Social media can spread both health information and misinformation. Models of diffusion show how ideas spread through social networks and are influenced by network structure. Vaccine hesitancy spreads online through complex social contagion processes and is influenced by theories from various disciplines. Understanding how misinformation diffuses on social networks can help address public health issues.
Social Capital in China: An Explorative Comparison of Influences of Internet,...Qingjiang (Q. J.) Yao
Social Capital in China: An Explorative Comparison of Influences of Internet, Print, Broadcast, and Interpersonal Communication in an Emerging Civil Society
The Dress vs. Ebola: The Effect of Different News Sources on Social Action.Deborah Tuggy
Abstract
Abstract
This study looks at how different types of news sources affects social action. It predicts that infotainment consumption is related inversely with social action, while news consumption is positively correlated with societal action. Findings show that most respondents use both social media and online news as news sources, and that while there is a relationship between different types of news media sources and different types and varying frequencies of social action, other factors such as religiosity, political party, sex, SES and class year have an impact as well. Thus the casual model is a much more complex and complicated one than expected, and it would be fascinating to further explore this phenomenon.
Testing the Levels of Message Effects and the Hierarchy Model of Responses wi...Qingjiang (Q. J.) Yao
This study, using a survey-experiment with a sample of 149 students randomly drawn from 102 US college campuses, testes the effects of four versions of a message about the new scientific issue of water-energy-food (WEF) nexus at the level of agenda, knowledge (frame), attitude, and behavioral intention. The study finds subjects’ attitude associated with subjects’ frame on one end and behavioral intention on the other end, and identifies some effects across the groups. The unclear position of subjects’ agenda in the hierarchy of responses that processes the nexus messages is also discussed.
Keywords: Water-Energy-Food Nexus, message effects, the hierarchy of responses
Identifying the traditional principle of medical ethics of autonomy as a major factor that hinders epidemiological investigation and the understanding of a novel virus, this study adopts an ethical framework, consisting of the axes of ethical devotions (local, national, continental, and global) and ethical reasoning approaches (deontological and teleological), to analyze the approaches of communicating global public health crises like the COVID pandemic. The argument is made to endorse a global devotion with teleological reasoning in a large-scale public health crisis that needs global collaboration to cope with.
Good or Bad for Whom and What: A Revised Ethical Framework to Differentiate J...Qingjiang (Q. J.) Yao
This study proposes a revised theoretical framework that consists of the axes of ethical devotions (visibly at the personal, institutional, local, national, regional, and global levels) and ethical reasoning approaches (teleology and deontology), to analyze journalists’ ethical stance of collecting and editing news. Values serving as the foundation of the deontological reasoning approach are deemed as heuristics evolved from historic teleological calculations. Journalism is defined as truthful informing of current events ethically devoted to a larger community, while activism, in this context, is defined as truthful informing devoted to a smaller one. So a global devotion with a teleological reasoning approach is recommended for journalists in this global age.
Keywords: ethical framework, ethical devotion, ethical reasoning approach, journalism, activism
*Presented to #BEAVirtualVegas Conference, April 2020
Social Capital in China: An Explorative Comparison of Influences of Internet,...Qingjiang (Q. J.) Yao
Social Capital in China: An Explorative Comparison of Influences of Internet, Print, Broadcast, and Interpersonal Communication in an Emerging Civil Society
The Dress vs. Ebola: The Effect of Different News Sources on Social Action.Deborah Tuggy
Abstract
Abstract
This study looks at how different types of news sources affects social action. It predicts that infotainment consumption is related inversely with social action, while news consumption is positively correlated with societal action. Findings show that most respondents use both social media and online news as news sources, and that while there is a relationship between different types of news media sources and different types and varying frequencies of social action, other factors such as religiosity, political party, sex, SES and class year have an impact as well. Thus the casual model is a much more complex and complicated one than expected, and it would be fascinating to further explore this phenomenon.
Testing the Levels of Message Effects and the Hierarchy Model of Responses wi...Qingjiang (Q. J.) Yao
This study, using a survey-experiment with a sample of 149 students randomly drawn from 102 US college campuses, testes the effects of four versions of a message about the new scientific issue of water-energy-food (WEF) nexus at the level of agenda, knowledge (frame), attitude, and behavioral intention. The study finds subjects’ attitude associated with subjects’ frame on one end and behavioral intention on the other end, and identifies some effects across the groups. The unclear position of subjects’ agenda in the hierarchy of responses that processes the nexus messages is also discussed.
Keywords: Water-Energy-Food Nexus, message effects, the hierarchy of responses
Identifying the traditional principle of medical ethics of autonomy as a major factor that hinders epidemiological investigation and the understanding of a novel virus, this study adopts an ethical framework, consisting of the axes of ethical devotions (local, national, continental, and global) and ethical reasoning approaches (deontological and teleological), to analyze the approaches of communicating global public health crises like the COVID pandemic. The argument is made to endorse a global devotion with teleological reasoning in a large-scale public health crisis that needs global collaboration to cope with.
Good or Bad for Whom and What: A Revised Ethical Framework to Differentiate J...Qingjiang (Q. J.) Yao
This study proposes a revised theoretical framework that consists of the axes of ethical devotions (visibly at the personal, institutional, local, national, regional, and global levels) and ethical reasoning approaches (teleology and deontology), to analyze journalists’ ethical stance of collecting and editing news. Values serving as the foundation of the deontological reasoning approach are deemed as heuristics evolved from historic teleological calculations. Journalism is defined as truthful informing of current events ethically devoted to a larger community, while activism, in this context, is defined as truthful informing devoted to a smaller one. So a global devotion with a teleological reasoning approach is recommended for journalists in this global age.
