This study proposes a revised theoretical framework that consists of the axes of ethical devotions (visibly at the personal, institutional, local, national, regional, and global levels) and ethical reasoning approaches (teleology and deontology), to analyze journalists’ ethical stance of collecting and editing news. Values serving as the foundation of the deontological reasoning approach are deemed as heuristics evolved from historic teleological calculations. Journalism is defined as truthful informing of current events ethically devoted to a larger community, while activism, in this context, is defined as truthful informing devoted to a smaller one. So a global devotion with a teleological reasoning approach is recommended for journalists in this global age.
Keywords: ethical framework, ethical devotion, ethical reasoning approach, journalism, activism
*Presented to #BEAVirtualVegas Conference, April 2020
Social Capital in China: An Explorative Comparison of Influences of Internet,...Qingjiang (Q. J.) Yao
Social Capital in China: An Explorative Comparison of Influences of Internet, Print, Broadcast, and Interpersonal Communication in an Emerging Civil Society
Testing the Levels of Message Effects and the Hierarchy Model of Responses wi...Qingjiang (Q. J.) Yao
This study, using a survey-experiment with a sample of 149 students randomly drawn from 102 US college campuses, testes the effects of four versions of a message about the new scientific issue of water-energy-food (WEF) nexus at the level of agenda, knowledge (frame), attitude, and behavioral intention. The study finds subjects’ attitude associated with subjects’ frame on one end and behavioral intention on the other end, and identifies some effects across the groups. The unclear position of subjects’ agenda in the hierarchy of responses that processes the nexus messages is also discussed.
Keywords: Water-Energy-Food Nexus, message effects, the hierarchy of responses
Logical issues in Social Scientific Approach of Communication ResearchQingjiang (Q. J.) Yao
The study concludes that Conceptual analysis is a critical but skipped step in communication and some other social science research. Efforts like AERA, APA, and NCME’s joint committee’s (2014) Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing should be encouraged in multiple areas of social sciences.
Pure deduction is impossible in scientific research; the H-D model falls in either the falsification model or the abduction model.
Some increasingly popular concepts of research methodology, such as statistical inferencing, data, mining, meta-analysis, are inductive in nature.
Social Capital in China: An Explorative Comparison of Influences of Internet,...Qingjiang (Q. J.) Yao
Social Capital in China: An Explorative Comparison of Influences of Internet, Print, Broadcast, and Interpersonal Communication in an Emerging Civil Society
Testing the Levels of Message Effects and the Hierarchy Model of Responses wi...Qingjiang (Q. J.) Yao
This study, using a survey-experiment with a sample of 149 students randomly drawn from 102 US college campuses, testes the effects of four versions of a message about the new scientific issue of water-energy-food (WEF) nexus at the level of agenda, knowledge (frame), attitude, and behavioral intention. The study finds subjects’ attitude associated with subjects’ frame on one end and behavioral intention on the other end, and identifies some effects across the groups. The unclear position of subjects’ agenda in the hierarchy of responses that processes the nexus messages is also discussed.
Keywords: Water-Energy-Food Nexus, message effects, the hierarchy of responses
Logical issues in Social Scientific Approach of Communication ResearchQingjiang (Q. J.) Yao
The study concludes that Conceptual analysis is a critical but skipped step in communication and some other social science research. Efforts like AERA, APA, and NCME’s joint committee’s (2014) Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing should be encouraged in multiple areas of social sciences.
Pure deduction is impossible in scientific research; the H-D model falls in either the falsification model or the abduction model.
Some increasingly popular concepts of research methodology, such as statistical inferencing, data, mining, meta-analysis, are inductive in nature.
Identifying the traditional principle of medical ethics of autonomy as a major factor that hinders epidemiological investigation and the understanding of a novel virus, this study adopts an ethical framework, consisting of the axes of ethical devotions (local, national, continental, and global) and ethical reasoning approaches (deontological and teleological), to analyze the approaches of communicating global public health crises like the COVID pandemic. The argument is made to endorse a global devotion with teleological reasoning in a large-scale public health crisis that needs global collaboration to cope with.
A presentation that briefly entails the major theories of mass communication. Spiral of silence,Two step flow theory,Multi-step flow, cultivation theory,mean world syndrome and normative theories.
