This document discusses secure tenure for urban slums in Asia-Pacific. It defines secure tenure and explains its importance for development. There is a continuum of land rights, from informal to formal, with eight types ranging from perceived tenure to registered freehold. Successful projects prioritize upgrading slums in situ through community-led development and partnerships between communities, municipalities, professionals, and the private sector. Forced relocation fails while incremental improvements to security of tenure through this continuum approach leads to sustainable communities and urban resiliency.
The document discusses the concept of urban resilience from the perspective of Irma Wilson.
Urban resilience is defined as the ability of a city to adapt to sudden or gradual changes in circumstances from structural, systemic, and cultural standpoints. It involves promoting resilience in areas like food, water, energy, transportation, communication, production, and education.
Irma Wilson argues that we must promote urban resilience not just in cities but also in rural and semi-urban areas. Beyond just promoting resilience, we should build experiential spaces to transition to a thriving world. The most adaptive cities and systems will survive, not just the strongest. Applying resilience involves retrofitting existing cities, redefining land use
Not Your Father’s NRM: Understanding NRM in Post-Conflict CountriesCAPRi
The document discusses the challenges of natural resource management (NRM) in post-conflict contexts. It notes that post-conflict countries face a heightened risk of conflict recurrence in the first 10 years. NRM is critical for peacebuilding but peacebuilding is also critical for NRM. The document recommends that NRM projects in post-conflict areas focus on situational awareness, conflict management, and mainstreaming peacebuilding approaches like human security, livelihoods support, and governance.
This document discusses internally displaced persons (IDPs) in conflict areas. It defines IDPs as persons forced to flee their homes due to armed conflict, violence, or disasters, but who remain within their country's borders, unlike refugees who cross international borders. The document outlines challenges facing IDPs such as property loss, family separation, insecurity, and lack of access to services. It also examines challenges for organizations assisting IDPs, such as government cooperation, access to information, resettlement, and security. Case studies of IDP situations in Pakistan and Colombia illustrate these challenges and responses from organizations such as the UN.
The document discusses the political economy of land and conflicts. It notes that securing land rights for all can help prevent and manage conflicts, as land is a source of livelihoods, wealth and a driver of power struggles. Understanding the various interests in land use and how competing claims are resolved is important. It emphasizes understanding shifting centers of power and interest groups, as well as considering women's land rights equally. A political economy lens is crucial, especially in contexts of poverty, weak governance and injustice, which can fuel conflicts over inequitable access to land resources. Legitimate dispute resolution mechanisms tailored to local contexts can help bridge divides and reconcile competing land claims.
The document discusses factors that contribute to vulnerability to disasters, particularly in urban areas. It notes that vulnerability is determined by awareness of hazards, infrastructure quality, policies, and wealth. Cities are highly vulnerable due to large populations and infrastructure. Physical infrastructure, informal settlements, and lack of enforcement increase impacts. Vulnerability has physical, social, and attitudinal aspects. Poverty and large slum populations also increase vulnerability. The document lists the top 10 most at-risk cities. It recommends strategies like development policies, education, capacity building, and early warning systems to reduce vulnerability.
The document discusses displaced persons and refugees in Africa. It defines displaced persons as individuals who have fled their homes due to armed conflict, violence, human rights violations, or natural disasters, and remain within their country as internally displaced persons (IDPs) or cross an international border as refugees. It provides examples of large IDP and refugee populations in countries like Congo, South Sudan, and across Sub-Saharan Africa. The causes of displacement mentioned include conflicts over land and resources, violence, political instability, ethnic or religious strife, state failure, human rights abuses, environmental factors, underdevelopment, and unemployment.
This document discusses durable solutions for internally displaced persons (IDPs), including their right to return and strategies for reconstruction and rehabilitation. It identifies key principles like community participation, evidence-based approaches, and avoiding harm. Tools like displacement tracking matrices and geographic information systems can help monitor IDPs and plan responses. The case of Aceh, Indonesia demonstrates how decentralizing recovery efforts and cash transfers can aid durable solutions. Environmental impact assessments also support sustainable humanitarian responses. Aerial photos document the destruction of Baga, Nigeria from insurgent attacks. Durable solutions require coordinated efforts between humanitarian organizations using rights-based frameworks.
The document provides an executive summary of Tulsa's initial findings report from its participation in the 100 Resilient Cities program. Key activities included compiling an inventory of 68 current city actions, identifying 534 stakeholders across sectors, conducting a community survey of 557 residents within a 60 mile radius of downtown Tulsa, and holding roundtable discussions. Preliminary priority areas identified from these initiatives are mobility and transit, social stability and justice, and public health. The report establishes a foundation for developing Tulsa's resilience strategy in 2017.
The document discusses the concept of urban resilience from the perspective of Irma Wilson.
Urban resilience is defined as the ability of a city to adapt to sudden or gradual changes in circumstances from structural, systemic, and cultural standpoints. It involves promoting resilience in areas like food, water, energy, transportation, communication, production, and education.
Irma Wilson argues that we must promote urban resilience not just in cities but also in rural and semi-urban areas. Beyond just promoting resilience, we should build experiential spaces to transition to a thriving world. The most adaptive cities and systems will survive, not just the strongest. Applying resilience involves retrofitting existing cities, redefining land use
Not Your Father’s NRM: Understanding NRM in Post-Conflict CountriesCAPRi
The document discusses the challenges of natural resource management (NRM) in post-conflict contexts. It notes that post-conflict countries face a heightened risk of conflict recurrence in the first 10 years. NRM is critical for peacebuilding but peacebuilding is also critical for NRM. The document recommends that NRM projects in post-conflict areas focus on situational awareness, conflict management, and mainstreaming peacebuilding approaches like human security, livelihoods support, and governance.
This document discusses internally displaced persons (IDPs) in conflict areas. It defines IDPs as persons forced to flee their homes due to armed conflict, violence, or disasters, but who remain within their country's borders, unlike refugees who cross international borders. The document outlines challenges facing IDPs such as property loss, family separation, insecurity, and lack of access to services. It also examines challenges for organizations assisting IDPs, such as government cooperation, access to information, resettlement, and security. Case studies of IDP situations in Pakistan and Colombia illustrate these challenges and responses from organizations such as the UN.
The document discusses the political economy of land and conflicts. It notes that securing land rights for all can help prevent and manage conflicts, as land is a source of livelihoods, wealth and a driver of power struggles. Understanding the various interests in land use and how competing claims are resolved is important. It emphasizes understanding shifting centers of power and interest groups, as well as considering women's land rights equally. A political economy lens is crucial, especially in contexts of poverty, weak governance and injustice, which can fuel conflicts over inequitable access to land resources. Legitimate dispute resolution mechanisms tailored to local contexts can help bridge divides and reconcile competing land claims.
The document discusses factors that contribute to vulnerability to disasters, particularly in urban areas. It notes that vulnerability is determined by awareness of hazards, infrastructure quality, policies, and wealth. Cities are highly vulnerable due to large populations and infrastructure. Physical infrastructure, informal settlements, and lack of enforcement increase impacts. Vulnerability has physical, social, and attitudinal aspects. Poverty and large slum populations also increase vulnerability. The document lists the top 10 most at-risk cities. It recommends strategies like development policies, education, capacity building, and early warning systems to reduce vulnerability.
The document discusses displaced persons and refugees in Africa. It defines displaced persons as individuals who have fled their homes due to armed conflict, violence, human rights violations, or natural disasters, and remain within their country as internally displaced persons (IDPs) or cross an international border as refugees. It provides examples of large IDP and refugee populations in countries like Congo, South Sudan, and across Sub-Saharan Africa. The causes of displacement mentioned include conflicts over land and resources, violence, political instability, ethnic or religious strife, state failure, human rights abuses, environmental factors, underdevelopment, and unemployment.
