Novel Drug Delivery System An OverviewYogeshIJTSRD
In present scenario evolution of an existing drug molecule from a old form to a novel delivery system can significantly improve its performance in terms of patient compliance, safety and efficacy. In the form of a control drug delivery system an existing drug molecule can get a new life. An appropriately designed Novel Drug Delivery System can be a major advance for solving the problems related towards the release of the drug at specific site with specific rate. The porpuse for delivering drugs to patients efficiently and with fewer side effects has prompted pharmaceutical companies to engage in the development of new drug delivery system. This article covers the basic information regarding Novel Drug Delivery Systems and also advantages, factor etc. Chiranjit Barman | Dr. Gaurav Kumar Sharma | Dr. Kausal Kishore Chandrul "Novel Drug Delivery System: An Overview" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45068.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/novel-drug-delivery-sys/45068/novel-drug-delivery-system-an-overview/chiranjit-barman
Novel Drug Delivery System An OverviewYogeshIJTSRD
In present scenario evolution of an existing drug molecule from a old form to a novel delivery system can significantly improve its performance in terms of patient compliance, safety and efficacy. In the form of a control drug delivery system an existing drug molecule can get a new life. An appropriately designed Novel Drug Delivery System can be a major advance for solving the problems related towards the release of the drug at specific site with specific rate. The porpuse for delivering drugs to patients efficiently and with fewer side effects has prompted pharmaceutical companies to engage in the development of new drug delivery system. This article covers the basic information regarding Novel Drug Delivery Systems and also advantages, factor etc. Chiranjit Barman | Dr. Gaurav Kumar Sharma | Dr. Kausal Kishore Chandrul "Novel Drug Delivery System: An Overview" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45068.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/novel-drug-delivery-sys/45068/novel-drug-delivery-system-an-overview/chiranjit-barman
Nanotechnology drug delivery applications occur through the use of designed nanomaterials as well as forming delivery systems from nanoscale molecules such as liposomes. ... Improve the ability to deliver drugs that are poorly water soluble. Provide site-specific targeting to reduce drug accumulation within healthy tissue.Drug delivery systems (DDSs) are developed to deliver the required amount of drugs effectively to appropriate target sites and to maintain the desired drug levels. Research in newer DDS is being carried out in liposomes, nanoparticles, niosomes, transdermal drug delivery, implants, microencapsulation, and polymers.
Targeted Drug Delivery System achieves maximum bioavailability thus proving to be therapeutically efficacious & with minimal side effects. This presentation won the First Prize at MSBTE sponsored State Level Technical Paper
Presentation Competition, 2017.
‘Targeted drug delivery system is a special form of drug delivery system where the medicament is selectively targeted or delivered only to its site of action or absorption and not to the non-target organs or tissues or cells.’
Emerging trends in transdermal drug delivery technology.pptx version 1-1.pdfPrajaktaPatil890246
The presentation overviews on Introduction to transdermal drug delivery system, Various TDDS technologies that includes active and passive methods . Active delivery methods containing iontophoresis, sonophoresis,electroporation,micro needles,Thermal ablation ,whereas passive delivery method consisting of vesicles and nanoparticles .It also explain various challenges and opportunities for transdermal drug delivery system.
Skin acts as a major target as well as a principal barrier for
topical/transdermal drug delivery. Despite the many advantages of this
system, the major obstacle is the low diffusion rate of drugs across the
stratum corneum. Several methods have been tried to increase the
permeation rate of drugs temporarily. One simple and convenient
approach is application of drugs in formulation with elastic vesicles or
skin enhancers. Vesicular system is one of the most convenient
methods for transdermal delivery of active substances and in that
ethosomes are most useful vesicular systems. Ethosomal carriers are
systems containing soft vesicles, composed of hydroalcoholic or
hydro/glycolic phospholipid in which the concentration of alcohols is
relatively high. The high concentration of ethanol brings increase in fluidity of lipids hence
increase in permeability of the skin and improves the drug penetration. Ethosomal
formulation may contain many drugs such as acyclovir, salbutamol, Insulin, cyclosporine,
fluconazole, minodixil, etc. These are prepared by hot method and cold methods. The size of
Ethosomal formulation can be decreased by sonication and extrusion method. The high
concentration of ethanol makes the ethosomes unique and useful for transcellular delivery,
delivery of hormones, anti-arthritis, anti-HIV etc. Thus, it can be a logical conclusion that
ethosomal formulation possesses promising future in effective dermal/transdermal delivery of
bioactive agents.
Nanotechnology drug delivery applications occur through the use of designed nanomaterials as well as forming delivery systems from nanoscale molecules such as liposomes. ... Improve the ability to deliver drugs that are poorly water soluble. Provide site-specific targeting to reduce drug accumulation within healthy tissue.Drug delivery systems (DDSs) are developed to deliver the required amount of drugs effectively to appropriate target sites and to maintain the desired drug levels. Research in newer DDS is being carried out in liposomes, nanoparticles, niosomes, transdermal drug delivery, implants, microencapsulation, and polymers.
Targeted Drug Delivery System achieves maximum bioavailability thus proving to be therapeutically efficacious & with minimal side effects. This presentation won the First Prize at MSBTE sponsored State Level Technical Paper
Presentation Competition, 2017.
‘Targeted drug delivery system is a special form of drug delivery system where the medicament is selectively targeted or delivered only to its site of action or absorption and not to the non-target organs or tissues or cells.’
Emerging trends in transdermal drug delivery technology.pptx version 1-1.pdfPrajaktaPatil890246
The presentation overviews on Introduction to transdermal drug delivery system, Various TDDS technologies that includes active and passive methods . Active delivery methods containing iontophoresis, sonophoresis,electroporation,micro needles,Thermal ablation ,whereas passive delivery method consisting of vesicles and nanoparticles .It also explain various challenges and opportunities for transdermal drug delivery system.
