival .
Or
Can be define as increase in impairment in Physiological functions with age , Increased in suspectebility to diseases and decrease in ability of fertility
aging is the impact of time on the human body, and it occurs on multiple levels:
Cellular changes
Extracellular changes
1) cellular changes
Causes of aging
Cellular senescence and aging
Telomere shortening: linked to life expectancy and aging
Mitochondrial dysfunction and aging
Oxidative stress
Stem cell exhaustion
Developmental biology by T.subramonium
Developmental biology 6th edition
Biologist & gerontologist used concept of senescence to explain biological aging
Senescence or normal aging refers to a gradual, time related to biological process that takes places as degenerative processes overtake regenerative or growth processes.
or
senescence: a change in the behavior of an organism with age leading to a decreased power of survival and adjustment
This document discusses aging and various theories related to it. It addresses what aging is, various theories that attempt to explain the aging process (such as programmed aging theory and genetic aging theory), signs of successful aging, life extension sciences, and strategies to potentially slow aging or extend life. The document provides a broad overview of topics relating to the biological, psychological, and social aspects of aging.
The document discusses several theories of aging from biological and sociological perspectives. Biologically, aging is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Stochastic theories propose aging results from random damage caused by free radicals and errors over time. Non-stochastic theories view aging as programmed by genes or hormones. Sociologically, theories examine how social engagement or disengagement impact aging, as well as the influence of social roles and status. Psychologically, theories explore how human needs, personality development, and life stages shape aging. The document provides examples and details for numerous theories of biological, sociological, and psychological aging.
The document discusses several topics related to aging including:
1. It summarizes several theories of aging including oxidative damage, mitochondrial genome damage, and wear and tear.
2. It describes genetic pathways involved in aging in C. elegans such as the insulin signaling pathway and pathways involving germ cells.
3. It notes that similar genetic pathways regulating aging have been found in other species such as Drosophila and mice. Understanding these pathways may help increase human life expectancy in the future.
The document summarizes several theories of aging from biological/physiological and psychosocial perspectives. Biologically, aging is explained by either programmed theories, which propose a biological timetable or internal clock, or error theories, which argue aging results from damage to cells over time. Psychosocially, theories view aging through a full life development lens or focus on challenges of mature life, such as accepting physical limitations. Overall, the document outlines numerous theories that attempt to explain the aging process at biological and psychological levels.
This document discusses 15 major theories on the biological basis of aging:
1) Evolutionary theories propose that lifespan is genetically determined and subject to natural selection.
2) The telomere theory suggests that shortening telomeres act as a "clock" that limits the number of times a cell can divide.
3) The reproductive-cell cycle theory links aging to declining reproductive hormones that dysregulate cell signaling.
4) DNA damage theories posit that aging results from accumulated DNA damage over time.
5) The gene loss theory observes that aging involves the gradual loss of genes, particularly in mitochondria.
The document discusses various biological theories of aging proposed over centuries. It describes genetic cellular theories which attribute aging to changes in DNA and RNA programmed by genes. Non-genetic cellular theories view aging as damage caused over time by the internal and external environment. Physiological system theories see aging resulting from the gradual failure of regulatory systems in the body. The document also discusses theories around sleep, aging solutions like antioxidants and collagen, and the goals of the Charles Rivers Institute to develop anti-aging therapies and identify mechanisms of aging.
Short introduction
Definition
Theorieses of aging
causes of aging
life span
Aging can be defined as the time related deterioration of the physiological functions necessary for survival .
Or
Can be define as increase in impairment in Physiological functions with age , Increased in suspectebility to diseases and decrease in ability of fertility
aging is the impact of time on the human body, and it occurs on multiple levels:
Cellular changes
Extracellular changes
1) cellular changes
Causes of aging
Cellular senescence and aging
Telomere shortening: linked to life expectancy and aging
Mitochondrial dysfunction and aging
Oxidative stress
Stem cell exhaustion
Developmental biology by T.subramonium
Developmental biology 6th edition
Biologist & gerontologist used concept of senescence to explain biological aging
Senescence or normal aging refers to a gradual, time related to biological process that takes places as degenerative processes overtake regenerative or growth processes.
or
senescence: a change in the behavior of an organism with age leading to a decreased power of survival and adjustment
Theories of aging include psychological, sociological, and biological perspectives. Psychological theories focus on personal development and success, like Erikson's stages of psychosocial development. Sociological theories emphasize engagement through activities, relationships, and experiences. Biological theories propose that aging results from damage accumulation over time, such as from free radicals, genetic factors like telomere shortening, or gradual imbalance between systems. While no single theory explains all aspects of aging, maintaining overall wellness through nutrition, exercise, social engagement and calorie restriction may help optimize health and function in late life.
There are several major theories that attempt to explain the biological process of aging:
1) Evolutionary theories propose that aging occurs because natural selection favors traits that benefit reproduction early in life, rather than maintenance of the body later in life.
2) Physiological theories explore the molecular mechanisms of aging, such as the idea that genetic programs control aging or that damage accumulates over time due to free radicals or errors in cellular maintenance.
3) Stochastic theories maintain that aging results from random chance events or environmental insults, rather than programmed processes. The document discusses several specific theories under each of these broad categories.
The Aging process is a broad topic. This power point hopes to help you understand the process and what can be done to help you age gracefully and positively.
This document provides an overview of the aging process and how it affects different parts of the human body. It discusses how aging slows cell multiplication and impacts the immune system, bones, brain, skin, hair, vision, hearing, and heart. Regular exercise, stress management, and healthy lifestyle choices can help ensure a more active old age despite physical changes from aging.
The document discusses various theories of aging from biological, psychosocial, and sociological perspectives. It begins by defining key terms related to aging and the aging process. It then outlines several major biological theories of aging including programmed aging theories that propose genetic factors influence aging and error theories that propose environmental factors lead to cellular damage over time. Psychosocial theories discussed include disengagement theory, activity theory, and continuity theory. The document emphasizes there is no single factor that causes aging and different theories provide explanations for parts of the complex aging process.
1. The document discusses various theories of aging including biological, psychosocial, and developmental theories. Biological theories propose that aging is caused by genetic and cellular factors like DNA damage or free radicals. Psychosocial theories examine how social roles and relationships change with age. Developmental theories view aging as a lifelong process of adapting to new tasks and roles.
2. Key biological theories include the programmed theory of a biological clock, gene theories involving aging genes, and cellular theories involving damage from free radicals or crosslinking. Key psychosocial theories are disengagement theory, activity theory, continuity theory, and subculture theory. Developmental theories proposed by Erikson, Havighurst, and others identify tasks for different life stages.
The document discusses several topics related to gerontology and aging:
1. It defines gerontology as the scientific study of aging and lists some myths and misconceptions about older adults.
2. It discusses trends in population aging globally and factors studied in demography related to aging populations.
3. It covers several topics in geriatrics including living options, legal/financial issues, and physiology/pathology of aging.
Theories of Biological Aging and Implications for Public Health – Executive S...Ted Goldsmith
Overview of biological aging theories including their history, current status, evolutionary basis, key theorists, and implications for medical research.
