This document provides an overview of thunderstorms and related weather phenomena. It defines a thunderstorm as a convective storm containing lightning and thunder. Thunderstorms generally go through three stages - cumulus, mature, and dissipating. Squall lines form when multicell thunderstorms organize into a line. Supercell thunderstorms feature a strong, persistently rotating updraft. Tornadoes are rotating columns of air that extend from storm clouds to the ground. The document also discusses lightning, geographical distributions of thunderstorms, and other characteristics of thunderstorms and tornadoes.
This document discusses thunderstorms and tornadoes. It begins by defining a thunderstorm and outlining its typical characteristics. It then describes the three stages of thunderstorm development: the cumulus stage marked by updrafts, the mature stage with both updrafts and downdrafts, and the dissipating stage dominated by downdrafts. The document contrasts air mass thunderstorms and more severe storms, noting that some storms can be sustained for hours by wind shear and overshooting updrafts. Thunderstorm frequency is highest in Florida, the Gulf Coast, and parts of the Rockies and Plains.
Thunderstorms are formed by cumulonimbus clouds and are characterized by lightning and thunder. They develop when certain atmospheric conditions are met, such as unstable lapse rates and sufficient water vapor. Thunderstorms can be triggered by different mechanisms like surface heating, frontal lifting, orographic lifting, and convergence. There are different types of thunderstorms including single cell, multicell, and supercells. Thunderstorms pose various hazards to aviation like turbulence, icing, hail, wind shear, lightning, tornadoes, and microbursts. Pilots can detect and avoid thunderstorms using weather radar and visual sighting, and recommended distances of avoidance depend on aircraft altitude.
Thunderstorms are most likely to occur in the spring and summer months and during the afternoon and evening hours, but they can occur year-round and at all hours. Thunderstorms frequently occur in the late afternoon and at night in the Plains states. This module highlights the basics of thunderstorms.
This document discusses thunderstorms and tornadoes. It begins by defining a thunderstorm and outlining the typical stages of thunderstorm development: the cumulus stage dominated by updrafts, the mature stage with both updrafts and downdrafts, and the dissipating stage dominated by downdrafts. It then contrasts air mass thunderstorms and severe thunderstorms, noting that severe storms are longer-lived due to wind shear tilting the updraft. Finally, it describes supercell thunderstorms which can spawn tornadoes due to their rotating mesocyclone updraft structure.
A document tackling about the basis of Thunderstorms:
-What is Thunderstorm?
-How do the Thunderstorms form?
-What is the difference between thunder and lightning?
Between a water spout and a tornado?
-What are the types of Lightning? of a Thunderstorm?
-What are some signs of an approaching thunderstorm?
-What are some precautionary measures to do before and during a thunderstorm?
-Case of Thunderstorms in the Philippines and on Planes
Thunderstorms are storms that produce rain, wind, and sometimes hail or snow. They start when moisture, unstable air, and an uplifting force combine. While thunderstorms can occur year-round, they are most common in the spring and summer in the midwestern and southern United States, especially Florida. The document provides tips for staying safe during a thunderstorm such as taking shelter if lightning is within 30 seconds of thunder and waiting 30 minutes after the last lightning flash to exit shelter.
This PowerPoint covers different weather fronts and severe weather. It includes sections on fronts like cold fronts, warm fronts, and occluded fronts. It describes different types of severe weather such as thunderstorms, lightning, tornadoes, and hurricanes. It contains activities to practice predicting weather and quizzes to test understanding of fronts and severe weather. The goal is to help students learn about these topics for an upcoming chapter test.
This document discusses thunderstorms and tornadoes. It begins by defining a thunderstorm and outlining its typical characteristics. It then describes the three stages of thunderstorm development: the cumulus stage marked by updrafts, the mature stage with both updrafts and downdrafts, and the dissipating stage dominated by downdrafts. The document contrasts air mass thunderstorms and more severe storms, noting that some storms can be sustained for hours by wind shear and overshooting updrafts. Thunderstorm frequency is highest in Florida, the Gulf Coast, and parts of the Rockies and Plains.
Thunderstorms are formed by cumulonimbus clouds and are characterized by lightning and thunder. They develop when certain atmospheric conditions are met, such as unstable lapse rates and sufficient water vapor. Thunderstorms can be triggered by different mechanisms like surface heating, frontal lifting, orographic lifting, and convergence. There are different types of thunderstorms including single cell, multicell, and supercells. Thunderstorms pose various hazards to aviation like turbulence, icing, hail, wind shear, lightning, tornadoes, and microbursts. Pilots can detect and avoid thunderstorms using weather radar and visual sighting, and recommended distances of avoidance depend on aircraft altitude.
Thunderstorms are most likely to occur in the spring and summer months and during the afternoon and evening hours, but they can occur year-round and at all hours. Thunderstorms frequently occur in the late afternoon and at night in the Plains states. This module highlights the basics of thunderstorms.
This document discusses thunderstorms and tornadoes. It begins by defining a thunderstorm and outlining the typical stages of thunderstorm development: the cumulus stage dominated by updrafts, the mature stage with both updrafts and downdrafts, and the dissipating stage dominated by downdrafts. It then contrasts air mass thunderstorms and severe thunderstorms, noting that severe storms are longer-lived due to wind shear tilting the updraft. Finally, it describes supercell thunderstorms which can spawn tornadoes due to their rotating mesocyclone updraft structure.
A document tackling about the basis of Thunderstorms:
-What is Thunderstorm?
-How do the Thunderstorms form?
-What is the difference between thunder and lightning?
Between a water spout and a tornado?
-What are the types of Lightning? of a Thunderstorm?
-What are some signs of an approaching thunderstorm?
-What are some precautionary measures to do before and during a thunderstorm?
-Case of Thunderstorms in the Philippines and on Planes
Thunderstorms are storms that produce rain, wind, and sometimes hail or snow. They start when moisture, unstable air, and an uplifting force combine. While thunderstorms can occur year-round, they are most common in the spring and summer in the midwestern and southern United States, especially Florida. The document provides tips for staying safe during a thunderstorm such as taking shelter if lightning is within 30 seconds of thunder and waiting 30 minutes after the last lightning flash to exit shelter.
This PowerPoint covers different weather fronts and severe weather. It includes sections on fronts like cold fronts, warm fronts, and occluded fronts. It describes different types of severe weather such as thunderstorms, lightning, tornadoes, and hurricanes. It contains activities to practice predicting weather and quizzes to test understanding of fronts and severe weather. The goal is to help students learn about these topics for an upcoming chapter test.
The document provides information about mid-latitude cyclones, including:
1) The stages of development of a mid-latitude cyclone are the initial, development, mature, and occlusion stages.
2) Conditions necessary for their formation include contact between warm/moist and cold/dry air masses at the polar front with convergence and disturbances forming a low pressure system.
3) Characteristics include originating in mid-latitudes, moving eastward, rotating counterclockwise, having a diameter of up to 1,000 miles, bringing changing weather over 1-3 days, and being caused by clashes between different air masses.
1. What is a Cyclone? Types? Paths?
2. How do we recognize a cyclone?
3. What are Mid-latitude Cyclonic Systems?
4. What are their stages, from birth to dissipation?
5. What is the weather associated with the passage of a wave cyclone?
Thunderstorms form when there is moisture in the lower atmosphere, a mechanism to lift the moisture to condense and release latent heat, and an unstable atmosphere. They go through cumulus, mature, and dissipation stages. Lightning is a visible electrical discharge produced by thunderstorms that transfers charge between clouds, air, or the ground. It can reach temperatures over 54,000°F. Hurricanes are intense tropical storms that form over warm ocean waters and have sustained winds over 74 mph. They have a counterclockwise circulation in the Northern Hemisphere due to the Coriolis effect and go through tropical depression, storm, and hurricane stages as they strengthen.
The document discusses various weather hazards for aviation. It begins by explaining how weather affects aircraft operation in terms of lift, drag, thrust and weight. It then discusses important observed weather elements for aviation like wind, visibility, clouds and pressure readings. Several dangerous weather systems are also covered such as thunderstorms, turbulence and icing. Specific thunderstorm hazards like severe turbulence, hail and lightning are explained. The document concludes by discussing techniques for flying in thunderstorm conditions and details different types of turbulence hazards.
This document discusses aviation meteorology and the relationship between meteorology and aerospace engineering. It begins by defining meteorology and describing the composition of the atmosphere. It then discusses various meteorological phenomena relevant to aviation like clouds, thunderstorms, visibility, and continuous gusts. It also describes the instrumentation used in aviation meteorology. Finally, it discusses topics like aviaticus clouds, weather reporting codes, and the role of geology in runway construction.