Skin acts as a major target as well as a principal barrier for
topical/transdermal drug delivery. Despite the many advantages of this
system, the major obstacle is the low diffusion rate of drugs across the
stratum corneum. Several methods have been tried to increase the
permeation rate of drugs temporarily. One simple and convenient
approach is application of drugs in formulation with elastic vesicles or
skin enhancers. Vesicular system is one of the most convenient
methods for transdermal delivery of active substances and in that
ethosomes are most useful vesicular systems. Ethosomal carriers are
systems containing soft vesicles, composed of hydroalcoholic or
hydro/glycolic phospholipid in which the concentration of alcohols is
relatively high. The high concentration of ethanol brings increase in fluidity of lipids hence
increase in permeability of the skin and improves the drug penetration. Ethosomal
formulation may contain many drugs such as acyclovir, salbutamol, Insulin, cyclosporine,
fluconazole, minodixil, etc. These are prepared by hot method and cold methods. The size of
Ethosomal formulation can be decreased by sonication and extrusion method. The high
concentration of ethanol makes the ethosomes unique and useful for transcellular delivery,
delivery of hormones, anti-arthritis, anti-HIV etc. Thus, it can be a logical conclusion that
ethosomal formulation possesses promising future in effective dermal/transdermal delivery of
bioactive agents.
Targeted drug delivery to the respiratory system- An article Satyaki Mishra
This is an article (preview) on Pulmonary drug delivery system written for partial submission of Post-graduation assignment.. The study further helps in enhancing knowledge on target specific drug delivery system. If this article is of any help to you, kindly consider downloading it. You can drop your mail id in the comment section.
. Recent Advances in Mucoadhesive Buccal Drug Delivery Systems and Its Marketed Scope and
Opportunities
K.P.Sampath Kumar ,DebjitBhowmik .AmitsankarDutta, Shravan Paswan, Lokesh Deb
Critical Review in Pharmaceutical Sciences 2012, 1(1):83-98.
A transdermal patch or skin patch is a medicated adhesive patch that is placed on the skin to deliver a specific dose of medication through the skin and into the bloodstream. It enables a steady blood level profile, resulting in reduced systemic side effects and, sometimes, improved efficacy over other dosage forms. The administration of drugs by transdermal route offers the advantage of being relatively painless. The appeal of using the skin as a portal of drug entry lies in case of access, its huge surface area, and systemic access through underlying circulatory and lymphatic networks and the noninvasive nature of drug delivery. The main objective of transdermal patches system is to deliver drugs into systemic circulation through skin at predetermined rate with minimal inter and intrapatient variation.
The first adhesive transdermal delivery system (TDDS) patch was approved by the Food and Drug Administration in 1979 (scopolamine patch for motion sickness). Nitroglycerine patches were approved in 1981. This method of delivery became widely recognized when nicotine patches for smoking cessation were introduced in 1991.
Skin acts as a major target as well as a principal barrier for topical/transdermal drug delivery. Despite the many advantages of this system, the major obstacle is the low diffusion rate of drugs across the stratum corneum. Several methods have been tried to increase the permeation rate of drugs temporarily. One simple and convenient approach is application of drugs in formulation with elastic vesicles or skin enhancers. Vesicular system is one of the most convenient methods for transdermal delivery of active substances and in that ethosomes are most useful vesicular systems. Ethosomal carriers are systems containing soft vesicles, composed of hydroalcoholic or hydro/glycolic phospholipid in which the concentration of alcohols is relatively high. The high concentration of ethanol brings increase in fluidity of lipids hence increase in permeability of the skin and improves the drug penetration. Ethosomal formulation may contain many drugs such as acyclovir, salbutamol, Insulin, cyclosporine, fluconazole, minodixil, etc. These are prepared by hot method and cold methods. The size of Ethosomal formulation can be decreased by sonication and extrusion method. The high concentration of ethanol makes the ethosomes unique and useful for transcellular delivery, delivery of hormones, anti-arthritis, anti-HIV etc. Thus, it can be a logical conclusion that ethosomal formulation possesses promising future in effective dermal/transdermal delivery of bioactive agents.
Development And Evaluation Of Buccal Drug Delivery System For Anti-Anginal Dr...ASHISHKUMARTUDU1
Nicorandil 10mg Tablets are indicated in adults for the symptomatic treatment of patients with stable angina pectoris who are inadequately controlled or have a contraindication or intolerance to first-line antianginal therapies (such as beta-blockers and/or calcium antagonists).Nicorandil relaxes coronary vascular smooth muscle by stimulating guanylyl cyclase and increasing cyclic GMP (cGMP) levels (as shown first in our laboratory) as well as by a second mechanism resulting in activation of K+ channels and hyperpolarization.Nicorandil is a medicine used to treat and reduce chest pain caused by angina. It works by relaxing and widening your blood vessels and increasing the blood and oxygen supply to your heart. Your doctor will usually prescribe nicorandil when other heart medicines have not worked or are not suitable for you.
Patient compliance: Challenges in management of cardiac diseases in Kuala Lum...pharmaindexing
Background
The objective of this study was to investigate the degree of compliance among cardiac patients who attend the health facilities in Kuala Lumpur and Perak, Malaysia. The reasons for non-compliance and recommendations from healthcare professionals were also evaluated.
Method
A cross-sectional study of 400 patients and 100 healthcare professionals was carried out. This study utilizes variables on external factors and internal factors as the measurement tools. The questionnaire which consists of Morisky self-reported medication adherence questions was administered to patients and causes for non-compliance sought. Questionnaire for healthcare professionals was used to determine strategies that can improve compliance rate.
Results
The study revealed a 15.8% of high adherence rate, 54.3% of moderate adherence rate and 30% of poor adherence to cardiovascular disease medications. The chi-square tests showed the strong association between dependent and independent variables. The model chosen for testing the patient compliance through external and internal factors gives an R2 value of 85.0% with an adjusted R2 of 84.7%. The F value (317.187) was also significant (p=0.000) which means that the variables have better fit in the multivariate model. The major reasons determined for non-adherence were attitudes and beliefs, lifestyle, side effects and cost of medications. The study recommends that pharmacists and dispensing technicians should be adequately qualified to provide proper counselling to cardiac patients on their medicines and disease conditions.