Keywords: ethical framework, ethical devotion, ethical reasoning approach, journalism, activism
*Presented to #BEAVirtualVegas Conference, April 2020
Social Media Use and Adolescent Mental Health: Findings From the UK Millenniu...eraser Juan José Calderón
Social Media Use and Adolescent Mental Health: Findings From the UK Millennium Cohort Study de Yvonne Kelly, Afshin Zilanawala, Cara Booker, Amanda Sacker publicado en eClinicalMedicine
Published: January 04, 2019 DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2018.12.005
Social Media Use and Adolescent Mental Health: Findings From the UK Millenniu...eraser Juan José Calderón
Social Media Use and Adolescent Mental Health: Findings From the UK Millennium Cohort Study de Yvonne Kelly, Afshin Zilanawala, Cara Booker, Amanda Sacker publicado en eClinicalMedicine
Published: January 04, 2019 DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2018.12.005
Director Lee Rainie gave a keynote address in Newport, R.I. to a conference of the North Atlantic Health Science Libraries. More: http://pewinternet.org/Presentations/2010/Oct/North-Atlantic-Health-Science-Libraries.aspx
MARY REVIEW1.Chan, G. & Yanos, P. T. (2018). Media depictions .docxalfredacavx97
MARY REVIEW
1.Chan, G. & Yanos, P. T. (2018). Media depictions and the priming of mental illness stigma. Stigma and Health, 3(3), 253-264. http://eds.b.ebscohost.com/eds/detail/detail?vid=8&sid=66026bf7-aa09-4bcd-a73a-7b9d3e35bcc7%40pdc-v-sessmgr01&bdata=JkF1dGhUeXBlPXNoaWImc2l0ZT1lZHMtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#AN=2017-15491-001&db=pdh (Links to an external site.)
2. Neuman, W. L. (2017). Understanding Research (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Pearson.
3. The topic discussed in the article I chose is mental illness. The article discusses the question of the affect the media plays in regards to one's perception of mental illness. The study designed involves the random assignment of individuals to descriptions of a violent accident. Some descriptions were left unaltered while others were manipulated to mention the term and concept of mental illness. Chan and Yanos (2018) state "we also examined the potential moderating impact of cognitive styles and preexisting attitudes and beliefs."
4. I would say this research is descriptive
5. Experimental
6. Results found that participants are likely to associate mental illness with violent outbursts when stated throughout media. I think this was used for applied social research. Chan and Yanos (2018) state "roughly, 43% of the participants in the experimental condition reported the cause of the incident as related to mental illness, in contrast with only 2% of participants in the control condition." When asked to provide a recount of the article 42% of participants mentioned mental illness while none of the participants of the control group did (Chan & Yanos, 2018).
7. In an unscientific method one can simply ask the question of does mental illness make one violent? Asking a question such as this doesn't entail proper research but a simple yes or no question. Research isn't completed to discover why individuals may have these particular beliefs.
8. Do you think or know of research that discovered why individuals may have these beliefs?
Kenneth Review
1. Article citation.
Steffens, N. K., Haslam, S. A., Jetten, J., & Mols, F. (2018). Our Followers Are Lions, Theirs Are Sheep: How Social Identity Shapes Theories About Followership and Social Influence. Political Psychology, 39(1), 23–42. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12387
2. Book citation.
Neuman, W. L. (2017). Understanding research. Boston, MA: Pearson/Allyn and Bacon.
3. Title and topic.
Our Followers Are Lions, Theirs Are Sheep: How Social Identity Shapes Theories About Followership and Social Influence.
This article is fascinating to say the least. It speaks on the idea that people see followers of other groups as being less of an ideal follower, see them as not being an effective follower, and see members of their own group as being “better” overall. This non effective follower is seen as more conformist, blindly following what they are told, and unable to be think for themselves. Conversely, they see their own group as dynamic free thinkers, active, thoug.
Mathematical Models of the Spread of Diseases, Opinions, Information, and Mis...Mason Porter
This is my general-audience talk at DiscCon III (2021 WorldCon).
My talk overlapped with the Hugo Award ceremony, but the video will be posted later on the DisCon website for attendees who want to see it.
Final Project – OutlineBelow is an outline template that y.docxtjane3
Final Project – Outline
Below is an outline template that you will use to organize your final paper. Anything listed in RED should be changed to reflect your specific topic and information. Keep in mind – outlines are to be brief bullet points as you will expand on these points for the paper. This is worth 7 points of your overall final project. The outline is due on Friday, November 16th, 2018 by 11:55 PM, submitted to Blackboard.
Outline Rubric:
Outline contains the topic name, relationship to sociology, topic sentence 1 point
Outline contains 2 points of background information regarding the topic 1 point
Outline contains 3 areas of exploration of the topic for the written paper 1 point
Outline contains 3 sociological theories to be related to the topic 1 points
Outline contains 2 points on why the topic is important 1 point
Outline contains reason why the topic should be studied 1 point
Outline contains 3 scholarly academic journal references 1 point
Total 7 points
Outline:
I. Introduction
a. What is the topic?
· Media influence on society.
· How can the media impacts society.
b. Topic’s relationship to sociology.
Since sociology is the study of social behavior and human group. Media influence society behavior and this topic can reveal how that can be done.
c. Your topic sentence
In this advanced technological age, media has become part of society’s daily routine. This routine can impact people’s thoughts and behaviors in many ways.
d. List of theories being applied.
· Media influences society.
· Media create stereotypes or certain images on certain group of people.
· Media is important in affecting society in creating good or bad habits.
II. Body of Analysis
a. Definition of topic.