The document discusses various theories of aging from biological, sociological, psychological, and spiritual perspectives. Biologically, theories include the stochastic theories of error theory and free radical theory, as well as nonstochastic theories like the programmed theory. Sociologically, theories address disengagement, activity, continuity, and person-environment fit. Psychologically, theories outlined include Maslow's hierarchy of needs, Jung's individualism, Erikson's stages of development, and selective optimization with compensation. The document provides an overview of the key concepts and proposed mechanisms within each theoretical perspective of the aging process.
Aging is defined as progressive physiological changes that lead to a decline in biological functions over time. There are several theories that attempt to explain the aging process, including biological, psychosocial, and damage theories. Biological theories view aging as an involuntary process caused by internal or external factors that result in cellular and tissue changes over time. Damage theories propose that aging is caused by the accumulation of damage to cells and tissues from various sources, such as free radicals, genetic mutations, or wear and tear from repeated use. Psychosocial theories examine age-related cognitive and behavioral changes. Common biological aging theories include the programmed longevity, endocrine, immunological, rate of living, cross-linking, and free radical theories.
Aging is a natural process that occurs gradually over time and involves changes in biological, psychological, and social domains. Biologically, aging is associated with declines in cognitive abilities like processing speed and working memory due to changes in the brain and decreases in immune function. The heart and blood vessels also undergo structural and functional changes with aging like thickening of arteries and a slower heart rate. While aging impacts many systems and abilities, there is significant variability between individuals.
The document discusses various aging-related changes that can occur in the human body as people grow older. It covers changes that may happen in several body systems including sensory systems, brain and nervous system, muscles and bones, gastrointestinal tract, skin, heart, blood vessels, kidneys, endocrine system, and reproductive system. Some key points made are that aging is a normal process, various systems may slow down or lose fine-tuning with age, lifestyle can impact the degree of changes, and steps can be taken to help maximize independence as people age.
The document discusses several biological theories of aging:
1) The free radical theory proposes that free radicals build up in the body over time and cause cellular damage, leading to aging. Free radicals are unstable molecules that damage cells.
2) The mitochondrial free radical theory of aging suggests that increased free radicals cause oxidative damage, mutations, and decreased lifespan. However, later research found free radicals are not directly related to lifespan.
3) The wear and tear theory asserts that aging is caused by progressive damage to cells and body systems over time from toxins and environmental factors.
1) The document discusses several theories of aging at the biological, psychological, and social levels. It covers theories such as lifespan development theory, selective optimization with compensation theory, and socioemotional selectivity theory.
2) Cognitive theories of aging propose that fluid abilities decline with age while crystallized abilities remain more stable or increase. Changes in processing speed, working memory, and sensory perception are well documented in aging.
3) Personality theories focus on stability of traits over the lifespan as well as changes in goals, values, and coping styles. Core personality remains stable in aging while priorities and coping strategies may subtly change.
1. Life expectancy has increased significantly over the past century from 47 years to over 76 years due to control of infectious diseases and medical innovations.
2. Gerontology is the comprehensive study of aging while geriatrics focuses on diseases and problems of older adults.
3. Many body systems are impacted by aging including decreased function of the cardiovascular, respiratory, musculoskeletal and nervous systems.
4. Promoting healthy behaviors such as exercise, nutrition, social engagement and annual health screenings can help optimize health and functioning in older adults.
this slides contain about the detailed information about the definition, introduction, classification, types, concept of aging, chronologic aging, biological aging, psychological aging, social aging, cognitive aging.
Biological aging refers to the gradual degeneration of the body's cells, tissues and organ systems over time. It can be divided into primary, secondary and tertiary aging. Primary aging is inevitable and governed by genetic and biological factors. Secondary aging results from environmental influences like lifestyle. Tertiary aging refers to rapid decline in the last few years of life. Theories of aging include programmed and random theories. Programmed theories suggest aging is genetically determined while random theories cite factors like free radicals, cross-linking and wear and tear. Biological aging causes changes to appearance, skeletal, cardiovascular, respiratory, immune, reproductive and sensory systems.
Ageing, also spelled aging, is the process of becoming older. The term refers especially to human beings, many animals, and fungi, whereas for example bacteria, perennial plants and some simple animals are potentially immortal. In the broader sense, ageing can refer to single cells within an organism which have ceased dividing (cellular senescence) or to the population of a species (population ageing).
In humans, ageing represents the accumulation of changes in a human being over time,[1] encompassing physical, psychological, and social change. Reaction time, for example, may slow with age, while knowledge of world events and wisdom may expand. Ageing is among the greatest known risk factors for most human diseases:[2] of the roughly 150,000 people who die each day across the globe, about two thirds die from age-related causes.
The causes of ageing are uncertain; current theories are assigned to the damage concept, whereby the accumulation of damage (such as DNA oxidation) may cause biological systems to fail, or to the programmed ageing concept, whereby internal processes (such as DNA methylation) may cause ageing. Programmed ageing should not be confused with programmed cell death (apoptosis).
This document discusses various theories of aging and approaches to anti-aging. It covers definitions of life span and life expectancy, various theories on what causes aging including evolutionary, molecular, cellular and systemic theories, and a clinical approach to aging including distinguishing true aging from disease and promoting positive aging through lifestyle factors and interventions.
This document outlines 10 signs that can indicate dementia, including memory loss, difficulty completing tasks, confusion with time or place, problems finding words, misplacing items, poor judgment, and mood changes. These signs go beyond normal aging issues and involve memory or thinking problems severe enough to interfere with daily life.
Theories of aging include psychological, sociological, and biological perspectives. Psychological theories focus on personal development and success, like Erikson's stages of psychosocial development. Sociological theories emphasize engagement through activities, relationships, and experiences. Biological theories propose that aging results from damage accumulation over time, such as from free radicals, genetic factors like telomere shortening, or gradual imbalance between systems. While no single theory explains all aspects of aging, maintaining overall wellness through nutrition, exercise, social engagement and calorie restriction may help optimize health and function in late life.
There are several major theories that attempt to explain the biological process of aging:
1) Evolutionary theories propose that aging occurs because natural selection favors traits that benefit reproduction early in life, rather than maintenance of the body later in life.
2) Physiological theories explore the molecular mechanisms of aging, such as the idea that genetic programs control aging or that damage accumulates over time due to free radicals or errors in cellular maintenance.
3) Stochastic theories maintain that aging results from random chance events or environmental insults, rather than programmed processes. The document discusses several specific theories under each of these broad categories.
The Aging process is a broad topic. This power point hopes to help you understand the process and what can be done to help you age gracefully and positively.
This document provides an overview of the aging process and how it affects different parts of the human body. It discusses how aging slows cell multiplication and impacts the immune system, bones, brain, skin, hair, vision, hearing, and heart. Regular exercise, stress management, and healthy lifestyle choices can help ensure a more active old age despite physical changes from aging.
The document discusses various theories of aging from biological, psychosocial, and sociological perspectives. It begins by defining key terms related to aging and the aging process. It then outlines several major biological theories of aging including programmed aging theories that propose genetic factors influence aging and error theories that propose environmental factors lead to cellular damage over time. Psychosocial theories discussed include disengagement theory, activity theory, and continuity theory. The document emphasizes there is no single factor that causes aging and different theories provide explanations for parts of the complex aging process.
1. The document discusses various theories of aging including biological, psychosocial, and developmental theories. Biological theories propose that aging is caused by genetic and cellular factors like DNA damage or free radicals. Psychosocial theories examine how social roles and relationships change with age. Developmental theories view aging as a lifelong process of adapting to new tasks and roles.