Conclusion
The result of this study is of value to health care providers. Compliance to cardiovascular medications will avoid treatment failures encountered in therapy.
Overview on Recurrence Pregnancy Loss etiology and risk factorspharmaindexing
Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) can be defined as more than two to three consecutive miscarriages before 20 weeks’ gestation; it affects approximately 1% to 2% of women. RPL is a multifactorial disease. It is very important to study the etiology and risk factors of RPL to find the best diagnostic tests and suitable therapeutic intervention. This article will discuss the current understanding etiologies and risk factors of RPL.
Novel treatments for asthma: Corticosteroids and other anti-inflammatory agents.pharmaindexing
Asthma management is a challenge due to the prevalence of disease in the world. Based on the immunological and inflammatory mechanisms of asthma, corticosteroids and anti-inflammatory participate greatly in the treatment plan. Due to different reasons, there is still an unmet need to develop new agents in this field. A lot of compounds with anti-inflammatory effect are investigated in both pre-clinical and clinical studies.
A review on liver disorders and screening models of hepatoprotective agentspharmaindexing
The liver is a vital organ present in vertebrates and some other animals. It has a wide range of functions, including detoxification, protein synthesis, and production of bio chemicals necessary for digestion. The liver is necessary for survival; there is currently no way to compensate for the absence of liver function long term, although liver dialysis can be used short term.
Carbamazepine induced Steven Johnson syndrome: A case reportpharmaindexing
Drugs are the most common cause that induces Steven Johnson syndrome (SJS) and includes antiepileptic drugs, antiretroviral drugs, anti-tuberculosis drugs, Sulphonamides, fluoroquinolones, penicillins, non-Steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, Multivitamins. The genetic markers are also the cause for carbamazepine induced Steven Johnson Syndrome. In our study, the antiepileptic drug (Carbamazepine) is the cause for Steven Johnson Syndrome. A female patient aged 25 years came to the hospital with the complaints of bubbling over the skin and all over the body with papillary vesicles associated with pain and irritation, fever, myalgia, and nausea. The patient is known case of Phenytoin induced Steven Johnson Syndrome. In this case the patient developed the Steven Johnson Syndrome approximately after one month after starting the carbamazepine.By the withdrawal of the drug, the condition of the patient was improved.
Monoherbal formulation development for laxative activitypharmaindexing
The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia specifically approves flaxseed as a poultice for boils externally and demulcent or laxative internally. In this study monoherbal formulation development for laxative activity of flaxseed was undertaken. The plantLinumusitatissimumhasshowed higher percentage of total ash as well as alcohol soluble extractive values. The aqueous extract of Linumusitatissimumwas prepared by using pilot scale extraction plant and spray drying unit. The qualitative phytochemical studies reveal the presence of amino acids, carbohydrates, vitamins and proteins. From the available literatures it was found that Linumusitatissimum contains more number of amino acids. The formulated tablets showed acceptable pharmacopoeial limits and complies with specifications for thickness, hardness, friability and weight variation. The formulation has showed better laxative activity indicating additive property of the combined phytoconstituents of the plant.
Monoherbal formulation development for laxative activitypharmaindexing
The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia specifically approves flaxseed as a poultice for boils externally and demulcent or laxative internally. In this study monoherbal formulation development for laxative activity of flaxseed was undertaken. The plantLinumusitatissimumhasshowed higher percentage of total ash as well as alcohol soluble extractive values. The aqueous extract of Linumusitatissimumwas prepared by using pilot scale extraction plant and spray drying unit. The qualitative phytochemical studies reveal the presence of amino acids, carbohydrates, vitamins and proteins. From the available literatures it was found that Linumusitatissimum contains more number of amino acids. The formulated tablets showed acceptable pharmacopoeial limits and complies with specifications for thickness, hardness, friability and weight variation. The formulation has showed better laxative activity indicating additive property of the combined phytoconstituents of the plant.
Pneumonia and respiratory failure from swine origin influenza H1n1pharmaindexing
Swine influenza (swine flu) became alarming health concern when World Health Organization declared as “public health emergency of international concern” on April 25, 2009. After documentation of human-to-human transmission of the virus in at least three countries of two WHO regions, the WHO raised the pandemic level to 6.1 During the 1918, flu pandemic infected one-third of the world's population (an estimated 500 million people) and caused approximately 50 million deaths.2 In 1976, an outbreak of swine influenza occurred in New Jersey, USA, which involved more than 200 cases, some of them severe, resulting in one death.3 In 1988, another fatality was reported as a complication of swine influenza.
A descriptive study on newborn care among postnatal mothers in selected mater...pharmaindexing
The newborn health challenge faced by India is more formidable than that experienced by any other country in the world. The newborn health is inevitably affected by the traditional care practices of the mothers causing high infant morbidity and mortality.The aim of the study were determine the knowledge, attitude and practice of postnatal mothers regarding new born care and find out the association between knowledge, attitude and practice of postnatal mothers regarding new born care and to determine the association between these as well as with the selected demographic variables. A descriptive study was conducted to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of postnatal mothers regarding new born care in selected maternity centres in Madurai. Survey approach was employed to select sample and it consisted of 100 postnatal mothers. Data was collected using structured interview schedule. Findings of the study showed that 65% of postnatal mothers had moderate knowledge; 61% had favourable attitude and 57% of them had high practice of new born care. There was a significant association between knowledge and attitude (r=+0.567), knowledge and practice (r=+0.388), attitude and practice (r=+0.321) .There was a significant association between knowledge and education, monthly family income and obstetrical score at p<0.05. Findings of the study indicated the need to conduct frequent assessment of knowledge, attitude and practice of postnatal mothers regarding new born care. Awareness and attitude of the mothers towards new born care still has lots of lacunae especially in those who belong to the lower socio economic statusand poorly educated postnatal mothers. So it is imperative to provide comprehensive training in the field of new born care for mothers during pregnancy
Late 19th century was evident of intelligent biomaterial; which has changed researcher’s perspective towards science and technology. This intelligent biomaterial are envisioned to have huge impact on Healthcare from sequential signalling of biomedical molecule, mimicking natural gene, an effective drug carrier, to high resolution diagnostic tool.From drug discovery aspect many of NCE fail to reach therapeutic potential due to PK/ PD profile. Nanotechnology has changed the face of drug discovery form chemical evaluation to structure of proteins in signalling pathways and development of chemical antibody. Nanotechnology from lab to market approval is long process due to regulatory evaluation. Though it seems to be bright future market it has to go through a long process from being innovation to complete market product. This makes whole process expensive making investor reluctant to invest in big projects.Western world is aware of dramatic potential of nano-projects; which has its limitation in financial investments; with major challenge of transforming nano science to commercial pharmaceutical product.