This document discusses durable solutions for internally displaced persons (IDPs), including their right to return and strategies for reconstruction and rehabilitation. It identifies key principles like community participation, evidence-based approaches, and avoiding harm. Tools like displacement tracking matrices and geographic information systems can help monitor IDPs and plan responses. The case of Aceh, Indonesia demonstrates how decentralizing recovery efforts and cash transfers can aid durable solutions. Environmental impact assessments also support sustainable humanitarian responses. Aerial photos document the destruction of Baga, Nigeria from insurgent attacks. Durable solutions require coordinated efforts between humanitarian organizations using rights-based frameworks.
The document provides an executive summary of Tulsa's initial findings report from its participation in the 100 Resilient Cities program. Key activities included compiling an inventory of 68 current city actions, identifying 534 stakeholders across sectors, conducting a community survey of 557 residents within a 60 mile radius of downtown Tulsa, and holding roundtable discussions. Preliminary priority areas identified from these initiatives are mobility and transit, social stability and justice, and public health. The report establishes a foundation for developing Tulsa's resilience strategy in 2017.
The Ultimate Question of How to Cut the Pie? Revenue Sharing of Gorilla Touri...CAPRi
This document discusses the role of mountain gorilla tourism in the post-conflict recovery of Rwanda. It finds that mountain gorilla tourism has significantly contributed to Rwanda's economic growth since the 1994 genocide, becoming the largest foreign exchange earner. It also discusses how revenue from gorilla tourism is shared with local communities and has helped fund projects providing education, water, and livelihoods. Transboundary collaboration between Rwanda, Uganda, and DRC on gorilla conservation has also helped promote regional peacebuilding and security.
This document discusses issues related to human population growth and urbanization. It notes that the human population has grown exponentially in recent centuries due to factors like improved agriculture, medicine, and ability to inhabit new areas. The population is projected to reach 9 billion by 2050. Slowing population growth requires strategies like economic development, education and empowerment of women, and family planning. The document also discusses the trends and impacts of increasing urbanization, including urban sprawl, and its effects on land, water, energy use, and local economies.
Concern Universal works to reduce poverty and inequality in 10 countries through empowering communities. They understand poverty as more than just low income, but as a lack of basic capabilities and access to services. Poverty is caused by social, economic, and political factors that perpetuate oppression and limit opportunities. Concern Universal aims to address the underlying drivers of poverty like vulnerability, inequality, and unfair resource distribution through partnerships with communities and governments, empowering people, and holding leaders accountable. They take a holistic, flexible approach focused on facilitating sustainable change led by local people.
1) The document discusses the evolution of the humanitarian enterprise over the past 10 years, lessons learned from civil-military interaction during crises in Haiti, Pakistan, and Afghanistan, and what to expect for humanitarian action between now and 2020.
2) It notes major quantitative and qualitative changes to the humanitarian field, including more funding, workers, and media attention, but also greater politicization and the blending of humanitarian and political/military agendas.
3) The response to the 2010 Haiti earthquake showed the importance of military logistics support but also coordination challenges when the military takes a leading role, while the response to Pakistan floods demonstrated more positive civil-military cooperation.
LOOKING BEYOND THE OBVIOUS: Uncovering the features of natural resource confl...CAPRi
This document analyzes natural resource conflicts in Uganda and their resolution. It finds that greater poverty increases conflicts over private land boundaries but decreases other conflicts, while low literacy increases common land conflicts. Higher population density and private land/water conflicts lead to formal conflict resolution, while customary institutions resolve common land disputes. The study concludes that formal institutions effectively resolve most reported conflicts in Uganda, but customary institutions also have an important role, especially for the poor. It recommends supporting formal institutions while exploring how to strengthen and integrate customary systems into conflict resolution.
Fabra zamora - the human right to water and its relevanceJorge Fabra
•To provide some general elements to understand water nature as a human right and how it can be relevant to water in international law and its relevance for indigenous communities
•In the last part of the presentation, we will turn our attention to recent developments relating to the human right to water
Displacement, Security And Protection As Problems Of Internally Displaced Pe...James Harding
1) The document discusses displacement, security and protection as key problems faced by internally displaced persons (IDPs), using examples from Zimbabwe and Sierra Leone.
2) In Zimbabwe, the government displaced over 150,000 commercial farmers and their workers through forced evictions, and blocked humanitarian aid, representing poor management of IDP issues.
3) In contrast, the Sierra Leone government and aid groups cooperated to protect over 1 million IDPs in camps, providing food, shelter and security, and later facilitating resettlement, demonstrating best practices in managing displacement.
UN Guiding Principles on IDPs (1998 English)fatanews
This document discusses the plight of internally displaced persons and introduces the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement.
1) Over 25 million people have been displaced within their own countries due to conflicts, human rights violations, natural disasters or development projects. The internally displaced are often the most vulnerable people in crises.
2) The Guiding Principles provide guidance for protecting and assisting internally displaced persons. They reflect existing international law and fill gaps to establish standards for governments and aid groups.
3) As Emergency Relief Coordinator, the author has made promoting awareness of internal displacement and ensuring effective response mechanisms for the internally displaced his top priorities. The Guiding Principles are a critical tool for advocacy and monitoring
The document provides an overview of frameworks and approaches for refugees and internally displaced persons (IDPs). It defines key terms like forced displacement, refugees, and internally displaced persons. It also outlines trends in displacement data, impacts of forced displacement, and the three durable solutions of return, local integration, and resettlement. For solutions to be durable and sustainable, development challenges during and after displacement need to be addressed through comprehensive approaches.
This study examined the rights to development and access to public services of ultra-poor people living in char lands in Bangladesh. Data was collected through interviews with 255 households and qualitative methods like focus groups, observations, and case studies. The findings revealed that most ultra-poor people were unaware of their rights and half, especially women, were reluctant to share experiences of rights violations. Violations were also rarely reported to authorities. Additionally, a significant number of ultra-poor people were dissatisfied with local services as their satisfaction level was very low despite visiting services institutions often. The results provide an understanding of the challenges ultra-poor people in char lands face regarding development and access to services that can help organizations improve policies to support this vulnerable population in
This document is an introduction to an essay examining whether a holistic approach to policies that mitigate displacement due to gentrification better serves both people and place. The introduction outlines three research questions: 1) Whether a holistic people-and-place policy approach is better, 2) If holistic people-focused policies have achieved community goals, and 3) How holistic policies could be adapted elsewhere. It then provides context on urban renewal history, defines key terms like gentrification and displacement, and previews the case studies and recommendations to follow in the essay.
This document discusses affordable housing issues in developing countries and the potential roles of zakat (alms-giving) and waqf (endowment) funds in addressing the issue. It notes that urbanization is causing major housing shortages, with slum dwellers making up a large portion of the urban population in many areas. While zakat funds currently provide some housing assistance, the focus seems to be on repairs and subsidies rather than larger-scale development of affordable units. Waqf initiatives to develop housing using endowed land are still in early stages and focus more on commercial than affordable residential projects. The roles of zakat and waqf could be expanded to better address the major shortfall in affordable housing for the poor and
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to population growth, urbanization, and their environmental impacts. It begins with definitions of demographic concepts like birth rate, mortality, and life expectancy. It then discusses Malthusian and demographic transition theories of population growth. Subsequent sections cover trends in urbanization, theories of urbanism from the Chicago School, and challenges faced by developing world cities. The document concludes by outlining some environmental issues like limits to growth, pollution, and the risks of climate change.