Thunderstorms form from moisture, unstable air that rises rapidly, and lift from factors like fronts or mountains. Thunder is caused by lightning opening a small channel in the air, which then collapses back, creating the sound we hear. While thunderstorms produce noise and light, it is the heavy rain and wind that can damage homes and property, potentially leaving people without shelter or food.
Midlatitude cyclones are large low pressure storm systems that form in the midlatitudes. They develop as warm and cold air masses converge, forming fronts where the air masses meet. As the cyclone moves eastward, the cold front typically advances faster than the storm itself and eventually catches up to the warm front. Meteograms are charts that plot changes in weather conditions over time and can clearly show the passing of fronts and associated changes in temperature, wind, precipitation and other conditions.
This document discusses weather patterns associated with fronts and cyclones. It describes how weather changes as cold fronts and warm fronts approach and pass through a region. Cold fronts bring rapid weather changes like thunderstorms, while warm fronts pass more slowly with steady precipitation. Occluded and stationary fronts are associated with large areas of rainy weather. The document also outlines the four stages of cyclogenesis as a low pressure system develops - early, open, occluded, and dissolving stages - and the weather patterns at each stage.
Tropical cyclones, also known as hurricanes or typhoons, are large storm systems that form over warm tropical oceans and are characterized by strong winds that spiral inward toward the eye of the storm. They develop when warm, moist air rises and condenses, releasing latent heat that powers the storm. Tropical cyclones strengthen over warm ocean waters due to evaporation that fuels thunderstorms and heavy rain. They weaken rapidly when moving over land away from their heat source. Major tropical cyclone basins are monitored by regional warning centers that track storms and issue advisories.
Thunderstorms form through convection, where warm air rises and cold air sinks. A thunderstorm involves an updraft of warm air carrying water droplets that freeze to form hail, and a downdraft of cold air that brings rain and can produce strong winds. Thunderstorms occur along weather fronts, where warm and cold air masses meet, or in areas with unstable atmospheric conditions. Accurately predicting thunderstorms and their impacts is challenging due to the complex equations governing atmospheric processes.
This document discusses air masses and fronts. It defines air masses as large bodies of air with uniform temperature and humidity characteristics formed over flat, uniform source regions. It identifies the five main air mass categories and the principal air masses over eastern Africa. It then explains that fronts are boundaries between differing air masses and describes the four main front types - cold fronts, warm fronts, stationary fronts and occluded fronts - and their characteristic weather patterns. It concludes by showing the symbols used to represent different fronts on weather maps.
This document provides information about three types of severe weather associated with cumulonimbus clouds: thunderstorms, tornadoes, and hurricanes. It examines how each forms from different lifting mechanisms in the atmosphere and discusses their characteristics. Thunderstorms form from warm, moist air that is lifted violently by cold fronts. Tornadoes are rotating columns of air that form from wind shear. Hurricanes are intense rotating storms that form over tropical oceans from converging winds and require warm ocean waters to strengthen. The document outlines the damage potential of each, including lightning, hail, strong winds, and flooding from thunderstorms; winds and rotation from tornadoes; and winds, storm surge, and inland flooding from hurricanes.
1. Atmospheric circulation occurs due to differences in solar heating between the equator and poles, creating three main circulation cells - the Hadley, Ferrel, and polar cells.
2. The Hadley cell involves warm air rising at the equator, cooling and sinking at 30 degrees latitude, and returning to the equator, transferring heat energy.
3. Seasonal shifts in the position of maximum solar heating cause the circulation cells and associated wind and pressure patterns to shift north and south over the year, strongly influencing the climate of areas like sub-Saharan Africa.
This document discusses different types of clouds and how they form. It explains that clouds form when water vapor condenses around particles in the air and that they can form through processes like air cooling, rising air, or changes in air pressure. The document then describes various cloud types categorized by height like cirrus, altostratus and cumulus clouds. For each cloud type, it provides details on their appearance and the weather they typically bring.
Cyclones and anticyclones are areas of low and high atmospheric pressure respectively. Air flows cyclonically (counterclockwise in northern hemisphere) around low pressure systems and anticyclonically (clockwise) around high pressure systems. Cyclones are associated with rising air and rain while anticyclones see sinking air and fair weather. Irregularities in jet streams can contribute to the formation and movement of cyclonic and anticyclonic weather systems.
Thunderstorms occur when warm, humid air rises rapidly into the atmosphere. As the air cools, water vapor condenses to form clouds and rain. Negative electric charges build up in the clouds, which are discharged as lightning. The intense heat of lightning causes air to expand rapidly, producing thunder sounds. Tornadoes form from a violently rotating column of air that extends from thunderclouds to the ground. Hurricanes are large, rotating tropical storm systems with sustained wind speeds of at least 119 km/hr that can be very destructive.
1) Thunderstorms result from the rapid upward movement of warm, moist air within clouds and occur inside warm, moist air masses and at fronts.
2) There are four main types of thunderstorms: single-cell, multicell cluster, multicell lines, and supercells, with supercells being the strongest and most associated with severe weather.
3) In 2010, a severe thunderstorm struck parts of Bangladesh and eastern India, killing over 140 people and leaving nearly 500,000 homeless or affected. In 1939, a tropical storm made landfall in California, causing flooding that killed 45 people.
The document summarizes key information about tornadoes including their formation, characteristics, warning signs, safety precautions, and common myths. It discusses how tornadoes form due to collisions of warm and cold air masses. They can have wind speeds over 300 mph and occur most frequently in the late afternoon and evening in tornado alley states. The document outlines safety procedures during tornadoes and emphasizes that underground shelters are the safest location to ride out a tornado.
Tornadoes form from thunderstorms when warm, moist air meets cool, dry air, creating instability. A change in wind direction and increasing speed with height causes horizontal spinning in the lower atmosphere. Most tornadoes form in an area of the central US known as "Tornado Alley" from Texas to Illinois, where conditions are optimal for tornado formation. Tornadoes can occur any time of year but peak seasons are March-May in the South and summer in the North, with a secondary peak in the South in fall.
Anticyclones bring settled weather to the UK, with dry, bright conditions that can last for several days. In summer, anticyclones result in hot and sunny weather due to clear skies and a high sun. In winter, anticyclones lead to cold, clear nights that allow frost and fog to form as the sun is low and days are short. The weather associated with anticyclones is explained by the sinking air within the high pressure system, which warms and picks up moisture, preventing cloud and precipitation.
This document discusses hurricanes, including their structure, formation, and naming conventions. It notes that hurricanes are a type of tropical cyclone that forms over warm ocean waters and features heavy rains and strong winds that spiral inward. The document outlines the typical stages of a hurricane's life cycle from formation to maturity to decay. It also describes the vertical structure of hurricanes and notes key factors like sea surface temperature that enable their development. Finally, the document indicates that meteorological organizations name hurricanes to identify and track them, classifying storms on scales of intensity.
Thunderstorms can be ordinary cell or supercell storms. Ordinary cell storms have three stages: cumulus, mature with rain/hail and lightning, and dissipating. Supercell storms feature rotating updrafts and are associated with tornadoes. Lightning results from the buildup of positive and negative charges within storm clouds. It allows for the equalization of these charges through flashes that can reach temperatures over 50,000 degrees Fahrenheit.
The document provides information about mid-latitude cyclones, including:
1) The stages of development of a mid-latitude cyclone are the initial, development, mature, and occlusion stages.
2) Conditions necessary for their formation include contact between warm/moist and cold/dry air masses at the polar front with convergence and disturbances forming a low pressure system.
3) Characteristics include originating in mid-latitudes, moving eastward, rotating counterclockwise, having a diameter of up to 1,000 miles, bringing changing weather over 1-3 days, and being caused by clashes between different air masses.
1. What is a Cyclone? Types? Paths?
2. How do we recognize a cyclone?
3. What are Mid-latitude Cyclonic Systems?
4. What are their stages, from birth to dissipation?
5. What is the weather associated with the passage of a wave cyclone?
Thunderstorms form when there is moisture in the lower atmosphere, a mechanism to lift the moisture to condense and release latent heat, and an unstable atmosphere. They go through cumulus, mature, and dissipation stages. Lightning is a visible electrical discharge produced by thunderstorms that transfers charge between clouds, air, or the ground. It can reach temperatures over 54,000°F. Hurricanes are intense tropical storms that form over warm ocean waters and have sustained winds over 74 mph. They have a counterclockwise circulation in the Northern Hemisphere due to the Coriolis effect and go through tropical depression, storm, and hurricane stages as they strengthen.