2. Key biological theories include the programmed theory of a biological clock, gene theories involving aging genes, and cellular theories involving damage from free radicals or crosslinking. Key psychosocial theories are disengagement theory, activity theory, continuity theory, and subculture theory. Developmental theories proposed by Erikson, Havighurst, and others identify tasks for different life stages.
The document discusses several topics related to gerontology and aging:
1. It defines gerontology as the scientific study of aging and lists some myths and misconceptions about older adults.
2. It discusses trends in population aging globally and factors studied in demography related to aging populations.
3. It covers several topics in geriatrics including living options, legal/financial issues, and physiology/pathology of aging.
Theories of Biological Aging and Implications for Public Health – Executive S...Ted Goldsmith
Overview of biological aging theories including their history, current status, evolutionary basis, key theorists, and implications for medical research.
The document discusses various theories of aging from biological, sociological, psychological, and spiritual perspectives. Biologically, theories include the stochastic theories of error theory and free radical theory, as well as nonstochastic theories like the programmed theory. Sociologically, theories address disengagement, activity, continuity, and person-environment fit. Psychologically, theories outlined include Maslow's hierarchy of needs, Jung's individualism, Erikson's stages of development, and selective optimization with compensation. The document provides an overview of the key concepts and proposed mechanisms within each theoretical perspective of the aging process.
Aging is defined as progressive physiological changes that lead to a decline in biological functions over time. There are several theories that attempt to explain the aging process, including biological, psychosocial, and damage theories. Biological theories view aging as an involuntary process caused by internal or external factors that result in cellular and tissue changes over time. Damage theories propose that aging is caused by the accumulation of damage to cells and tissues from various sources, such as free radicals, genetic mutations, or wear and tear from repeated use. Psychosocial theories examine age-related cognitive and behavioral changes. Common biological aging theories include the programmed longevity, endocrine, immunological, rate of living, cross-linking, and free radical theories.
Aging is a natural process that occurs gradually over time and involves changes in biological, psychological, and social domains. Biologically, aging is associated with declines in cognitive abilities like processing speed and working memory due to changes in the brain and decreases in immune function. The heart and blood vessels also undergo structural and functional changes with aging like thickening of arteries and a slower heart rate. While aging impacts many systems and abilities, there is significant variability between individuals.
The document discusses various aging-related changes that can occur in the human body as people grow older. It covers changes that may happen in several body systems including sensory systems, brain and nervous system, muscles and bones, gastrointestinal tract, skin, heart, blood vessels, kidneys, endocrine system, and reproductive system. Some key points made are that aging is a normal process, various systems may slow down or lose fine-tuning with age, lifestyle can impact the degree of changes, and steps can be taken to help maximize independence as people age.
The document discusses several biological theories of aging:
1) The free radical theory proposes that free radicals build up in the body over time and cause cellular damage, leading to aging. Free radicals are unstable molecules that damage cells.
2) The mitochondrial free radical theory of aging suggests that increased free radicals cause oxidative damage, mutations, and decreased lifespan. However, later research found free radicals are not directly related to lifespan.
3) The wear and tear theory asserts that aging is caused by progressive damage to cells and body systems over time from toxins and environmental factors.
1) The document discusses several theories of aging at the biological, psychological, and social levels. It covers theories such as lifespan development theory, selective optimization with compensation theory, and socioemotional selectivity theory.
2) Cognitive theories of aging propose that fluid abilities decline with age while crystallized abilities remain more stable or increase. Changes in processing speed, working memory, and sensory perception are well documented in aging.
3) Personality theories focus on stability of traits over the lifespan as well as changes in goals, values, and coping styles. Core personality remains stable in aging while priorities and coping strategies may subtly change.
1. Life expectancy has increased significantly over the past century from 47 years to over 76 years due to control of infectious diseases and medical innovations.
2. Gerontology is the comprehensive study of aging while geriatrics focuses on diseases and problems of older adults.
3. Many body systems are impacted by aging including decreased function of the cardiovascular, respiratory, musculoskeletal and nervous systems.
4. Promoting healthy behaviors such as exercise, nutrition, social engagement and annual health screenings can help optimize health and functioning in older adults.
this slides contain about the detailed information about the definition, introduction, classification, types, concept of aging, chronologic aging, biological aging, psychological aging, social aging, cognitive aging.
Biological aging refers to the gradual degeneration of the body's cells, tissues and organ systems over time. It can be divided into primary, secondary and tertiary aging. Primary aging is inevitable and governed by genetic and biological factors. Secondary aging results from environmental influences like lifestyle. Tertiary aging refers to rapid decline in the last few years of life. Theories of aging include programmed and random theories. Programmed theories suggest aging is genetically determined while random theories cite factors like free radicals, cross-linking and wear and tear. Biological aging causes changes to appearance, skeletal, cardiovascular, respiratory, immune, reproductive and sensory systems.
Ageing, also spelled aging, is the process of becoming older. The term refers especially to human beings, many animals, and fungi, whereas for example bacteria, perennial plants and some simple animals are potentially immortal. In the broader sense, ageing can refer to single cells within an organism which have ceased dividing (cellular senescence) or to the population of a species (population ageing).
In humans, ageing represents the accumulation of changes in a human being over time,[1] encompassing physical, psychological, and social change. Reaction time, for example, may slow with age, while knowledge of world events and wisdom may expand. Ageing is among the greatest known risk factors for most human diseases:[2] of the roughly 150,000 people who die each day across the globe, about two thirds die from age-related causes.
The causes of ageing are uncertain; current theories are assigned to the damage concept, whereby the accumulation of damage (such as DNA oxidation) may cause biological systems to fail, or to the programmed ageing concept, whereby internal processes (such as DNA methylation) may cause ageing. Programmed ageing should not be confused with programmed cell death (apoptosis).
This document discusses various theories of aging and approaches to anti-aging. It covers definitions of life span and life expectancy, various theories on what causes aging including evolutionary, molecular, cellular and systemic theories, and a clinical approach to aging including distinguishing true aging from disease and promoting positive aging through lifestyle factors and interventions.
This document outlines 10 signs that can indicate dementia, including memory loss, difficulty completing tasks, confusion with time or place, problems finding words, misplacing items, poor judgment, and mood changes. These signs go beyond normal aging issues and involve memory or thinking problems severe enough to interfere with daily life.
This document discusses several topics related to normal aging:
1. It defines aging and discusses concepts like life expectancy, maximum lifespan, cellular and organismal aging. It mentions things like rapamycin, progeria, and telomeres.
2. It discusses aging and cancer, and mentions elderly drivers.
3. It briefly describes stories from Greek mythology about Eos and Tithonus that are relevant to aging.
4. It provides several short summaries and quotes on topics like whether aging provides an evolutionary advantage, whether old age is a uniquely human achievement, facing memory loss and the unknown in old age, and perspectives on aging with meaning.
The document discusses various theories of aging, which can be categorized into two major groups: developmental genetic theories and stochastic theories. Developmental genetic theories propose that aging is genetically programmed and predetermined, while stochastic theories state that aging results from random environmental damage over time. Some specific theories discussed include the free radical theory, calorie restriction theory, Hayflick limit theory, and theories related to the neuroendocrine and immune systems. However, the conclusion is that no single theory can fully explain the complex biological process of aging.