“Media influence on Society” This topic explains what might the effects that can media influence towards society be.
b. Provide at least 2 brief points of background information regarding your topic
i. Background information point 1
· Media such as TV or Radio news are structured to keep people informed of local and worldwide important news and events.
ii. Background information point 2
· Other types of media like TV shows and movies have influence on society which will be explained in the final project.
c. Provide at least 3 components of the topic you will be discussing, below
i. Component 1 / The effects of media effects.
ii. Component 2 / Media creating stereotype for certain groups of people.
iii. Component 3 / How media can develop new habits.
d. Theoretical Background (at least 3 theories should be used)
i. Theory 1: Interactionist.
ii. Theory 2: Socialization.
iii. Theory 3: Conflict.
III. Conclusion
a. At least 2 brief points of why this topic is important
i. Point 1. To make the most positive outcome from this advanced age and the use of media, there should be actions taken and lessons taught.
ii. Point 2. society should be educated on what are the pros, cons and impacts from using today’s technology such as media.
b. At least one brief poi.
Cancer Prevention & Control in the Changing Communication LandscapeBradford Hesse
Keynote given at the Broadcast Education Association on April 17, 2016. Purpose was to portray ways in which the media can play to influence agenda setting in an era of new communication channels.
Ic2s2 Tutorial on Modeling Human Values via Social Media DataISI Foundation
Understanding human values with an empirical approach, both from a qualitative and quantitative point of view, allows us to better model behaviours, actions, and attitudes towards social phenomena. It is invaluable in the design of, for instance, effective health interventions - such as encouraging vaccination- or even appropriate communication campaigns for policy making - such as sensibilization towards pro-environmental attitudes. This is important since public debate on human values often focuses on perceived threats to different values while rarely understanding or articulating how values are inferred from people’s behaviors and judgements. In this tutorial, we give an overview of how the basic human and moral values are interpreted according to the psychological literature, as a combination of individual, societal, and cultural forces. We discuss the latest research in assessing these through both traditional methods, as well as through quantitative methods applied to digital data. In the first part, we provide an overview of traditional survey methods, and discuss their applicability to the new forms of discourse, the validity of recruitment using the Internet and new opportunities this medium holds. In the second part, we consider several case studies of applying computational methods to large amounts of social media data for understanding values associated with specific domains, including politics, health, charitable giving, and privacy, and discuss how social media can capture the behavioral differences in large populations of different values. Here, we introduce methodologies for large scale data analysis including topic discovery, topic refinement, grounded theory labeling, network science, and regression modeling. We conclude with the discussion of ethical use of such modeling, including data and model bias, informed consent, intervention design, and the use of persuasive technology.
CDSCO and Phamacovigilance {Regulatory body in India}NEHA GUPTA
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Operating under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, the CDSCO is responsible for approving new drugs, conducting clinical trials, setting standards for drugs, controlling the quality of imported drugs, and coordinating the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.
Pharmacovigilance, on the other hand, is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The primary aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, thereby protecting public health.
In India, pharmacovigilance activities are monitored by the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI), which works closely with CDSCO to collect, analyze, and act upon data regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the benefits of drugs outweigh their risks, maintaining high standards of patient safety, and promoting the rational use of medicines.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
The Gram stain is a fundamental technique in microbiology used to classify bacteria based on their cell wall structure. It provides a quick and simple method to distinguish between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, which have different susceptibilities to antibiotics
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
4. SOCIAL MEDIA CAN BE GOOD FOR HEALTH
• Health information-seeking is low-cost and highly efficient
• Stigmatized and marginalized populations find anonymous support:
• E.g., Patients with rare diseases could connect with others who share similar disabilities
to pool resources and knowledge for care
• Patients with HIV/AIDS, mental illness, and populations in rural areas
• Surveillance of disease outbreaks using ML techniques with social media data
(completely free and real-time).
5. THE OBESITY NETWORK
Christakis and Fowler. “The Spread of Obesity in a Large
Social Network over 32 Years.” New England Journal of
Medicine, 2007.
5
6. • Think about health behavior and information diffusion from a networked lens
• Learn ways in which social media act as platforms for information diffusion,
belief diffusion, and behavioral diffusion
• Describe the mechanisms of misinformation diffusion on social media
• Understand the proliferation of vaccine hesitancy on social media
• Future applications of social media for health promotion
OBJECTIVES:
6
7. MODELS OF DIFFUSION IN PUBLIC HEALTH
• 1. Macro model: the two parameter model (Bass, 1969)
• Application: Medical innovation (Coleman, Katz, & Menzel, 1969)
• A reanalysis of the model showed that social contagion effects disappeared once
marketing efforts were controlled.
• Benefits: It measures the rate of idea/contagion spread from the source.
• Drawbacks: Does not account for context, assumes perfect social mixing (everyone
knows everyone).
8. MODELS OF DIFFUSION IN PUBLIC HEALTH
• 2. Spatial autocorrelation: (Moran, 1956)
• Application: Identifying demographic characteristics susceptible to HIV infection in
St. Petersburg (Heimer et al, 2009)
• Benefits: Measures network autocorrelation, the correlation of a single variable
between pairs of neighbouring observations.
• Drawbacks: Does not show whether specific individuals were more likely to adopt
based on their network position.
9. MODELS OF DIFFUSION IN PUBLIC HEALTH
• 3. Network models:
• Sample application: Estimating diffusion of obesity in a sociocentric network
(Christakis & Fowler, 2007).
• Benefits: Measures social influence and social contagion.