Increasingly, scholars have come to see the news media as playing a pivotal role in shaping
whether social movements are able to bring about broader social change. By drawing attention
to movements’ issues, claims, and supporters, the news media can shape the public
agenda by influencing public opinion, authorities, and elites. Why are some social movement
organizations more successful than others at gaining media coverage? Specifically, what organizational,
tactical, and issue characteristics enhance media attention? We combine detailed
organizational survey data from a representative sample of 187 local environmental organizations
in North Carolina with complete news coverage of those organizations in 11 major daily
newspapers in the two years following the survey (2,095 articles). Our analyses reveal that
local news media favor professional and formalized groups that employ routine advocacy tactics,
mobilize large numbers of people, and work on issues that overlap with newspapers’
focus on local economic growth and well-being. Groups that are confrontational, volunteerled,
or advocate on behalf of novel issues do not garner as much attention in local media outlets.
These findings have important implications and challenge widely held claims about the
pathways by which movement actors shape the public agenda through the news media.
Why did some social movement organization (SMO) families receive extensive media
coverage? In this article, we elaborate and appraise four core arguments in the literature
on movements and their consequences: disruption, resource mobilization, political
partisanship, and whether a movement benefits from an enforced policy. Our fuzzy-set
qualitative comparative analyses (fsQCA) draw on new, unique data from the New York
Times across the twentieth century on more than 1,200 SMOs and 34 SMO families. At
the SMO family level, coverage correlates highly with common measures of the size and
disruptive activity of movements, with the labor and African American civil rights
movements receiving the most coverage. Addressing why some movement families
experienced daily coverage, fsQCA indicates that disruption, resource mobilization, and
an enforced policy are jointly sufficient; partisanship, the standard form of “political
opportunity,” is not part of the solution. Our results support the main perspectives, while
also suggesting that movement scholars may need to reexamine their ideas of favorable
political contexts.
Eltantawy wiest2011 Relation Sandro Suzart SUZART GOOGLE INC United St...Sandro Suzart
relationship between Sandro Suzart SUZART GOOGLE INC and United States on Demonstrations 2013 and Impeachments of 22 governments Relation, Sandro Suzart, SUZART, GOOGLE INC, United States on Demonstrations countries IMPEACHMENT GOOGLE INC
Identifying the traditional principle of medical ethics of autonomy as a major factor that hinders epidemiological investigation and the understanding of a novel virus, this study adopts an ethical framework, consisting of the axes of ethical devotions (local, national, continental, and global) and ethical reasoning approaches (deontological and teleological), to analyze the approaches of communicating global public health crises like the COVID pandemic. The argument is made to endorse a global devotion with teleological reasoning in a large-scale public health crisis that needs global collaboration to cope with.
A presentation that briefly entails the major theories of mass communication. Spiral of silence,Two step flow theory,Multi-step flow, cultivation theory,mean world syndrome and normative theories.
Increasingly, scholars have come to see the news media as playing a pivotal role in shaping
whether social movements are able to bring about broader social change. By drawing attention
to movements’ issues, claims, and supporters, the news media can shape the public
agenda by influencing public opinion, authorities, and elites. Why are some social movement
organizations more successful than others at gaining media coverage? Specifically, what organizational,
tactical, and issue characteristics enhance media attention? We combine detailed
organizational survey data from a representative sample of 187 local environmental organizations
in North Carolina with complete news coverage of those organizations in 11 major daily
newspapers in the two years following the survey (2,095 articles). Our analyses reveal that
local news media favor professional and formalized groups that employ routine advocacy tactics,
mobilize large numbers of people, and work on issues that overlap with newspapers’
focus on local economic growth and well-being. Groups that are confrontational, volunteerled,
or advocate on behalf of novel issues do not garner as much attention in local media outlets.
These findings have important implications and challenge widely held claims about the
pathways by which movement actors shape the public agenda through the news media.
Why did some social movement organization (SMO) families receive extensive media
coverage? In this article, we elaborate and appraise four core arguments in the literature
on movements and their consequences: disruption, resource mobilization, political
partisanship, and whether a movement benefits from an enforced policy. Our fuzzy-set
qualitative comparative analyses (fsQCA) draw on new, unique data from the New York
Times across the twentieth century on more than 1,200 SMOs and 34 SMO families. At
the SMO family level, coverage correlates highly with common measures of the size and
disruptive activity of movements, with the labor and African American civil rights
movements receiving the most coverage. Addressing why some movement families
experienced daily coverage, fsQCA indicates that disruption, resource mobilization, and
an enforced policy are jointly sufficient; partisanship, the standard form of “political
opportunity,” is not part of the solution. Our results support the main perspectives, while
also suggesting that movement scholars may need to reexamine their ideas of favorable
political contexts.