The document discusses various weather hazards for aviation. It begins by explaining how weather affects aircraft operation in terms of lift, drag, thrust and weight. It then discusses important observed weather elements for aviation like wind, visibility, clouds and pressure readings. Several dangerous weather systems are also covered such as thunderstorms, turbulence and icing. Specific thunderstorm hazards like severe turbulence, hail and lightning are explained. The document concludes by discussing techniques for flying in thunderstorm conditions and details different types of turbulence hazards.
This document discusses aviation meteorology and the relationship between meteorology and aerospace engineering. It begins by defining meteorology and describing the composition of the atmosphere. It then discusses various meteorological phenomena relevant to aviation like clouds, thunderstorms, visibility, and continuous gusts. It also describes the instrumentation used in aviation meteorology. Finally, it discusses topics like aviaticus clouds, weather reporting codes, and the role of geology in runway construction.
Thunderstorms form from moisture, unstable air that rises rapidly, and lift from factors like fronts or mountains. Thunder is caused by lightning opening a small channel in the air, which then collapses back, creating the sound we hear. While thunderstorms produce noise and light, it is the heavy rain and wind that can damage homes and property, potentially leaving people without shelter or food.
Midlatitude cyclones are large low pressure storm systems that form in the midlatitudes. They develop as warm and cold air masses converge, forming fronts where the air masses meet. As the cyclone moves eastward, the cold front typically advances faster than the storm itself and eventually catches up to the warm front. Meteograms are charts that plot changes in weather conditions over time and can clearly show the passing of fronts and associated changes in temperature, wind, precipitation and other conditions.
This document discusses weather patterns associated with fronts and cyclones. It describes how weather changes as cold fronts and warm fronts approach and pass through a region. Cold fronts bring rapid weather changes like thunderstorms, while warm fronts pass more slowly with steady precipitation. Occluded and stationary fronts are associated with large areas of rainy weather. The document also outlines the four stages of cyclogenesis as a low pressure system develops - early, open, occluded, and dissolving stages - and the weather patterns at each stage.
Tropical cyclones, also known as hurricanes or typhoons, are large storm systems that form over warm tropical oceans and are characterized by strong winds that spiral inward toward the eye of the storm. They develop when warm, moist air rises and condenses, releasing latent heat that powers the storm. Tropical cyclones strengthen over warm ocean waters due to evaporation that fuels thunderstorms and heavy rain. They weaken rapidly when moving over land away from their heat source. Major tropical cyclone basins are monitored by regional warning centers that track storms and issue advisories.
Thunderstorms form through convection, where warm air rises and cold air sinks. A thunderstorm involves an updraft of warm air carrying water droplets that freeze to form hail, and a downdraft of cold air that brings rain and can produce strong winds. Thunderstorms occur along weather fronts, where warm and cold air masses meet, or in areas with unstable atmospheric conditions. Accurately predicting thunderstorms and their impacts is challenging due to the complex equations governing atmospheric processes.
This document discusses air masses and fronts. It defines air masses as large bodies of air with uniform temperature and humidity characteristics formed over flat, uniform source regions. It identifies the five main air mass categories and the principal air masses over eastern Africa. It then explains that fronts are boundaries between differing air masses and describes the four main front types - cold fronts, warm fronts, stationary fronts and occluded fronts - and their characteristic weather patterns. It concludes by showing the symbols used to represent different fronts on weather maps.
This document provides information about three types of severe weather associated with cumulonimbus clouds: thunderstorms, tornadoes, and hurricanes. It examines how each forms from different lifting mechanisms in the atmosphere and discusses their characteristics. Thunderstorms form from warm, moist air that is lifted violently by cold fronts. Tornadoes are rotating columns of air that form from wind shear. Hurricanes are intense rotating storms that form over tropical oceans from converging winds and require warm ocean waters to strengthen. The document outlines the damage potential of each, including lightning, hail, strong winds, and flooding from thunderstorms; winds and rotation from tornadoes; and winds, storm surge, and inland flooding from hurricanes.
1. Atmospheric circulation occurs due to differences in solar heating between the equator and poles, creating three main circulation cells - the Hadley, Ferrel, and polar cells.
2. The Hadley cell involves warm air rising at the equator, cooling and sinking at 30 degrees latitude, and returning to the equator, transferring heat energy.
3. Seasonal shifts in the position of maximum solar heating cause the circulation cells and associated wind and pressure patterns to shift north and south over the year, strongly influencing the climate of areas like sub-Saharan Africa.
This document discusses different types of clouds and how they form. It explains that clouds form when water vapor condenses around particles in the air and that they can form through processes like air cooling, rising air, or changes in air pressure. The document then describes various cloud types categorized by height like cirrus, altostratus and cumulus clouds. For each cloud type, it provides details on their appearance and the weather they typically bring.
Cyclones and anticyclones are areas of low and high atmospheric pressure respectively. Air flows cyclonically (counterclockwise in northern hemisphere) around low pressure systems and anticyclonically (clockwise) around high pressure systems. Cyclones are associated with rising air and rain while anticyclones see sinking air and fair weather. Irregularities in jet streams can contribute to the formation and movement of cyclonic and anticyclonic weather systems.
Thunderstorms occur when warm, humid air rises rapidly into the atmosphere. As the air cools, water vapor condenses to form clouds and rain. Negative electric charges build up in the clouds, which are discharged as lightning. The intense heat of lightning causes air to expand rapidly, producing thunder sounds. Tornadoes form from a violently rotating column of air that extends from thunderclouds to the ground. Hurricanes are large, rotating tropical storm systems with sustained wind speeds of at least 119 km/hr that can be very destructive.
1) Thunderstorms result from the rapid upward movement of warm, moist air within clouds and occur inside warm, moist air masses and at fronts.
2) There are four main types of thunderstorms: single-cell, multicell cluster, multicell lines, and supercells, with supercells being the strongest and most associated with severe weather.
3) In 2010, a severe thunderstorm struck parts of Bangladesh and eastern India, killing over 140 people and leaving nearly 500,000 homeless or affected. In 1939, a tropical storm made landfall in California, causing flooding that killed 45 people.
The document summarizes key information about tornadoes including their formation, characteristics, warning signs, safety precautions, and common myths. It discusses how tornadoes form due to collisions of warm and cold air masses. They can have wind speeds over 300 mph and occur most frequently in the late afternoon and evening in tornado alley states. The document outlines safety procedures during tornadoes and emphasizes that underground shelters are the safest location to ride out a tornado.
Tornadoes form from thunderstorms when warm, moist air meets cool, dry air, creating instability. A change in wind direction and increasing speed with height causes horizontal spinning in the lower atmosphere. Most tornadoes form in an area of the central US known as "Tornado Alley" from Texas to Illinois, where conditions are optimal for tornado formation. Tornadoes can occur any time of year but peak seasons are March-May in the South and summer in the North, with a secondary peak in the South in fall.
Anticyclones bring settled weather to the UK, with dry, bright conditions that can last for several days. In summer, anticyclones result in hot and sunny weather due to clear skies and a high sun. In winter, anticyclones lead to cold, clear nights that allow frost and fog to form as the sun is low and days are short. The weather associated with anticyclones is explained by the sinking air within the high pressure system, which warms and picks up moisture, preventing cloud and precipitation.
This document discusses hurricanes, including their structure, formation, and naming conventions. It notes that hurricanes are a type of tropical cyclone that forms over warm ocean waters and features heavy rains and strong winds that spiral inward. The document outlines the typical stages of a hurricane's life cycle from formation to maturity to decay. It also describes the vertical structure of hurricanes and notes key factors like sea surface temperature that enable their development. Finally, the document indicates that meteorological organizations name hurricanes to identify and track them, classifying storms on scales of intensity.
Thunderstorms can be ordinary cell or supercell storms. Ordinary cell storms have three stages: cumulus, mature with rain/hail and lightning, and dissipating. Supercell storms feature rotating updrafts and are associated with tornadoes. Lightning results from the buildup of positive and negative charges within storm clouds. It allows for the equalization of these charges through flashes that can reach temperatures over 50,000 degrees Fahrenheit.
Atmospheric Disturbances, Storms and Natural Hazards.pptxRalphNavelino3
This document discusses various atmospheric disturbances and natural hazards, including storms. It describes middle latitude cyclones, also known as extra-tropical or mid-latitude cyclones, which develop at polar fronts and travel along them, causing variations in weather. Hurricanes are also discussed, which are large rotating systems that form over warm ocean waters and can be extremely destructive due to high winds, flooding, storm surges and tornadoes. Thunderstorms, which produce lightning and thunder, and tornadoes, the most powerful of weather phenomena, are additionally summarized.