This document provides an overview of normal aging processes and suggestions for supporting aging individuals. It discusses common changes that can occur with aging in various body systems like vision, hearing, skin, and cognition. It also addresses potential psychological and social issues in aging and provides ideas for accommodating issues like impaired balance or mobility. The goal is to continue providing high-quality, person-centered care as individuals age and to find creative ways for them to actively participate.
The aging process causes changes in cells and organs over time through a combination of genetic and environmental factors. As people age, cells divide more slowly, immune function declines, and regulation of cell death is disrupted. Physically, aging is associated with loss of height, weight gain until late adulthood, increased body fat, and slower reaction times. While some organ decline is normal, lifestyle factors influence diseases like heart disease and cataracts. The aging process varies between individuals.
This document discusses aging and the physical, mental, and social changes that occur as people get older. Physically, aging can result in less strength, weaker senses, brittle bones, and reduced mobility. Mentally, the mind can still learn but dementia and Alzheimer's disease may occur. Socially, older adults may experience the loss of a spouse, mandatory retirement, and less involvement in community activities resulting in loneliness. The document also lists several programs and services available in the Philippines to support the needs of older adults, such as senior citizen clubs that provide discounts, financial assistance, and homes for the aged that are funded through donations.
This document discusses geropsychiatry and related topics. It defines geropsychiatry as a subspecialty of psychiatry dealing with mental health and illness in older adults. It also defines related terms like geriatrics, gerontology, and gerontics. It discusses theories of aging including biological theories focusing on genetic and cellular changes, and psychosocial theories examining social and psychological factors. Finally, it outlines techniques for effective communication with older adults.
Geriatric nursing is the specialty that concerns itself with the provision of nursing services to geriatric or aged individuals.
Aging can be defined as the time-related deterioration of the physiological functions necessary for survival and fertility.
Aging process is the process of growing old or developing the appearance and characteristics of old age.
The theories of aging are classified into -
Biologic theories
Psychosocial theories
Developmental theories
Ageing ppt Final.ppt for nursing ,Happy ageingParamitaBhunia
1. Aging is a complex process involving biological, physiological, psychological, social, and environmental changes over time.
2. Theories of aging can be categorized as biological theories, which examine physical changes at the molecular, cellular, and organ levels, and psychosocial theories, which focus on social and psychological changes.
3. Key biological theories include the wear and tear theory of cellular damage accumulation over time and the immunological theory of age-related immune system decline. Key psychosocial theories include disengagement theory of social withdrawal and activity theory emphasizing continued social engagement.
This document discusses theories of aging, including biological and psychosocial theories. Biologically, it describes five theories - genetic, wear-and-tear, environmental, immunity, and neuroendocrine. These theories propose that aging results from genetic factors, damage accumulation over time, environmental influences, declining immunity, and changes in hormone production. Psychosocially, it outlines five theories - personality, developmental tasks, disengagement, activity, and continuity. These focus on how social and psychological factors influence aging, including through personality traits, life tasks, social withdrawal, activity levels, and maintaining routines from the past. The document concludes that aging is a universal process involving physical and psychological changes.
The document discusses several theories of aging from biological, sociological, and psychological perspectives. Biologically, theories attempt to explain aging as either stochastic random processes like free radicals accumulating over time, or as programmed predetermined processes. Sociological theories view aging through lenses of disengagement, activity, continuity with life experiences, and person-environment fit. Psychologically, aging is framed by hierarchies of needs, individuation, life stages, and strategies of selection, optimization, and compensation. Overall, the document provides an overview of the dominant frameworks for conceptualizing the aging process.
The document discusses quality nursing care for the elderly. It begins with definitions of elderly, geriatrics, and geriatric nursing. It then covers concepts and theories of aging including biological, psychosocial, and developmental theories. Finally, it discusses needs assessment of the elderly which includes functional assessment, physical examination, nutrition assessment, and health history review to identify problems and needs. The goal is to integrate theoretical knowledge of geriatrics with best assessment skills to provide quality care for older adults.
The document discusses several theories of aging from biological, sociological, and psychological perspectives. Biologically, theories include stochastic theories like the error theory and free radical theory, as well as nonstochastic theories like the programmed theory. Sociologically, theories range from disengagement to activity to continuity and stratification. Psychologically, theories cover Maslow's hierarchy, Jungian individuation, Erikson's stages, and selective optimization with compensation.
This presentation summarizes key topics related to geriatric nursing. It introduces the speaker and defines geriatrics as the branch of medicine focusing on healthcare for elderly individuals. The document then outlines several theories of aging, including programmed, error, biological, and psychological theories. It also discusses common physiological changes in cardiovascular, pulmonary, and other body systems associated with aging. The presentation provides an overview of important concepts and trends in geriatric nursing.
The document discusses aging from biological, psychological, social, and cognitive perspectives. It defines aging as the progressive physiological changes in an organism that lead to a decline in functions and ability to adapt. Biologically, aging is associated with deterioration of organs and systems. Psychologically, aging involves changes in mental functioning and personality. Socially, aging impacts roles and relationships. Cognitively, aging causes declines in reasoning, memory, and processing speed. Theories of aging include the effects of wear and tear, tissue aging, disease processes, activity levels, stress, radiation exposure, nutrition, and lifestyle factors.
This document discusses geriatric considerations in nursing. It begins with learning objectives about introducing geriatric nursing, defining geriatrics, aging theories, common age-related changes and problems, care considerations, and government resources. It then defines geriatrics as focusing on healthcare for older adults. Several biological and psychological theories of aging are described. Common age-related changes that can occur in systems like cardiovascular, pulmonary, genitourinary, gastrointestinal, immune, musculoskeletal and skin are outlined.
Theories of aging
Theories of aging
Theories of aging
Theories of aging
Theories of aging
Theories of aging
Theories of aging
Theories of aging
Theories of aging
Theories of aging
Theories of aging
Theories of aging
Class presentation on Geriatric health.pptxGouri Das
The document provides information about a class presentation on geriatric health. It defines geriatrics and gerontology, and describes the aging process and factors that influence aging. It discusses theories of aging, physical and psychological changes in aging, health problems common in older adults, and principles of geriatric care.
This document discusses maintaining health and well-being during retirement. It addresses common health concerns in aging like cardiovascular, neurological and musculoskeletal issues. Maintaining holistic health through physical, mental, social and spiritual well-being is emphasized. Successful aging involves adapting one's social role and relationships, pursuing hobbies and staying engaged in the community. Defining new goals and priorities for the retirement phase is important for a healthy future.
This document provides definitions and concepts related to health, wellness, and disease. It discusses positive health, well-being, and disease. Key points include defining health as more than just the absence of disease, and recognizing that well-being has both objective and subjective components. Disease is defined as a physiological or psychological dysfunction, and the natural history and causation of diseases is explained using models like the epidemiological triad.
Intro gerontological nursing_spring 2014 abridgedShepard Joy
This document provides an introduction to gerontological nursing, outlining objectives for understanding how older adults are viewed in society, the characteristics and future projections of the aging population, the nursing process for older adult care, and the roles and challenges of gerontological nurses. It discusses myths and stereotypes around aging, the diversity within the older adult population, factors influencing increased life expectancy, and the future implications of a rapidly growing aging population for healthcare.
