This document discusses the role of mountain gorilla tourism in the post-conflict recovery of Rwanda. It finds that mountain gorilla tourism has significantly contributed to Rwanda's economic growth since the 1994 genocide, becoming the largest foreign exchange earner. It also discusses how revenue from gorilla tourism is shared with local communities and has helped fund projects providing education, water, and livelihoods. Transboundary collaboration between Rwanda, Uganda, and DRC on gorilla conservation has also helped promote regional peacebuilding and security.
Not Your Father’s NRM: Understanding NRM in Post-Conflict CountriesCAPRi
Presented at the CAPRi International Workshop on Collective Action, Property Rights, and Conflict in Natural Resources Management. June 28th to July 1st, 2010, Siem Reap, Cambodia.
http://www.capri.cgiar.org/wks_0610.asp
Presented at the CAPRi International Workshop on Collective Action, Property Rights, and Conflict in Natural Resources Management. June 28th to July 1st, 2010, Siem Reap, Cambodia.
http://www.capri.cgiar.org/wks_0610.asp
LOOKING BEYOND THE OBVIOUS: Uncovering the features of natural resource confl...CAPRi
Presented at the CAPRi International Workshop on Collective Action, Property Rights, and Conflict in Natural Resources Management. June 28th to July 1st, 2010, Siem Reap, Cambodia.
http://www.capri.cgiar.org/wks_0610.asp
The Outbreak of Peace: Communal Land Management and Traditional Governance in...CAPRi
Presented at the CAPRi International Workshop on Collective Action, Property Rights, and Conflict in Natural Resources Management. June 28th to July 1st, 2010, Siem Reap, Cambodia.
http://www.capri.cgiar.org/wks_0610.asp
Mismanagement of Natural Resources: States, businesses and communitiesEric Kumeh Mensah
This presentation highlights the concepts of mismanagement, public trust and tragedy of the commons. It uses three clear examples to describe natural resources mismanagement at state, business and community levels. Root causes of NR mismanagement are then explored as well as solutions to the key issues raised. I completes by highlighting the role Natural Resource and Environmental Governance student can play in sustainable NRM.
Not Your Father’s NRM: Understanding NRM in Post-Conflict CountriesCAPRi
Presented at the CAPRi International Workshop on Collective Action, Property Rights, and Conflict in Natural Resources Management. June 28th to July 1st, 2010, Siem Reap, Cambodia.
http://www.capri.cgiar.org/wks_0610.asp
Presented at the CAPRi International Workshop on Collective Action, Property Rights, and Conflict in Natural Resources Management. June 28th to July 1st, 2010, Siem Reap, Cambodia.
http://www.capri.cgiar.org/wks_0610.asp
LOOKING BEYOND THE OBVIOUS: Uncovering the features of natural resource confl...CAPRi
Presented at the CAPRi International Workshop on Collective Action, Property Rights, and Conflict in Natural Resources Management. June 28th to July 1st, 2010, Siem Reap, Cambodia.
http://www.capri.cgiar.org/wks_0610.asp
The Outbreak of Peace: Communal Land Management and Traditional Governance in...CAPRi
Presented at the CAPRi International Workshop on Collective Action, Property Rights, and Conflict in Natural Resources Management. June 28th to July 1st, 2010, Siem Reap, Cambodia.
http://www.capri.cgiar.org/wks_0610.asp
Mismanagement of Natural Resources: States, businesses and communitiesEric Kumeh Mensah
This presentation highlights the concepts of mismanagement, public trust and tragedy of the commons. It uses three clear examples to describe natural resources mismanagement at state, business and community levels. Root causes of NR mismanagement are then explored as well as solutions to the key issues raised. I completes by highlighting the role Natural Resource and Environmental Governance student can play in sustainable NRM.
"Guideline for the session on 'community- based strategies and approaches"
Regional Review Conference on the Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development
Nairobi, Kenya | 26-27 November 2014
Local Community vs Oil Palm Plantation Company: Two case studies from West Ka...CAPRi
Presented at the CAPRi International Workshop on Collective Action, Property Rights, and Conflict in Natural Resources Management. June 28th to July 1st, 2010, Siem Reap, Cambodia.
http://www.capri.cgiar.org/wks_0610.asp
This presentation delineates between Bribery and Corruption. It offers a description of the current state of corruption in Ghana and suggest pragmatic ways of tackling the menace.