This document discusses thunderstorms, tornadoes, and hurricanes. It describes the different types of thunderstorms like air-mass thunderstorms and severe thunderstorms including supercell thunderstorms. Tornado formation and occurrence are explained detailing how mesocyclones form and funnel clouds develop. Hurricanes are introduced covering their profile, formation from tropical disturbances, and decay when they move over land or cooler waters.
This document discusses winds, air masses, and fronts in the atmosphere. It begins by introducing winds and how they are caused by pressure differences driven by temperature variations. It describes various forces that influence winds, including pressure gradient force, Coriolis force, and friction. Several global wind systems are then outlined, such as trade winds and westerlies. Local wind systems like sea breezes and mountain/valley breezes are also summarized. These local winds develop due to uneven heating and cooling of land and water surfaces.
A tornado is a rotating column of air that extends from a thunderstorm to the ground. Most tornadoes have wind speeds between 40-110 mph but the strongest can exceed 300 mph. Tornadoes form from thunderstorms called supercells that contain rotating updrafts. As rain drags down rotating air, a funnel cloud may form and touch down as a tornado. Tornadoes grow strongest as they receive warm air but then weaken as surrounding winds cut off the supply, causing the tornado to dissipate.
Tornadoes form when strong winds within thunderstorms cause water vapor in the air to condense into a funnel cloud. They range in severity from weak land spouts to catastrophic tornadoes over 300 mph wide. Storm chasers carefully study weather data to track conditions favorable for tornado formation and document tornadoes. Safety tips include seeking shelter in interior rooms on the lowest floor of sturdy buildings and protecting your head and body when a tornado threatens.
This document discusses thunderstorms and their formation. It outlines the four necessary conditions for thunderstorms which include instability through the atmosphere, sufficient humidity, cloud tops reaching -18°C or colder, and available energy to release. It describes the main types of thunderstorms and characteristics of single-cell, multi-cell, multi-cell line storms and supercell storms. The development of thunderstorms involves warm air rising due to conduction and convection. Moisture, instability, and a trigger are needed. Forecasting uses numerical prediction and ensemble forecasting to indicate a range of possible future weather states.
Tornadoes form from severe thunderstorms called supercells. As wind swirls into the storm, a funnel forms that spins faster and faster, sucking more air and objects into its extremely low pressure area. Tornadoes can destroy houses, throw objects high into the sky, and rip apart everything in their paths as they touch down across parts of the central US, especially in an area called Tornado Alley. Different types of tornadoes include supercell tornadoes, dust devils, firewhirls, gustnadoes, landspouts, and waterspouts.
This document provides an overview of an introductory meteorology course. It discusses key weather elements like temperature, pressure, humidity and clouds. It also covers weather phenomena like storms, fronts and maps. Satellite images are used to view weather patterns. The document outlines different types of storms and careers in meteorology. Weather and climate are explored in how they impact our lives and environment.
1. Thunderstorms are the most common severe storm and form from cumulonimbus clouds, producing lightning, thunder, heavy rain, and strong winds.
2. Tornadoes are violent whirling winds that move across the ground in a narrow path, often growing out of thunderstorms.
3. Hurricanes are very large, swirling storms over tropical oceans near the equator, with low pressure at their center. They cause storm surge and flooding from large waves.
Hydrometeorological hazard is a process or phenomenon of atmospheric, hydrological or oceanographic nature that may cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, loss of livelihoods and services, social and economic disruption, or environmental damage.
This document defines and describes various hydrometeorological hazards such as tropical cyclones, thunderstorms, floods, droughts, heat waves, cold spells, avalanches, and blizzards. It then focuses on specific hazards like tropical cyclones/typhoons/hurricanes, thunderstorms, tornadoes, flash floods, and floods. For each hazard, the document discusses characteristics, causes, classification (for tropical cyclones), and potential impacts. It also covers monitoring technologies like satellites and Doppler radar. Finally, it provides strategies for preparedness, response, and rehabilitation related to tropical cyclones.
This document discusses various hydrometeorological hazards such as tropical cyclones, thunderstorms, floods, droughts, and more. It provides definitions and descriptions of different types of hazards like tropical cyclones, typhoons, hurricanes, thunderstorms, tornadoes, flash floods, floods, storm surges, El Niño and La Niña. The document also discusses how different hazards are monitored and forecasted using tools like satellites, Doppler radar, and preparedness and mitigation strategies to adopt before, during, and after hazards occur.
This document outlines an introduction to meteorology course, including information about the course structure, content, learning outcomes, and assessment. It provides an overview of the course, which covers topics such as the structure and composition of the atmosphere, global energy budgets, atmospheric processes and weather phenomena, analytical meteorology methods, and an introduction to aviation meteorology. The first topic discussed in the course content is the Earth's atmosphere, including its definition, general characteristics, and how its composition has evolved over time.
The purpose of this paper is to highlight the general
terms and definitions that falls under the ‘common set’ in the
intersection of the sets Meteorology and Aerospace Engineering.
It begins with the universal explanations for the meteorological
phenomena under the ‘common set’ followed by the
categorization of clouds and their influences on the aerial
vehicles, the instrumentation used in Aeronautics to determine
the required Meteorological quantities, factors affecting aviation,
effects of aviation on the clouds, and the corresponding protocols
involved in deciphering the ‘common set’ elements.
It also talks about the relation between airport construction and
Geology prior to concluding with the uses and successes of
Meteorology in the field of Aerospace.
A cyclone is a low pressure system surrounded by high pressure with winds spiraling inward toward the center. There are two main types: temperate and tropical cyclones. Characteristics of tropical cyclones include inward spiraling surface winds, tight elliptical isobar patterns, minimal surface temperature drop near the center, heavy spiral cloud bands including the distinctive eye, and central pressures well below average. Tropical cyclones are classified based on sustained wind speeds and can cause heavy rain, strong winds, storm surges, flooding, infrastructure damage, and loss of life both at sea and on land when making landfall.
The document discusses various hydrometeorological hazards such as tropical cyclones, thunderstorms, floods, droughts, and heat waves. It provides descriptions of different hazards, including cyclones, typhoons, floods, storm surges, and tornadoes. The document also outlines preparedness, response, and rehabilitation strategies for hazards like tropical cyclones, thunderstorms, floods, and storm surges. These include developing family plans, securing property, sheltering safely during events, and assisting in recovery efforts after hazards pass.
This document provides an outline and overview of various types of turbulence that aircraft may encounter, including convective turbulence caused by thermal currents, mechanical turbulence caused by obstructions to wind flow such as buildings and terrain features, wind shear, and wake turbulence. It discusses the causes and characteristics of different types of turbulence, effects on aircraft, and recommendations for reducing turbulence risks such as maintaining appropriate airspeed and altitude when flying in areas likely to experience turbulence such as near mountains in unstable air conditions.
The design of Farm cart 0011 report 1 2020musadoto
This report describes the best designing of a 200cc FARM CART MACHINE which will be useful to the farm fields due to the fact that, the purchase, repair and maintenance are affordable to all level of income earners. Despite the cost effectiveness of the machine, the report also tries to justify that the machine can be used multipurposely as it serves the purposes of been used as farm transport, mowering machine, boom spraying and or mini planter with two rows. All these can be achieved as long as the implements are attached with respect to the power capacity of the farm cart.
The report tells only the design and testing of machine excluding its farm implements design. Some best reviews from other study projects done by other people in the world provided a good reference for designing and implementation of this project. The project is initially costly because it needs to develop a prototype and test the different first ideas.
The project report describes the important of choosing to use the designed farm cart machine compared to other farm machines at the market which are most efficiently to be used by farmers in their fields.
The challenges are inevitable in any project, here in designing of this 200cc farm machine, the major issue is the funding because the fund for this project is from the pocket which is always insufficient as it depends to the meals and accommodation money distribution sponsored from the HIGH EDUCATION STUDENTS LOAN BOARD (HESLB) thus it takes longer to accomplish the project by waiting another quarter of the semester to continue with the project which affects the other part of normal life(in terms of meals and accommodation).
The report recommends that, the department of engineering sciences and technology and Sokoine University of Agriculture as a whole should invest into this technology by utilizing fully the idea and funding the project for more better improvement so as to attain the desired standard that can with stand the different farm field factors. These when taken into consideration there is a possibility to achieve the industrialization policy in our country and thereafter it is a better approach to modern agriculture.