Eltantawy wiest2011 Relation Sandro Suzart SUZART GOOGLE INC United St...Sandro Suzart
relationship between Sandro Suzart SUZART GOOGLE INC and United States on Demonstrations 2013 and Impeachments of 22 governments Relation, Sandro Suzart, SUZART, GOOGLE INC, United States on Demonstrations countries IMPEACHMENT GOOGLE INC
Horizontal communication and the evolution of journalismDonica Mensing
Presentation given at "Networking Democracy? New media innovations in participatory politics" in Cluj-Napoca, Romania, June 2010.
This project uses an examination of Twitter and Facebook posts about climate change to consider how horizontal communication structures are changing journalistic practices, and in turn, affecting the creation of public agendas.
Final Project – OutlineBelow is an outline template that y.docxtjane3
Final Project – Outline
Below is an outline template that you will use to organize your final paper. Anything listed in RED should be changed to reflect your specific topic and information. Keep in mind – outlines are to be brief bullet points as you will expand on these points for the paper. This is worth 7 points of your overall final project. The outline is due on Friday, November 16th, 2018 by 11:55 PM, submitted to Blackboard.
Outline Rubric:
Outline contains the topic name, relationship to sociology, topic sentence 1 point
Outline contains 2 points of background information regarding the topic 1 point
Outline contains 3 areas of exploration of the topic for the written paper 1 point
Outline contains 3 sociological theories to be related to the topic 1 points
Outline contains 2 points on why the topic is important 1 point
Outline contains reason why the topic should be studied 1 point
Outline contains 3 scholarly academic journal references 1 point
Total 7 points
Outline:
I. Introduction
a. What is the topic?
· Media influence on society.
· How can the media impacts society.
b. Topic’s relationship to sociology.
Since sociology is the study of social behavior and human group. Media influence society behavior and this topic can reveal how that can be done.
c. Your topic sentence
In this advanced technological age, media has become part of society’s daily routine. This routine can impact people’s thoughts and behaviors in many ways.
d. List of theories being applied.
· Media influences society.
· Media create stereotypes or certain images on certain group of people.
· Media is important in affecting society in creating good or bad habits.
II. Body of Analysis
a. Definition of topic.
“Media influence on Society” This topic explains what might the effects that can media influence towards society be.
b. Provide at least 2 brief points of background information regarding your topic
i. Background information point 1
· Media such as TV or Radio news are structured to keep people informed of local and worldwide important news and events.
ii. Background information point 2
· Other types of media like TV shows and movies have influence on society which will be explained in the final project.
c. Provide at least 3 components of the topic you will be discussing, below
i. Component 1 / The effects of media effects.
ii. Component 2 / Media creating stereotype for certain groups of people.
iii. Component 3 / How media can develop new habits.
d. Theoretical Background (at least 3 theories should be used)
i. Theory 1: Interactionist.
ii. Theory 2: Socialization.
iii. Theory 3: Conflict.
III. Conclusion
a. At least 2 brief points of why this topic is important
i. Point 1. To make the most positive outcome from this advanced age and the use of media, there should be actions taken and lessons taught.
ii. Point 2. society should be educated on what are the pros, cons and impacts from using today’s technology such as media.
b. At least one brief poi.
"Understanding Broadband from the Outside" - ARNIC Seminar April1 08ARNIC
"Understanding Broadband from the Outside"
Ricardo Ramírez
Freelance researcher and consultant, adjunct professor at the University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
http://arnic.info/ramirezseminar.php
Amani Channel's research: "Gatekeeping and Citizen Journalism: A Qualitative Examination of Participatory Media." Presented 8/5/10 at AEJMC 2010, Denver.
Mass Media and the Depoliticization of Personal Experience.docxaryan532920
Mass Media and the Depoliticization of Personal Experience
Author(s): Diana C. Mutz
Source: American Journal of Political Science, Vol. 36, No. 2 (May, 1992), pp. 483-508
Published by: Midwest Political Science Association
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2111487
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Mass Media and the Depoliticization of Personal
Experience*
Diana C. Mutz, Department of Political Science and School of Journalism and
Mass Communication, University of Wisconsin-Madison
This study combines contemporary research on the effects of mass communication with findings
on sociotropic voting to build a general model that explains the origins and effects of economic per-
ceptions. This model is then tested in the context of retrospective personal and social concerns about
unemployment.
Survey evidence suggests that retrospective assessments of unemployment result primarily from
mediated information rather than from direct experiences. Mass media are found to have an "imper-
sonal impact," influencing social, but not personal perceptions of the issue, while personal experi-
ences with unemployment influence exclusively personal-level judgments.
