4. 44
4
A nephron holds:
The Glomerulus
Bowman’s capsule
Proximal tubule
Loop of Henle
Distal tubule
Collecting duct
The Functional Unit of the Kidneys is the Nephron
5. 5
Review: Anatomy of the Kidney
Outercortex
Composedoftheglomeruliandconvoluted tubules
ofthenephronandbloodvessels
Innermedulla
Composedoftherenalpyramid
5
6. Review: Function of the Kidney
Regulates total body water
Regulates blood pressure (renin-angiotensin-aldosterone)
Regulates acid-base status
Regulates electrolytes, calcium and phosphorus
Converts Vitamin D to the active hormone
(calcitriol)
Produces Erythropoietin (EPO)
Removes nitrogenous wastes
Drug metabolism and removal
6
7. 7
Review: Anatomy Reproductive System
Pelvic Cavity: contains urinary bladder, and
reproductive organs
Malereproductive system
Testes,scrotum,penis,prostate,vasdeferens(drainsintourethra)
Testesproducetestosterone(primarymalesexhormone);spermafter
puberty
Femalereproductive system
Ovaries,fallopiantubes,uterus,vagina
Ovariesproduceestrogen(primaryfemalesexhormone);ovumafterpuberty
7
8. 8
Review: Physiology Genitourinary System
Renal/ Urinary System
Main function – Regulates fluid
and electrolyte balance
Filters blood plasma
Returns useful substances to
blood
Eliminates waste
Regulates
Osmolarity of body fluids, blood
volume, BP
Acid-base / electrolyte balance
Secretes
Renin & erythropoietin
Detoxifies free radicals &
drugs
Reproductive System
Main function – Provides
for perpetuation of the
species
88
See Kidney Function Part 1 and Kidney Function Part 2
21. 21
Focused Health History
Mother’s pregnancy/ child’s birth history
Family history: GU-specific disorders
Review of fluid intake (including type of fluid)
Urinary tract infections, fevers of unknown origin, dysuria
Toilettraininghistory,voidingandbowelhistory,voidinghabits(e.g.,positioningduringvoiding)
Any problems or changes with voiding (e.g., nocturia or enuresis)
Rectum/ genitalia: any rashes, sores, or discharges
Male children: circumcision status, prepuce issues, inguinal bulge/ scrotal swelling,
failure of testes to descend
Females (if appropriate):
Menstrual History – menarche, LMP, interval, regularity, duration, amount of flow, dysmenorrhea
Obstetrical History - Gravida, Term, Para, Abortion, Live, Stillbirth (GTPALS)
****For adolescents, ask about sexual activity with parents out of room****
21
30. 30
Assessment of the Genitourinary System
Review:AssessingtheAbdomenforShape,Bowel
Sounds,andUnderlyingOrgans(pp.127-128[new],143-145[old])
Review:AssessingtheGenitalandPerinealAreasfor
ExternalStructuralAbnormalities(pp.128-130[new],145-149[old])
30
See video “Pediatric Assessment” 24:07 – 25:47
See video “Physical Exam & Health Assessment: Child”
17:08 – 18:49
39. 39
Review Question
Whichofthefollowinginterventionswillhelpobtainaccurate
urinalysisdata?
A. Forcefluidsto1000mLpriortospecimencollection.
B. Cleansethespecimencontainerwithpovidone-iodine(Betadine)prior
tocollectingthespecimen.
C. Allowtheurinetocooltoroomtemperaturebeforetakingittothelab.
D. Provideclient/parenteducationforspecimencollectionbeforethe
specimenisobtained.
3939
43. 43
Functional Radionucleotide Renal Scan
Evaluates function of entire
urinary system, from
kidneys through bladder
Nuclear medical imaging
Requires use of a
radiopharmaceutical tracer
through an IV catheter
Gamma camera takes
images (scintigraphy)
43
46. 46
Review Question
Achildreturning totheunit after anintravenous
pyelogram (IVP) hasanorder todrinkextrafluids.When
themother asksthepurpose of thesefluids,thenurse
responds thatincreased fluidintakewill:
A. Overhydratethechild.
B. Increaseserumcreatininelevels.
C. Make-upforfluidlossesfromNPOstatusbeforetests.
D. Flushanyremainingdyefromtheurinarytract.
4646
52. 52
Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)
Infection in urinary system (urethra,
bladder, ureters, or kidneys)
Cystitis: Lower UTI; urethra or bladder
Pyelonephritis: Upper UTI; ureters, renal
pelvis, or kidneys
Usually of bacterial origin (e coli);
characterized by inflammation
Common in childhood; highest frequency
≤ 2 yrs of age
Uncircumcised males: 10-fold incidence
Prompt diagnosis/ treatment essential
See video Urinary Tract Infection
5252
The male and female urinary tracts are
similar except for length of urethra
54. 54
Review Question
Which of the following organisms is the most
common cause of UTI in children?
A. Staphylococcus
B. Klebsiella
C. Pseudomonas
D. Escherichiacoli
54
55. 55
UTI - Females
More common (generally)
in females
Short urethra
Improper wiping
Bubble baths
Nylon under pants
Current guidelines – renal
and bladder ultrasound with
first febrile UTI followed by
VCUG if indicated
Second febrile UTI – VCUG
5555
56. 56
UTI – Males
UTIs in males tend to be
complicated
More common in males than
females during 1st 3 months of life
Males 2-24 months:
Febrile with first UTI
Renal & bladder ultrasound –
hydronephrosis, scarring,
obstructions, masses
2nd episode febrile UTI
VCUG – vesicoureteral reflux
Higher incidence of UTIs in
uncircumcised males
5656
58. 58
UTI: Diagnostic Tests
Urine for culture and sensitivity
Clean catch
Catheterization
Suprapubic aspiration
A Positive Test
Bacteria colony ≥ 50,000 per mL
Positive leukocyte esterace; positive nitrite tests; white blood cell
(WBC) casts
Ultrasound: structural abnormalities, scarring
Voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG): vesicoureteral reflux
58
59. 59
UTI: Clinical Manifestations
Signs & symptoms not always clear (atypical presentation)
Typical S & S of older children and adults – dysuria, frequency,
urgency, burning, hematuria – may not be present
Newborn/ infant: unexplained fever; failure to thrive; poor feeding;
vomiting; diarrhea; foul-smelling urine; irritability; lethargy
Fever of unknown origin (child ≤ 2 yrs): test for UTI
Toilet-trained child: new onset incontinence, wetting accidents
Upper UTI S & S: high fever, chills, abdominal pain, flank pain,
costovertebral-angle tenderness, vomiting, malaise (i.e., vague
feeling of general discomfort)
5959
See “Clinical Manifestations Urinary Tract Infection” – p. 705 (new), 768 (old)
66. 66
Bladder Exstrophy
Hypospadias & Epispadias
Obstructive Uropathy
Vesicoureteral Reflux
Structural Defects of the Urinary
System (usually hereditary)
6666
67. 67
Bladder Exstrophy
Exstrophy: turning inside out
1 in 40,000 births
Twice as common in males
Congenital malformation in which
the abdominal and anterior
bladder walls do not fuse during
fetal development
6767
•Inside-outbladder;
•Mucosa(inside
lining)ofbladder
exposed
68. 68
Bladder Exstrophy: Clinical Manifestations
Visible defect revealing bladder
mucosa/ ureteral orifices through
open abdominal wall
Constant drainage of urine;
excoriated skin
Mass bright red tissue (bladder)
Numerous additional congenital
anomalies: epispadias, short
penis, upward chordee, split
clitoris, forward-positioned anus,
low umbilicus, wide pelvis,
waddling gait
6868
69. 69
Bladder Exstrophy: Collaborative Care
Multidisciplinary approach
Surgery within 48 hrs after
birth to close the skin over
bladder and reconstruct male
urethra/ penis
Urethral stents/ suprapubic
catheter to divert urine
Further reconstructive surgery
between 6 mos to 5 yrs of age
Requires lifelong follow-up
6969
70. 70
Before and After Surgical Repair
70
Details: http://www.pediatricurologybook.com/bladder_exstrophy.html
73. 73
Review Question
Whichofthefollowing positions would best facilitate
healing fortheinfant after bladder exstrophy repair?