IRRIGATION SYSTEMS AND DESIGN - IWRE 317 questions collection 1997 - 2018 ...musadoto
This document contains sample exam questions for a course on irrigation systems design. It includes multiple choice and short answer questions testing understanding of key irrigation concepts. Some example questions are on pump characteristics, calculating water requirements for drip and sprinkler systems, estimating consumptive water use, and determining system efficiencies. The document provides a compilation of past exam questions from 1997 to 2018 to help students prepare for tests.
CONSTRUCTION [soil treatment, foundation backfill, Damp Proof Membrane[DPM] a...musadoto
With reference to a construction site visited recently, describe in details key features
that can be observed on site as follows
Foundations backfilling, hardcore, soil treatment, DPM and BRC works prior
to pouring oversite concrete
CONSTRUCTION [soil treatment, foundation backfill, Damp Proof Membrane[DPM] and BRC for engineers (civil)
BASICS OF COMPUTER PROGRAMMING-TAKE HOME ASSIGNMENT 2018musadoto
Self- Check 1
Which of the following are Pascal reserved words, standard identifiers, valid identifiers, invalid identifiers?
end ReadLn Bill
program Sues‟s Rate
Start begin const
Y=Z Prog#2 &Up
First Name „MaxScores‟ A*B
CostaMesa,CA Barnes&Noble CONST
XYZ123 ThisIsALongOne 123XYZANSWER
ANSWERS
Paschal reserved words:
begin, end, program, Start, CONST, const
Standard identifiers:
ReadLn, „MaxScores‟, Bill, Rate
Valid identifiers:
XYZ123, ThisIsALongOne, A*B, Y=Z, CostaMesa, CA, First Name
Invalid identifiers:
123XYZ, Sues‟s, &UpFirstName, Barnes&Noble, Prog#2
Self- Check 2
Which of the following literal values are legal and what are their types? Which are illegal and why?
15 „XYZ‟ „*‟
$25.123 15; -999
.123 „x‟ “X”
„9‟ „-5‟ True
ANSWER:
The following values are legal and their type
Legal
Type
Illegal
15
Integer literal
$25.123
„XYZ‟
String Literal
.123
„X‟
Character Literal
„9‟
True
Boolean Literal
15;
-999
Integer Literal
-„5‟
Operator literal
„*‟
TP- Lecture 4.2
Self- Checked 1
Which of the following are valid program headings? Which are invalid and why?
(i) Program program; - INVALID using reserved ID
(ii) program 2ndCourseInCS; -INVALID because starts with digit
(iii) program PascalIsFun;- VALID program heading
(iv) program Rainy Day; -INVALID – contains space
Self- Checked 2
Rewrite the following code so that it has no syntax errors and follows the writing conventions we adopted
(i) Program SMALL;
VAR X, Y, Z : real;
BEGIN
Y := 15.0;
Z := -Y + 3.5;
X :=Y + z;
writeln (x, Y, z);
END.
ANSWER:
Program
ENGINEERING SYSTEM DYNAMICS-TAKE HOME ASSIGNMENT 2018musadoto
1. Read Chapter 4 – System Dynamics for Mechanical Engineers by Matthew Davies and Tony L. Schmitz and implement Examples 4.1 to 4.12 in Matlab.
2. Read Chapter 7 – System Dynamics for Mechanical Engineers by Matthew Davies and Tony L. Schmitz and implement Examples 7.1 to 7.11 in Matlab.
3. Read Chapter 9 – System Dynamics for Mechanical Engineers by Matthew Davies and Tony L. Schmitz and implement Examples 9.1 to 9.6 in Matlab.
4. Read Chapter 11 – System Dynamics for Mechanical Engineers by Matthew Davies and Tony L. Schmitz and implement Examples 11.1 to 11.7 in Matlab.
5. Read Chapter 2 - System Dynamics for Engineering Students: Concepts and Applications by Nicolae Lobontiu and attempt problem 2.18 (page 63).
6. Read Chapter 3 - System Dynamics for Engineering Students: Concepts and Applications by Nicolae Lobontiu and attempt problem 3.13 (pp 98 - 100).
7. Read Chapter 4 - System Dynamics for Engineering Students: Concepts and Applications by Nicolae Lobontiu and attempt problem 4.20 (page 146).
8. Read Chapter 5 - System Dynamics for Engineering Students: Concepts and Applications by Nicolae Lobontiu and attempt problems 5.15 (page 198), 5.21 (pp 199 - 200) and 5.27 (pp 201 – 202).
Hardeninig of steel (Jominy test)-CoET- udsmmusadoto
The document describes a Jominy end-quench test experiment to measure the hardenability of two steel samples. Steel samples A and C were heated to the austenite temperature and quenched with water at one end. Hardness measurements using the Rockwell C scale were taken at intervals along the samples. Sample A showed little variation in hardness, while hardness decreased with distance from the quenched end for sample C. A graph of hardness versus distance revealed that sample A has higher hardenability, retaining hardness further from the quenched end. The hardenability indices at 50HRC were determined to be 2mm, 5mm, and 6.5mm from the graph.
1.1 The aim of the experiment
The aim of the experiment is to test the usefulness of the ultrasonic waves, by passing them through different
solids one can find out a lot of physical properties like young’s modulus , defects, Poisson ratio, Velocity of
sound in respective material this is due to the response of the received ultrasonic waves.
1.2 Theory of experiment
Ultrasonic testing (UT) is a family of non-destructive testing (NDT) techniques based on the propagation of ultrasonic waves in the object or material tested. In most common UT applications, very short ultrasonic pulse-waves with center frequencies ranging from 0.1-15 MHz, and occasionally up to 50 MHz, are transmitted into materials to detect internal flaws or to characterize materials. A common example is ultrasonic thickness measurement, which tests the thickness of the test object, for example, to monitor pipework corrosion.
Ultrasonic testing is often performed on steel and other metals and alloys, though it can also be used on concrete, wood and composites, albeit with less resolution. It is used in many industries including steel and aluminium construction, metallurgy, manufacturing, aerospace, automotive and other transportation sectors.
Ae 219 - BASICS OF PASCHAL PROGRAMMING-2017 test manual solutionmusadoto
Whether the Pascal program is small or large, it must have a specific structure. This
program consists mainly of one statement (WRITELN) which does the actual work
here, as it displays whatever comes between the parentheses. The statement is
included inside a frame starting with the keyword BEGIN and ending with the keyword
END. This is called the program main body (or the program block) and usually
contains the main logic of data processing.
1. The background of Fluid Mechanics
2. Fields of Fluid mechanics
3. Introduction and Basic concepts
4. Properties of Fluids
5. Pressure and fluid statics
6. Hydrodynamics
Fluid mechanics (a letter to a friend) part 1 ...musadoto
1. The background of Fluid Mechanics
2. Fields of Fluid mechanics
3. Introduction and Basic concepts
4. Properties of Fluids
5. Pressure and fluid statics
6. Hydrodynamics
Fluids mechanics (a letter to a friend) part 1 ...musadoto
1. The background of Fluid Mechanics
2. Fields of Fluid mechanics
3. Introduction and Basic concepts
4. Properties of Fluids
5. Pressure and fluid statics
6. Hydrodynamics
Fresh concrete -building materials for engineersmusadoto
CONCRETE
is a building Material made from a mixture of gravel ,sand ,cement,water and air ,forming a stone like mass on hardenning.
FRESH CONCRETE
It is a concrete that has not reached the final setting time.
Course Contents:
Introduction; Linear measurements; Analysis and adjustment of measurements, Survey methods: coordinate systems, bearings, horizontal control, traversing, triangulation, detail surveying; Orientation and position; Areas and volumes; Setting out; Curve ranging; Global Positioning system (GPS); Photogrammetry.
Fresh concrete -building materials for engineersmusadoto
General introduction
CONCRETE
is a building Material made from a mixture of gravel ,sand ,cement,water and air ,forming a stone like mass on hardenning.
FRESH CONCRETE
It is a concrete that has not reached the final setting time.
DIESEL ENGINE POWER REPORT -AE 215 -SOURCES OF FARM POWERmusadoto
The diesel engine (also known as a compression-ignition or CI engine), named after Rudolf Diesel, is an internal combustion engine in which ignition of the fuel which is injected into the combustion chamber is caused by the elevated temperature of the air in the cylinder due to mechanical compression (adiabatic compression). Diesel engines work by compressing only the air. This increases the air temperature inside the cylinder to such a high degree that atomised diesel fuel that is injected into the combustion chamber ignites spontaneously. This contrasts with spark-ignition engines such as a petrol engine (gasoline engine) or gas engine (using a gaseous fuel as opposed to petrol), which use a spark plug to ignite an air-fuel mixture. In diesel engines, glow plugs (combustion chamber pre-warmers) may be used to aid starting in cold weather, or when the engine uses a lower compression-ratio, or both. The original diesel engine operates on the "constant pressure" cycle of gradual combustion and produces no audible knock.