Prof.dr. halit hami öz sociology-chapter 20-population, urbanization, and the...Prof. Dr. Halit Hami Öz
KAFKAS ÜNİVERSİTESİ/KAFKAS UNIVERSITY
SOCIOLOGY
Course
LECTURE NOTES AND POWER POINT PRESENTATIONS
Prof.Dr. Halit Hami ÖZ
Kars, TURKEY
hamioz@yahoo.com
This document summarizes a report about the rising number of killings of environmental and land defenders between 2002 and 2013. Some key points:
- The number of killings tripled between 2002 and 2012, with 147 deaths in 2012 making it the deadliest year. On average there are now two activists killed per week.
- A total of 908 defenders were killed in 35 countries during that period, though the real number is likely higher. Brazil had the most deaths with 448 cases, followed by Honduras and the Philippines.
- Impunity is a major issue, as only around 1% of killings have resulted in convictions. This lack of accountability silences other activists and deters environmental protection.
Habitat report 2007: A Safe City is a Just CityHabitatNorway
The document discusses whether a safe city can also be considered a just city, noting that safety and justice are complex issues that depend on many factors. It gives an example of how clearing streets of unwanted people ahead of conferences improved safety but reduced justice. The document also examines how increasing security measures have impacted citizens' freedom of movement in cities.
New democratic movements for global regeneration_driessen 2019TravisDriessen1
Our global species is confronted with the converging crisis of climate change, unsustainable levels of inequality, mass extinction, and growing water and natural resource scarcity that are threatening the existential crisis of collapse. This fallout has already led to massive displacement and refugee crisis across Latin America and the African continent. New democratic social movements are recombining and ushering in new opportunities for a revolution of regenerative settlements to be built out across the globe. Doing so, can create new opportunities to restore biodiversity and bring the atmosphere to safe operating levels, lift billions into unprecedented human prosperity, and transform global governance to promote a new era cooperation and usher in a new era of human discovery and peaceful co-existence.
Mismanagement of Natural Resources: States, businesses and communitiesEric Kumeh Mensah
This presentation highlights the concepts of mismanagement, public trust and tragedy of the commons. It uses three clear examples to describe natural resources mismanagement at state, business and community levels. Root causes of NR mismanagement are then explored as well as solutions to the key issues raised. I completes by highlighting the role Natural Resource and Environmental Governance student can play in sustainable NRM.
Internally Displaced Persons - An Integrated Approach to Rehabilitating IDPs ...Toluwalola Kasali
This document proposes an integrated approach to rehabilitating internally displaced persons (IDPs) in northeast Nigeria with dignity. It outlines the need for a framework during displacement to prepare over 2 million IDPs for long-term rehabilitation through skills training, literacy programs, agriculture and vocational skills to reduce prolonged displacement and enable self-sufficiency upon reintegration. The proposal provides strategies and programs to address IDP needs through humanitarian assistance, transition support, reintegration, and linking relief with long-term development.
This document provides an overview of Chapter 4 from Pope Francis' encyclical Laudato Si'. The chapter discusses integral ecology, which recognizes the interconnected relationship between environmental, economic, cultural, and social issues. It addresses cultural ecology and the importance of protecting cultural heritage and diversity. The document also discusses the ecology of daily life, the principle of the common good, and intergenerational justice and solidarity in caring for the environment we leave to future generations.
The document summarizes a Pecha Kucha presentation about a recycling project in Nairobi's urban slums. The project establishes a plastics recycling plant that will provide income and jobs for unemployed youth, reducing crime. It will buy plastics directly from community groups and operate machines to process the plastics, with profits shared equally. The project also includes a community toilet and meeting room to improve sanitation and hold meetings. Speakers note the project restores hope, provides dignity, and empowers the community.
The document outlines a government program to provide affordable housing and relocation assistance for poor people and street vendors. It includes plans to build cheap houses for squatters and those living in slums on private land, relocate street vendors to shelters, renovate existing sites, and improve public infrastructure and facilities. The budget allocates around $200 in government subsidies and $500-$800 in donor aid revolving funds to support the program.
The Ultimate Question of How to Cut the Pie? Revenue Sharing of Gorilla Touri...CAPRi
This document discusses the role of mountain gorilla tourism in the post-conflict recovery of Rwanda. It finds that mountain gorilla tourism has significantly contributed to Rwanda's economic growth since the 1994 genocide, becoming the largest foreign exchange earner. It also discusses how revenue from gorilla tourism is shared with local communities and has helped fund projects providing education, water, and livelihoods. Transboundary collaboration between Rwanda, Uganda, and DRC on gorilla conservation has also helped promote regional peacebuilding and security.
This document discusses issues related to human population growth and urbanization. It notes that the human population has grown exponentially in recent centuries due to factors like improved agriculture, medicine, and ability to inhabit new areas. The population is projected to reach 9 billion by 2050. Slowing population growth requires strategies like economic development, education and empowerment of women, and family planning. The document also discusses the trends and impacts of increasing urbanization, including urban sprawl, and its effects on land, water, energy use, and local economies.
Concern Universal works to reduce poverty and inequality in 10 countries through empowering communities. They understand poverty as more than just low income, but as a lack of basic capabilities and access to services. Poverty is caused by social, economic, and political factors that perpetuate oppression and limit opportunities. Concern Universal aims to address the underlying drivers of poverty like vulnerability, inequality, and unfair resource distribution through partnerships with communities and governments, empowering people, and holding leaders accountable. They take a holistic, flexible approach focused on facilitating sustainable change led by local people.
1) The document discusses the evolution of the humanitarian enterprise over the past 10 years, lessons learned from civil-military interaction during crises in Haiti, Pakistan, and Afghanistan, and what to expect for humanitarian action between now and 2020.
2) It notes major quantitative and qualitative changes to the humanitarian field, including more funding, workers, and media attention, but also greater politicization and the blending of humanitarian and political/military agendas.
3) The response to the 2010 Haiti earthquake showed the importance of military logistics support but also coordination challenges when the military takes a leading role, while the response to Pakistan floods demonstrated more positive civil-military cooperation.
LOOKING BEYOND THE OBVIOUS: Uncovering the features of natural resource confl...CAPRi
This document analyzes natural resource conflicts in Uganda and their resolution. It finds that greater poverty increases conflicts over private land boundaries but decreases other conflicts, while low literacy increases common land conflicts. Higher population density and private land/water conflicts lead to formal conflict resolution, while customary institutions resolve common land disputes. The study concludes that formal institutions effectively resolve most reported conflicts in Uganda, but customary institutions also have an important role, especially for the poor. It recommends supporting formal institutions while exploring how to strengthen and integrate customary systems into conflict resolution.
Fabra zamora - the human right to water and its relevanceJorge Fabra
•To provide some general elements to understand water nature as a human right and how it can be relevant to water in international law and its relevance for indigenous communities
•In the last part of the presentation, we will turn our attention to recent developments relating to the human right to water
Displacement, Security And Protection As Problems Of Internally Displaced Pe...James Harding
1) The document discusses displacement, security and protection as key problems faced by internally displaced persons (IDPs), using examples from Zimbabwe and Sierra Leone.
2) In Zimbabwe, the government displaced over 150,000 commercial farmers and their workers through forced evictions, and blocked humanitarian aid, representing poor management of IDP issues.
3) In contrast, the Sierra Leone government and aid groups cooperated to protect over 1 million IDPs in camps, providing food, shelter and security, and later facilitating resettlement, demonstrating best practices in managing displacement.
UN Guiding Principles on IDPs (1998 English)fatanews
This document discusses the plight of internally displaced persons and introduces the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement.
1) Over 25 million people have been displaced within their own countries due to conflicts, human rights violations, natural disasters or development projects. The internally displaced are often the most vulnerable people in crises.
2) The Guiding Principles provide guidance for protecting and assisting internally displaced persons. They reflect existing international law and fill gaps to establish standards for governments and aid groups.