A. Supine,legssuspendedverticallywithlegsclosetogether
B. Leftside-lyingposition
C. Rightside-lyingposition
D. Low-Fowler’s,legsbentatkneeswithwedgebetweenlegs
73
75. 75
Hypospadias & Epispadias
75
Hypospadias
EpispadiasEpispadias
Hypospadias
Recurrent UTIs are a complication of both conditions
Hypospadias: Abnormal opening of urethra on
underside of penis rather than tip
Common congenital anomaly of penis
Ranges from mild to severe
Undescended testes may be present
Downward curvature of penis (chordee)
Might interfere with fertility
Epispadias: Abnormal opening of urethra
above tip of penis or between clitoris and
labia (girls)
Rare congenital anomaly (girls & boys)
Milder expression of bladder exstrophy
Short broad penis, upward curvature
Abnormal clitoris, labia, wide pelvis (girls)
79. 79
Hypospadias & Epispadias: Nursing Care
Keeptheareacleantopreventinfection
Assessforpostsurgicalcomplications
Monitorforsignsofinfection
WatchforevidenceofUTI
Assesspain(oxybutyninrelievesbladderspasms)
Encouragetheparentstoexpresstheirfeelings/concernsandprovide
emotionalsupport
Dischargeinstructions: Bandagedressingcare,careofstent,activity
restrictions,nutrition,paincontrol,andsigns/symptomsofcomplications
79
See “Caring for the Child After Hypospadias and Epispadias Repair” – p. 708 (new), 772 (old)
80. 80
Review Question
Aninfanthasbeenadmittedfortreatmentofhypospadias.
Nursingmanagement ofthechildandfamilyincludes:
A. Parenteducation regarding steroidtherapy.
B. Addressingparentalanxietyrelatedtofunctioning and
appearanceofthepenis.
C. Homehealthteaching ofproperstraightcatheterization
techniques.
D. Monitoring forsignsandsymptomsofnephroticsyndrome.
8080
83. 83
Hydronephrosis/ Hydroureter (Obstructive Uropathy)
“Water on kidney” enlarges renal
pelvis, damages nephrons
Mechanical blockage/ obstruction in
urinary tract; most often unilateral
Congenital malformations: ureters,
ureteral valves, bladder, urethra
Can lead to: nephron destruction,
HTN, ↓ ability to conserve Na+,
metabolic acidosis, recurrent UTIs,
progressive irreversible renal failure
Goal: maintain integrity of kidney until
normal urinary flow established
Early diagnosis essential (US)
8383
84. 84
Common Sites of Obstruction in Upper/ Lower
Urinary Tract (Congenital Malformations)
84
84
Why would damage
from the posterior
urethral valves be
potentially worse
than other
obstructions?
85. 85
Review Question
Aparentasksthenursewhatwilleventuallyhappeniftheinfant
doesnothavehiscongenital hydronephrosistreated.Themost
accurateanswerbythenursewillbewhichofthefollowing?
A. “Ifthehydronephrosisisnottreated,thechildcandevelopbladdercancer.”
B. “Theinfantcanbecomedangerouslyhypotensivebecauseoftheobstructionto
urineflow.”
C. “Smallcalciumstonescanoccurasaresultofuntreatedhydronephrosis,
causingfurtherobstruction.”
D. “Untreatedhydronephrosiscanleadtoirreversiblekidneydamageand
eventualkidneyfailure.”