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Theories of aging_spring 2014 abridged
1. Theories of Aging
NURS 4100 Care of the Older Adult
Spring 2014
Joy A. Shepard, PhD(c), MSN, RN, CNE,
BC
1
2. Objectives
Discuss the change in focus regarding
learning about factors influencing aging
List the major biological theories of aging
Describe the major psychosocial theories of
aging
Identify factors that promote a healthy
aging process
Describe implications of theories of aging
2
3. Definitions
Aging – Process of growing older that begins at
birth
Compression of morbidity – Healthy old age,
followed by rapid decline & death (“Health Span”)
Homeostasis - The regulation of bodily functions
within precise limits in order to maintain ideal
bodily function
Homeostenosis - The decline of the body's ability
to maintain homeostasis as a result of decreased
organ function in old age
3
4. Definitions
Life expectancy –
Expected years of life
from birth
Maximum life span –
Maximum possible
length of life
Senescence (old age) –
Point in time when ageassociated functional
deficits are manifested
4
5. Mystery of Aging
Goal of
everlasting youth
Aging as a
complex process
Highly
individualized
process
5
8. Focus of Research on Aging
Better understanding
of aging process:
Healthier lifestyles
Postponement of
negative consequences
Healthy & active
Understanding factors
that influence health
and well-being
“Successful aging”
Avoiding disease &
disability
Maintaining mental &
physical function
Continuing
engagement with life
8
9. The Aging Process
The aging process is
multifactorial, includes:
Benign changes, such as
graying hair
Nonbenign changes, such
as senescence
Individualized aging
progression
Modifiable changes related
to lifestyle
Normal or universal aging
processes
9
10. The Aging Process
Senescence:
progressive
deterioration of body
systems
Characterized by failure
to maintain homeostasis
under conditions of
physiological stress
(homeostenosis)
Decreased viability,
increased vulnerability
of individual
Normal aging includes
Loss of organ reserves
resulting in decreased
response to
physiological stress
Variations among
individuals
Chronologic &
biological aging, which
are not synonymous
Organ system changes
10
11. Aging: Many Interrelating
Factors, Causes
No single factor,
theory
Heredity, nutrition,
health status, life
experiences,
environment, activity,
& stress
Aging is highly
individualized
11
12. Theories of aging include
biological, psychological,
sociological, and spiritual aging
**Important: No single known factor causes or
prevents aging; no one theory can explain the
complexities of aging**
12
13. Biological Theories of Aging
“FATE” – Internal (Nonstochastic)
Program theories of aging (Genetic)
Genetically programmed events cause cellular
damage that accelerates aging of the organism
“CHANCE” – External (Stochastic)
Error Theories (Environmental)
Random events cause cellular damage that
accumulates as organism ages
13
14. Programmed Theories
Programmed Longevity
Genetic clock (Hayflick limit)
Human genome
Neuroendocrine & Neurochemical Theories
Immunological/ Autoimmune Theory
Changes in immune function with aging
Diminishing of thymus, impaired immunologic
function
14
15. Error Theories of Aging
Cross-Linking Theory
Loss of flexibility,
diminished functional
motility
Wear & Tear Theory
Effects of stress
Stress causes
structural & chemical
changes resulting in
irreversible tissue
damage
15
16. Error Theories of Aging
Free Radical Theory
Oxygen radicals, antioxidants
Lipofuscin
Nutrition theory
Somatic Mutation (DNA Damage) Theory
Radiation Theories
Decreased function & efficiency of cells & organs
Solar elastosis – “old age” type of skin wrinkling
16
19. Question
Which of the following statements best
describes the autoimmune theory of
aging?
A. Genetic programs determine life expectancy
B. Cells undergo change and the body identifies
them as foreign
C. Organs decline as a result of cellular mutations
D. Failure of the production of a growth substance
causes aging cells to die
19
20. Question
Is the following statement true or
false?
The genetic theories of aging best
describe how and why a person ages
20
25. Sociological Theories of
Aging
Social & Psychological Models: Dynamic interplay
betweens gains & losses
Disengagement Theory
As individuals age, they inevitably withdraw from society
Society withdraws from them
Separation mutually agreed upon
Activity Theory
Continue middle-age lifestyle; deny existence of old age
Life satisfaction: involvement in new interests, hobbies, roles,
and relationships
Volunteering: one way retirees stay connected to community
25
27. Question
Is the following statement true or
false?
The continuity theory of aging states
that personality and basic patterns of
behavior are said to remain
unchanged as the individual ages.
27
28. Developmental: Erickson Final
Stage - Integrity vs. Despair
Development – Process of natural growth,
differentiation, or change
Old Age (after age 65) - Reflecting back on life
Successful in accomplishments – Feel sense of integrity
Few regrets, satisfaction
Attain wisdom, even when confronting death
“Only when we are so old, only, we are aware of the
beauty of life.” Alice Herz Sommer, age 106
Unsuccessful - Feel life was wasted, many regrets
Bitterness, despair, depression, anger
28
29. Developmental Challenges
Associated with Aging
Certain developmental
challenges bring
opportunities for older
people to experience
feelings of success, loss
Social relationships, roles
Retirement
Coping with loss
Death of a loved one
Living arrangements
Loss of independence
Financial challenges
Fixed income
The strengths of each
individual (including past
coping skills) must be
identified & utilized when
planning care
29
30. Opportunities for Older People to
Experience Feelings of Success
Gaining insight or wisdom, selfunderstanding, self-acceptance
Deepening gratitude & appreciation
Gaining new knowledge & experiences
Developing better social skills, coping
ability
Enhancing creativity & confidence
Developing new skills, hobbies, & interests
30
31. Opportunities for Older People to
Experience Feelings of Success
Civic & community positions of responsibility
Seeing children transform into responsible,
successful adults
Becoming a grandparent
Renewing & deepening one’s relationship with
one’s spouse, significant others, or friends
Accepting & adjusting to physical changes
associated with aging
Pursuing spiritual interests
31
32. Opportunities for Older People to
Experience Feelings of Success
Older adults often assume new roles, such as grandparents, as
they mature
32
33. More Challenging
Developmental Tasks
Death of a spouse
Major declines in health or physical ability
Physiologic changes may result in losses, causing
impairments in communication, vision & learning,
mobility, cognition, or psychosocial skills
Loss of social role, prestige, occupation,
income
Loss of independent living
Accepting a fixed income
33
35. Erikson Question
Which of the following best reflects Erikson’s
description of the old age task of reconciling ego
integrity with despair?
A. 75-year-old woman who is insecure and has developed a
general attitude of mistrust concerning the world.
B. 77-year-old man who fears death as he struggles to find
purpose in his life, reflecting upon his experiences and failures.
C. 78-year-old woman who has unresolved feelings of
inadequacy and inferiority, which shows in her relationships
with friends and acquaintances.
D. 80-year-old man who has not been successful in finding
deep intimacy and satisfying relationships and now feels
isolated.
35
36. Implications of Theories of
Aging
No single theory can adequately explain
aging process
Knowledge of all theories: guide nursing
interventions to promote health and
longevity
Sensitivity to the impact of attitudes toward
aging on patients themselves
36
37. Interesting Quotation… Do You
Agree?
“Aging is a self-fulfilling prophecy. If we dread
growing old, thinking of it as a time of
forgetfulness and physical deterioration, then it so
likely to be just that. On the other hand, if we
expect it to be full of energy and anticipate that
our lives will be rich with new adventures and
insight, then that is the likely reality. We prescribe
who we are. We prescribe what we are to
become” (Bortz, 1990, p. 55).
