The document discusses different types of neologisms, or newly coined words, and how they should be translated. It identifies 10 categories of neologisms: 1) old words with new senses, 2) new coinages, 3) derived words, 4) abbreviations, 5) collocations, 6) eponyms, 7) phrasal verbs, 8) transferred words, 9) acronyms, and 10) pseudo-neologisms. For each category, it provides examples and discusses strategies for translating neologisms, such as using existing equivalent words, descriptive terms, or transferring the word with an explanation. The key point is that translators must carefully consider neologisms and select accurate and clear

2.  Neologisms can be defined as newly coined
lexical units or existing lexical units that acquire a
new sense.
 Neologisms cannot be accurately quantified,
since so many hover between acceptance and
oblivion and many are short-lived, individual
creauons
 Neologism are perhaps the non-literary and the
professional translator´s biggest problem.

3. 1. Old words with new senses:
 An exiting word is used in a new sense.
 Tend to be non-cultural and nontechnical.
 They are usually translated either by a word that
already exists in the TL, or by a brief functional or
descriptive term.
 Ex: the word Gay in the 14th century was used to
express a person full of joy, marry, carefree, and in
the 20th century means homosexual.

4. 2. New Coinages:
 Nowadays the new coinages are brand and trade
names.
 How to translate:
a. Brand names are transferred
b. It should be replaced by the same or equivalent
morphemes.
c. Phonaesthetic equivalent.
Ex: Pril /piril/ - Calgonit /Kalgonit/

5. 3. Derived Words:
 Designate scientific and technological terms.
 Words derived from Greek and Latin morphemes
usually with suffixes: -ismo, -ismus, -ija. Etc.
naturalised in the appropriate language.
The way of translating is:
a. Consult the appropriate ISO glossary.
b. Are they permanent, functional, worth
translating?
c. Distinguish lexical parts (root and affixes)
d. Understand the referential basis.
Ex: computer- from compute

6. 4. Abbreviations:
 They have been a common type of pseudo-
neologism, more common in French.
 Abbreviations and company/institution
acronyms are transferred, with a descriptive
explanation or note until they become widely
known.
5. Collocations:
 (new compounds or adjectives plus nouns) are
common in the social sciences and in computer
language. Ex: lead time, sexual harassment.

7. 6. Eponyms:
 Any word derived from a proper name.
 Refer directly to the person or may refer to the referent´s
ideas or qualities.
How to translate:
a. Generic terms is added until they are widely known
b. Translate by sense.
Ex: Draconian from Draco
7. Phrasal Verbs:
 Restricted to English´s facility in converting verbs to nouns.
 Translated by their semantic (meaning) equivalents.
Ex: work-out / trade-off/ check-out/ die-off.

8. 8. Transferred words:
 Transferred words into SL
 Least dependent on context
 Can develop additional senses
How to translate:
a. Functional/descriptive equivalent.
b. Newly imported words are transferred with a
generic term.
Ex: cultural manifestations ( raga, Kung fu)

9. 9. Acronyms:
 Acronyms are increasingly common feature of all
non- Hterary texts, for reasons of brevity or
euphony, and often to give the referent an artificial
prestige to rouse people to find out what the letters
stand for.
 For other acronyms, standard equivalents or
descriptive term is used.
 For international institutions, acronyms switch for
every languages.
Ex: In USA, the UN= United Nations. In Europe, EU=
Europe Union.

10. 10. Pseudo-Neologisms:
 A generic word stands in for a specific word, ex:
rapports (d’engrenage)
 The translator should be neither favorable nor
unfavorable in his view of new words.
 The translator´s responsibility is to see that the
mental and the material world that is inhabited
by people should be accurately and where
possible, economically reflected in language.