The Flaws in health practice in post-operative management of a patient in ter...pharmaindexing
Introduction
Congenital urinary tract obstructions are common cause of kidney damage sometimes which sometimes presents itself without symptoms leading to abnormalities in blood filtration and consequently retarded kidney function. A cohort study was conducted in such patient to find out the short comings in treatment strategy.
Case presentation
A four years old child, weighing 14 kg was brought with severe constipation, fever, chest congestion and cough later developed left eye disorientation after admission to hospital, diagnosed with urinary tract obstruction, indicating acidosis and loss of electrolytes due to excessive loss of water. His therapy management included surgical treatment, dialysis and to improve his electrolyte levels within the normal with the treatment chest congestion and fever.
Conclusion
This case study reports the post operative treatment of congenital urinary tract obstructions in a tertiary care hospital and highlights the discrepancies observed. Antibiotic rationality and irrational prescribing was observed. The case study highlights the need of a clinical pharmacist in the health care team.
Corticosteroid induced disorders – An overviewpharmaindexing
Glucocorticoids are important in the treatment of many inflammatory, allergic, immunologic, and malignant disorders, and the toxicity of glucocorticoids is one of the commonest causes of iatrogenic illness associated with chronic inflammatory disease.Glucocorticoid-induced muscle atrophy is characterized by fast-twitch or type II muscle fiber atrophy. Corticosteroid (CS) therapy is widely used in the treatment of rheumatic diseases.Osteoporosis remains one of its major complications.Steroid induced glaucoma is a form of open angle glaucoma occurring as an adverse effect of corticosteroid therapy. Glucocorticoids induce hepatic and extrahepatic insulin resistance.Glucocorticoid treatment impairs both glucose transport in fat and muscle cells. Corticosteroid-induced psychosis represents a spectrum of psychological changes that can occur at any time during treatment. Cushing’s syndrome describes the signs and symptoms associated with prolonged exposure to inappropriately high levels of the hormone cortisol. Physicians must be aware of these adverse effects and be equipped to manage them.
Anti-inflammatory activity of pupalia lappacea L. Jusspharmaindexing
Pupalia lappacea (L) Juss is an erect shrub used in folklore medicine to treat bone fractures and in inflammatory conditions. Methanolic extract of aerial parts shown is claimed in traditional medicine that the leaves of the plant are used in the treatment of inflammation. In the present study, the methanolic extract of Pupalia lappacea was screened for its anti-inflammatory activity using carageenan induced rat paw edema egg white induced paw oedema models. The methanolic extract at the dose of 200 mg/kg p.o exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity in carrageenan induced paw edema model (p<0.01). In egg white induced model, methanolic extract at the dose of 200 mg/kg inhibited paw oedema significantly (p<0.01) indicating that both test samples inhibit the increase in number of fibroblasts and synthesis of collagen and mucopolysaccharides during prostaglandin formation during the inflammation. These experimental results have established a pharmacological evidence for the folklore claim of the drug to be used as an anti inflammatory agent. HPTLC analysis of the extract shows the presence of gallic acid 1.24mg/ml, ferulic acid 2.00mg/ml, chlorogenic acid 46.25mg/ml and rutin 7.02mg/ml of the extract which were responsible for the claimed anti-inflammatory action in the animal models studied.
Lucinactant: A new solution in treating neonatal respiratory distress syndrom...pharmaindexing
Lucinactant is a novel synthetic surfactant, approved by the FDA on March 6th 2012, for use in treatment of RDS. It’s superiority as compared to the previously approved surfactants lie in containing sinapultide, a 21-amino acid peptide also known as KL4 peptide, which has been designed to mimic the activity of human surfactant protein. Lucinactant is completely devoid of any animal derived components. It is the fifth drug approved by the FDA for the treatment of RDS. It has shown immense efficacy in phase two clinical trials and animal model studies and exhibited better efficiency when compared to other surfactants in both 24 hour and two week mortality rates of infants in RDS. Lucinactant tends reduce the surface tension at the air-liquid interface of alveolar surfaces and allows lungs to function normally. It was observed that the side effects were lesser with Lucinactant when compared with other naturally derived surfactants.
Bioactivity screening of Soil bacteria against human pathogenspharmaindexing
Microorganisms have a profound effect on medical science as they not only infect & cause disease but also produce metabolic products that can cure infections. Soil happens to be a source for a variety of microorganisms. Most of the bacteria, particularly actinomycetes produce biologically active secondary metabolites. Though there are a number of antibiotics available, there is a pressing need for the discovery of new source for antimicrobials against the pathogens due to the development of drug resistance of the pathogenic microorganisms. In addition to, new pathogenic strains are also developing and causing infection to human beings. Bioactive compounds are compounds that are produced by any living organism and are known to exhibit various biological activities both in-vitro & in-vivo. Bioactivity may be antimicrobial, antineoplastic, anticancerous, immunomodulation, antifertility & others. Soil bacteria were isolated by standard technique and by making use of selective media. The isolates were identified and subjected for preliminary screening to look for their ability to produce bioactive materials. A total of 96 strains were isolated from three different soil samples. 14 of them were found to have antibacterial activity against the human pathogens like Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus faecalis, E.coli, Klebsiella aerogenes, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aureginosa and Salmonella typhi by preliminary screening. Further the selected (3) bacteria were grown in the suitable culture media for the production of bioactive metabolites by using rotary shake flask. The active metabolites was isolated by solvent extraction and concentrated by evaporation under reduced pressure. The antimicrobial screening of the active metabolites showed prominent effect against the clinical pathogens under the study.