Bortz, W. (1990). Use it or lose it. Runner’s World, 25, 55-58.
37
Aging – Process of growing older that begins at birth
Compression of mortality: delaying or compressing the years in which serious illness and decline occur so that an extended life expectancy results in more functional, healthy years
Life expectancy: the length of time that a person can be predicted to live
Life span: the maximum years that a person has the potential to live
Senescence – progressive deterioration of body systems that can increase the risk of mortality as an individual gets older
For centuries, people have been intrigued by the mystery of aging and have sought to understand it, some in hopes of achieving everlasting youth, others seeking the key to immortality. Throughout history there have been numerous searches for a fountain of youth, the most famous being that of Ponce de Leόn.
The ancients and various other cultures have proposed specific dietary regiments, herbal mixtures, and rituals to prolong life or achieve immortality.
Ancient life extenders include tiger testicles. More modern include injections of embryonic tissue and Botox.
Others – nutritional supplements, cosmetic creams, exotic spas – promise to maintain youth and delay the onset or appearance of old age.
No single known factor causes or prevents aging; therefore, it is unrealistic to think that one theory can explain the complexities of this process. Explorations into biological, psychological, and social aging continue, and although some of this interest focuses on achieving eternal youth, most sound research efforts aim toward a better understanding of the aging process so that people can age in a healthier fashion and postpone some of the negative consequences associated with growing old.
The rate and progression of aging varies greatly from one individual to the next. Even identical twins that possess the same genetic makeup will age differently. The aging process varies widely not only among individuals, but also within different body systems of the same person.
Recent research has concentrated on learning about keeping people healthy and active for a longer period of time, rather than on extending their lives in a state of long-term disability.
Recognizing the theories of aging offer varying degrees of universality, validity, and reliability.
Nurses can use this information to better understand the factors that may positively and negatively influence health and well-being of persons of all ages.
There are multiple processes that can affect how we age. Aging is influenced by heredity, lifestyle, behavior, nutrition, and education level.
Some changes are benign and superficial, such as graying of the hair and wrinkling of the skin, whereas others increase the risk of disease and disability, such as hardening of the arteries or arteriosclerosis.
Many different theories have been formulated to describe the phenomenon of aging. These theories are physical, psychological, spiritual, and sociological in nature. Each hypothesis has been supported by research. However, no consensus has been reached that describes the entire aging process.
Aging has been defined as a change in an organism that begins at conception and progresses through a series of stages until death.
The term senescence refers to the progressive deterioration of body systems. Age-related changes affect every body system. These changes are normal and occur as people age.
The age at which specific changes become evident differs from person to person. The rate and progression of aging varies from one individual to the next and within the same person. For instance, a person may have gray hair at age 45 but relatively unwrinkled skin at age 80.
Some of the changes are considered “plastic” or modifiable by lifestyle habits.
Normal aging includes those universal changes that occur in all older people.
Organ reserve declines at slightly different rates.
It is important to distinguish chronological age (number of years from birth) from physiological age (degree of senescence experienced by each body system).
Results of normal aging include the loss of organ reserve, or the ability of a given organ to react quickly and efficiently to physiological stress.
Aging is characterized by a failure to maintain homeostasis under conditions of physiological stress, this failure is associated with decreased viability and increased vulnerability of the individual.
Homeostasis - The regulation of bodily functions within precise limits in order to maintain ideal bodily function.
Homeostenosis - The decline of the body's ability to maintain homeostasis as a result of decreased organ function in old age.
No one theory alone can suffice.
Nursing’s role is to minimize age-associated disability in order to enhance safety and quality of living.
Biological Aging Theories – Broadly speaking, we can distinguish between two kinds of theories of aging. Programmed theories and error theories.
Programmed theories – Biological aging results from a complex, predetermined process. Aging follows a biological timetable and may represent a continuation of the cycle that regulates childhood growth and development. Some theories see aging as the result of an internal necessity, such as a built-in genetic program that proceeds inevitably in senescence and death.
Error Theories – Views the effects of biological aging as resulting from random assaults from both the internal and external environments. Aging is due to chance. The error theories emphasize the ravages of the environment to human systems that gradually cause things to go wrong. External events, such as accumulated random negative factors damage cells or body systems over time.
The most popular error theories hypothesize that environmental assaults and the body’s constant need to manufacture energy and fuel metabolic activities cause toxic by-products to accumulate. These toxic by-products may eventually impair normal body function and cellular repair.
Aging likely occurs as a result of a combination of intrinsic genetic factors upon which extrinsic environmental factors impact.
Programmed theories –Hypothesize that genes program age-related molecular and cellular events. The body’s genetic codes contain information for the regulation of cellular reproduction and death.
Programmed Longevity – Cells divide until they are no longer able to; this triggers apoptosis or cell death. Aging is the result of sequential switching on and off of certain genes.
In this theory it is proposed that there is an impairment in the ability of the cell to continue dividing. Aging is the result of the sequential switching on and off of certain genes, with senescence defined as the point in time when age-associated functional deficits are manifested. Persons who endorse this theory are interested in studying the human genome & genetic theories of aging.
One of the major milestones in the contemporary biology of aging was the discovery that cells in laboratory culture have a fixed lifespan. In 1961, Leonard Hayflick and associates found that normal human cells in tissue culture go through a finite number of cell divisions and then stop. This maximum number of divisions is known as the Haflick limit. Hayflick found that cells replicate themselves around 100 times if they are taken from fetal tissue. But if taken from a 70-yr old, they reach their limit of “aging” after 20 or 30 divisions.
Cells taken from older organisms divide proportionately fewer times than those taken from younger ones. Normal human cells that are frozen at a specific point in their process of replication and later thawed seem to “remember” the level of replication at which they were frozen. Furthermore, normal cells from a donor animal that are transplanted will not survive indefinitely in a new host.
With aging there is loss of telomere strands in the cells which affect the number of times a cell can divide. Somatic cells have a fixed number of times they divide in life and have the ability to remember this programming under harsh conditions, “in-built cellular clock.”
Neuroendocrine and Neurochemical Theories – Hormones control the pace of aging. Neuroendocrine and neurochemical theories suggest that aging is the result of changes in the brain and endocrine glands (Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Endocrine Gland Feedback System). These changes are accompanied by a decline in functional capacity in other endocrine organs, such as the adrenal and thyroid glands, ovaries, and testes. Proponents of this theory ascribe to the use of various natural and synthetic hormones, such as human growth hormone or estrogen replacement, to slow the aging process.
Some theorists claim that specific anterior pituitary hormones promote aging (increased insulin growth factor).
Others believe that an imbalance of chemicals in the brain impairs healthy cell division throughout the body. Aging occurs because of functional decrements in neurons and associated hormones.
An important focus of this theory is the functional changes of the hypothalamic-pituitary system.
Immunological Theory – Aging is due to faulty immunological function which is linked to general well being.
This theory proposes declining functional capacity of the immune system as the basis for aging. The primary organs of the immune system, the thymus and bone marrow, are believed to be affected by the aging process.
A programmed decline in immune system functions leads to an increased vulnerability to infectious disease, aging, and eventual death.