• Drawbacks: model inconsistency, homophily and environmental confounding,
statistical dependencies in the network (Lyons, 2011)
10. SOCIAL NETWORK INFLUENCE WEIGHTINGS
Relational Positional Central
Direct ties Percent positive matches (tie
overlap)
Degree
Indirect ties Euclidean distance Betweenness
Joint participation in groups or
events
Regular equivalence Closeness
Flow
Integration
Information
Eigenvector/ Bonacich (power)
11. SOCIAL NETWORK INFLUENCE
WEIGHTINGS
Relational Positional Central
Direct ties Percent positive matches (tie
overlap)
Degree
Indirect ties Euclidean distance Betweenness
Joint participation in groups or
events
Regular equivalence Closeness
Flow
Integration
Information
Power
Relational Positional Central
Direct ties Percent positive matches (tie
overlap)
Degree
Indirect ties Euclidean distance Betweenness
Joint participation in groups or
events
Regular equivalence Closeness
Flow
Integration
Information
Eigenvector/ Bonacich (power)
13. WOULD WATCHING A NETFLIX SERIES
CHANGE YOUR VIEW ON HEALTH
MYTHS AND PRACTICES?
What variables are at play
when we measure network
influence?
14. WOULD WATCHING A NETFLIX SERIES
CHANGE YOUR VIEW ON HEALTH
MYTHS AND PRACTICES?
1. Was the show recommended by weak ties or
strong ties
15. WOULD WATCHING A NETFLIX SERIES
CHANGE YOUR VIEW ON HEALTH
MYTHS AND PRACTICES?
1. Was the show recommended by weak ties or
strong ties
2. Knowledge, perception, and behaviors of strong
ties
16. WOULD WATCHING A NETFLIX SERIES
CHANGE YOUR VIEW ON HEALTH
MYTHS AND PRACTICES?
1. Was the show recommended by weak ties or
strong ties
2. Knowledge, perception, and behaviors of strong
ties
3. Consider the complementarity, legitimacy,
credibility required for social reinforcement
17. WOULD WATCHING A NETFLIX SERIES
CHANGE YOUR VIEW ON HEALTH
MYTHS AND PRACTICES?
1. Was the show recommended by weak ties or
strong ties
2. Knowledge, perception, and behaviors of strong
ties
3. Consider the complementarity, legitimacy,
credibility required for social reinforcement
4. The frequency at which interactions occur
18. WOULD WATCHING A NETFLIX SERIES
CHANGE YOUR VIEW ON HEALTH
MYTHS AND PRACTICES?
1. Was the show recommended by weak ties or
strong ties
2. Knowledge, perception, and behaviors of strong
ties
3. Consider the complementarity, legitimacy,
credibility required for social reinforcement
4. The frequency at which interactions occur
5. Activities associated with the practice of a health
myth.
19. WOULD WATCHING A NETFLIX SERIES
CHANGE YOUR VIEW ON HEALTH
MYTHS AND PRACTICES?
1. Was the show recommended by weak ties or
strong ties
2. Knowledge, perception, and behaviors of strong
ties
3. Consider the complementarity, legitimacy,
credibility required for social reinforcement
4. The frequency at which interactions occur
5. Activities associated with the practice of a health
myth.
6. Is the idea simple? If multiple contacts needed for
adoption, weak ties may inhibit diffusion (Centola,
How Behaviors Spread, 2018)
20. WHAT IS THE NETWORK STRUCTURE
OF SOCIAL MEDIA?
• Scale-free
• core-periphery
• Small-worlds
• A single cohesive clique
21. DIFFERENT NETWORK STRUCTURES
INFLUENCES THE DISTANCE, SPEED, AND
DEPTH OF INFORMATION SPREAD
Case, Nicky. “The Wisdom and/or Madness of Crowds,” 2018.
http://ncase.me/crowds/.
22. WHAT IS THE NETWORK STRUCTURE
OF SOCIAL MEDIA?
• Scale-free
• core-periphery
• Small-worlds
• A single cohesive clique
23. NOT ALL INFORMATION ARE DISSEMINATED
EQUALLY
(Vosoughi et al, Nature, 2018)
In a study conducted using historical Twitter data from 2006-2017, of the 126,000 tweets shared
by 3 million people, those that evoke surprise and disgust were shared further, wider, and deeper
than messages that evoked emotions of sadness and joy.
26. THE MAJORITY ILLUSION
Are baseball caps fashionable?
Each circle is colored to indicate that person’s
stance on the issue. Orange circles think they are
not fashionable. Blue circles think they are
fashionable. (On this issue, everyone has an
opinion.)
A polling firm recently asked whether each person
thought baseball caps would get a majority of
support.
Question: would the poll results show that the
majority consider baseball caps fashionable?Lerman, Yan, and Wu. “The ‘Majority Illusion’ in Social
Networks.” PLOS ONE. 2016.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0147617.
29. AIDS DENIALISTS ON VKONTALTE
• Visualization of 'friendships' between
online community members: nodes
indicate users, edges indicate
'friendships'. Node size is proportional to
user activity in the community. Colors:
red - convinced denialists, yellow -
doubters, blue - orthodox (i.e. supporters
of medical science on the issue), grey -
undetermined.
(Rykov, Meylakhs, Sinyavskaya, American
Behavioral Scientist, 2017)
30. GELAD LOTAN AND CHRISTAKIS
• Why is vaccine misinformation so prevalent online?
(Diresta and Lotan, 2015)
30
(Diresta and Lotan, 2015, Wired.com)
TWITTER NETWORK OF VACCINE
CONVERSATIONS BY USER SENTIMENT
31. (Getman et al, 2017)
31
(Getman et al, Health
Education and Behavior,
2017)
500 websites of
popular publishers
by hyperlink degree
centrality
32. (Kang et al, Vaccine, 2017)32
Semantic network analysis of
26,389 tweets in the US.
High closeness keywords:
provide cohesiveness to the
narrative.
High degree keywords (node
size): most central ideas in the
narrative
High betweenness keywords:
bridges ideas from one cluster to
another (coincides with high
closeness keywords.