Mass media also influence the weighting of pocketbook as opposed to sociotropic concerns by
means of a "sociotropic priming effect." Rather than priming all considerations that surround eco-
nomic issues, high levels of media exposure to economic news prime the importance of collective
perceptions to political evaluations and decrease the importance of personal concerns.
Early studies of economic influences on voting simply assumed that people
voted their pocketbooks: when national economic conditions worsened, more
citizens experienced economic problems in their own lives, and these people
logically voted against the incumbent party. When empirical findings at the indi-
vidual level failed to support this explanation, research shifted from a focus on
personal economic experiences to an emphasis on "sociotropic" judgments; that
is, individuals' retrospective assessments of economic change at the collective
level (see, e.g., Kinder and Kiewiet 1979, 1981; Schlozman and Verba 1979;
Kinder 1981; Kiewiet 1983).
Perceptions ...
Similar to Good or Bad for Whom and What: A Revised Ethical Framework to Differentiate Journalism and Activism (20)
An Ethical Framework for Communicating Public Health Crises: A Case Analysis ...Qingjiang (Q. J.) Yao
Problem/rationale: Traditional principle of medical ethics hinders epidemiological investigation, tracing, and isolation.
Theory: An Ethical framework with ethical devotions and ethical reasoning orientations
Research questions: what ethical principle should be used to guide global public crisis such as the COVID-19 Pandemic?
Methods: Conceptual analysis
Results: The ethical stance of global teleology should be promoted to guide the handing of pandemics like COVID-19
Discussion: The approach of ethical analysis can be used for other crises with a global scope.
Online Teaching during Crises and Its Possible Impacts on Higher EducationQingjiang (Q. J.) Yao
Online teaching has been an auxiliary method in higher education for years, and its quality in comparison with traditional face-to-face teaching has been a long-time topic of scholarly examination and debate. This study aims at accessing the extent research about the comparison in qualities of online and face-to-face teachings, their practices in the ongoing pandemic period, and the possible impacts of the large-scale practice of online teaching during this COVID pandemic on higher education in the long run.
A Comparison of the Most Popular Time-Travel TV Series in English and ChineseQingjiang (Q. J.) Yao
Thoughts on time travel
The three spatial dimensions are objective and travelable, but the time dimension is subjective, a product of human mind, and may not be travelable.
Outer-space traveling may slow body aging, but that is not time travel (Smith, 2013).
History may be recorded in certain formats and can be accessed or even edited with more advanced scientific technology, but changing it may have no impacts on the present.
Conclusions:
Social media is ubiquitous and here to stay.
Although professors are reluctant to use social media in classes, students are passionate about that.
Using social media enhance students’ access, participation, collaboration, self-expectation, and performance.
Teach students to protect privacy when using social media. Digital world is also the world.
How National Identities Are Built: An Empirical Test of the Theory of “Image...Qingjiang (Q. J.) Yao
This study is an empirical test of Anderson's (2006) theory of "imagined communities" among the BRICS nations and the U.S. Using data collected through the fifth wave of the World Values Survey from Brazil, China, India, India, South Africa, and US, the study confirmed the argument of Anderson who believes that mass media have been the major channel for citizens of nation-states to construct their national identities. Religion’s impacts on the constriction of national identity, national proudness, and global identity is complex. Interestingly, the data revealed that national identity does not lessen global identity, which is positively associated with the postmaterialist value that is prevalent among the younger generations.
31052024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
03062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
हम आग्रह करते हैं कि जो भी सत्ता में आए, वह संविधान का पालन करे, उसकी रक्षा करे और उसे बनाए रखे।" प्रस्ताव में कुल तीन प्रमुख हस्तक्षेप और उनके तंत्र भी प्रस्तुत किए गए। पहला हस्तक्षेप स्वतंत्र मीडिया को प्रोत्साहित करके, वास्तविकता पर आधारित काउंटर नैरेटिव का निर्माण करके और सत्तारूढ़ सरकार द्वारा नियोजित मनोवैज्ञानिक हेरफेर की रणनीति का मुकाबला करके लोगों द्वारा निर्धारित कथा को बनाए रखना और उस पर कार्यकरना था।
role of women and girls in various terror groupssadiakorobi2
Women have three distinct types of involvement: direct involvement in terrorist acts; enabling of others to commit such acts; and facilitating the disengagement of others from violent or extremist groups.