Declines in immune system function can affect the outcomes of many illnesses such as postoperative infections, diabetes, urinary tract infections, and pneumonia. It also suggests that aging is not a passive wearing out of systems but an active self-destruction medicated by the immune system.
This theory is based on observing an age-associated decline in T cell functioning, accompanied by a decrease in resistance and an increase in autoimmune diseases with aging. A breakdown in the body’s immunological memory system causes it to mistake normal cells as foreign and are attacked by the person’s own immune system.
It is generally accepted that a healthy diet and lifestyle coupled with preventive health measures, such as a yearly flu shot or pneumonia shot and limiting exposure to pathogens, can support immune function.
Cross-Link Theory – Connective tissue in the body, such as the skin or the lens of the eye, loses elasticity with advancing age. We recognize the result as wrinkling of skin and cataracts. The explanation for this change lies in a substance known as collagen, a natural protein and connective tissue found in lungs, heart, blood vessels, and muscle.
According to the cross-linkage theory of aging, the changes we see result from an accumulation of cross-linking compounds in the collagen, which gradually become stiff. Once the binding happens, the protein cannot perform normally The piling up of harmful molecules is thought to eventually impair cell function, by preventing normal parting of the DNA strands during mitosis. Over time, as these cross-linking agents accumulate, they form dense aggregates that impede intracellular transport; ultimately, the body’s organs and systems fail.
An effect of cross-linking on collagen is the reduction in tissue elasticity associated with many age-related changes.
An accumulation of cross-linked proteins resulting from the binding of glucose (simple sugars) to protein (a process that occurs under the presence of oxygen) causes various problems. Once the binding occurs, the protein cannot perform normally and results in all sorts of problems such as cataracts or wrinkling and skin aging. Such changes in cell structure may explain the observable cosmetic changes associated with aging, such as wrinkles of the skin and stiffer arterial blood vessels.
An accumulation of cross-linked proteins results from the binding of glucose to protein. The modern diet is often high in sugar and carbohydrates, and some nutritionists believe that low-carbohydrate diets can slow the development of cross-links. However, it is unlikely that such changes account for all of the detrimental physical events associated with aging.
Wear & Tear Theory – Wear and tear theories attribute aging to the repeated use and injury of the body over time as it performs its highly specialized functions. Like any complicated machine, the body will function less efficiently with prolonged use and numerous insults. The human body, like all multicellular organisms, is constantly wearing out and being repaired.
Cells wear out and cannot function with aging. Cells and organs have vital parts that wear out after years of use. Cellular function slows down with time and becomes less efficient at repairing body malfunctions that are caused by environmental assaults. Abusing or neglecting one organ or body system can stimulate premature aging and disease.
The wear-and-tear theory is a good explanation for some aspects of aging – for example, the fact the joints in our hips, fingers, and knees tend to become damaged over the course of time. A case in point is the dz of osteoarthritis. Another is cataracts. Our hearts beat several billion times over a lifetime, so with advancing age, the elasticity of blood vessels gradually weakens, causing normal blood pressure to rise and athletic performance to decline.
Free-Radical Theory – Accumulated damage by oxygen radicals causes cells and eventually organs to lose function and organ reserve. The use of antioxidants is believed to slow this damage.
Free radicals are highly reactive molecules containing an extra electrical charge that are generated from oxygen metabolism. They can result from normal metabolism, reactions with other free radicals, or oxidation of ozone, pesticides, and other pollutants. These molecules can damage proteins, enzymes, and DNA by replacing molecules that contain useful biological information with faulty molecules that create genetic disorder.
Membranes, nucleic acids, and proteins are damaged by free radicals which causes cellular injury and aging. This process, also called oxidative stress, can ultimately disrupt cell membranes and alter DNA and protein synthesis. It is believed that these free radicals are self-perpetuating; that is, they generate other free radicals.
Common diseases such as atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, cataracts, and cancer are associated with oxidative stress. Free radicals are natural byproducts of many normal cellular processes. There are numerous natural protective mechanisms in place to prevent oxidative damage. The use of antioxidants and vitamins is believed to slow this damage.
Recent research has focused on the roles of various antioxidants, including vitamins C and E, and beta-carotene that offer protection against free radicals. It is believed that these substances can slow down the oxidative process and ultimately the aging process.
There has been considerable interest in the role of lipofuscin “age pigments,” a lipoprotein by-product of oxidation that can be seen only under a fluorescent microscope, in the aging process. As lipofuscin accumulates, it interferes with the diffusion and transport of essential metabolites and information-bearing molecules in the cells. The older a person is, the more lipofuscin in the body. Investigators have discovered the presence of lipofuscin in other species in amounts proportionate to the life span of the species.
Somatic DNA Damage Theory – Genetic mutations occur and accumulate with increasing age, causing cells to deteriorate and malfunction. This is a more sophisticated versions of this original wear-and-tear theory.
Advocates believe that genetic manipulation and alteration may slow the aging process.
Radiation theories note that cells can be damaged by radiation and, as a result, mutate or experience genetic changes. Research on rats, mice, and dogs has shown that a decreased life span results from non-lethal doses of radiation.
Errors in DNA and RNA synthesis occur with aging. Genetic mutations occur and accumulate with increasing age, causing cells and then organs to deteriorate and malfunction. Proponents believe that genetic manipulation and alteration may slow the aging process.
In human beings, repeated exposure to ultraviolet light is known to cause solar elastosis, the “old age” type of skin wrinkling that results from the replacement of collagen by elastin. Ultraviolet light is also a factor in the development of skin cancer. Radiation may induce cellular mutations that produce aging.
Lipofuscin is the name given to finely granular yellow-brown pigment granules composed of lipid-containing residues of lysosomal digestion. The pigment left over from the breakdown and digestion of damaged cells.
Lipofuscin represents the presence of lysosomes that have accumulated a noticable amount of indigestible residue. Lipofuscin is sometimes called "wear-and-tear pigment", since the amount increases over time (i.e., with advancing age) in cells like hepatocytes and neurons which are both permanent (not routinely replenished) and metabolically active.
B. Cells undergo change and the body identifies them as foreign
One hypothesis regarding the role of autoimmune reactions in the aging process is that the cells undergo change with age, and the body misidentifies these aged, irregular cells as foreign agents and develops a plan to attack them.
False.
No single factor causes or prevents aging; therefore, it is unrealistic to think that one theory can explain the complexities of the aging process.
The number, diversity, and complexity of factors that potentially influence the aging process show that no one biological theory can adequately explain the cause of this phenomenon.
Studies of identical twins illustrate how different factors like smoking, sun exposure, depression and weight gain can influence aging.
Age 52. The twin on the left smokes and has a history of more sun exposure, resulting in an older appearance than her twin of the same age.
A new study of identical twins shows that life experiences and environmental factors have a big effect on how fast or slowly our faces age. Researchers recruited nearly 200 sets of identical twins who were attending the annual twin festival in Twinsburg, Ohio.
Twin research is especially useful in the study of aging because twins are “genetically programmed’’ to age the same way. Any perceived differences in appearance among twins can give clues as to what environmental and lifestyle factors can strongly influence aging, he said.
Researchers found several factors influenced facial aging, including sun exposure and smoking. Based on the assessment, 10 years of smoking added about 2.5 additional years of aging to a twin’s face, compared to a twin who didn’t smoke. Sun exposure, particularly among those who spent a lot of time outside playing golf or tennis, also increased the appearance of aging.