3) As Emergency Relief Coordinator, the author has made promoting awareness of internal displacement and ensuring effective response mechanisms for the internally displaced his top priorities. The Guiding Principles are a critical tool for advocacy and monitoring
The document provides an overview of frameworks and approaches for refugees and internally displaced persons (IDPs). It defines key terms like forced displacement, refugees, and internally displaced persons. It also outlines trends in displacement data, impacts of forced displacement, and the three durable solutions of return, local integration, and resettlement. For solutions to be durable and sustainable, development challenges during and after displacement need to be addressed through comprehensive approaches.
This study examined the rights to development and access to public services of ultra-poor people living in char lands in Bangladesh. Data was collected through interviews with 255 households and qualitative methods like focus groups, observations, and case studies. The findings revealed that most ultra-poor people were unaware of their rights and half, especially women, were reluctant to share experiences of rights violations. Violations were also rarely reported to authorities. Additionally, a significant number of ultra-poor people were dissatisfied with local services as their satisfaction level was very low despite visiting services institutions often. The results provide an understanding of the challenges ultra-poor people in char lands face regarding development and access to services that can help organizations improve policies to support this vulnerable population in
This document is an introduction to an essay examining whether a holistic approach to policies that mitigate displacement due to gentrification better serves both people and place. The introduction outlines three research questions: 1) Whether a holistic people-and-place policy approach is better, 2) If holistic people-focused policies have achieved community goals, and 3) How holistic policies could be adapted elsewhere. It then provides context on urban renewal history, defines key terms like gentrification and displacement, and previews the case studies and recommendations to follow in the essay.
This document discusses affordable housing issues in developing countries and the potential roles of zakat (alms-giving) and waqf (endowment) funds in addressing the issue. It notes that urbanization is causing major housing shortages, with slum dwellers making up a large portion of the urban population in many areas. While zakat funds currently provide some housing assistance, the focus seems to be on repairs and subsidies rather than larger-scale development of affordable units. Waqf initiatives to develop housing using endowed land are still in early stages and focus more on commercial than affordable residential projects. The roles of zakat and waqf could be expanded to better address the major shortfall in affordable housing for the poor and
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to population growth, urbanization, and their environmental impacts. It begins with definitions of demographic concepts like birth rate, mortality, and life expectancy. It then discusses Malthusian and demographic transition theories of population growth. Subsequent sections cover trends in urbanization, theories of urbanism from the Chicago School, and challenges faced by developing world cities. The document concludes by outlining some environmental issues like limits to growth, pollution, and the risks of climate change.
Prof.dr. halit hami öz sociology-chapter 20-population, urbanization, and the...Prof. Dr. Halit Hami Öz
KAFKAS ÜNİVERSİTESİ/KAFKAS UNIVERSITY
SOCIOLOGY
Course
LECTURE NOTES AND POWER POINT PRESENTATIONS
Prof.Dr. Halit Hami ÖZ
Kars, TURKEY
hamioz@yahoo.com
This document summarizes a report about the rising number of killings of environmental and land defenders between 2002 and 2013. Some key points:
- The number of killings tripled between 2002 and 2012, with 147 deaths in 2012 making it the deadliest year. On average there are now two activists killed per week.
- A total of 908 defenders were killed in 35 countries during that period, though the real number is likely higher. Brazil had the most deaths with 448 cases, followed by Honduras and the Philippines.
- Impunity is a major issue, as only around 1% of killings have resulted in convictions. This lack of accountability silences other activists and deters environmental protection.
Habitat report 2007: A Safe City is a Just CityHabitatNorway
The document discusses whether a safe city can also be considered a just city, noting that safety and justice are complex issues that depend on many factors. It gives an example of how clearing streets of unwanted people ahead of conferences improved safety but reduced justice. The document also examines how increasing security measures have impacted citizens' freedom of movement in cities.
New democratic movements for global regeneration_driessen 2019TravisDriessen1
Our global species is confronted with the converging crisis of climate change, unsustainable levels of inequality, mass extinction, and growing water and natural resource scarcity that are threatening the existential crisis of collapse. This fallout has already led to massive displacement and refugee crisis across Latin America and the African continent. New democratic social movements are recombining and ushering in new opportunities for a revolution of regenerative settlements to be built out across the globe. Doing so, can create new opportunities to restore biodiversity and bring the atmosphere to safe operating levels, lift billions into unprecedented human prosperity, and transform global governance to promote a new era cooperation and usher in a new era of human discovery and peaceful co-existence.
Mismanagement of Natural Resources: States, businesses and communitiesEric Kumeh Mensah
This presentation highlights the concepts of mismanagement, public trust and tragedy of the commons. It uses three clear examples to describe natural resources mismanagement at state, business and community levels. Root causes of NR mismanagement are then explored as well as solutions to the key issues raised. I completes by highlighting the role Natural Resource and Environmental Governance student can play in sustainable NRM.
Internally Displaced Persons - An Integrated Approach to Rehabilitating IDPs ...Toluwalola Kasali
This document proposes an integrated approach to rehabilitating internally displaced persons (IDPs) in northeast Nigeria with dignity. It outlines the need for a framework during displacement to prepare over 2 million IDPs for long-term rehabilitation through skills training, literacy programs, agriculture and vocational skills to reduce prolonged displacement and enable self-sufficiency upon reintegration. The proposal provides strategies and programs to address IDP needs through humanitarian assistance, transition support, reintegration, and linking relief with long-term development.
This document provides an overview of Chapter 4 from Pope Francis' encyclical Laudato Si'. The chapter discusses integral ecology, which recognizes the interconnected relationship between environmental, economic, cultural, and social issues. It addresses cultural ecology and the importance of protecting cultural heritage and diversity. The document also discusses the ecology of daily life, the principle of the common good, and intergenerational justice and solidarity in caring for the environment we leave to future generations.
The document summarizes a Pecha Kucha presentation about a recycling project in Nairobi's urban slums. The project establishes a plastics recycling plant that will provide income and jobs for unemployed youth, reducing crime. It will buy plastics directly from community groups and operate machines to process the plastics, with profits shared equally. The project also includes a community toilet and meeting room to improve sanitation and hold meetings. Speakers note the project restores hope, provides dignity, and empowers the community.
The document outlines a government program to provide affordable housing and relocation assistance for poor people and street vendors. It includes plans to build cheap houses for squatters and those living in slums on private land, relocate street vendors to shelters, renovate existing sites, and improve public infrastructure and facilities. The budget allocates around $200 in government subsidies and $500-$800 in donor aid revolving funds to support the program.
Smart Cities Underprivileged Citizens-Rotary Club Meerut_Siddharth-14-5-15siddharthagarwal9050
In India’s glittering cities opulence grows along with deprivation and poverty. Health, nutrition, poor living environment, uncertain livelihoods, low access to children's education, poor access to entitlements affect lives of under-privileged city-dwellers.
What Approaches have worked, helped learn practical lessons and the ‘How to do’ with relevant stakeholders:
1. Spatial city and Neighbourhood maps help better understand living environment
2. Slum-Community/Women’s Groups increase demand for services [Mahila Arogya Samiti in NUHM]
3. Collective Social Needs Savings & Loans [Community Revolving Fund in NUHM]
4. Gentle Negotiation: Under-served communities address determinants of urban health across sectors, through community applications for services
5. Youth-children groups emerging as ‘Force Gen-next’
6. Community’s Own Efforts when authorities do not respond
7. Facilitating Access to Picture ID, Proof of Address and social benefits
8. Facilitating Access to Food subsidy cards
9. Multi-dimensional Efforts to Improve Health, Nutrition, Environment, Related Services: Through Coordination & Linkage Building – towards addressing socio-environmental-economic determinants of health
The Global Development Lecture Series brings together scholars involved in cutting edge research on international development. It aims to facilitate dialogue and discussion, providing a space for leading development thinkers to share their latest research ideas with Manchester's staff and students.