Role of Customary Law and Communities in Natural Resource Management in Post-...CAPRi
Presented at the CAPRi International Workshop on Collective Action, Property Rights, and Conflict in Natural Resources Management. June 28th to July 1st, 2010, Siem Reap, Cambodia.
http://www.capri.cgiar.org/wks_0610.asp
"Guideline for the session on 'community- based strategies and approaches"
Regional Review Conference on the Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development
Nairobi, Kenya | 26-27 November 2014
Local Community vs Oil Palm Plantation Company: Two case studies from West Ka...CAPRi
Presented at the CAPRi International Workshop on Collective Action, Property Rights, and Conflict in Natural Resources Management. June 28th to July 1st, 2010, Siem Reap, Cambodia.
http://www.capri.cgiar.org/wks_0610.asp
This presentation delineates between Bribery and Corruption. It offers a description of the current state of corruption in Ghana and suggest pragmatic ways of tackling the menace.
Role of Customary Law and Communities in Natural Resource Management in Post-...CAPRi
Presented at the CAPRi International Workshop on Collective Action, Property Rights, and Conflict in Natural Resources Management. June 28th to July 1st, 2010, Siem Reap, Cambodia.
http://www.capri.cgiar.org/wks_0610.asp
Political Conflicts and Community Forestry: Understanding the Impact of the D...CAPRi
Presented at the CAPRi International Workshop on Collective Action, Property Rights, and Conflict in Natural Resources Management. June 28th to July 1st, 2010, Siem Reap, Cambodia.
http://www.capri.cgiar.org/wks_0610.asp
Resource Conflict, Collective Action, and Resilience: An Analytical FrameworkCAPRi
Presented at the CAPRi International Workshop on Collective Action, Property Rights, and Conflict in Natural Resources Management. June 28th to July 1st, 2010, Siem Reap, Cambodia.
http://www.capri.cgiar.org/wks_0610.asp
Presented at the CAPRi International Workshop on Collective Action, Property Rights, and Conflict in Natural Resources Management. June 28th to July 1st, 2010, Siem Reap, Cambodia.
http://www.capri.cgiar.org/wks_0610.asp
Social Identity, Natural Resources, & PeacebuildingCAPRi
Presented at the CAPRi International Workshop on Collective Action, Property Rights, and Conflict in Natural Resources Management. June 28th to July 1st, 2010, Siem Reap, Cambodia.
http://www.capri.cgiar.org/wks_0610.asp
How can collective action and customary laws help to manage conflicts over na...CAPRi
Presented at the CAPRi International Workshop on Collective Action, Property Rights, and Conflict in Natural Resources Management. June 28th to July 1st, 2010, Siem Reap, Cambodia.
http://www.capri.cgiar.org/wks_0610.asp
Third party involvement in collective water governanceCAPRi
Presented at the CAPRi International Workshop on Collective Action, Property Rights, and Conflict in Natural Resources Management. June 28th to July 1st, 2010, Siem Reap, Cambodia.
http://www.capri.cgiar.org/wks_0610.asp
Natural resource conflicts and community organisations in BangladeshCAPRi
Presented at the CAPRi International Workshop on Collective Action, Property Rights, and Conflict in Natural Resources Management. June 28th to July 1st, 2010, Siem Reap, Cambodia.
http://www.capri.cgiar.org/wks_0610.asp
Conflict, Cooperation & Collective Action: land use, water rights and water s...CAPRi
Presented at the CAPRi International Workshop on Collective Action, Property Rights, and Conflict in Natural Resources Management. June 28th to July 1st, 2010, Siem Reap, Cambodia.