85
88. 88
Hydronephrosis: Diagnostics
Ultrasound of
kidneys/bladder
VCUG: voiding
cystourethrogram
Diuretic renography with
radioisotope
Requires use of a
radiopharmaceutical tracer
& intravenous furosemide
through IV
8888
90. 90
Vesicoureteral Reflux (VUR)
Regurgitation of urine from the bladder into the ureters due to
faulty valve mechanism at the ureterovesicular junction
Predisposes child to: UTIs; pyelonephritis; hydronephrosis
White children, girls, children ≤ age 2; tends to run in families
Assessment findings: same as for UTIs/ FTT
Diagnostic tests: kidney/ bladder US, VCUG, nuclear scan
Goals: prevent pyelonephritis, renal scarring, chronic renal failure
Tx: Long-term daily low-dose antibiotic prophylaxis; valve repair or
reconstruction; endoscopic surgery; surgery to re-implant ureters
9090
92. 92
Vesicoureteral Reflux: Nursing Care
Assist with preoperative studies as needed
Provide postoperative care:
Observe for signs of infection
Monitor VS, I & O
Monitor drains; may have one from bladder and one from each ureter (ureteral
stents)
Check output from all drains (expect bloody drainage initially) and record
carefully
Observe drainage from abdominal dressing; note color, amount, frequency
Administer medication for bladder spasms as ordered
Support/ educate parents
94. Nephrotic Syndrome/ Nephrosis
(Minimal Change Nephrotic Syndrome)
94
Clinical state characterized by massive proteinuria, edema,
hyperlipidemia, and hypoalbuminemia
Alterations in the glomerular membrane allow proteins, especially
albumin, to pass in urine resulting in decreased serum osmotic
pressure contributing to edema
Most common presentation of glomerular injury in children
Constellation of clinical findings, not a disease (all a result of massive
renal losses of protein)
Most common form: Minimal Change Nephrotic Syndrome
(MCNS); accounts for 85% of all pediatric cases
Peak incidence 2-6 years old; twice as frequent in boys
Etiology unknown; autoimmune process suspected
See video Nephrosis (Nephrotic Syndrome)
100. 100
MCNS: Diagnostic Evaluation
Proteinuria (First morning urine sample)
Urine protein/ creatinine ratio > 2
Hypoproteinemia
Serum albumin < 2.5 g/dL
Hyperlipidemia/ Lipiduria
↑ Cholesterol, triglycerides; lipids in the urine
Hypercoagulability (PT/PTT/INR/ antithrombin III)
Basic metabolic panel (BMP)
BUN/ Creatinine normal unless renal damage
Hyponatremia (low serum sodium)
Kidney biopsy
100100
Monitor serum albumin and electrolytes, particularly potassium and sodium.
101. Review Question
Which of the following signs and symptoms are
characteristic of Minimal Change Nephrotic
Syndrome?
A. Gross hematuria, proteinuria, fever
B. Hypertension, edema, fatigue
C. Poor appetite, proteinuria, edema
D. Body image change, hypotension
101
102. 102
MCNS: Collaborative Care
Goals of treatment: minimize edema; decrease urinary protein loss; prevent
infection; & prevent toxic medication side effects
Trial of corticosteroids: 1st step in treatment
Oral prednisone minimum of 6 months
If responsive, urine protein levels fall
Relapse/ remission not obtained: immunosuppressive agents
Diuretic therapy
Intravenous albumin followed by furosemide
Metolazone 30 minutes before furosemide (for resistant edema)
Antihypertensive therapy: ACE – to help reduce proteinuria
Balanced nutrition, low-salt diet
Prevent or treat any infection
102
103. MCNS: Nursing Care
Nursing goals: manage symptoms; prevent
complications; meet nutritional needs; address
emotional needs of child/ family
Provide rest, cluster care
Monitor I&O, specific gravity, proteinuria
Daily weights on same scale and amount of
clothing
Monitor edema and measure abdominal girth
Promote pulmonary health through position
changes, activity as tolerated, deep breathing &
coughing exercises, spirometer use
103
104. MCNS: Nursing Care
104
Monitor VS, especially temperature for signs of infection
Encourage small, frequent meals within restriction
guidelines
o Salt & fluids may be restricted during edematous stage
Prevent skin breakdown & pressure sores; turn frequently
Administer medications as ordered; carefully monitor side
effects
Prevent infection: meticulous hand hygiene, vaccinations,
prevent contact with infectious persons
105. Review Question
A nurse is assigned to care for a client with
nephrotic syndrome. The nurse assesses which
important parameter on a daily basis?