33. THEORIES EXPLAINING VACCINE HESITANCY
Discipline Authors/ Year Theory Context
Health
communicati
on
(Reyna, 2012) Fuzzy trace theory Two types of memory retention exist: verbatim
memory (detailed and informational), and gist
memory (basic meaning), gist memory is used for
decision-making
Health
informatics
(Dunn et al.,
2015)
Exposure to vaccine
critical messages
influence vaccine
belief
Twitter users were traced longitudinally as to
whether exposure to Tweets expressing negative
sentiment towards HPV vaccine lead to vaccine
hesitancy
Public Health,
Biology,
environmenta
l studies,
global health
(McNutt et al.,
2016)
Statistical analysis of
the correlation of
affluence based on
school tuition with
rate of vaccine
exemption
California’s private kindergartens have higher
exemption rates than public kindergartens, the
correlation of affluence, and religiousness.
34. Discipline Authors/ Year Theory Context
History (Ward, 2016) Resource mobilization and
social movements
2009 pandemic swine flu vaccine hesitancy
in France
Medical
Anthropology
(Dube et al., 2016) Vaccine hesitancy is
characterized by diverse
historic, political and socio-
cultural factors
A panel of 40 experts during a pan-
Canadian workshop discussed the possible
factors of vaccine hesitancy
(Kata, 2012) Postmodern discourse Anti-vaccine websites have varying
interpretations of vaccines that are
embedded in the postmodernism
discourse
(H. J. Larson et al.,
2015)
Interventions to increase
confidence in vaccines can
increase likelihood of vaccine
uptake.
A GRADE systematic review of literature on
the use of “social mobilization, mass media,
communication tool-based training for
health workers, non-financial incentive and
reminder/recall interventions” was
conducted
THEORIES EXPLAINING VACCINE HESITANCY
35. Discipline Authors/ Year Theory Context
Medicine (Salmon et al.,
2015)
Multitemporal factors such as
adverse events, unfamiliarity with
vaccine-preventable diseases, lack of
trust in corporations and public
health agencies contribute to
vaccine hesitancy
vaccine hesitancy is detrimental because
it leads to vaccine refusal, schedule
delays and correlates with vaccine
preventable disease outbreaks
Biology (Salathe &
Kennedy, 2013)
Social contagion model Online networks may spread vaccine
sentiments
Geography (Tomeny, Vargo, &
El-Toukhy, 2017)
Geographic and demographic
variances
Geographical and demographic data on
social media may help identify areas
where public health might need more
efforts on vaccine awareness in the US.
Philosophy
and media
studies
(Goldenberg &
McCron, 2017)
Media framing of scientific studies
may further divide the public
different vaccine beliefs
A 2014 study in Pediatrics (Nyhan et al,
2014) was ill-framed as no intervention is
effective in changing anti-vaxxer’s minds.
THEORIES EXPLAINING VACCINE HESITANCY
36. Discipline Authors/ Year Theory Context
Literature (Faubert, 2017) The Werther effect (the
dangerous contagion of
sympathy)
18th century Britain suffered from the “Werther effect”
whereupon readers of a book titled “Werther” which
talked about suicide would become suicidal.
Social
sciences (e.g.
political
science,
economics,
sociology)
(Betsch &
Sachse, 2012)
High perceived risk of
vaccination can lead to
strong risk-negation
Willingness to get vaccinated is known to be related
to the perceived risk of vaccine adverse events (VAE)
(Lakoff, 2015) Cultural and political
processes drive upsurge in
vaccine resistance under
the concept of
“modernization of risk”
The US measles outbreak is correlated with high-
income areas that have no relation to climate-change
deniers or conspiracy theorists
(Nyhan, Reifler,
Richey, & Freed,
2014)
The Backfire effect Randomized control trials assigned 1 of 4
interventions to parents
(Yaqub, Castle-
Clarke, Sevdalis,
& Chataway,
2014)
Institutional mistrust Review of 38 paper on attitudes towards vaccines in
the English language, 6 market research datasets
(e.g., surveys and consultations) on general
practitioners, health professionals, and the public
37. Discipline Authors/ Year Theory Context
Educational
psychology
Rabinowitz et al, 2016 Political inclination is
correlated to ideologies tied to
vaccination
Political ideologies as a driver
of beliefs have not been
explored in the context of
vaccination in the US
Information
science
Huesch et al, 2013 Social Network theory Online blogs and social
network sites allow for
astroturfing and the
proliferation of anti-HPV
vaccine messages through
networks
Langley et al, 2016 Network theory applied with
Health Belief Model (HBM)
Online social media are quickly
becoming the main portal
where people share health
information and influence each
other’s beliefs and attitudes
THEORIES EXPLAINING VACCINE HESITANCY
38. Discipline Authors/ Year Theory Context
Computer science Yom-Tov and
Fernandez-
Luque, 2014
Selective
informational
acquisition
Internet search engines enables selectivity based on
pre-existing beliefs
Communications McKeever et al,
2016
Communicative
Actions theory and
theory of the silent
majority
Communications does not happen in a vacuum of
harmony, where there’s a perceived problem that
needs to be solved, communicative action will be
mobilized
Ruiz and Bell,
2014
Search strategies
inform search
results
The perpetuation of online anti-vaccine myths in
websites may lead to opting-out of vaccination
THEORIES EXPLAINING VACCINE HESITANCY
39. Discipline Authors/ Year Theory Context
Sociology Granovette
r, 1973;
Bakshy et
al, 2012
The
strength of
weak ties
Opposed to the notion that strong ties are how we receive
information; the social media environments demonstrates
that the diffusion of novel information relies mainly on the
abundance of weak ties; the more one is exposed to
information, the more they are likely to share that
information regardless of the “influence” of the original
promulgator of the information.