http://www.capri.cgiar.org/wks_0610.asp
Analysis of current Governance in the Sustainable Management of the Virunga N...AI Publications
This study was carried out in Virunga national park (ViNP) of the Demographic Republic of Congo. The study had as objective to contribute to the sustainable management of the Virunga national park. The study area was made up of four (4) administrative territories (Masis, Goma, Nyiragonga and Rutshur); these territories are found in the North KivProvence of the democratize Republic of Congo.Data was collected through the administration of 394 structured questionnaires to household heads residing around the peripheries of the Virunga national park. The data was imputed into a Microsoft excel sheet 2016 and was analysis using an SPSS version 21 statistical package. The results revealed that majority of respondents were youths 86% with ages below 61years. On the question; on the collaboration between local population and park management, the results showed that 76.4% of respondents had no form of collaboration with park management. The results also revealed that majority of respondents do not participate in the management of the ViNP. The presence park governance is highly contested by the local communities and should be revise to incorporate the concerns of the local population. To revive the lost trust and improve the relationship between the local populations living around the park and the management of the park; locals populations should participate in the management of the national park; benefit from park resources should be share and alternative income activities be created to prevent youths from relying on the park resources as a livelihood source.
Ecotourism an approach to the sustainable conservation of biodiversity in the...AI Publications
This study was carried out at the buffer zones of Benue National Park in the North Region of Cameroon. The objective of the study was to assess the governance of ecotourism with an aim to promote sustainable management of biological resources. Primary data was collected with the help of semi-structured questionnaires that were administered to 125 household heads that were involved in the conservation of biodiversity in the study area. Questionnaires and interview guides were design to collect data on: (the level of participation and involvement of communities, stakeholder in the ecotourism business and modalities for participation in the conservation of biological resources). The results showed that two categories of ecotourism actors are involved: Direct actors: conservation service, MINFOF/MINTOUL, eco-guards and indirect actors: NGOs and service providers. The issue of equity remained a major concern for stakeholders, as responsibilities and decision-making among the different actors were not shared equitably. Regarding the level of community participation in ecotourism activities, 79% of stakeholders are not involved in ecotourism activities; however, 21% of stakeholders who were involved are community guards, cooks and tour guides. In ZIC (Area of Cinegetic Interest) N° 1 and 4, 31% of respondents said that only the Union of Village Wildlife Committees (COZIC) have being participating in the ecotourism business. . However, it should be noted that the governance mode most frequently observed in this protected area is dominated by the state with 83% respondents involved even though the laws and policies on ecotourism shows a participatory management of ecotourism in the protected areas.
The Management of Protected Areas in Serengeti Ecosystem: A Case Study of Iko...inventy
The study assessed the management of protected areas in Serengeti ecosystem using the case of IGGRs. Specifically, the study aimed at identifying the strategies used for natural resources management; examining the impacts of those strategies; examining the hindrances of the identified strategies; and lastly, examining the methods for scaling up the performance of strategies used for natural resources in the study area. The study involved two villages among 31 villages bordering IGGRs where in each village; at least 5% of the households were sampled. Both Primary data and secondary data were collected and analyzed both manually and computer by using SPSS software. The study revealed that, study population ranked IGGRs performance on protection of natural resources, especially on conserving wildlife for future generation and in reducing poaching to be good(53.3%). In addition, the relationship with IGGRs was said to be considerable good (46.7%). In the aspect of reducing poaching, the findings show that poaching has been reduced by 96.2% from 2009 to 2012. Furthermore, 81.4% of respondents said they use different strategies to control loss of natural resources which in turn has considerably improved the relationship between protected areas and the surrounding communities in some of the aspects. Despite of above successes, the study findings has revealed a number of challenges that hinders the full attainment of conservation objectives. Among the challenges are loss of life and properties (86.4%), shortage of water for livestock (68.9%) since water sources such as Grumeti and Rubana rivers are within protected area while the adjacent local communities do not have a free access to those water sources. Other challenges especially on the IGGRs management include insufficient fund base, working facilities and inadequate staffs. Based on the above findings, the study concluded that the strategies used for natural resources management of protected areas in Serengeti ecosystem is fairly sustainable and need functional participatory approaches of local people and other stakeholders in order to bring about a collaborative natural resources management network in the ecosystem. Furthermore, based on the findings above, equity in benefit sharing accrued from natural resource management in protected areas, more financial support to IGGRs and local community, the use of non-lethal deterrents for crop protection, integration of croplivestock production systems, adoption of land use plans as a solution to land conflicts, strengthens of community based conservation (CBC), adoption of modern information technology such as geographical information system (GIS) and remote sensing are recommended.