A study on sigmoid Volvulus presentation and managementpharmaindexing
A study on sigmoid volvulus presentation and management was a 2yr retrospective study done at RMMCH.The diagnosis of sigmoid volvulus was made from a history of large bowel obstruction (constipation, abdominal distension, and abdominal pain), which were often recurrent and plain abdominal radiographs.The morbidity associated isSuperficial wound infection occurred in four patients. All the infected wounds eventually healed with conservative measures. Clinical anastomotic dehiscence was noted in 1 patient for which during relaparotomy proximal colostomy and mucous fistula was done. The mortality associated is shown is there were 9 deaths of which 7 were due to sepsis and 2 were due to comorbid illness. Two out of eight patients for whom a colopexy was done had a recurrent attack of sigmoid volvulus. The duration of hospital stay ranged between 10 and 21 days. Use of sigmoidoscopic detorsion for viable colon should be encouraged. Sigmoidopexy, which is associated with a recurrence rate of 20% in our series of patients, should be used selectively.Hartmann’s procedure is a safe option in sigmoid volvulus with gangrenous bowel. Primary anastomosis in emergency situation can be carried out with morbidity and mortality in patients with viable colon
Evaluation of Preliminary phytochemical on various some medicinal plantspharmaindexing
The present study was carried out to evaluate the physical status and percentage yield of methanolic extract and its fractions of whole plant of Leucas cephalotes, leaves of Hiptage benghalensis and leaves of Kydia calycina were recorded for future references and Preliminary phytochemical screening of MLC, MHB and MKC revealed the presence of carbohydrates, glycosides, saponins, flavonoids, steroidal and phenolic compounds. MLC revealed the presence of all the above mentioned phytoconstituents except saponins and also MKC steroidal compounds. The fractions of MLC, MHB and MKC revealed the presence of glycosides, phenolic compounds, steroids and flavonoids.
Comparision of in vitro antibacterial activity of cefoperazone and levofloxac...pharmaindexing
Cefoperazone (a third generation cephalosporin) has effective in vitro activity against majority of pathogens. Levofloxacin (a flouroquinolone) is one which prescribed more due to its increased antibacterial activity against Gram-positive, Gram-negative, and atypical bacteria. Microbial resistance to antibiotics is now prevalent and poses a serious clinical threat. An attempt has been made to evaluate sensitivity of Cefoperazone and Levofloxacin against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella typhi. A total of 120 isolates were collected from different pathological laboratories and medical centers in Karachi, Pakistan. The above stated clinical isolates were extracted from urine/stool, skin, blood and sputum samples. Results show least resistance of Levofloxacin as compare to Cefoperazone against Escherichia coli (32.5% and 42.5%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (36% and 48%) while Staphylococcus aureus is still susceptible towards Cefoperazone and least sensitive to Levofloxacin by showing 26.6% and 50% resistance respectively. Study concluded that the prevalent pathogens are still susceptible towards Levofloxacin and Cefoperazone but the gradual increase in resistance is alarming to the general practice of prescribing antibiotic which require routine evaluation and surveillance to ensure the effectiveness of the antibacterial agents.
Concept of srotas from ayurvedic perspective with special reference to neurologypharmaindexing
Ayurveda is a life science. The researchers of ayurveda could rule out the presence of srotas (channels) spreading throughout the human body. These srotas (channels) are governed by vayu which is using all the srotas (channels) of the body to carry out the functional and physiological activities of the human body without which the human society will not exist. Several synonymous words have been described by the ayurvedicacharyas for srotas. Some are micro and some are macro in structures and they adopt the same colour of the particular dhatus of the body to which it belongs. The aim of the study is to justify that srotas are nothing but innurmerable channels or pathways of the nervous system governed by electric current without which no functional and physiological activities of the human body will develope.
Health promotion survey in overweight and obese students of universities in n...pharmaindexing
Introduction
Overweight and obesity is one of the major health problems in the UK and worldwide. Approximately two-thirds of the population in the UK is either overweight or obese. Overweight and obesity is an important issue that causes distress to most women. Health promotion is the best method to educate overweight and obese women. It is defined as the process enabling people to increase control over and to improve their health by Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion. It is aimed to enhance the well-being of the individuals and their positive attitudes towards prevention of various diseases. In order to make any improvement to the health promotion for overweight and obesity, the risk factors and the opinions from the public should first be identified and addressed.
Methods
Cross-sectional survey design was selected with a questionnaire that consisted of 20 open and close ended questions. A sample size of 196 was determined. The data thus gathered was analyzed using SPSS V20 (Statistical Package for Social Science version 20). Descriptive statistics (fx) and (SD) were used and Chi-square X2 test for association was employed.
Results
Out of the total 196 responses, only (40%) of the students had normal weight (SD 1.1), (25%) students had a good understanding of health promotion (SD 1.6), half (50%) appeared concerned about their weight (SD 0.5), (60%) had an obese family member (0.5). The BMI of students was associated with the presence of an obese member in their family and their weight as a concern for them. (P-value <0.05).
Conclusion
The health promotion service is beneficial as it was found to have raised concerns in the mind of the students regarding over weight and obesity. However it was observed that the understanding of health promotion service was different among students and this is the root of the problem.
Telehealth Psychology Building Trust with Clients.pptxThe Harvest Clinic
Telehealth psychology is a digital approach that offers psychological services and mental health care to clients remotely, using technologies like video conferencing, phone calls, text messaging, and mobile apps for communication.
Medical Technology Tackles New Health Care Demand - Research Report - March 2...pchutichetpong
M Capital Group (“MCG”) predicts that with, against, despite, and even without the global pandemic, the medical technology (MedTech) industry shows signs of continuous healthy growth, driven by smaller, faster, and cheaper devices, growing demand for home-based applications, technological innovation, strategic acquisitions, investments, and SPAC listings. MCG predicts that this should reflects itself in annual growth of over 6%, well beyond 2028.