A diesel engine built by MAN AG in 1906
Detroit Diesel timing
Fairbanks Morse model 32
The diesel engine has the highest thermal efficiency (engine efficiency) of any practical internal or external combustion engine due to its very high expansion ratio and inherent lean burn which enables heat dissipation by the excess air. A small efficiency loss is also avoided compared to two-stroke non-direct-injection gasoline engines since unburned fuel is not present at valve overlap and therefore no fuel goes directly from the intake/injection to the exhaust. Low-speed diesel engines (as used in ships and other applications where overall engine weight is relatively unimportant) can have a thermal efficiency that exceeds 50%.[1][2
Farm and human power REPORT - AE 215-SOURCES OF FARM POWER musadoto
Farm is an area of land and its building, used for growing crops a rearing of animals or an area of land
that is devoted primarily of agricultural process with the primary objective of producing food and other
commercial crops. Or an area of water that is devoted primarily to agricultural process in order to
produce and manage such commodities as fibers, grains, livestock or fuel.
The process of working the ground, planting seeds and growing of planting known as farming.it can
described s raising of animals for milk and meat as farming.
ENGINE POWER PETROL REPORT-AE 215-SOURCES OF FARM POWERmusadoto
What is an Engine?
Before knowing about how the Petrol Engine works, let's first understand what an engine is. This is common for both petrol and diesel engines alike. An engine is a power generating machine which converts potential energy of the fuel into heat energy and then into motion. It produces power and also runs on its own power.
The engine generates its power by burning the fuel in a self-regulated and controlled „Combustion‟ process. The combustion process involves many sub-processes which burn the fuel efficiently and results in the smooth running of the engine.
These processes include:
The suction of air (also known as breathing or aspiration).
Mixing of the fuel with air after breaking the liquid fuel into highly atomized / mist form.
Igniting the air-fuel mixture with a spark (petrol engine).
Burning of highly atomized fuel particles which results in releasing / ejection of heat energy.
How does an Engine work?
The engine converts Heat Energy into Kinetic Energy in the form of „Reciprocating Motion‟. The expansion of heated gases and their forces act on the engine pistons. The gases push the pistons downwards which results in reciprocating motion of pistons.
This motion of the piston enables the crank-shaft to rotate. Thus, it finally converts the reciprocating motion into the 'Rotary motion' and passes on to wheels.
A petrol engine (known as a gasoline engine in American English) is an internal combustion engine with spark-ignition, designed to run on petrol (gasoline) and similar volatile fuels.
In most petrol engines, the fuel and air are usually mixed after compression (although some modern petrol engines now use cylinder-direct petrol injection). The pre-mixing was formerly done in a carburetor, but now it is done by electronically controlled fuel injection, except in small engines where the cost/complication of electronics does not justify the added engine efficiency. The process differs from a diesel engine in the method of mixing the fuel and air, and in using spark plugs to initiate the combustion process. In a diesel engine, only air is compressed
TRACTOR POWER REPORT -AE 215 SOURCES OF FARM POWER 2018musadoto
A tractor is an engineering vehicle specifically designed to deliver a high tractive effort (or torque) at slow speeds, for the purposes of hauling a trailer or machinery used in agriculture or construction. Most commonly, the term is used to describe a farm vehicle that provides the power and traction to mechanize agricultural tasks, especially (and originally) tillage, but nowadays a great variety of tasks. Agricultural implements 0may be towed behind or mounted on the tractor, and the tractor may also provide a source of power if the implement is mechanised.
The word Tractor is derived prior to 1900, the Machine were known as traction motor (pulling-machine).After the year 1900 both the words are joined by taking ‘Tract’ from Traction and ‘Tor” from motor calling it a Tractor.
In our Country tractors were started manufacturing in real sense after independence and at present we are self-sufficient in meeting demand of country’s requirement for tractors. Our country is basically an agricultural country where 75% of our population is directly or indirectly connected with agriculture. This cannot be produced with our conventional bullock pulled agricultural implements. Tractor is one of the basic agricultural machines
used for speeding up agriculture production.
WIND ENERGY REPORT AE 215- 2018 SOURCES OF FARM POWERmusadoto
Wind is the flow of gases on large scale. On the surface of the earth, wind consists of the bulk movement of air. In outer space, solar wind is the movement of gases and charged particles from the sun though space, while planetary wind is the outgassing of light chemical from a planet’s atmosphere into space. Wind by their spatial scale, their speed, the type of force that cause them, the region in which they occur and their effect. The strongest observed winds on planet in solar system occur on Neptune and Saturn. Winds have various aspects, an important one being its velocity, density of the gas involved and energy content of the wind.
Wind is almost entirely caused by the effects of the sun which, each hour, delivers 175 million watts of energy to the earth. This energy heats the planet’s surface, most intensively at the equator, which causes air to rise. This rising air creates an area of low pressure at the surface into which cooler air is sucked, and it is this flow of air that we know as “wind”. In reality atmospheric circulation is much more complicated and, after rising at the equator air travels pole wards. As it travels the air cools and eventually descends to the earth’s surface at about 30° latitude (north and south), from where it returns once again to the equator (a closed loop known as a Hadley Cell). Similar cells exist between 30° and 60° latitude (the Ferrell Cells) and between 60° latitude and each of the poles (the Polar Cells). Within these cells, the flow of air is further impacted by the rotation of the earth or the "Coriolis Effect". This effect creates a sideways force which causes air to circulate anticlockwise around areas of low pressure in the northern hemisphere and clockwise in the southern hemisphere
In summary, the origin of winds may be traced basically to uneven heating of the earth’s surface due to sun. This may lead to circulation of widespread winds on a global basis, producing planetary winds or may have a limited influence in a smaller area to cause local winds.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
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Introduction Thunderstorms Squall lines Lightning/thunder Global distribution Tornadoes
Weather storms
The atmosphere exhibit several lifting mechanisms to generate clouds
and precipitation systems of different scales and intensity
The instabilities include:
⇒ those that result directly in vertical mixing, such as convective instabilities
⇒ those associated with the meridional heating disparities that give rise to
baroclinic instabilities and the ubiquitous fronts
⇒ low and high pressure weather systems
So ”storm” is a generic term for all the potential disturbances that
create upward motion in the atmosphere
Many can be thunderstorms, or extratropical cyclones manifested as
rain- or snowstorms
ndettoel@2016 ENV 111: Introduction to Meteorology
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Introduction Thunderstorms Squall lines Lightning/thunder Global distribution Tornadoes
Weather storms
Global distribution of such events vary with climate, though exhibit
basic mechanisms for lifting air
Thunderstorms and tornadoes are mesoscale weather storms lasting
from minutes to few hours
Severe thunderstorms produce tornadoes, strong winds and large hail
Other atmospheric disturbances are associated with falling pressure,
hence grow into large weather systems
Hurricanes are macroscale weather systems at a synoptic scale
(2, 000 km) lasting for a few days to a week or more
ndettoel@2016 ENV 111: Introduction to Meteorology
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Introduction Thunderstorms Squall lines Lightning/thunder Global distribution Tornadoes
Thunderstorms
A thunderstorm is a convective
storm containing lightning and
thunder;
It is characterised by turbulent
vertical fluxes of heat and
momentum
Produces gusty surface winds
(> 25 m/s), heavy rain and large
hail (> 1.9 cm diameter)
The storm may be a single
cumulonimbus cloud, or several
thunderstorms clustered together
Figure 2 : Thunderstorm with a flash
of a lightning in a cloud
ndettoel@2016 ENV 111: Introduction to Meteorology
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Introduction Thunderstorms Squall lines Lightning/thunder Global distribution Tornadoes
Thunderstorms
Thunderstorms form with rising warm and moist air in a conditionally
unstable environment; i.e. no hydrostatic balance
Mechanisms that cause air to rise include:
⇒ random, turbulent eddies that lift small bubbles of air
⇒ unequal heating at the surface
⇒ the effect of terrain (such as small hills) or the lifting of air along shallow
boundaries of converging surface winds
⇒ large-scale uplift along mountain barriers and rising terrain
⇒ diverging upper-level winds, coupled with converging surface winds and
rising air
⇒ warm air rising along a frontal zone
ndettoel@2016 ENV 111: Introduction to Meteorology
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Introduction Thunderstorms Squall lines Lightning/thunder Global distribution Tornadoes
Life cycle of a thunderstorm
Figure 3 : Stages of development of an ordinary cell thunderstorm
Cumulus stage: warm, humid air rises, cools and condenses into a
single cumulus cloud or a cluster of clouds
ndettoel@2016 ENV 111: Introduction to Meteorology
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Introduction Thunderstorms Squall lines Lightning/thunder Global distribution Tornadoes
Ordinary cell thunderstorms
Latent heat release keeps the rising air (up-drafts) inside the cloud
warmer (less dense) than the air surrounding it
Normally, neither lightning nor thunder occurs during this stage
Mature stage: Cloud particles grow larger and heavier through
collision-coalescence process
Drier air from around the cloud is also being drawn into it through
entrainment process which causes some of the raindrops to evaporate
and chill the air
Colder and heavier air begins to descend as a down-draft
ndettoel@2016 ENV 111: Introduction to Meteorology
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Introduction Thunderstorms Squall lines Lightning/thunder Global distribution Tornadoes
Ordinary cell thunderstorms