Slums are areas of inadequate and substandard housing where urban poor live, characterized by overcrowding and lack of infrastructure. They demonstrate multiple deprivations like uncertain employment, inadequate access to necessities. Urban poor experience poverty in aspects like inadequate income, assets, shelter, infrastructure, services and protection of rights. Lack of access to water and sanitation reinforces inequality and health issues. The urban poor are forced to live on marginal land and informal settlements with threat of eviction, making them vulnerable to external shocks.
Warehousing refers to the large-scale storage and organization of goods in a systematic manner, making products available when needed. Key functions of warehousing include consolidating goods from different production plants, breaking bulk quantities into smaller units, storing seasonal items, providing value-added services like grading and packing, stabilizing prices by adjusting supply to demand, and financing through advancing money to owners on goods security or supplying goods to customers on credit terms.
The document describes an IP and hybrid set-top box development kit that supports the latest HD standards like H.264 and VC-1. The kit includes an SoC with a powerful CPU, advanced video decoding capabilities, audio processing, and connectivity options. It allows developers to create affordable set-top boxes that deliver high quality HD experiences to customers.
This document discusses advanced design methodologies used at Philips Semiconductors. It describes the increasing complexity of chip designs over time, from early 3000 gate chips to modern chips with over 1 million gates. It also outlines various prototyping platforms used at Philips, such as Xplorer boards with FPGA tiles, to allow testing of designs before final silicon. Advanced methodologies such as UML, system C, and automatic platform building tools are needed to manage today's highly complex system on chip designs with both hardware and software components.
PG&E announced that it has become the first utility in the United States to earn ISO 9001:2008 certification for its Supplier Quality Assurance Department from Lloyd's Register Quality Assurance. The certification demonstrates that PG&E has proper infrastructure, procedures and processes in place to ensure high quality standards from its suppliers. Receiving this certification further shows PG&E's commitment to safety, reliability and continual improvement. The certification evaluates supplier quality management systems and was awarded after a rigorous five-day assessment found zero issues of non-compliance within PG&E's system.
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Issue paper - secure tenure in urban slums low-res FINAL
1. 1
FROM SLUMS
TO SUSTAINABLE
COMMUNITIES:
THE TRANSFORMATIVE
POWER OF SECURE
TENURE
Issue Paper on Secure Tenure for Urban Slums
SEPTEMBER 2015
This paper has been produced
in conjunction with
2. 2
Author: Jane Parry
Contributor: D. Ajay Suri, Regional Adviser – Asia, Cities Alliance
With inputs from: Jane Katz, Bill Allison, Daniel Petrie, Piper Hendricks, Sanjeevani Singh, Steve Weir,
Angeli Alba, Irantzu Serra-Lasa, Brenda Perez, Shenard Mazengera, Chris Vincent and Susana Rojas Williams
Editing: Heron Holloway and Hiew Peng Wong
Design: Lia Red
Photography: Ezra Millstein, Jason Asteros, Andy Nelson
3. 3
Contents
Summary 4
Introduction 5
What is secure tenure? 7
Why secure tenure matters 7
Secure tenure and economic development 8
The continuum of land rights in Asia-Pacific 9
The continuum of land rights (Figure 1) 9
Type 1: Perceived tenure 10
Type 2: Customary land tenure 10
Type 3: Occupancy 10
Type 4: Adverse possession 10
Type 5: Group tenure 11
Type 6: Leases 11
Type 7: Registered freehold 11
Type 8: Alternatives to eviction 12
What is known to work: examples from the region 13
Sound ideas for housing policy 16
1. Urbanization – an opportunity for transformation at scale 15
2. Informal does not mean illegitimate 16
3. Increasing secure tenure is not all-or-nothing 16
4. Community-led development is key 16
5. Forced relocations don’t work 17
6. Multiple partners are necessary 17
7. Multi-sector interventions are crucial 17
8. Secure tenure aids urban resiliency 17
Conclusion – a new urban agenda 18
References 19
4. 4
Summary
Asia-Pacific’s population of 4.3 billion is rapidly urbanizing and countries are
struggling to keep pace with the demand for housing. Urbanization represents
not a threat but an opportunity for economic development and for the uplifting of
communities. Addressing security of tenure presents an excellent entry point to
tackle the problem of urban slum housing.
Security of tenure is often mistakenly understood as the legal right of ownership
of land, but there is a continuum of land rights, from the least secure to the most
secure with many examples of successful implementation of methods for slum
improvement in the region.
Forcible slum clearance and involuntary relocation have been repeatedly
demonstrated to fail and have far-reaching negative impacts. Successful
projects prioritize upgrading slums in situ. They have put the community in the
lead and brought them together with municipalities, professionals, the private
sector and nongovernment organizations to solve urban housing problems
together.
People-public-private partnerships are important and necessary alliances for
addressing the development needs of the most vulnerable and poor in complex
urban contexts, especially in the context of limited capacity and resources.
Increasing security of tenure creates incentives for progressive improvements
in slums and housing which leads to sustainable communities and aids urban
resiliency by fostering communities that are better prepared to cope with
disasters. However, a holistic, multi-sectoral approach is required for true
transformation.
A resettlement colony in Bawana, Northern India. Photo: Ezra Millstein.
5. 5
Introduction
The world’s population is already more urban than rural, but the social,
economic and institutional capacity and infrastructure of urban areas and
cities cannot keep up with the rapid rate of urbanization. The planning and
management of urbanization and all its consequences is a key component of the
new development agenda, as is creating resilient and livable cities.
In the Asia-Pacific region, an estimated 120,000 more people flock into its
cities every day, creating a demand for more than 20,000 new dwellings a day.
Business-as-usual approaches – ignoring the problem or evicting inhabitants
with or without relocation – are rapidly becoming untenable. Addressing security
of tenure is critical to addressing urban slum housing, and offers a path toward
more prosperous, safer and more equitable cities.
In the Asia-Pacific region, home to 4.3 billion people, urbanization is an
unstoppable force. The region is already home to half of the world’s urban
population, and by 2020, it is estimated that 2.2 billion of the projected 4.2 billion
urban dwellers will be living there. With another 411 million people being added
to the region’s cities from 2010 to 2020, they will account for 60 percent of global
urban population growth. 1
Urbanization is increasing demand for affordable housing and basic services in
cities, but that demand is largely left for people to meet by themselves, without
the infrastructure or policies in place to ensure decent housing. This in turn fuels
the growth of slums; housing while affordable is not safe, healthy or stable. An
estimated 500 million people in the region live in slums. In fact, slums are the
predominant housing typology in many of its cities, and are home to more than
half of the city’s population in e.g., Karachi, Manila and Mumbai. 2, 3
Slums are characterized by housing that fails to meet people’s basic needs for
space, privacy, access to safe water and sanitation and secure tenure. Access
to basic utilities and water and sanitation is often illegal, unsafe and sold at
extorted prices. 4
Most slum dwellings also lack security of tenure, meaning
inhabitants lack effective protection against evictions (see definitions, p. 6).
Together with the material conditions of poverty housing, the lack of security
of tenure has a profound impact on the lives of slum inhabitants. When tenure
is not secure and the constant threat of eviction is lurking in the background,
livelihoods are at risk; residents, governments, nongovernmental agencies and
market actors are unable to participate or invest in upgrading homes, contribute
to the cost and maintenance of communal facilities or supply products and
services. 5
6. 6
Definitions
Slum
The United Nations characterizes slums, or informal settlements, by one or more
of the following:
• Poor structural quality and durability of housing
• Insufficient living areas (more than three people sharing a room)
• Lack of secure tenure
• Poor access to water
• Lack of sanitation facilities 6
Security of tenure
“Security of tenure is the right of all individuals and groups to effective protection
by the state against evictions, i.e. the permanent or temporary removal against
their will of individuals, families and communities from the home and the land they
occupy, without the provision of, and access to, appropriate form of legal or other
protection. Security of tenure can be defined as an agreement or understanding
between an individual or group to land and residential property, which is governed
and regulated by a legal and administrative framework.” - UN-Habitat 7
Informality
“The relationship of individuals and communities not in compliance with
recognized law. Informality is frequently the result of inadequate, inappropriate,
ineffective policies or legal frameworks that regulate activities based on
assumptions regarding the social-economic environment that do not reflect
realities on the ground.” - UN-Habitat 8
Land governance
UN-Habitat’s working definition of land governance is: “the process by which
decisions are made regarding the access to, and use of, land, the manner in
which those decisions are implemented and the way conflicting interests are
reconciled.” 9
7. 7
What is secure tenure?