According to Chris Mouchabhani, Managing Partner at M Capital Group, “Despite all economic scenarios that one may consider, beyond overall economic shocks, medical technology should remain one of the most promising and robust sectors over the short to medium term and well beyond 2028.”
There is a movement towards home-based care for the elderly, next generation scanning and MRI devices, wearable technology, artificial intelligence incorporation, and online connectivity. Experts also see a focus on predictive, preventive, personalized, participatory, and precision medicine, with rising levels of integration of home care and technological innovation.
The average cost of treatment has been rising across the board, creating additional financial burdens to governments, healthcare providers and insurance companies. According to MCG, cost-per-inpatient-stay in the United States alone rose on average annually by over 13% between 2014 to 2021, leading MedTech to focus research efforts on optimized medical equipment at lower price points, whilst emphasizing portability and ease of use. Namely, 46% of the 1,008 medical technology companies in the 2021 MedTech Innovator (“MTI”) database are focusing on prevention, wellness, detection, or diagnosis, signaling a clear push for preventive care to also tackle costs.
In addition, there has also been a lasting impact on consumer and medical demand for home care, supported by the pandemic. Lockdowns, closure of care facilities, and healthcare systems subjected to capacity pressure, accelerated demand away from traditional inpatient care. Now, outpatient care solutions are driving industry production, with nearly 70% of recent diagnostics start-up companies producing products in areas such as ambulatory clinics, at-home care, and self-administered diagnostics.
Navigating Challenges: Mental Health, Legislation, and the Prison System in B...Guillermo Rivera
This conference will delve into the intricate intersections between mental health, legal frameworks, and the prison system in Bolivia. It aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current challenges faced by mental health professionals working within the legislative and correctional landscapes. Topics of discussion will include the prevalence and impact of mental health issues among the incarcerated population, the effectiveness of existing mental health policies and legislation, and potential reforms to enhance the mental health support system within prisons.
Empowering ACOs: Leveraging Quality Management Tools for MIPS and BeyondHealth Catalyst
Join us as we delve into the crucial realm of quality reporting for MSSP (Medicare Shared Savings Program) Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs).
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CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V PREVENTIVE-PEDIATRICS.pdfSachin Sharma
This content provides an overview of preventive pediatrics. It defines preventive pediatrics as preventing disease and promoting children's physical, mental, and social well-being to achieve positive health. It discusses antenatal, postnatal, and social preventive pediatrics. It also covers various child health programs like immunization, breastfeeding, ICDS, and the roles of organizations like WHO, UNICEF, and nurses in preventive pediatrics.
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ISSN Print: 2278-2648 IJRPP |Vol.3 | Issue 3 | July-Sep-2014
ISSN Online: 2278-2656 Journal Home page: www.ijrpp.com
Review article Open Access
The use of electric current – Iontophoresis for transcutaneous drug
delivery – Novel drug delivery system (NDDS)
*Mohammad Younis Bhat1
, Samina Farhat2
,Vineeta Sawhney3
, ShabirAhmd Mir4
1
Senior Resident, Department of Pharmacology, Govt. Medical College Srinagar.
2
Associate Professor and Head, Department of Pharmacology, Govt. Medical College Srinagar.
3
Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmacology, Govt. Medical College Srinagar.
4
PG Scholar, Department of Surgery, Govt. Medical College Srinagar.
.*Corresponding author: Mohammad Younis Bhat.
E-mail id: mohammad.younis50@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT
The method by which a drug is delivered can have a significant effect on its efficacy. Some drugs have an optimum
concentration range within which maximum benefit is delivered, and concentrations above or below this range can
be toxic or produce no therapeutic benefit at all. On the other hand, the very slow progress in the efficacy of the
treatment of severe diseases, has suggested a growing need for a multidisciplinary approach to the delivery of
therapeutics to the targets in tissues with new ideas on controlling the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, non-
specific toxicity, immunogenicity, bio recognition, and efficacy of drugs. These new strategies often called drug
delivery system (DDS) are based on interdisciplinary approaches that combine polymer science, pharmaceutics, bio
conjugate chemistry, and molecular biology and have generated much attention during the last decades. Drugs
administered through these systems escape first-pas metabolism and maintain a steady state scenario similar to a
continuous intravenous infusion for up to several days. However, the excellent impervious nature of the skin offers
the greatest challenge for successful delivery of drug molecules by utilizing the concepts of iontophoresis. The
rationale behind using these techniques is to reversibly alter the barrier properties of skin, which could possibly
improve the penetration of drugs to increase the systemic delivery with controlled input kinetics and minimum inter-
subject variability.
Keywords: Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, Immunogenicity, Bio recognition, Iontophoresis.
INTRODUCTION
The design of a dosage form, whether in the form of
a tablet, capsule, pill, cream, liquid, ointment,
aerosol, injectables, suppositories or patch, to deliver
the exact amount of medicine at right time to the
specific target becomes complicated if each
medication were not to be delivered in an optional
and preferred manner to the individual patient1
.