Giglietto,
2016
Hybrid
news
system and
“fake news”
Removing oneself from an actor-oriented inquiry, the
hybrid news system brings forth theoretical insights on the
processes of misinformation. “The process of misleading
information emerges as a chain of propagations resulting
by the operations of diverse actors acting according to
their individual agenda and understanding of the
informational content they are sharing”.
THEORIES EXPLAINING MISINFORMATION SPREAD
40. Discipline Author/yea
r
Theory Phenomena of exploration
Sociology Smith and
Christakis,
2008
Social
network
contagion
Social networks have been posited to influence heath
through social support, social influence, access to
resources, social involvement, and person-to-person
contagion.
Monsted et
al, 2017
Complex
contagion
Information diffusion in a techno-social system is proven
to be conducted through complex contagion through
social media platforms like Twitter.
Political
communic
ation
Chadwick,
2017
Hybrid
Media
system
Case studies of polarity in the 2016 presidential election
show that digital media are forms of competition and
organization, through which a non-linearity of power and
systems are created through competition and conflict. In
particular, social media metrics acts as proxies for public
interest that can create incremental changes in opinions,
values, and offline behavior.
THEORIES EXPLAINING MISINFORMATION SPREAD
41. Disci
plin
e
Author/year Theory Phenomena of exploration
Infor
mati
on
scien
ce
McPherson et
al,
Homophily The idea that “birds of a feather flock together”, treating the online
ecosystem as a public sphere, online users gravitate towards the
familiar (e.g., friends and family), and rely on their own belief systems
to navigate the online world for a sense of belonging.
Dubois and
Gaffney, 2014
Katz and
Lazarsfeld’s
Two-step flow
hypothesis
Opinion leaders are able to influence personal ties by social pressure or
social support. In the Twitter community, political leaders are influential
but the online platforms allows for other influences such as bloggers
and commentators to be equally influential in the online sphere.
Neumann et al,
1974; Hampton
et al, 2014
Neumann’s
Spiral of silence
People are less willing to discuss a controversial issue when they are on
social media if they "perceive" that the common census is that they are
not going to be agreed upon; this leads to a spiraling effect of being
mute on the issue.
Lerman, 2016 Majority illusion The theory that in an online environment, those who are more vocal in
a group are more visible than those who are silent; given that the vocal
participants continue to be vocal, information being put out by these
active nodes are then perceived by the silent nodes as being dominant;
this creates the illusion that a few active people’s opinions are the
majority opinion.
Fisher et al, Echo chambers are facilitated by social media’s platform which allows
THEORIES EXPLAINING MISINFORMATION SPREAD
42. Discipline Author
/year
Theory Phenomena of exploration
Humaniti
es (Media
policy and
digital
democrac
y)
Dahlber
g, 2007
Discursiv
e
contestati
on
An exploration of the polarized public can be explained not by finding
convergence but an acceptance that disagreements is why public spheres
exist, especially in the online space. Consensus is “partially a result of
hegemony, a stabilization of meaning aided by cultural domination and
exclusion”, as such, the safer space for expression of differences will
continue to occur online.
Journalis
m
Marwic
k and
Lewis,
2017
Media
manipula
tion
Using the far-right proliferation online and the 2016 US presidential election
results; the authors propose that the mainstream media’s “predilection for
sensationalism, need for constant novelty, and emphasis on profits over civic
responsibility’ created a vulnerable environment for media manipulation. As
seen in social media sites, the subcultures in the “far-right”, which exhibits
levels of extremism, racism, nationalism, etc, have found a nesting place and
portal to proliferate their messages through the gratification of the new-
found sense of collective purpose.
Marketin
g
Dobele
et al,
2007
Virality The idea that messages that connect emotionally will be shared with family
and friends and spread like a virus, regardless of the correctness of the
information being shared.
THEORIES EXPLAINING MISINFORMATION SPREAD
43. Discipline Author/y
ear
Theory Phenomena of exploration
Engineeri
ng
Gillespie,
2010;
2017
Existing
logics of
platforms
Platforms exists as a intermediary of content, which is premised on the
economics of popularity, thus, logistics of operation rely heavily on the
moderation of content in each platform with the intent to retain users;
which delineates from the course of an open web.
Engineeri
ng and
sociology
Friedkin
et al,
2016
Networks
on influence
under logic
constraints
When group decisions need to be made on an issue that is far from one’s
understanding, individuals in groups need to operate under logical
constraints and be able to reach consensus. Networks influence the way
individuals in groups reach a decision: the dynamic of decision-making
usually is constructed through active ‘nodes’ (the more vocal individuals
advocating their own beliefs), creating a false impression that such beliefs
are held by many.
Psycholo
gy
Packer,
2009
Normative
conflict
model
Strongly identified members are attentive to group problems, such that
when weaker members of the group express concerns on an issue, the
strongly identified members are willing to “bear the social costs associate
with dissent” to improve group outcomes.
Psycholo
gy and
sociology
Lewando
wsky et
al, 2012
Salience of
Misinformat
ion
The salience of misinformation is based on 4 issues: the continued influence
effect, the familiarity backfire effect, and overkill backfire effect, and the
worldview backfire effect. As long as the piece of misinformation is being
registered as “partially true”, or that it reckoned by the receiver that it is
plausible, misinformation becomes salient and challenging it creates
backfire effects.
THEORIES EXPLAINING MISINFORMATION SPREAD
44. CASE ONE:
POST-TRUTH ERA REALITY CHECK - CHILDHOOD
VACCINE-RELATED TWEETS IN ONTARIO, 2013-2016
• Do Ontarians still look to doctors and health professionals for advice?