Security of tenure is often mistakenly understood as solely the legal right of
ownership of land, in the form of full title deeds held by individuals. In fact there
is a continuum of land rights, from the least secure (informal) to the most secure
(formal) (see figure 1, p. 9). Along this continuum there are numerous forms of
tenure security that reflect not only the reality in most cities in Asia-Pacific, but
also present a range of opportunities to incrementally transform urban slums
and the lives of the people who live there.
There are three main types of security of tenure. First, perceived tenure security
relates to a community’s own subjective perception that individuals within it
will not lose their land rights through forced eviction. Secondly, de facto tenure
security refers to the actual control of land and property, regardless of the legal
status. Thirdly, legal tenure security refers to tenure protection backed up by
state authority. 10
Why secure tenure matters
Safe, adequate and decent housing is not only a basic human right, it is also
the bedrock of human development especially for marginalized groups. Housing
has a profound multiplier effect on people’s health, livelihoods, employment and
education opportunities, and people’s quality of life.
Land tenure issues are inextricably linked with a diversity of other issues,
including climate change, disaster risk, gender inequalities, livelihoods, urban
growth and land governance (see definitions, p. 6). 11
It is land governance that
determines to what extent the competition between a city’s social, economic and
environmental goals will be reconciled in the face of limited land supply. Sound
land governance is key to ensuring clean and transparent management of land
use, and determines the extent to which land policies are pro-poor, meaning
policies that stimulate economic growth for poor populations.
However, land tenure and land governance are often insufficiently linked in
urban government land policy and planning. 12
The existing legal structure is
also an important factor. If the legal and institutional framework in place does
not support the pursuit of full tenure, then housing reform policies contingent on
this option are bound to fail.
8. 8
Secure tenure and economic development
With employers in the formal sector often unwilling to hire those living in
informal settlements, there is a risk they can become tethered to the informal
economy. Slum dwellers may be seen as outsiders without rights to the benefits
of city life. Their contribution to the economic prosperity of the city may go
unrecognized. The informal economy makes a significant contribution to the
economic development of cities. It also has the capacity to play a key role in the
transformation and improvements of informal communities and slums, e.g., in
construction services, transportation options, water, building materials, and local
food supply, as families feel secure to invest more in their homes. How to realize
this economic capacity is the challenge.
When informal settlements are progressively improved into sustainable
communities and integrated into the urban fabric, their contributions can be
leveraged to advance the development and economic growth of cities. With this
shift to formal recognition, communities can also take their place in the political
life of the city. Residents become citizens: registered taxpayers and voters
who are able to fully participate in the city’s political processes, creating more
politically inclusive and cohesive cities. With investments from the public and
private sectors and the community, the creation of sustainable communities
presents myriad opportunities for the business sector too, by creating demand
for goods and services.
Looking at how to resolve the issue of insecure tenure is a critical step to
address the growing housing needs in cities. However, security of tenure is
not enough. Secure tenure must be part of a broader land and housing policy
vision for the future of a city. In parallel with increasing security of tenure, the
transformation of slums also relies on the creation of livelihood opportunities and
the provision of social and economic services, either by the government, private
sector, or through the efforts of communities themselves. Land tenure is key to
improving quality of life, but cannot end poverty in isolation.
A Nepali family in Pokhara. Photo: Ezra Millstein.
9. 9
Informal land
rights
Formal land
rights
Type 1:
Perceived
tenure
Type 3:
Occupancy
Type 5:
Adverse
possession
Type 7:
Leases
Type 2:
Customary
Type 4:
Alternatives
to eviction
Type 6:
Group
tenure
Type 8:
Registered
freehold
The continuum of land rights in Asia-Pacific
The continuum of land rights is a helpful model to understand the different types
of tenure (see figure 1). Although registered freehold rights may be considered
the ‘gold standard’ for tenure security, land titling may be a complex and
contentious issue, especially when there are competing claims, even among
slum dwellers. Other biases based on race, religion, gender or political affiliation
may also come into play. Moreover, there are in fact many other stages of
tenure that also serve an important purpose in the efforts of the urban poor to
create housing security and improve their lives over time.
Indeed formal land rights – at the far end of the continuum – may not be an
appropriate ultimate goal. For example, there are countries that recognize
customary land rights as having the same legal ramifications as leasehold
or registered freehold, and there are even jurisdictions where freehold land
holding has been abolished. An incremental approach whereby tenure rights are
gradually upgraded and formalized may be more effective. 13
Under this model, there are eight stages along the continuum of land rights,
although land rights need not move through these stages in order. For clarity,
they will be addressed in this order below. Examples of all eight stages of this
continuum can be found across the Asia-Pacific region, although to varying
degrees in urban settings.
Figure 1. The continuum of land rights
Source: UN-Habitat
10. 10
Type 1: Perceived tenure
When communities settle on land with the perception that they have the right
to occupy it, that is known as perceived tenure. This perception is reinforced
when services such as water and electricity supplies are provided by the local
authorities. However, the risk of eviction remains because settlement on public
or private land is only tolerated, and is not legal.
Type 2: Customary land tenure
Customary land tenure typically relates to tribes, castes, and smaller social
groups (not necessarily an elite) and is the process under which land ownership
rights are conferred on individuals, families and communities. In many male-
dominated societies customary practices have a negative impact on many
women who are not recognized as equals in titles and property. Customary land
tenure is still practiced in many Asian countries, although it is unusual to find
such arrangements recognized by governments in urban areas.
Type 3: Occupancy
Occupancy is the term land rights experts use when the conditions are met
for a form of de facto secure tenure, whereby occupants consider the risk of
eviction low enough to make it worthwhile to invest in incremental housing
improvements. This sense of security comes with extended occupation of land
and, like perceived tenure, is reinforced when local authorities provide basic
services. 14
Type 4: Adverse possession
Ownership by ‘adverse possession’ is further along the continuum than
occupancy toward formal land rights because it converts de facto secure
tenure into legal tenure. Ownership by adverse possession can be claimed in
jurisdictions when the law stipulates that occupation of a piece of land for a
minimum period of time (e.g., five years) without being evicted, charged rent or
challenged over ownership, together with payment of land tax, confers the de
facto right to ownership. In urban settings, it is extremely difficult for individual
households to make use of this legal protection, but has proven possible when
taken on by well-organized and well-supported communities.
A housing project in the Philippines. Photo: Jason Asteros.
11. 11
Type 5: Group tenure
Group tenure, as the name suggests, is a legal arrangement under which
multiple individuals share ownership of an area of land. Although governments
and local authorities tend to be reluctant to recognize collective ownership,
for example, by homeowners’ associations and cooperatives, this form of
tenure has several advantages for the poor. Benefits include reduction of
per-household land and registration costs and promotion of social cohesion.
Collective ownership in the case of squatter resettlement can enable families to
pool their compensation, form a housing collective and build a new community
with communal infrastructure as well as individual housing. It should be noted
that collective tenure does not automatically imply equality of tenure and can
disguise, for example, unequal rights between men and women, or can put
collective decision-making power in the hands of the few.