Opportunities from Satellite Observation Systems in Climate Risk Mitigation: ...Julius Huho
One of the key findings in the Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) is that millions of people globally will be exposed to increased water stress due to climate change. With over three quarters of Africa falling under arid and semiarid climate, the continent is prone to the vagaries of climate change. Like other African countries, climate related disasters pose threat to the economy of Kenya, which largely depend on agriculture, tourism and hospitality sectors. Droughts and floods make regular news in the country causing devastating effects which are sometimes irreversible, at least in the short-term, causing destitution among the natives and huge losses to government agencies. In a continent where rainfall performance plays a critical role in most of economic sectors, monitoring of drought hazards is important in coping with climate vagaries and adopting the most appropriate mitigation measures. This paper focuses on the effects of climate shocks on tourism and hospitality sector in Nakuru County in Kenya. It utilizes satellite images, in addition to rainfall data, for drought assessment and monitoring. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and land cover images have been used to establish and map the geographical extent and severity of droughts and the availability of pasture and browse for wildlife. Changes in water levels in Lakes Nakuru have been well documented. The study benefits the tourism destination managers, tour operators and hoteliers on the best locational sites for tourism and hospitality enterprises not only to ensure maximum revenue but also facilitate satisfying experiences to the visitors during climate related catastrophes. In addition, the findings inform government agencies which areas require rapid responses and plan contingency measures a head of time.
The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) has the world’s second largest area of contiguous tropical forests, but its forestry research cadre boasted just six persons with Masters Degrees. The University of Kisangani (UNIKIS) has recognised this shortcoming, and started a process of curricula reforms, in collaboration with CIFOR. A joint capacity building programme financed by the European Commission has since successfully trained more than 150 Masters students and 15 PhDs in ‘Biodiversity and Forestry Management’. During this workshop a photo quiz will illustrate the innovative curriculum development of an interdisciplinary Masters course on ‘History, Law and Land Governance in sub-Saharan Africa’, co-designed by UNIKIS and CIFOR.
Strategy to Increase Public Participation in Forest Management Based On Inter...inventionjournals
Baluran National Park as a conservation area has a wide variety of flora and fauna. But this time Baluran National Park to experience a variety of threats, interruptions and damage to ecosystems. Based on information from the Baluran office (2014) damage incurred includes: (i) Forest fires reached ± 946.75 ha, or about 4% of the total land area is due in large part caused by the irresponsible and not because of natural factors; (Ii) Activities ± 400 ha of land clearing for agriculture plants business; (Iii) timber theft, especially in resort Labuhan Peacock; (Iv) Pastoral wild is a problem that is quite prominent, especially in the area Karangtekok, Labuhan Merak, and Balanan with an area of 3,450 ha. Cattle grazing types, namely cows and goats with an average of 1,447 head of cattle per day; (Iv) Local Trasmigrasi Settlements (Translok) since 1976, covering an area of 57 ha in Pandean area, Wonorejo village; (V) illegal encroachment and the tilling of the soil; and (vi) hunting of wildlife by people with firearms, snares, poison and sap that often occur during the dry season. This study is a non-laboratory scale with the purpose of: (i) to analyze and explain the effect of each variable system of institutions, incentives, social capital ,, the socio-demographic, and social learning to the level of community participation; (Ii) to analyze and explain whether the public welfare mediates the effect of variable incentives on the level of community participation; (Iii) to analyze and explain whether the public welfare mediates the influence of social capital on the level of community participation. The study population includes: (i) the entire village communities buffer consisting of: public Randu Agung, Wonorejo, Bajulmati, Bimorejo, Kalianyar, Watu Kebo and Resources Waru; (Ii) the people occupying forest land TNB illegally consisting of: (a) SPTNW 1 Bekol include: block Balanan, Kakapa, Simacan and Mesigit, and (b) SPTNW II Karangtekok include: block Merak, Shell, Lempuyang, and Sirondo. By using cluster sampling based group / region relating to the location of the existing research in Baluran National Park 60 respondents. It is based on a number of variables used in this study were 6 to 39 indicator variables by using Equation Model Sructural analysis.