• Is Twitter a good place to promote vaccine awareness?
• What are the advantages for public health agencies in Ontario on Twitter?
45. DATA COLLECTION
Search parameter
selection
• Vaccine type filter
• Time filter
• Geographical filter
Social Media data
collection
• Query manually
collected directly from
Twitter (875 tweets)
Sentiment analysis
and content
analysis
46. CODED TWEET ATTRIBUTES
• Occupation/affiliation
• Sentiment towards vaccines
• Emotion
• Information-seeking or information-sharing
• Type of interaction: retweets, mentions, replies, none
• Attached medium in tweet: image, text, video, multimedia
• Sources of information referred in the tweet: news, blogs, government websites,
other social media platforms
47. DESCRIPTIVE RESULTS• Occupation/affiliation:
• 24% of the people who ever tweeted about vaccines are in a health-related profession,
health-related government institutions and public health units.
• 10% are news.
• 10% (n=73) of Twitter accounts are set up specifically for anti-vaccine purposes, these are
not bots. (3 nut bars)
• Six health-related Twitter accounts expressed negative vaccine sentiment, these accounts
are held by chiropractors, naturopaths, health and nutrition consultants, and practitioners of
holistic medicine
• Sentiment:
• 58% are pro-vaccine,
• 28% Twitter accounts are anti-vaccine,
• 16% are neutral.
• Emotionality: 80% of the tweets exhibit neutral emotion.
• Information sharing:
• 58% of all tweets are information-sharing
• 5% are information-seeking
48. • Vaccine sentiment is associated with different behavioral attributes:
• Pro-vaccine sentiment is associated with more use of text-based links, more Retweets of news and
government information;
• Neutral sentiment Tweets are composed of news articles, information-seeking, and multimedia links;
• Negative vaccine sentiment expresses more negative emotions, and tend to share more image and video-
based links, alternative news sources with misinformation, and “call for action” Tweets.
• News is the most widely shared type of link, however, the types of news and sources vary depending
on the kind of vaccination sentiment of the Twitter user:
• Pro-vaccine Tweets contain news from mainstream or local news media that supports immunization;
• Neutral vaccine news that presents a ‘balanced’ view of vaccines were Tweeted the most by everyone,
including people who want to seek information from Twitter;
• Alternative news sources and alternative health news were exclusively Tweeted by those who are anti-
vaccine.
• Types of medium:
• anti-vaxxers are more likely to retweet videos,
• general public are more likely to retweet text-based links,
• physicians are more likely to tweet opinions and conference keynotes,
• public health units are most likely to tweet vaccination schedules.
VACCINE SENTIMENT AND BEHAVIORAL /
LINK-SHARE ATTRIBUTES IN ONTARIO
50. Visualization of vaccine-
related tweets in
Ontario, 2013-2016
“Jenny McCarthy’s anti-vaccine
views = misinformation. Please
ask The View to change their mind,“
July 22, 2013
“Reality Check: CDC
Scientist Admits
Data of Vaccines
and Autism Was
Trashed”, Mar 4,
2016
Ottawa’s vaccine-
free daycare, Feb 7,
2015
51. WHAT ARE ANTI-VACCINE TWEETS USING TO
SUPPORT THEIR SENTIMENT?
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Alternative Treatment Trust Adverse events Other concerns Alternative evidence
57. GOING BACK TO OUR QUESTIONS …
• Do Ontarians still look to doctors for advice? Yes, but...
• Is Twitter a good place for providing text-based vaccine information? Yes, but
responses should be immediate, find bridges, create interesting messages using
memes and images
• How can we create attention on Twitter for vaccine awareness, specifically? Around
a media sensation.
58. FOR FUTURE CONSIDERATION
• Research:
(1) Establish research capacities in public health to collect, code, and interpret how
content is being shared on various social media platforms.
(2) Evaluate the effectiveness of digital methods by creating different types of
content (e.g., dynamic vs. static) and measure informational spread
• Practice:
(1) Promote the use of dynamic content (images, gifs, and videos)
(2) Monitor how (in person? distal? One-on-one? In groups?) , where, and how
frequent do promulgators of disinformation connect with their communities
(3) Document convincing case studies across the Province to inform social media
practice to support new Public Health Standards?
59. “YOUTUBE, THE GREAT RADICALIZER” (TUFEKCI, 2018)
• Beyond algorithmic biases, we are increasingly hostile and sarcastic to people
who are anti-vaccine, creating distinct languages of in-group and out-groups.
• There is an abundance of anti-vaccine influencers (chiropractors, naturopaths,
osteopaths, talk show hosts, and scientists) who are influential
• There is a lack of incentive for traditional gatekeepers to use YouTube to
communicate with the public
59
61. WHY DO I KEEP SEEING ANTI-VACCINE VIDEOS?
YouTube
61
?
Vaccine
hesitancy
Vaccine information-
seekers
Algorithmic accountability: Human influences are
embedded into algorithms (training data, semantics, and
interpretation) - including institutional processes +
intent (Diakopoulos, 2014)
62. 1. 1. What sentiment (e.g., pro- or anti-vaccine) is most prevalent
among videos recommended by YouTube?
2. 2. Are pro- or anti-vaccine videos more central in the
recommender network?
3. 3. Are there any pronounced differences in vaccine sentiment in
relation to video attributes (i.e., video category, dislike/like count,
view count)?
Research Questions
@MelodieYJSong @gruzd
62
63. DATA COLLECTION
• Software: Netvizz for collecting YouTube related videos (Reinhardt, 2015)
• Search terms: vaccine, immunization, and other vaccine-related keywords for
5 iterations (N= 9489 videos, including video attributes: view count, comment
count, dislike/like ratio, video categories).