When the cloud top reaches the stable atmosphere, the cloud takes an
anvil shape, as upper-level winds spread the cloud’s ice crystals
horizontally
Strong up-drafts and down-drafts create severe turbulence
Lightning and thunder occurs at this stage accompanied with heavy
rain (and occasionally small hail)
Often a down-rush of cooler air occurs at the surface, with the onset
of precipitation
Gust front occurs as a surface boundary separating the advancing
cooler air from the surrounding warmer air
ndettoel@2016 ENV 111: Introduction to Meteorology
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Introduction Thunderstorms Squall lines Lightning/thunder Global distribution Tornadoes
Ordinary cell thunderstorms
Dissipating stage: The up-drafts weaken as the gust front moves away
from the storm (less supply)
The down-drafts dominate much of the cloud
An ordinary cell thunderstorm does not normally last very long as the
down-drafts cut off the storm’s fuel supply by destroying the humid
up-drafts
Usually the three stages take a duration of one hour or less
ndettoel@2016 ENV 111: Introduction to Meteorology
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Introduction Thunderstorms Squall lines Lightning/thunder Global distribution Tornadoes
Multicell thunderstorm
Figure 4 : A model for a multi cell thunderstorm
It is a thunderstorm with many cells, each in a different stage of
development; usually occurring in regions of moderate-to- strong
vertical wind speed shear
ndettoel@2016 ENV 111: Introduction to Meteorology
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Introduction Thunderstorms Squall lines Lightning/thunder Global distribution Tornadoes
Multicell thunderstorms
The up-drafts rise over the down-drafts and can generate new cells
that grow to mature thunderstorms too
Precipitation inside the storm does not fall into the up-draft (as in
ordinary cell thunderstorm), so the storm’s fuel supply is not cut off
An overshooting top occurs when convection is strong and the
up-draft intense
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Introduction Thunderstorms Squall lines Lightning/thunder Global distribution Tornadoes
Multicell thunderstorms
Mammatus clouds form when air spreads laterally into the anvil and
sinks in this region
The cold down-drafts at the earth’s surface, pushes outward in all
directions
This produces a strong gust front as the leading edge of the cold
out-flowing air (also called straight-line winds as opposed to rotating
winds of a tornado)
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Introduction Thunderstorms Squall lines Lightning/thunder Global distribution Tornadoes
Squall lines
Figure 5 : A model for a pre-frontal squall-line thunderstorms
A squall is a strong gust of wind which may, or may not, be
accompanied by a change in direction
A squall line is a line of developing cumulus clouds with strong gusts
of wind
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Introduction Thunderstorms Squall lines Lightning/thunder Global distribution Tornadoes
Squall lines
So multicell thunderstorms may form as a line of thunderstorms
Often, it is a result of convection along cold fronts where new cells of
cumulus clouds develop constantly as the old ones die
Ordinary squall lines may form along a gust front, with a stationary
front, with a weak wave cyclone, or where no large-scale cyclonic
storms are present
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Introduction Thunderstorms Squall lines Lightning/thunder Global distribution Tornadoes
Squall lines
Squall lines are one type of convective phenomenon called a mesoscale
convective system (MCS)
Many ordinary squall lines occurring in middle latitudes exhibit a
structure similar to squall lines that form in the tropics
Mesoscale convective systems are organized thunderstorms that can
take on a variety of configurations, from the elongated squall line, to
the circular mesoscale convective vortex
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Introduction Thunderstorms Squall lines Lightning/thunder Global distribution Tornadoes
Supercell thunderstorms
Figure 6 : Model for a supercell
thunderstorm
A supercell is an intense, long-lasting
thunderstorm with a single violently
rotating up-draft
It occurs in a region with strong vertical
wind shear (speed and/or directional
shear), where the outflow of cold air
from the down-draft never undercuts
the up-draft
Strong wind shear create horizontal
spin, which, when tilted into the
up-draft, causes it to rotate
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Introduction Thunderstorms Squall lines Lightning/thunder Global distribution Tornadoes
Lightning and thunder
Figure 7 : Lightning and thunder
A lightning is simply a
discharge of electricity, a
giant spark,
It usually occurs in mature
thunderstorms
Lightning may take place:
⇒ within a cloud,
⇒ from one cloud to another,
⇒ from a cloud to the
surrounding air,
⇒ from a cloud to the ground
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Introduction Thunderstorms Squall lines Lightning/thunder Global distribution Tornadoes
Lightning and thunder
Thunder is shock wave with booming sound
It occurs when air is extremely heated by lightning and expand
explosively
The lightning stroke can heat the air to an incredible 30, 000 C
Questions to ponder:
Why thunder is heard afterwards?
How can we estimate the distance where lightning has just stroke?
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Introduction Thunderstorms Squall lines Lightning/thunder Global distribution Tornadoes
Geographical distribution of thunderstorms
Each day, more than 50, 000 thunderstorms occur throughout the
world
The equatorial landmasses is the most prevalent location
The most conducive factors for thunderstorms formation are:
⇒ warmth
⇒ moisture
⇒ low-level convergence especially over water along the intertropical
convergence zone to initiate uplifting of air
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Introduction Thunderstorms Squall lines Lightning/thunder Global distribution Tornadoes
Geographical distribution of thunderstorms
The heat energy liberated in these storms helps the Earth maintain
its heat balance by distributing heat poleward
Thus, thunderstorms are less prevalent in dry climates (polar regions
and the desert areas)
In many areas,they form primarily in summer during the warmest
part of the day when the surface air is most unstable
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Introduction Thunderstorms Squall lines Lightning/thunder Global distribution Tornadoes
Tornadoes
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Introduction Thunderstorms Squall lines Lightning/thunder Global distribution Tornadoes
Tornadoes
A tornado is a rapidly rotating column of air, extending down from a
cumuliform cloud, that blows around a small area of intense low
pressure with a circulation that reaches the ground
It circulation at the ground is either as a funnel-shaped cloud or as a
swirling cloud of dust and debris
Table 1 gives characteristic features of tornadoes (those occur in
North America)
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Introduction Thunderstorms Squall lines Lightning/thunder Global distribution Tornadoes
Tornadoes
Table 1 : Characteristics features of tornadoes
Characteristic feature Description
Rotation Often anticlockwise
Shapes and forms twisting rope-like funnels,
cylindrical-shaped funnels,
massive black wedge-shaped funnels,
also like an elephant’s trunk
Diameter Usually 100 − 600 m
Wind speeds Often less than 100 knots
Steering current south-westerlies for those form ahead
an advancing cold front
Duration and path length Few minutes, about 7 km
Weather heavy rain, hail, thunder, lightning
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Introduction Thunderstorms Squall lines Lightning/thunder Global distribution Tornadoes
Tornado: formation
Figure 9 : A simplified view of a supercell thunderstorm illustrating formation of a
tornado
Necessary conditions:
⇒ conditionally unstable atmosphere
⇒ strong vertical wind shearndettoel@2016 ENV 111: Introduction to Meteorology
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Introduction Thunderstorms Squall lines Lightning/thunder Global distribution Tornadoes
Tornado: formation
In supercell thunderstorms, the drawn warm and humid air spins
counter-clockwise
Near the top of the storm, strong winds push the rising air to the
north-east
Up-draft and down-drafts are separate; the storm is sustained
Vertical wind shear causes the air near the surface to rotate about a
horizontal axis i.e. a vortex tube
⇒ wind directional shear in the vertical
⇒ wind speed shear in the vertical (rapid increase with height)
⇒ southerly low-level jet above weaker surface winds can cause also rotation
Up-draft strength increases as pressure in the mid-levels of the
thunderstorm drops due to up-draft rotation
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Introduction Thunderstorms Squall lines Lightning/thunder Global distribution Tornadoes
Tornado: Life cycle
Figure 10 : Tornadoes at mature (L) and decaying (R) stages in America
dust-whirl stage,
⇒ dust swirls upward from the the surface
⇒ short funnel extending downward from the thunderstorms base
⇒ damage is normally less severe
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Introduction Thunderstorms Squall lines Lightning/thunder Global distribution Tornadoes
Tornado: Life cycle
organised stage,
⇒ Increasing in intensity and downward extent of the funnel
mature stage,
⇒ the funnel reaches its greatest width and is almost vertical
⇒ circulation usually stays in contact with the ground until it dissipates
⇒ damage is normally most severe
shrinking stage
⇒ decrease in the funnel’s width but its tilt increases
⇒ damage swath narrows though it may still inflict damage
decay stage
⇒ tornado is stretched into the shape of a rope
⇒ damage swath narrows though it may still inflict damage
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Introduction Thunderstorms Squall lines Lightning/thunder Global distribution Tornadoes
Tornado observation and distribution
Figure 11 : Monthly average number
of tornadoes n US from 2000 to 2010
A doppler radar discerns what goes on
inside a tornado- generating
thunderstorm
Tornadoes occur in all regions
worldwide, with thunderstorms
From 1950s to 2000s, number of
tornadoes in US has doubled from
about 600 per year
Importance of tornado intensity
distributions:
⇒ basic climatology research
⇒ risk assessment
⇒ insurance industry
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Introduction Thunderstorms Squall lines Lightning/thunder Global distribution Tornadoes
Tornado winds and clasification
Figure 12 : Damaging effect of a tornado
The strong winds of a tornado can
destroy buildings, uproot trees, and
hurl all sorts of lethal missiles into
the air
For an approaching tornado, it is
advised to take shelter in a
basement, storm shelter, or a
dedicated safe room
If no shelter exists, lie flat on the
ground in a depression or ravine
Tornadoes are classified according to
their rotational wind speed (Dr. T.