Type 6: Leases
Leasing is a legal arrangement under which a tenant does not own the property
but rather pays the owner (often called a ‘landlord’) for the right to stay in a
property. Rental housing comprises a large component of city accommodation
for the poor and in some circumstances there can be problems due to
exploitation by landlords. However, leasing has not been sufficiently explored
as an option for secure tenure in the Asia-Pacific region, despite the fact that
it may have several advantages over ownership and also sits far along the
continuum of land rights. Renters have more flexibility to locate where there is
work, and greater freedom of movement. Much also depends on the conditions
of the lease/tenancy agreement. As such, in some countries, governments have
put policies and laws in place to protect tenants from being exploited. For public
landowners, renting optimizes the management of public land by setting a fixed
period for use in providing rental housing. Rental housing can be an important
component of a city’s housing stock and in some of the world’s most affluent
cities is the predominant form of housing. 15
Type 7: Registered freehold
Individual freehold land tenure confers a high degree of security, encouraging
people to incrementally invest in and improve their homes. Individual freehold
also enables individuals and communities to secure loans from finance
institutions and invest in their property and businesses. It also provides
governments with a legal incentive to extend basic services and infrastructure to
otherwise vulnerable and underserved populations, and can also bring them into
the tax system. 16
Registered freehold has been the model most aspired to and adopted by
governments in the region to formalize tenure. However, there are pitfalls to
pushing for registered freehold tenure status. Freehold ownership of land can
create its own problems and there is no evidence to support the view that formal
land ownership in itself reduces poverty. 17
12. 12
Formalization of land tenure can put economically weaker occupants at a
disadvantage because they lack the documents needed to secure formal tenure,
and the success of one portion of the community to secure tenure may be at the
expense of another unable to do so, leading to their eviction. Tenants of housing
on land that becomes formally owned may be adversely affected by rising rents,
and are usually ineligible for resettlement or compensation. Deeds may be
sold to cover the cost of financial shocks such as a death or major illness in the
family, and this process may encourage gentrification of the land concerned,
while the original beneficiaries of compensation return to the pool of slum
dwellers. When there are customary land rights in place land titling may cause
confusion as to which system of land rights prevails.
Type 8: Alternatives to eviction
Forced evictions are a major issue across the Asia-Pacific region, as urban
growth increases the size of urban settlements and more land is eyed by the
municipal authorities as an asset being encroached upon. 18
This pressure to
leave one’s home may be direct, in the form of an eviction order backed up by
law enforcement and bulldozers, but it can also be more indirect, in the form
of harassment or otherwise making daily life untenable, for example through
prohibitively expensive basic services. 19
Eviction from urban slums and relocation to outer areas creates islands of
poverty, which in time become absorbed by the growing urban area and become
slums within the city once more. Mass relocation destroys community networks
of support and puts people at a distance from economic opportunities, such
that people who are evicted often move back into informal settlements closer to
where they can find work.
There are three strong alternatives to forced eviction – in situ development, land
sharing and participatory resettlement.
In situ development
In situ development, meaning regularizing existing slums and granting legal
tenure to their inhabitants, is an alternative far preferable to evicting residents
from slums. This approach is the option that is most likely to ensure that the
housing needs of the poor are met in a sustainable manner. It is also arguably
best for the city as a whole: it protects the investments in housing already
made by people living in the slum, and granting legal tenure opens the door
to a wave of new investment from both the occupants themselves, the private
sector, and from agencies assisting them. Utilities can be provided efficiently at
legal, metered rates from official sources, and access to basic services such as
education and health care, as well as other civil rights such as voting and social
protection is improved. From an urban planning point of view, in situ upgrading
offers the possibility of reducing urban sprawl and its environmental impacts
through organized densification.
13. 13
Land sharing
Land sharing is a compromise solution whereby the owners of encroached
land and the community collectively agree to split the land between them.
The community buys, leases or receives one portion for free, while the more
commercially attractive part of the site is returned to the developer. Although
this option is not suitable for all cases of land use conflict, it can be a flexible
and successful strategy. Land sharing relies on strong community organization
and the ability of the community to negotiate effectively with the land owners
to create a ‘win-win’ situation for both parties. The government is often a third-
party beneficiary of this arrangement as it gains housing stock without having to
finance it.
Participatory resettlement
When resettlement cannot be avoided it should be done with the full
participation of the community concerned to ensure members can make
informed decisions, discuss the options and make plans for their future housing.
To successfully mitigate the effects of resettlement it is essential to understand
the effect of resettlement on all stakeholders. These include local communities,
project authorities, donor representatives, approving and implementing
agencies, affected households, and non-governmental organizations. 20
Information exchange and joint decision-making are key facets of participatory
resettlement.
What is known to work: examples from the region
Alternatives to eviction
In situ development in Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka’s Urban Housing Sub-programme is an example of the in situ
development approach in action. Launched in 1985 under the Million Houses
Programme across 51 towns and cities, the Urban Housing Sub-programme
began with the formation of Community Development Councils in each
participating community. The Councils surveyed their respective areas and
worked with professionals from the National Housing Development Authority to
design the layout of house plots and public areas. The process of negotiation
was long and complex as some earlier arrivals in the settlement stood to lose
a portion of their land in the redevelopment, but the benefits of secure tenure
made the loss acceptable. Furthermore, communities were able to build
infrastructure projects that they had designed themselves, financed with small
government grants and small loans to individual households. 21
14. 14
Land sharing in Thailand and India
Land sharing is not a new solution. It was officially adopted as an option for
land rights in the 1970s and 1980s in Hyderabad and Bangkok. 22, 23
In the
mid-1990s, Mumbai also adopted the land sharing method, whereby a tenants’
association may develop a piece of land and dedicate a portion of it to be sold at
market rates in order to finance housing development for the community on the
rest of the land. 24
Land sharing can only work if the underlying value of the land
can cover the cost of rehabilitation, which is why this option has not always been
successful when attempted in other countries in the region.
Participatory resettlement in Cambodia
In Phnom Penh, Cambodia, a municipal drainage project led to the threat of
eviction for 129 households living in a roadside settlement. The community
members concerned pooled their savings and were able to identify an alternate
site. Infrastructure in the new settlement was provided by UN-Habitat, which
contracted community members to construct the roads, sewerage and water
systems and plant trees. The municipal government purchased the land and
granted land titles to families when they repaid their US$400 housing loans.
Housing design was supported by young architects and the district chief played
an instrumental role in shepherding the process through to completion. The
community’s experience was widely shared with other slum communities around
Phnom Penh. 25
Group tenure in Nepal
The group tenure approach was successfully applied in Kathmandu, Nepal,
when 44 households evicted from a riverside squatter settlement joined
together with support from Lumanti, a local nongovernment organization, to
form a housing cooperative. Members of the cooperative persuaded the Urban
Community Support Fund to compensate them for eviction by purchasing a
piece of land for them in the neighboring municipality of Kirtipur. The cooperative
also established a savings and loan system, which facilitated the collective
development of communal facilities such as water supply, waste treatment and
emergency assistance, as well as housing development loans for individual
families. 26
A resettlement colony in Bawana, Northern India. Photo: Ezra Millstein.
15. 15
Group tenure in Thailand
Collective tenure is one of the main features of Thailand’s national Baan
Mankong Community Upgrading Programme. Implemented by the Community
Organizations Development Institute, Baan Mankong (or ‘secure tenure’ in Thai)
was launched in 2003, and has been hugely successful in upgrading slums
across the country. Under the program, communities negotiate secure tenure,
either of the land they occupy or vacant land nearby. Tenure is held collectively,
preventing speculation and gentrification of the area. Decisions about the
development and maintenance of the settlement are also taken collectively,
reinforcing the sense of ownership and promoting social cohesion.
The Baan Mankong program has conducted projects in 1,010 communities in
226 towns and cities, in almost every province, involving 54,000 households.