A. Weight
B. Albumin levels
C. Activity tolerance
D. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) level
105
108. Symptoms of Cushing’s Syndrome
108
High blood pressure, abdominal obesity with
thin arms and legs, reddish stretch marks,
round red face, fat lump between the
shoulders, weak muscles, acne, fragile skin Prolonged exposure to corticosteroids
110. 110
Review Question
While a child is receiving prednisone (Orapred) for
treatment of nephrotic syndrome, it is important for
the nurse to assess the child for:
A. Infection.
B. Urinaryretention.
C. Easybruising.
D. Hypoglycemia.
110110
112. Acute Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis
112
Glomerulonephritis = inflammation of the glomerulus
Autoimmune immune-complex disorder occurring 10-21 days after
group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection (upper respiratory,
pharyngitis, tonsillitis, impetigo)
Children ages 2-6 yrs; more common in boys than girls
Sudden appearance of hematuria,proteinuria, red blood cell casts in the
urine, edema, and hypertension with or without oliguria
Immune complexes from recent strep infection become entrapped in
glomerular membrane; immune activity targeted at the glomerulus
Inflammation, tissue injury, and obstruction of glomerular capillaries
Reduced glomerular filtration rate (↓GFR)
Sodium and water retained: edema and hypertension
114. Review Question
A client has been admitted to the hospital with a
diagnosis of acute glomerulonephritis. During history-
taking the nurse first asks the client about a recent history
of:
A. Bleeding ulcer
B. Deep vein thrombosis
C. Myocardial infarction
D. Streptococcal infection
114
115. 115
Infection from group A beta-hemolytic Streptococcus leads to an immune
response that causes inflammation and damage to glomeruli
115
Protein&redblood
cellsareallowedtopass
throughglomeruli
Bloodflowtoglomeruli
isreduceddueto
obstructionwithdamaged
cells
Renalinsufficiency
results,leadingto
retentionofsodium,
water,&waste
IMMUNE ACTIVITY targeted at GLOMERULUS
Vessels
clogged
with
cells
116. Glomerular Capillaries Clogged With Cells
116
Immune complexes
(mixtures of antibodies
and antigens) are
filtered out of the
bloodstream and
become trapped within
the glomeruli
Body responds by
activating its immune
defenses, resulting in
further damage to the
glomeruli
117. 117
Acute Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis:
Clinical Manifestations
Gross hematuria/ RBC casts
↓GFR
Oliguria
Azotemia (elevated nitrogenous
wastes in blood)
Hypertension
Periorbital edema
Brown foamy frothy urine
Mild/moderate proteinuria
117117
Tea- or cola-colored urine
The most common clinical sign of glomerulonephritis is blood in the urine
119. 119
Dx: streptozyme test; ↓ H & H; ↑ BUN, creatinine; hematuria, proteinuria,
RBC casts; ↑ erythrocyte sedimentation rate
Tx goals: relief of symptoms, supportive therapy
Monitor urinary output, daily weights, blood pressure, & serum electrolytes
Limited activity, bed rest
Diuretics such as furosemide (Lasix) to reduce fluid overload
Antihypertensive drugs to treat increased blood pressure
Antibiotics (penicillin) if a streptococcal infection is documented or detected
Restriction of fluids to replace insensible losses
Low-sodium, low protein diet (during acute phase)
119119
Acute Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis:
Collaborative Care
120. Nursing care: monitor fluid status, prevent infection, prevent skin
breakdown, meet nutritional needs, and provide emotional support to the
child/ family
Monitor: VS, I & O, daily weight; abdominal girth; watch for signs of renal
failure, including decreased (less than 1 mg/kg/hour), or no urine output
Monitor: signs of infection, including fever, malaise, & elevated WBC
Enforce activity limitations, bed rest during acute phase; cluster care
Institute sodium restrictions for the child with hypertension or edema
Educate parents: dietary restrictions (sodium, potassium, & fluid intake)
Administer diuretics/ antihypertensive medications as needed
Provide emotional support
120
Acute PoststreptococcalGlomerulonephritis:
Nursing Care
121. 121
Review Question
When reviewingaurinalysisreport ofaclientwithacute
glomerulonephritis, the nurse wouldexpecttonote:
A. Decreased creatinine clearance.
B. Decreased specificgravity.
C. Hematuria.
D. Decreased erythrocyte sedimentation rate(ESR).
121121
124. 124
Review Question
Thenurseadmits children withthe following diseases to
theunit.Which disease places the childatriskforthe
development ofacuterenal failure (ARF)?