Analysis of current Governance in the Sustainable Protection of the Virunga N...AI Publications
This article offers an Analysis on the Governance of the Virunga National Park (ViNP) using the Landscape Approach. We started from the constant misunderstanding and perpetual opposition of the riverside population on the management of the ViNP. The question is the management strategy to involve the local population in the sustainable management of the Virunga National Park. After presenting and analyzing the data provided to us by 394 respondents constituting the sample size consider in relation to strategies of public involvement in the sustainable management of the ViNP. The results showed that the local community is not fully involved in the management of the ViNP, and for their involvement we have proposed the Landscape approach that does not exclude anyone as an alternative to the integrated and sustainable management of the Park. After several years of experimentation, the results of the old approach are far from satisfactory. This study is one of the doctoral research findings on the landscape approach to sustainable management of the ViNP.
Human Wildlife Conflicts to communities surrounding Mikumi National Parks in ...IJEAB
Human wildlife interaction is not a new phenomenon, it has existed since the beginning of humankind, it is evidenced by the fact that, many national parks are surrounded by human residents. The interaction between human and wildlife is of different nature depending on the culture of the surrounding human as well as wildlife community. For decade’s human wildlife conflicts has been a great conservation challenge due to increased human population, international trade and change of policies. The challenge is more significant in a sense that it negatively affects both human and wildlife sustainability. Therefore a study was conducted to villages surrounding Mikumi national Park to assess reasons for conflicts between human and wildlife and account how communities prevent wild animals to destructs their agriculture products. Three villages were selected for study (Doma, Maharaka and Mkata, all villages surrounds Mikumi National Park Ecosystems. Different methodology includes: - Field observation, Household survey, Field interview, In-depth interview and Ethnography study were used. However descriptive analysis and non parametric test were performed by using SPSS 16 versions and Kruskal-wallis test respectively to compute mean, standard error, percentages and differences of wildlife consumption. Results suggests that, there is a gradual increase of human-wildlife conflicts which lead to loss of people’s lives, as well as their livelihoods such as farms and farms product. Statistically results depicted that the average size of the farm affected at Doma, Maharaka and Mkata villages were 3.8 ± 0.1, 2.0 ± 0.1 and 2.2 ± 0.1 acres respectively, while at Mkata village 32 goats, 24 sheep and 76 cattle were reported to be killed by wild carnivores. In other way conflicts may result to poaching activities which may threaten the existence of huge herbivores such as Elephants and Rhinoceros. Apart from that, conflicts may lead to poor performances of tourism industry in the country. Research recommends that more efforts should be taken by the government and other stakeholders to prevent conflicts around all national parks so as to create good and conducive environment for human being life and wildlife in order to allow good performance of tourism industry for economic development of the country.
Ethiopia is endowed with various cultural and natural attractions from the tops of the rugged Simien Mountains to the depths of the Danakil Depression. About 14% of the total land area of country is covered by officially defined protected areas and national parks for wildlife and forest. National parks play an integral role in the conservation and preservation of biodiversity and the provision of other benefits associated with the maintenance of ecological integrity currently the most crucial policy poser in Ethiopia is sustainability and conservation of environmental resources, for their economic valuation is an effective operational tool for designing policies in relation to their sustainable use. When a market for a certain good is suitably competitive, economic behavior can be studied all the way through the market-pricing instruments but in the case of natural resource and environmental goods and services, non-marketing approach like travel cost method and willingness to pay are particular methods of economic valuation of national parks. In Ethiopia 6.8% national GDP gain by tourism and consecutively Ecotourism is on the progresses of development for the nation. The core aim of this review to provides analytical opportunities from the perspectives of conserving national park and the development tourism industry and tourism entrepreneurship. Therefore, both government and non government organization of Ethiopia has recognized development and promotion of ecotourism and provided consultancy services for conserve and potentially developers of ecotourism sites. Increasing the awareness of local communities and around attraction area towards ecotourism or nature tourism is very important.
Similar to The Ultimate Question of How to Cut the Pie? Revenue Sharing of Gorilla Tourism in Rwanda (20)
Institutional Dimensions of Climate-Smart-Agriculture: The Role of Property R...CAPRi
Audio lecture by IFPRI's Ruth Meinzen-Dick that addresses the institutional dimensions of climate change response, especially the role of collective action and property rights
Presented at the CAPRi/CCAFS research workshop on "Institutions for Inclusive Climate-Smart Agriculture". September, 2012, Nairobi, Kenya. For more information, visit http://www.capri.cgiar.org/wks_0912.asp
Resources, Rights and Cooperation: Educational Poster ResourcesCAPRi
This educational poster series was developed at a workshop conducted in Goa, India on October 27-30, 2009 organized by the Systemwide Program on Collective Action and Property Rights (CAPRi), an inter-center initiative of the Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research (CGIAR).