Collective rather than individual land tenure is now the norm in Thailand. Baan
Mankong shows what can happen when there is a combination of community-
driven slum upgrading, institutional and financial capacity and political
commitment and leadership. 27
Its model is being replicated in Vietnam and
Bangladesh and has also been used in 250 cities under the Asian Coalition for
Community Action program implemented by the Asian Coalition for Housing
Rights. 28
A family plants a sapling outside their new house in Chiang Mai, northern Thailand. Photo: Andy Nelson.
16. 16
Sound ideas for housing policy
Along the entire continuum of land rights, the successful examples of reforming
land policies that transform slums into sustainable communities with decent
housing have important factors in common, and hold valuable lessons for
housing policy.
1. Urbanization – an opportunity for transformation at scale
Today 600 urban centers generate approximately 60 percent of global gross
domestic product. 29
Across different countries and environments, there is an
emerging acceptance that rural-to-urban migration and the natural population
growth of urban areas is not only an unstoppable force, but is also a potential
powerhouse for economic development. Urbanization is an opportunity for the
transformation and uplifting of communities, both in cities and for the country as
a whole.
2. Informal does not mean illegitimate
Inhabitants of informal settlements make a huge contribution to the success
of cities through their labor in the informal and formal economies, and have
the right to progress and live in decent secure housing in the cities they help
support. With the right policies in place, those inhabitants can make an even
greater positive impact.
Inclusion of slum communities through participatory urban planning and
design into the larger urban, regional and national context achieves balanced
and sustainable development. This includes building connectivity through
infrastructure, planning, advocacy and governance.
3. Increasing secure tenure is not all-or-nothing
The most secure form of land tenure – individual freehold – has many
advantages, but it also has major pitfalls. Individual freehold does not
automatically lead to poverty alleviation and can even exacerbate it. There are
different forms of secure tenure more adapted to conditions in Asia-Pacific, such
as adverse possession, leases and group tenure that may be more practicable
and effective.
4. Community-led development is key
Through the participation and organization of communities, local governments
can find negotiated solutions and promote active citizenship. Community-led
development is essential for engaging and supporting local communities as the
central point for decision-making, in collaboration with key stakeholders.
17. 17
Community involvement can be the starting point for achieving secure tenure
through, for example, community-led negotiations with land owners for
land sharing or participatory resettlement. Successful projects have put the
community in the lead, rather than imposing solutions from outside. In doing so
they are able to capitalize on the social force inherent in slum communities, and
bring them together with municipalities, professionals, the private sector and
nongovernment organizations to jointly solve urban housing problems.
5. Forced relocations don’t work
Attempting to simply clear slums away and relocate their inhabitants to other
areas against their will has been repeatedly demonstrated to fail and has far-
reaching negative impacts. In situ slum redevelopment, as well as other options
such as participatory resettlement have been proven to succeed. When properly
handled they can be a ‘win-win’ for both the legal owners of encroached land
and the communities that have made their homes there.
6. Multiple partners are necessary
People-public-private partnerships are important and necessary alliances for
addressing the development needs of the most vulnerable and poor in complex
urban contexts, especially in the context of limited capacity and resources.
Successful examples of slum regeneration have embraced the private sector
as a development partner, and have been able to achieve impressive results
without the state shouldering the entire burden. This approach requires a
willingness for the government to be innovative, and work together with
the private sector to bridge the gap between commercial entities and slum
communities, particularly in the realm of making flexible affordable finance
available to communities and individuals.
7. Multi-sector interventions are crucial
Providing secure tenure is one component among various interventions
that can progressively help improve slums into sustainable communities.
However, a more holistic approach is required for true transformation. A multi-
sector approach can bring together security of tenure, social, economic and
environmental interventions along with knowledge, resources, institutional
and fiscal support to address the needs of communities in a more sustainable
manner.
8. Secure tenure aids urban resiliency
In Asia-Pacific disaster risks are compounded in slums by related vulnerabilities,
including poverty housing, unplanned urbanization, development within high-
risk zones, environmental degradation, climate change, conflict, and economic
shocks. Progressively improving slums has to involve the building of resilient
communities that are better prepared to respond to, cope with and adapt to
disasters, shocks and hazards and are sustainable from a social, economic and
environmental perspective.
18. 18
Conclusion – a new urban agenda
Transforming slums into sustainable communities is a key component of the
new urban agenda, and provision of secure tenure is a key catalyst to achieve
this. The new urban agenda requires community centered leadership and
strategy, place-making through good urban design, innovation, people-public-
private partnerships, and multi-sector interventions and resilience building. It
calls for new technologies, reliable urban data and integrated, participatory
planning approaches and must reject ad-hoc and piecemeal developmental
interventions.
Urbanization provides a distinct opportunity for economic, social, political
and environmental transformation on a massive scale. It is one of the most
significant global trends of the 21st century and communities, cities and secure
tenure is at the heart of it.
Eleven-year-old Sanjyal Koorala walks across a downed tree on
a hilltop overlooking Kathmandu, Nepal. Photo: Ezra Millstein.
19. 19
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5. Ibid.
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MDG/Metadata.aspx?IndicatorId=0&SeriesId=710
7. Working definition is based on General Comments 4 and 7 of the CESR, the work of the Special Rapporteur
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Paper cited in Habitat III Issue Papers. 9 – Urban Land. UN-Habitat, 2015.
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urban poor. UNESCAP and UN-Habitat, 2008.
10. Ibid. 7.
11. Ibid. 9.
12. Land Use Planning For Tenure Security. An Operational Guide (Draft). UN-Habitat, 2015.
13. Ibid. 9.
14. Ibid. 9.
15. Housing the Poor in Asian Cities. Quick Guide for Policy Makers No. 7. Rental housing: A much neglected
housing option for the poor. UNESCAP and UN-Habitat, 2008
16. Ibid. 9.
17. Habitat III Issue Papers. 20 – Housing. UN-Habitat, 2015.
18. Mitchell D. Land Tenure in Asia and the Pacific: Issues, challenge and opportunities (draft). Global Land tools
Network, 2015.
19. Housing the Poor in Asian Cities. Quick Guide for Policy Makers No. 4: Alternatives to the whole-scale
destruction of urban poor communities. UNESCAP and UN-Habitat, 2008
20. Handbook on Resettlement: A Guide to Good Practice. Asian Development Bank, 1998.
21. Ibid. 19.
22. Archer, R. W. 1992. Introducing the urban land pooling/ readjustment technique into Thailand to improve
urban development and land supply. Public Administration and Development (UK); 12, 155-74.
23. Rabé, Paul. 2005. Land Sharing in Phnom Penh: An Innovative but Insufficient Instrument of Secure Tenure
for the Poor. In Proceedings of the Expert Group Meeting on Secure Land Tenure in Asia and the Pacific, 8-9
December 2005, UN Conference Centre, Bangkok, Thailand, published at the FIG website.
24. Mukhija, Vinit. 2004. How is Housing financed? The case of a group of tenants who became property
developers in Mumbai, India. International Development planning Review 26(3) 287-304.
25. Ibid. 19.
26. Kirtipur Housing. Lumanti Support Group for Shelter. http://lumanti.org.np/cms/?q=node/41
27. Bhatkal T, Lucci P. Community-driven development in the slums: Thailand’s experience. Development
Progress, 2015. http://www.developmentprogress.org/publication/community-driven-development-slums-
thailands-experience.
28. Asian Coalition for Community Action. http://www.achr.net/activities-acca.php.
29. Urban world: Mapping the economic power of cities. McKinsey Global Institute, 2011.
20. This report was prepared in conjunction with Solid Ground,
a global advocacy campaign of Habitat for Humanity.
Solid Ground’s mission is to change land policy and systems
to ensure that more people around the globe have a decent home.