Newer dosage forms and drug delivery systems
providing excellent improvement in drug therapy are
International Journal of Research in
Pharmacology & Pharmacotherapeutics
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termed novel drug delivery system (NDDS) because
of recent development with satisfactory results in the
field of drug delivery2
.The NDDS are being
investigated so as to alter the body distribution of
drug(s) with a view to reduce the toxicity of drug
and/or deliver them more efficiently to their site of
action to improve therapeutic index and lower the
toxological risks from the dosage of drug3,4
. The
increased attention on patients compliance and
reduction in dose frequency has led to the
development of an alternative and desirable approach
of taking medicine, other than oral route for drug
action, which is to deliver them through the skin4
– a
major barrier to the delivery of transcutaneous
drugs5,6,7,8
and pharmaceutical companies are
continually involved in research to try to find new
ways to enhance the delivery of topical drugs8
. Some
of the novel advanced transdermal technologies
include9
:
In recent times, there has been a growing interest in
simulating the advantages of intravenous drug
infusion by using intact skin as the port of drug
administration5,6,7
. Skin is one of the most extensive
and readily accessible organs of the human body. In
modern day pharmaceutical practice, therapeutic
compounds are applied to the skin for dermatological
(within the skin), local (regional) and transdermal
(systemic) delivery. For transdermal delivery of
drugs, stratum corneum is the main barrier layer for
permeation of drug10
which is the uppermost layer of
the epidermis with a thickness of between 10-
and consists of several layers of corneocytes
(nucleate keratin filled cells) in laid in a lipid matrix,
a continuous medium through the SC, arranged in
bilayers11,12
. So to circumvent the stratum corneum
and to increase the flux through skin membrane,
different approaches for enhancement of penetration
are used13
.Much effort has been dedicated to
improving impermeability14
and one of the ways for
circumventing the stratum corneum barrier include
iontophoresis.
Iontophoresis
Iontophoresis, derived from the Greek “ionto”
meaning ‘ion’ and “phoresis” meaning ‘to bear’
involves enhancing the permeation of a topically
applied therapeutic agent by the application of a low
level electric current either directly to the skin or
indirectly via the dosage form15,16,17,18
.
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Historical Background of Iontophoretic
Process
Clinical application of current can be traced back to
the ancient time of the golden age of the Greek
civilization and was probably originated by Varatti in
1747. Galvani and Vota in 18th
century combined the
knowledge that the electricity can move different
metal ions and the movement of the ions produce
electricity. This method of administering
pharmacological agents by iontophoresis became
popular at the beginning of 20th
century due to work
of Leduc (1900) who introduced the term
iontotherapy and formulated the laws for this process.
Until the early 20th
century, current medicated drug
delivery was known as “cataphories”. Frankenhauses
is said to have introduced the term “iontophoresis”
before 1908. The phoresor device was the first
iontophoretic system to be approved by the FDA in
the late 1970’s as a physical medicine therapeutic
device in order to enhance patient’s compliance, the
use of patient-friendly, portable and efficient
iontophoretic systems have been under intensive
development over the years. Such improved systems
include the Vyteris and E-TRANS iontophoretic
devices19,20,21
.
Iontophoretic Research and Drug Delivery
The physiochemical properties of the molecule have
an effect on the contribution of the follicular and non-
follicular routes of penetration. Hydrophilic
molecules tend to localize in the hair follicles,
whereas lipophilic molecules are mostly distributed
in the lipid intercellular organs of the SC and the
lipid membrane of the epidermal keratinocytes22
.
Since passive transdermal permeation of the majority
of the drugs needs enhancement to achieve clinically
relevant plasma concentration, both chemical and
physical enhancement methods have been developed.
Iontophoresis is one of the physical methods. There
are three major enhancing mechanisms for drug
reflux through the skin, which include: Iontophoresis
(also known as electro repulsion, electro migration or
Nernest-Planck effect), electro-osmotic flow23-27
and
current induced increase in skin permeation, also
known as damage effect28
. Electro repulsion is the
direct effect of the applied electric field on a charged
permeant and gives the largest enhancement to the
flux of small lipophilic cations29
. The second
mechanism, electro osmosis, results from the fact that
the skin supports a net negative charge at
physiological pH30,31
,the counter ions are cations and
the electro osmotic flow is thus from anode to
cathode. Therefore, the cathodic delivery of anions is
hindered and the anodic delivery of cations is assisted
by electro osmosis which has a positive contribution
to the transport of cations and a negative contribution
to the transport of anions under normal physiological
conditions. The impact of electro osmosis ion transfer
increases with the size of the ion32
. The contribution
of electro osmosis can be so significant that the
delivery of large anion from the anodic compartment
can be more efficient than delivery from cathode, this
is called wrong way iontophoresis25
. The other
mechanism is current induced increase in skin
permeation, also known as damage effect. In the
presence of an electric field, electro migration and
electro osmosis are the dominant forces in mass
transport33
.
Diagram of iontophoretic technique: as current is applied the drug cations are repelled and move through the skin
and eventually they are absorbed in the systemic circulation.
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Because of the complex nature of iontophoretic
delivery, a number of attempts have been made to
define the rate of iontophoretic delivery. Abramson
and Gorin derived an equation to compare the
iontophoresis flow to electric mobility, electro
osmosis and simple diffusion. The increased flux
during iontophoresis includes:
Flux due to the electrochemical potential
gradient across the skin.
Change in the skin permeability due to the
electric field applied.
Electro-osmotic water flow and resultant solvent
drag.
Jionto = Jelectric+ Jpassive + Jconnective
Jelectric = The flux due to electric current
application.
Jelectric–The flux due to electric current application.
Jpassive – The flux due to passive delivery
through the skin.
Jconnective – The flux due to connective transport
due to electro Osmosis34.
Iontophoresis as Drug Delivery Module
Iontophoresis has been exploited for the transdermal
delivery of many drugs with poor penetration
properties e.g. high molecular weight electrolytes
such as proteins, peptides and oligonucleotides which
are normally difficult to administer except through
parenteral route35
. An iontophoretic drug delivery
system has their basic components:
An energy source of electronic current, which
usually consists of a battery and controlled
electronics.
An active reservoir which contains the ionic
therapeutic agent.
An indifferent or return reservoir system which
contains an electrolyte and serves to complete
the electric circuit.
Also a control system to monitor the overall
process.
When the active and indifferent reservoir
systems are placed on the skin, the current source
causes electronic current flow to the active reservoir
where the electric current is transformed into ionic
current. The ionic current flows through the active
reservoir, through the skin, beneath the skin, towards
the indifferent reservoir, and back through the skin
into the indifferent reservoir. At the indifferent
reservoir, it is transformed back into electronic
current, completing the circuit at opposite pole of
current source36,37
.