A. Leukemia.
B. Cryptorchidism.
C. Nephroticsyndrome.
D. Phenylketonuria.
124124
125. 125
The initial kidney injury is usually associated with an acute condition such as sepsis, trauma, and
hypotension, or is result of treatment for an acute condition with nephrotoxic medication
125
Injurytothekidneycan
occurbecauseofglomerular
injury,vasoconstrictionof
capillaries,ortubularinjury
Allconsequencesof
injuryleadtodecreased
glomerularfiltration&
oliguria
Acute Renal Failure/ Acute Kidney Injury
126. 126
Review Question
Achild has been admitted in renal failure.The nurse
would expect to find:
A. Decreased BUN.
B. Adequate glomerular filtration.
C. Azotemia and oliguria.
D. Polyuria and elevated creatinine clearance.
126126
133. Review Question
The child with acute renal failure has a serum potassium
of 6.0 mEq/L. The nurse would plan which of the
following as a priority action?
A. Check the sodium level
B. Place the child on a cardiac monitor
C. Encourage increased vegetables in the diet
D. Allow an extra 250 mL of fluid intake to dilute the
electrolyte concentration
133
135. 135
Review Question
The priority concern for the nurse in assessing a
child with acute renal failure (ARF) should be to
look for which electrolyte imbalance?
A. Potassium.
B. Sodium.
C. Calcium.
D. Phosphorous.
135135
136. 136
Urea or BUN
Urea is normally freely filtered throughthe renal
glomeruli, with a small amount reabsorbedin the
tubules andthe remainder excreted in the urine
Decrease or increaseinthe valuedoes nottell the
cause: pre-renal, post-renal or renal
Elevated BUN just tells youthe urea isnot being
excreted by the kidney, not why
136136
137. 137
Creatinine
Creatinine is a very specific indicator of renal
function
If kidney function is decreased / creatinine level will
be increased
Conditions that increase levels: glomerulonephritis,
pyelonephritis or urinary blockage
137137
142. 142
Review Question
Afour-year-old childhasbeen diagnosed withrenal
failure.Thenurse would ensure thatthedietforthischild
wouldcontain:
A. Foodshighinpotassiumandsodium.
B. Adequatecaloriestooptimizegrowth.
C. Foodshighinphosphoruscontenttopromotebonegrowth.
D. Increasedfluidintaketoflushtheurinarysystem.
142142
143. 143
Review Question
Ateenager inacuterenal failure has anorderforfluid
restriction. What assessment criteriawouldindicate that
insufficient fluids arebeing administered tothischild?
A. Increasedweightwithdecreasedserumpotassiumlevels.
B. Proteinuria.
C. Hypernatremiawithweightloss.
D. Decreasedpulse.
143143
148. 148
Review Question
Achild has been diagnosed with chronic renal
failure.The nurse would question the medical
order for:
A. Aqueous penicillin.
B. Gentamicin (Garamycin).
C. Antihypertensives.
D. Corticosteroids.
148148
150. Review Question
A 10-year-old child has just been diagnosed with
end-stage renal disease. The nurse gives the child
instructions in which foods to avoid, including:
A. Eggs
B. Carrots
C. Rice
D. Spinach
150
151. Review Question
Which of the following should be considered in the
diet of the child with end-stage-renal-disease
(ESRD)?
A. Limit fluid
B. Limit vitamin D-rich food
C. Limit calcium-rich food
D. Limit carbohydrates
151
153. Review Question
An adolescent with renal failure is receiving epoetin alfa
(Epogen) to support erythropoiesis. The nurse questions
the teenager about compliance with taking which of the
following medications that supports red blood cell (RBC)
production?
A. Iron supplement
B. Zinc supplement
C. Calcium supplement
D. Magnesium supplement
153
162. Hemodialysis uses a special filter called a dialyzer to
remove wastes and extra fluid from the blood
162
163. Hemodialysis: Nursing Care
Weigh child before/ after hemodialysis
Check patency of AV fistula/ graft site by palpating thrill, auscultating bruit
No BP or blood draws on arm with access site
During hemodialysis:
Use strict aseptic technique, standard precautions
Monitor VS, fluid balance, clotting times, blood flow, patency of access site
After dialysis: monitor VS, access site for bleeding, S/S of disequilibrium
syndrome
Educate parents:
Daily care of access site
S/S complications (infection, bleeding)
Promote lifelong coping skills
163
164. Review Question
A client has an arteriovenous (AV) fistula in place in the right
upper extremity for hemodialysis treatments. When planning
care for this client, which of the following measures should the
nurse implement to promote client safely?