The posters are designed for use by field-based practitioners, educators, trainers, and development administrators. These posters were developed to complement the publication Resources, Rights and Cooperation: A Sourcebook on Property Rights and Collective Action for Sustainable Development.
Land, Power and Peace: Tenure systems and the formalization agenda in post-ge...CAPRi
Presented at the CAPRi International Workshop on Collective Action, Property Rights, and Conflict in Natural Resources Management. June 28th to July 1st, 2010, Siem Reap, Cambodia.
http://www.capri.cgiar.org/wks_0610.asp
This is a presentation on "Institutional Dimensions of Climate Change: The Role of Property Rights and Collective Action", given by Ruth Meinzen-Dick on February 19, 2010 at the FAO in Rome.
This presentation provides an overview to the CGIAR Systemwide Program on Collective Action and Property Rights (CAPRi). It includes a brief introduction to CAPRi, an update on CAPRi activities,
CAPRi impacts and partnerships, and ongoing CAPRi activities.
The Ultimate Question of How to Cut the Pie? Revenue Sharing of Gorilla Tourism in Rwanda
1. The Ultimate Question of How to Cut the Pie? Revenue Sharing of Gorilla Tourism in Rwanda Miko Watanabe PhD Candidate, University of Tokyo UNDP staff member [email_address] June 30, 2010 CAPRi Workshop, Siem Reap Annette Lanjouw, Director of the Great Apes Program, Arcus Foundation Eugène Rutagarama, Director, International Gorilla Conservation Program
5. Recurrent Conflict in the Region : Rwanda: 1994 Over 800,000 lives were lost in the genocide 2003 Presidential and Legislative elections were held, and the new Constitution was issued. Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC): 1996 Mobutu Sese Seko's regime collapsed. A decade long civil war followed, depriving over 4 million lives. 1999 The Lusaka Peace Agreement 2006 The first democratic elections Uganda: 1986 The National Resistance Movement seized the power. 1996 First direct presidential election 2008 Truce by Government and Lord's Resistance Army (LRA), a rebel group in the north. A final peace agreement has not yet been signed. Uganda and DRC: in "active armed conflict” having “at least 25 battle-related deaths in one calendar year” by the Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP) of Uppsala University. (2007)
23. THANK YOU! Photo by International Gorilla Conservation Programme
Editor's Notes
A business (also called a company , enterprise or firm ) is a legally recognized organization designed to provide goods and/or services to consumers.[1] Businesses are predominant in capitalist economies, most being privately owned and formed to earn profit that will increase the wealth of its owners and grow the business itself. The owners and operators of a business have as one of their main objectives the receipt or generation of a financial return in exchange for work and acceptance of risk. Notable exceptions include cooperative enterprises and state-owned enterprises. Businesses can also be formed not-for-profit or be state-owned.
A business (also called a company , enterprise or firm ) is a legally recognized organization designed to provide goods and/or services to consumers.[1] Businesses are predominant in capitalist economies, most being privately owned and formed to earn profit that will increase the wealth of its owners and grow the business itself. The owners and operators of a business have as one of their main objectives the receipt or generation of a financial return in exchange for work and acceptance of risk. Notable exceptions include cooperative enterprises and state-owned enterprises. Businesses can also be formed not-for-profit or be state-owned.
Tourism in Africa Great potential, but not fully developed. TICAD three priorities: 1) Boosting economic growth; 2) Ensuring "human security," (Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), the consolidation of peace and good governance; and 3) Addressing environmental issues and climate change. Among 15 focus areas: Trade, Investment and Tourism
UCDP defines an armed conflict as "a contested incompatibility that concerns government and/or territory where the use of armed force between two parties, of which at least one is the government of a state, results in at least 25 battle-related deaths in one calendar year". (the transnational government and the following elections) Rwanda: 1994 Over 800,000 were killed in the genocide 2003 Presidential and Legislative elections were held and the new Constitution was issued. Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC): 1996 Mobutu Sese Seko's regime collapsed. A decade long civil war followed depriving over 4 million lives. 1999: The Lusaka Peace Agreement 2006: The first democratic elections for the presidency and the National Assembly over four decades. Uganda: 1986 the National Resistance Movement (NRM), led by Yoweri Museveni seized the power in, and the was held in 1996. Museveni was elected as the President (first direct presidential election) February 2008 A between the Government and Lord's Resistance Army (LRA), a rebel group in the north. A final peace agreement has not yet been signed. Despite on-going efforts to end the violent conflicts in the Region, both Uganda and DRC are categorized as countries with "active armed conflict" in 2007 according to the analysis by the Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP) of Uppsala University.