T. Fujita)
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Introduction Thunderstorms Squall lines Lightning/thunder Global distribution Tornadoes
Tornado winds and clasification
The winds are estimated based on the damage caused by the storm
and since 2007, a new scale ”Enhanced Fujita Scale” (EF Scale) is
being used:
.
Table 2 : Enhanced Fujita (EF) Scale for damaging Tornado Winds
Scale Category Knot Possible damage
F0 Weak 56 − 74 break tree branches
F1 75 − 95 snap trees
F2 Strong 96 − 117 uproot large trees
F3 118 − 143
F4 Violent 144 − 174 level trees, overturn cars
F5 > 174 move autos over 100 meters
damage steel-reinforced structures
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Introduction Thunderstorms Squall lines Lightning/thunder Global distribution Tornadoes
Hurricanes
Figure 13 : Tropical cyclone Giovana in Indian Ocean, February 9, 2012
A hurricane is one of the tropical revolving storms whose generic term
is Tropical cyclone
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Introduction Thunderstorms Squall lines Lightning/thunder Global distribution Tornadoes
Tropical cyclonic storms
Tropical cyclonic systems can be classified using either the Beaufort
scale of wind intensity or the pressure deficit:
System BF No. Vortex speed Pressure deficit
Depression 5 17 − 21 5 mb
” 6 22 − 27
” 7 28 − 33
Storm 8 34 − 40 15 mb
” 9 41 − 47
” 10 48 − 55
” 11 56 − 63
Cyclone 12 64− 30 mb
The local names used for tropical cyclones include:
⇒ Cyclone
⇒ Typhoon, from Chinese word ”Taifung” meaning ”big wind”ndettoel@2016 ENV 111: Introduction to Meteorology
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Introduction Thunderstorms Squall lines Lightning/thunder Global distribution Tornadoes
Tropical cyclones
Cyclones occur mostly during summer (late), though they can form at
any time of the year; often in western North Pacific
.
Table 3 : Frequency of occurrence of tropical cyclones
Region Frequency Season
%
Western North Pacific 30 June - October
North Indian Ocean 15 April - June;
October - November
South Western Indian 14 December - April
West Atlantic Ocean 12 July - October
East Pacific (north of equator) 11 July - October
South Pacific 11 December - March
North and West of Australia 7 December - February
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Introduction Thunderstorms Squall lines Lightning/thunder Global distribution Tornadoes
Regions and tracks
Figure 14 : Tracks of cyclones in regions of occurrence
Cyclones originate over eastern part of tropical oceans where trade winds
had long passage. The tracks are guided by basic flow in upper
troposphere, Coriolis force, outflow jet, and terrain feature like an island
or mountain ndettoel@2016 ENV 111: Introduction to Meteorology
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Introduction Thunderstorms Squall lines Lightning/thunder Global distribution Tornadoes
Structure of a Hurricane
Dimension: 200 − 1000 km radius; 10 − 15 km high
The diameter is smallest when the cyclone is closest to the equator,
and it increases as the cyclone recurves poleward
The cyclones originate in the doldrums over the ocean between 6 ◦
and 20 ◦
North and South, when the doldrums is farthest away from
the equator
However, no cyclones occur in the South Atlantic Ocean since in this
ocean, the doldrums (ITCZ) never cross the equator southwards.
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Introduction Thunderstorms Squall lines Lightning/thunder Global distribution Tornadoes
Structure of a Hurricane
Figure 15 : Hurricane Elena over the Gulf of Mexico
Hurricane Elena, as one of the average storm had its central pressure
of 955 mb, and sustained winds of 105 knots
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Introduction Thunderstorms Squall lines Lightning/thunder Global distribution Tornadoes
Structure of a Hurricane
The storm’s thickest clouds covered an area of about 500 in diameter
An eye is the centre of the storm with a relatively clear area:
⇒ Winds are light and clouds are mainly broken
⇒ Surface air pressure is lowest, around 955 mb
⇒ The width of the eye is almost 40 km
The eye-wall is a ring of intense thunderstorms that whirl around the
storm’s centre
⇒ It may extend upward to almost 18 km above sea level
⇒ Heaviest precipitation and the strongest winds exist here
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Introduction Thunderstorms Squall lines Lightning/thunder Global distribution Tornadoes
Vertical structure
Figure 16 : A model depicting a vertical structure of a cyclone
The vertical view of a hurricane shows that the storm is composed of
an organized mass of thunderstorms
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Introduction Thunderstorms Squall lines Lightning/thunder Global distribution Tornadoes
Formation and life cycles of cyclones
The Conditional Instability of the Second Kind (CISK) summarize the
processes responsible for the formation of a tropical cyclone, that:
Depression with falling pressure leads to horizontal inflow which attract
vertical motion. The vertical motion leads condensation that cause the
formation of cumulonimbus clouds and release of latent heat. This leads to
further drop of pressure and the cycle continues
The life cycles of a tropical cyclone are characterized as:
⇒ Formative stage: disorganised squall type of clouds and rainfall; low winds
(about 34 kt); surface pressure of 1000 mb
⇒ Immature stage: wind speed at hurricane force (64 kt); clouds and rainfall
spiralling inward
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Introduction Thunderstorms Squall lines Lightning/thunder Global distribution Tornadoes
Formation and life cycles of cyclones
⇒ Mature stage: Low pressure (900 mb or less); more steady hurricane wind
force; torrential weather
⇒ Decaying stage: frictional dissipation; disruption of vortes; low moisture;
move to colder areas
Conditions necessary for the formation
⇒ SST of about 26.5 ◦
C. Warm ocean water favours convection instability
⇒ Enough moisture to provide latent heat of condensation
⇒ Pre-existing region of low level convergence e.g. monsoon lows, easterly
waves and ITCZ
⇒ Coriolis force large enough to provide vortex
⇒ Vertical instability aloft for formation of Cbs
⇒ Weak wind shears to maintain warm air and Cbs
⇒ Upper level divergence to enhance vertical motion and low level convergence
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Introduction Thunderstorms Squall lines Lightning/thunder Global distribution Tornadoes
Hurricane naming and Impacts (Homework)
Meteorologists have devised a means to name the hurricane whenever
they occur. Your are advise to read and find out why hurricanes are
named and what is the system used for naming. Further find out, at
which stage will a hurricane be given a name.
Hurricane can also be classified as we have seen in the case for
tornadoes. Then find out the system used for classifying hurricanes.
Hurricane is one of the most severe weather systems hence it can
cause a lot of damage. However, it is also possible that a hurricane
can be of benefit somehow. therefore, discuss the possible impacts
(positive and negative) of hurricanes in different sectors. Support your
discussion with vivid examples.
ndettoel@2016 ENV 111: Introduction to Meteorology