A. Take blood pressures only on the right arm to ensure accuracy
B. Use the fistula for all venipunctures and intravenous infusions
C. Ensure that small clamps are attached to the AV fistula
dressing
D. Assess the fistula for the presence of a bruit and thrill
164
165. Renal Replacement Therapy:
Kidney Transplantation
Healthy donor kidney surgically
placed in lower abdomen
Preferred method of renal
replacement therapy in the pediatric
population
Blood type compatibility, HLA match;
living relative donor preferred
Lifelong immunosuppressive therapy
Complications: opportunistic
infection, lymphomas and skin
cancer, and hypertension
165
• Rejection – major cause of
transplanted kidney loss
o S/S rejection: Fever; ↑ BUN &
creatinine; pain & tenderness;
irritability; weight gain
167. Review Question
The home care nurse is making follow-up visits to a
pediatric patient following renal transplant. The nurse
assesses the child for which signs of acute graft
rejection?
A. Hypotension, graft tenderness, and anemia
B. Hypertension, oliguria, thirst, and hypothermia
C. Fever, hypertension, graft tenderness, and malaise
D. Fever, vomiting, hypotension, and copious amounts of dilute
urine
167
168. Kidney Transplantation: Nursing Care
Teach child/ parents about transplantation process
Provide emotional support & guidance to the child/ parents
Prepare the child/ parents for the possibility of continuing to need
hemodialysis temporarily after the transplant because the transplanted
kidney might not work effectively right away
Administer immunosuppressive medications as ordered
Monitor for S/S infection; keep child away from anyone with an infection
Teach child/ parents about follow-up appointments, medications, health
promotion, when to call the physician
Teach child/ parents about signs of rejection and infection
168
170. 170
Cryptorchidism
Failure of one or both testes to descend
through inguinal canal; hidden testis
3-6% term; 20-30% preterm infants
Testosterone deficiency, an defective
testis, structural problem, early gestational
age
Complications: infertility, testicular CA
Usually detected newborn exam
Goals of treatment:
Preserve testicular function
Normal scrotal appearance
170
Bilateral Cryptorchidism
173. 173
Review Question
Thenewbornhasbeendiagnosed withcryptorchidism.The
physicianhasorderedhumanchorionic gonadotropin (hCG)to
beadministered tothebaby.Themotherasksthenursewhythe
babyisreceiving thisdrug.Thenurse’sbestexplanation wouldbe
thedrugwill:
A. Maintainanadequatetemperaturearoundthetestes.
B. Preventinfectionsintheundescendedtestes.
C. Preventthedevelopmentofcancer.
D. Promotedescentofthetestes.
173173
174. Cryptorchidism: Nursing Care
Surgical repair: orchiopexy is done between 6-12
months of age
Postoperatively, keep the surgical area dry for 1-2 days
Encourage bed rest
Monitor voiding
Apply ice to surgical area
Administer prescribed analgesics (acetaminophen or
ibuprofen)
174
175. Cryptorchidism: Discharge Instructions
Incision care:
Diaper area should be cleaned well with each diaper change
Sponge baths only for 2 days after surgery
No medicine/ ointment placed over incision
Prevent pulling on the thigh suture postoperatively because the testis could
reascend into the abdomen through the inguinal canal if the suture disconnects
Child should avoid straddling activities or strenuous activity for 2-3 weeks
Have the child wear loose clothing
Use analgesics as needed (acetaminophen or ibuprofen)
Observe for redness, warmth, swelling, purulent discharge, fever,
increased pain at the incision site (indicative of infection)
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177. 177
Review Question
Whentalkingwiththeparentsofachildoradolescentwhohas
ahistoryofcryptorchidism, thenursewillmoststressthe
importanceofthechilddoingwhichofthefollowingthings?
A. Gettingamumpsvaccineboosterevery5years
B. Complying100%withhormonetherapybeginningatage15
C. Wearingatesticularsupport(jockstrap)whileparticipating in
sports
D. Doingmonthlyself-testicular examinations beginning atage13
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