The HDI provides a composite measure of three dimensions of human development: living a long and healthy life (measured by life expectancy), being educated (measured by adult literacy and gross enrolment in education) and having a decent standard of living (measured by purchasing power parity, PPP, income).
180 people, guides, trackers, anti-poaching teams in 5 protection sectors. Sustainable tourism: Sustainability principles refer to the environmental, economic, and socio-cultural aspects of tourism development, and a suitable balance must be established between these three dimensions to guarantee its long-term sustainability. (UNWTO 2004) Ecotourism Responsible tourism Community-based tourism Pro-poor tourism ・・・・・・・
2008 about 17,000 people visited the VNP Compared to 417 tourists in 1999 after the reopening of the park
Mgahinga Gorilla National Park: 1964 Inside park activities became illegal 1992 MOU; 272 Households resulting in 4000 people were restricted from use of park resources Compensation was not sufficient
The Distribution of annual gorilla tourism benefit (20.6 million USD) National: 11.2 million USD International: 8.7 million USD Local: 0.7 million USD The ecotourism defined as: "responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and improves the well-being of local people." (The International Ecotourism Society 1990) has evolved in Rwanda since 1979. Focus on mountain gorilla as a unique flagship species has also allowed the development of the much booming tourism industry both at the local and global scale. Since 1979, tourism rose to become the third foreign exchange earner in Rwanda subsequent to tea and coffee (Weber, 1987, OTF, 2003). From the tourism revenue in return, the government of Rwanda has significantly contributed to fund conservation of national parks. Communities have also benefited either directly from tourism by selling their local artisan products and establishment of small scale tourism based businesses or indirectly through ORTPN’s revenue sharing scheme and employment.
Population 300,000
The ecotourism defined as: "responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and improves the well-being of local people." (The International Ecotourism Society 1990) has evolved in Rwanda since 1979. Focus on mountain gorilla as a unique flagship species has also allowed the development of the much booming tourism industry both at the local and global scale. Since 1979, tourism rose to become the third foreign exchange earner in Rwanda subsequent to tea and coffee (Weber, 1987, OTF, 2003). From the tourism revenue in return, the government of Rwanda has significantly contributed to fund conservation of national parks. Communities have also benefited either directly from tourism by selling their local artisan products and establishment of small scale tourism based businesses or indirectly through ORTPN’s revenue sharing scheme and employment.
The ecotourism defined as: "responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and improves the well-being of local people." (The International Ecotourism Society 1990) has evolved in Rwanda since 1979. Focus on mountain gorilla as a unique flagship species has also allowed the development of the much booming tourism industry both at the local and global scale. Since 1979, tourism rose to become the third foreign exchange earner in Rwanda subsequent to tea and coffee (Weber, 1987, OTF, 2003). From the tourism revenue in return, the government of Rwanda has significantly contributed to fund conservation of national parks. Communities have also benefited either directly from tourism by selling their local artisan products and establishment of small scale tourism based businesses or indirectly through ORTPN’s revenue sharing scheme and employment.
The ecotourism defined as: "responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and improves the well-being of local people." (The International Ecotourism Society 1990) has evolved in Rwanda since 1979. Focus on mountain gorilla as a unique flagship species has also allowed the development of the much booming tourism industry both at the local and global scale. Since 1979, tourism rose to become the third foreign exchange earner in Rwanda subsequent to tea and coffee (Weber, 1987, OTF, 2003). From the tourism revenue in return, the government of Rwanda has significantly contributed to fund conservation of national parks. Communities have also benefited either directly from tourism by selling their local artisan products and establishment of small scale tourism based businesses or indirectly through ORTPN’s revenue sharing scheme and employment.