• Inclusion criteria: (1) Titles containing vaccination-related terms, (2) pro- and
anti-vaccine videos in English (97.9% of all videos). (N=1984)
@MelodieYJSong @gruzd
63
64. DATA ANALYSIS
@MelodieYJSong @gruzd
Data analysis
❖ Sentiment analysis/ visual content analysis: N=1984
❖ Social network analysis: Gephi and UCINet 6
Statistical analysis
❖ T-test to compare the means of node-level anti-vaccine and
pro-vaccine video’s centrality measures on UCINet.
❖ Logistic regression for video properties and vaccine
sentiment.
64
66. 65% of vaccine-related videos are
anti-vaccine (N=1984)
RESULTS:
1. WHAT SENTIMENT (E.G., PRO- OR ANTI-VACCINE) IS MOST
PREVALENT AMONG VIDEOS RECOMMENDED BY YOUTUBE?
@MelodieYJSong @gruzd
66
67. RESULTS:
2. ARE PRO- OR ANTI-VACCINE VIDEOS MORE CENTRAL IN THE RECOMMENDER
NETWORK?
• Anti-vaccine videos are easier to reach than pro-vaccine videos (esp. if you started
with one).
Centrality
measures
Mean of Anti-
vaccine related
videos
Mean of Pro-
vaccine related
videos
Difference in
means
Significance
Out-degree 0.004 0.004 0.000 0.0009**
In-degree 0.003 0.003 0.000 0.9735
Out-closeness 0.240 0.232 0.008 0.0001***
In-closeness 0.183 0.179 0.004 0.0096**
Betweenness 0.001 0.002 -0.001 0.0021**
67
68. Videos with higher
dislike/like ratio have
3.912 higher odds of
being pro-vaccine.
@MelodieYJSong @gruzd
Results:
3. What are the differences in vaccine sentiment in relation to video attributes?
68
Sentiment
Dislike/like ratio (OR 3.912)**
Dislike count (OR 0.996)**
Like count (OR 1.000)**
View count (OR 1.000)*
Comment count (OR 0.338)
R = 0.09
69. VACCINE VIDEOS ON YOUTUBE IN 2007
(Keelan et al, JAMA, 2007)
@MelodieYJSong 69
70. INFORMATION SOURCES ON THE WEB
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K-4LkJfEBDw
• Getman example
(Getman et al, Health Education,
2017)
@MelodieYJSong 70
72. HOW CAN WE DEPOLARIZE SOCIAL
MEDIA?
• Examine the network structure of misinformation flow
• Experimental designs of network interventions
• A focused research question
• A strong theory + framework
• A good study design
• Make corrections to recommender systems’ collaborative filtering
• Put a pulse on misinformation typology and sentiment using ready-made tools:
• E.g., Crowdbreaks.org
• E.g., Mediacloud.org
75. SOLUTIONS TO ADDRESS
MISINFORMATION
• Semantic dissonance detection
• Fact-checking from knowledge bases
• Fact-checking using crowd-sourcing
• Multimedia false information detection
• Bridging echo-chambers
• Adversarial creation to false information:
• Mitigation of false information
76. STICKY BELIEFS IN THE VACCINE RESEARCH
COMMUNITY
• A 4-armed RCT observed a “backfire effect” upon 4 types of information provision
(i.e., disease risk, autism correction, narrative danger, disease image). Anti-vaccine
parents become more hesitant (n= 678) (Nyhan et al. Pediatrics, 2014). Subsequent
studies confirmed that factual information provision does not reduce anti-vaccine
parents’ views (Nyhan & Reifler, Vaccine, 2014; Pluviano, Watt, and Sala, PLoS ONE,
2017)
• Conversely, a 3-arm randomized control trial showed that social media information
provision reduced parental concerns of vaccine risks(Daley et al, American J of
Preventative Medicine, 2018; Glanz et al, Pediatrics, 2017).
• Using expert sources (e.g., CDC) to correct misinformation based on “observational
correction” on social media reduces misconceptions towards Zika virus (Vraga and
Bode, Science Communication, 2017.
77. NEW DEVELOPMENTS TO COMBAT VACCINE
MISINFORMATION
• Epidemic prevalence information on social
networks can mediate emergent collective
outcomes in voluntary vaccine schemes
(Sharma et al, 2019).
• Create a tipping point (25%) of consensus
through network majority illusion (Centola,
2018).
• In theory, homogenous networks are more
conducive to large-scale coordination
(Piedrahita et al, 2018)
• Creating safe spaces with access to
anonymous peers for discussing stigma and
taboo health issues.
• Remove hostility and incivility from online
interactions.
77
(Sharma et al, PLoS Computational Biology, 2019)
78. POLICIES TO COUNTER MISINFORMATION
https://www.poynter.org/ifcn/anti-misinformation-actions/
In January 2019, the Canadian government
announced a multi-pronged effort to combat
misinformation ahead of elections in the fall.
A “Critical Election Incident Public Protocol”
that will monitor and notify other agencies
and the public about disinformation attempts.
That task force will be led by five non-political
officials and is an addition to a “rapid
response mechanism” housed within the
Department of Foreign Affairs.
81. WOULD WATCHING A NETFLIX SERIES
CHANGE YOUR VIEW ON HEALTH
MYTHS AND PRACTICES?
1. Was the show recommended by weak ties or
strong ties
2. Knowledge, perception, and behaviors of strong
ties
3. Consider the complementarity, legitimacy,
credibility required for social reinforcement
4. The frequency at which interactions occur
5. Activities associated with the practice of a health
myth.
6. Is the idea simple? If multiple contacts needed for
adoption, weak ties may inhibit diffusion (Centola,
How Behaviors Spread, 2018)