Factors Affecting Iontophoretic Delivery
System
Many factors including the physiochemical properties
of the compound, drug formulation, equipment used,
biological factors, skin temperature and duration of
iontophoresis effect the transport and can be divided
into operational and biological factors.The following
factors have to be considered:
1) Influence of pH: For optimum iontophoresis, it is
desired to have a relatively large proportion of the
drug in ionized state. However, this must be
counterbalanced with delivery of a drug at a pH
that is tolerable and safe for the patient38
.
2) Current strength: The current is usually limited
to 1 mA due to patients comfort considerations
and should not be applied for more than 3 min
because of local skin irritation and burns39,40
.
3) Ionic competition: The use of buffering agents as
co-ions (anion of equal charge but of different
type is referred as co-ion) which are usually
smaller and more mobile than the ion to be
delivered results in reduction of number of drug
ions to be delivered through the tissue barrier by
applied current, that is when a positively charged
drug is diluted in saline, the sodium ions will
compete with the amount of drug ions to be
delivered. Ideally the use of buffer system should
be avoided, but if this is not possible, alternative
buffers consisting of ions with low mobility or
conductivity are preferred41
.
4) Drug concentration: Depending on the drug
used, the steady-state flux (ion movement) has
been shown to increase with increasing
concentration of the solute in the donor
compartment, i.e, in the delivery electrode.
Increased uptake by the skin during and after IP
with an increase in drug concentration has been
reported42,43
.
5) Molecular size: In general when the molecular
size increases, the permeability coefficient
decreases. However, there are certain solutes
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with a relatively high molecular size (eg insulin,
vasopressin and several growth hormones), which
have also been shown to penetrate the skin barrier
into the systemic circulation44
.
6) Drug salt form: It has been reported that
different salt forms have different specific
conductivities and that conductivity experiments
in vitro will provide information concerning the
general solubility of a drug and must be
considered along with the pH of the solution for
determining the amount of drug in the ionized
state45
.
7) Biological factors: Patient anatomical factors that
influence the depth of penetration that is variable
from patient to patient include skin thickness at
the site of application, presence of subcutaneous
adipose tissue and size of other structures
including skeletal muscle. Additionally, the
presence and severity of inflammation can
influence drug penetration due to the increased
temperature46
.
Selection Criteria For Drug Candidate
Transdermal route of drug administration has certain
inherent difficulties that make it unsuitable for a large
number of drugs and an ideal characteristic drug
should be posses following criteria:
A TDDS should not cover an area more than 50 cm2
and daily dose should be of order of few mg, the
effective concentration of drug should be low,
presumably in the ng/ml, the active ingredients
should not cause any skin toxicity or irritation, the
drug should preferably be on low molecular weight
as diffusion is dependent on molecular size, the drug
should have a low melting point so that it acts on
normal body temperature, drugs, which degrade in
the GI tract or are inactivated by hepatic first pass
effect, should have adequate hydrophilic and
lipophilic balance to negotiate the lipid barrier of
stratum corneum before being partitioned into the
aqueous viable tissue and the half life of the drug
should be short47,48,49,50,51
.
There is a wide variety of drugs that has been
investigated is reported recently for iontophoretic
delivery and include delivery of anaesthetics (eg
lidocaine)52
, steroids and retinoids to treat acne
scarring53
, for the relief of palmar and plantar
hyperhydrosis54
, pilocarpine in diagnosis of cystic
fibrosis55,56,57
, ketoprofen in subcutaneous tissues and
joints58
, fentanyl59
, arginine and vasopressin (AVP)60
,
atenolol61
, buprenorphine62
, leuprolide63
, piroxicam64
,
rotigotine65
, salbutamol66
, thiocolchicoside67
and
timolol maleate68
.
Merits and demerits of transdermal
iontophoretic system
Merits
It is a non-invasive technique that could serve as
substitute for chemical enhancer, eliminates problems
like toxicity problems, adverse reaction, formulation
problems associated with presence of chemical
enhancers in pharmaceuticals, permits lower
quantities of drug compared to use in TDDS, thereby
decreasing side effects, eliminate the chance of over
or under dosing by continuous delivery of drug
programmed at required therapeutic rate, permit a
rapid termination of the modification, simply by
stopping drug input from iontrphoretic delivery
system and self administration is possible.
Demerits
Arrangement to protect electric shock needed, an
excessive current density usually results in pain,
burns may be caused by electrolyte changes within
the tissues, ionic form of drug in sufficient
concentration is necessary for iontophoretic delivery
and the treatment is somewhat costly49,69,70,71
.
Clinical applications of iontophoresis in other
disciplines
Dentistry
Iontophoresis has been used for treatment of
hypersensitivity dentin (in teeth sensitive to air and
cold liquids) using negatively charged fluoride ions,
treatment of oral ulcers and herpes lesions using
negatively charged corticosteroids and antiviral
drugs, respectively72
.
Dermatology
Iontophoresis with lidocaine, tap water or
anticholinergic compounds has been used for
treatment of patients with hyperhidrosis of palms,
feet and axillae73
.
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CONCLUSION
Transdermal technology ensures as much as 95% of a
supplement reaches the cells where it is needed.
Doctors around the world are calling Transdermal
delivery “The delivery system of the future” and
found fantastic alternatives to pills and tablets.
Considerations that are all important for design and
development of pharmaceutical products intended
for application into the skin require an ideal skin
penetration enhancer, for which continual research
has occurred over a number of decades. Although
many potent enhancers have been discovered, their
clinical application has been limited because of their
toxic side effects. However, the recent approaches for
penetration enhancement do not compromise skin
barrier function as do chemical and physical
penetration enhancement technique, and hence
iontrophoresis and phonophoresis can serve as better
alternative. The iontrophoretic delivery of macro-
molecules allows the strategy for non-invasive
transdermal delivery of peptide-based
pharmaceuticals, and contributes to further future
advancement toward recombinant DNA technology.
Although iontophoresis provides many benefits and
seems to be more effective than other techniques,
there is a need for further research and judicious use
of technology with microelectronics devices which
could prove it to be a ‘potential emergence to
transdermal drug delivery’.
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