Stress also appeared to be a factor in aging. Divorced twins appeared, on average, at least two years older than a twin who was married or widowed.
Children with Progeria are born looking healthy. When they are about 10 to 24 months old, features of accelerated aging start to appear. Signs of Progeria may include:
Growth failure
Loss of body fat
Loss of hair
Skin starts to look aged
Stiffness in the joints
Hip dislocation
Generalized atherosclerosis (cardio and heart disease)
Stroke
While possessing normal intelligence, affected children develop a distinctive appearance characterized by baldness, aged-looking skin, a pinched nose, and a small face and jaw relative to head size. They also often suffer from symptoms typically seen in much older people: stiffness of joints, hip dislocations and severe, progressive cardiovascular disease. However, various other features associated with the aging process, such as cataracts, are not seen in children with progeria. Treatment
No treatments have been proven effective. Most treatment focuses on reducing complications (such as cardiovascular disease) with heart bypass surgery or low-dose aspirin. Children may also benefit from a high-calorie diet.
Psychological or Sociological theories of aging - Changing roles, relationships, status and generational cohort impact the older adult’s ability to adapt.
Disengagement Theory – The disengagement theory has been one of the earliest, most controversial, and most widely discussed theories of aging. It views aging as a process in which society and the individual gradually withdraw, or disengage, from each other, to the mutual satisfaction and benefit of both.
The disengagement theory states that “aging is an inevitable, mutual withdrawal or disengagement, resulting in decreased interaction between the aging person and others in the social system he belongs to.” This means that withdrawal from one’s society and community is natural and acceptable for the older adult and his or her society.
Gradual withdrawal from society and relationships serves to maintain social equilibrium and promote internal reflection. Individuals can reflect and be centered on themselves; they are free from society roles.
Society – some orderly means is established for the transfer of power from the older to the young, making it possible for society to continue functioning after its individual members die.
The measures of disengagement are based on age, work, and decreased interest or investment in societal concerns. The theory is seen as universal and applicable to older people in all cultures, although there are expected variations in timing and style.
Difficulties – no substantial base of research to support this theory. Many older people desire to remain engaged.
Activity Theory – Argues that the more active elderly persons are, the greater their satisfaction with life. In order to maintain a positive sense of self, elderly person's must substitute new roles for those lost in old age.
Remaining occupied and involved is necessary to a satisfying late-life. Opposite of disengagement theory. The activity theory asserts that an older person should continue a middle-aged lifestyle, denying the existence of old age as long as possible and that society should apply the same norms to old age as it does to middle age. Society should not advocate diminishing activity, interest, and involvement as its members grow old.
Life satisfaction depends on maintaining an involvement with life by developing new interests, hobbies, roles, and relationships.
The activity theory is based on the belief that remaining as active as possible in the pursuits of middle age is the ideal in later life. Because of improved general health and wealth, this is more possible now that when this theory was proposed 40 years ago. The activity theory may make sense when individuals live in a stable society, have access to positive influences and significant others, and have opportunities to participate meaningfully in the broader society if they continue to desire to do so.
Activity is more desirable than inactivity because it facilitates physical, mental, and social well-being.
Problem – Some aging persons are not able to maintain a middle-aged lifestyle. Many older adults lack the physical, emotional, social, or economic resources to maintain active roles in society. Also, income limitations (half income of middle-aged people) come into play.
Continuity Theory – The continuity theory of aging relates personality and predisposition toward certain actions in old age to similar factors during other phases of the life cycle. Personality and basic patterns of behavior are unchanged as the individual ages. For instance, activists at 20 years of age will most likely be activists at 70 years of age. Whereas young recluses will probably not be active in the mainstream of society when they age.
Key concept: Basic psychological patterns are consistent throughout the life span.
Patterns developed over a lifetime will determine whether individuals remain engaged and active or become disengaged and inactive. The aging person substitutes new roles for lost ones, and continues to maintain typical ways of adapting to the environment.
Personality influences, roles, and life satisfaction and remains consistent throughout life. Despite their age, older adults generally maintain the same traditions and beliefs. Past coping patterns recur as older adults adjust to physical, financial and social decline and contemplate death. Identifying with one’s age group, finding a residence compatible with limitations and learning new roles post retirement are major tasks.
Major point – Individuals maintain their values, morals, and behaviors as they age.
Successful methods used throughout life for adapting and adjusting to life events are repeated. Traits, habits, values, associations, and goals remain stable, regardless of life changes.
The recognition that the unique features of each individual allow for multiple adaptations to aging and that the potential exists for a variety of reactions give this theory validity and support. Aging in a complex process, and the continuity theory considers these complexities to a greater extent than most other theories.
It encourages the young to consider that their current activities are laying a foundation for their own future old age.
In all three of the psychosocial theories of aging, the importance of opportunity, ethnicity, gender, and social status is largely ignored. None of the three theories can be clearly supported with data. In addition, they have little to do with personal meaning and motivation.
True.
The continuity theory of aging relates personality and predisposition toward certain actions in old age to similar factors during other phases of the life cycle. For instance, activists at 20 years of age will most likely be activists at 70 years of age.
Developmental theory – Developmental tasks to be accomplished at each stage.
Psychosocial Development - The task of the older adult includes ego integrity versus despair.
Erik Erickson’s theory of psychosocial development is one of the best-known theories of personality in psychology. Erickson believed that personality develops in a series of stages. Erickson’s theory describes the impact of social experience across the whole lifespan.
According to Erickson (195)), there are eight stages of life with developmental tasks to be accomplished at each stage. One of the main elements of Erickson’s psychosocial stage theory is the development of ego identity. Ego identity is the conscious sense of self that we develop through social interaction. According to Erickson, our ego identity is constantly changing due to new experience and information we acquire in our daily interactions with others.
In addition to ego identity, Erickson also believed that a sense of competence also motivates behaviors and actions. Each stage in Erickson’s theory is concerned with becoming competent in an area of life. If the stage is handled well, the person will feel a sense of mastery. If the stage is managed poorly, the person will emerge with a sense of inadequacy.
In each stage, Erickson believed people experience a conflict that serves as a turning point in development. In Erickson’s view, these conflicts are centered on either developing a psychological quality or failing to develop that quality. During these times, the potential for personal growth is high, but so is the potential for failure.
The task of old age as balancing the search for integrity and wholeness, thus avoiding a sense of despair. He believed that successful accomplishment of this task, achieved primarily through life review activities, would result in wisdom.
Erickson proposed that during this stage the older adult will become preoccupied with acceptance of eventual death without becoming morbid or obsessed with these thoughts.
If major failures or disappointments have occurred in the older person’s life, this final stage may be difficult to accomplish because the older person may be despairing rather than accepting of death. Older persons who have not achieved ego integrity may look back on their lives with dissatisfaction and feel unhappy, depressed, or angry over what they have done or failed to do. Psychological counseling can help to resolve some of these issues.
Almost half a million grandparents over the age of 65 are the primary caregivers for their grandchildren who live with them.
In 2011, about 497,000 grandparents aged 65 or more had the primary responsibility for their grandchildren who lived with them.
Blue Zones are regions around the world that host a significant proportion of Centenarians, including Loma Linda (California), Sardinia (Italy) and Okinawa (Japan) - as well as the lesser known Icaria (Greece) and Nicoya Peninsula (Costa Rica).