In a May 9, 2024 paper, Juri Opitz from the University of Zurich, along with Shira Wein and Nathan Schneider form Georgetown University, discussed the importance of linguistic expertise in natural language processing (NLP) in an era dominated by large language models (LLMs).
The authors explained that while machine translation (MT) previously relied heavily on linguists, the landscape has shifted. “Linguistics is no longer front and center in the way we build NLP systems,” they said. With the emergence of LLMs, which can generate fluent text without the need for specialized modules to handle grammar or semantic coherence, the need for linguistic expertise in NLP is being questioned.
‘वोटर्स विल मस्ट प्रीवेल’ (मतदाताओं को जीतना होगा) अभियान द्वारा जारी हेल्पलाइन नंबर, 4 जून को सुबह 7 बजे से दोपहर 12 बजे तक मतगणना प्रक्रिया में कहीं भी किसी भी तरह के उल्लंघन की रिपोर्ट करने के लिए खुला रहेगा।
01062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
Good or Bad for Whom and What: A Revised Ethical Framework to Differentiate Journalism and Activism
1. Good or Bad for Whom and What: A Revised Ethical Framework to Differentiate Journalism and Activism
Q. J. Yao, Ph.D., Associate Professor, Department of Communication & Media, Lamar University, Beaumont, TX, 77710 qyao@lamar.edu (409)-880-7656
Abstract:
This study proposes a revised theoretical framework that consists
of the axes of ethical devotions (visibly at the personal, institutional,
local, national, regional, and global levels) and ethical reasoning
approaches (teleology and deontology), to analyze journalists’
ethical stance of collecting and editing news. Values serving as the
foundation of the deontological reasoning approach are deemed as
heuristics evolved from historic teleological calculations. Journalism
is defined as truthful informing of current events ethically devoted
to a larger community, while activism, in this context, is defined as
truthful informing devoted to a smaller one. So a global devotion
with a teleological reasoning approach is recommended for
journalists in this global age.
Keywords: ethical framework, ethical devotion, ethical
reasoning approach, journalism, activism
*Presented to #BEAVirtualVegas Conference, April 2020
Journalists’ Ethical Framework:
Conclusions:
• Journalists’ ethical stance can be analyzed with their ethical devotions and ethical
reasoning approaches.
• Ethical devotions can be egoism (loyal to oneself) or community oriented (positive
form: communitarianism; negative form: individualism). The communities range
from an institution to the world. Individualism is considered community oriented
because all individual rights are held for all community members equally.
• While both are truthful informing, the larger the ethical devotion, the more
journalistic; the smaller the devotion, the more activist. Covering an issue involving
all members of a society with an ethical devotion to the society is journalism, but
covering that issue with an ethical devotion to a part of the members is activism.
• Ethical reasoning can be conducted in an approach of deontology or teleology.
In the deontological approach, journalists make decisions based on certain values
and duties; in the teleological approach, journalists make decisions by considering
all interests involved to maximize them overall. The values and duties that serve as
the foundation of deontological reasoning, however, are actually heuristics evolved
from people’s historic long-time teleological calculations. Their cross-cultural
differences can create conflicts, essentially or non-essentially.
• So, in this global age, a global ethical devotion with a teleological reasoning
approach is recommended for journalists to enhance their credibility and build
engaging global media platforms. When pure journalism seems beyond reach,
activism for interests representing the global future is journalists’ best choice.
Reference:
Boudreau, M-C., Loch, K. Robey, D., & Straud, D. (1998). Going global: Using in-
formation technology to advance the competitiveness of the virtual transnation-
al organization. Academy of Management Perspectives, 12(4), 120-128. doi: 10.5465/
ame.1998.1334008
Entman. R. (1993). Framing: Toward clarification of a fractured paradigm. Journal of Com-
munication, 43(4), 51-58. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-2466.1993.tb01304.x
Gans, H. (2005). Deciding what’s news: A study of CBS evening news, NBC nightly news, and Time
(2nd ed.). Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press.
Gitlin, T. (2003). The whole world is watching: Mass media in the making and unmaking of the new left.
Oakland, CA: University of California Press.
Habermas, J. (2006). Political communication in media society: Does democracy still en-
joy an epistemic dimension? The impact of normative theory on empirical research.
Communication Theory, 16(4), 411-426. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2885.2006.00280.x
McLeod, D. (2007). News coverage and social protest: How the media’s protest paradigm
exacerbates social conflict. Journal of Dispute Resolution, 2007(1), 185-194.
Patterson, P., & Wilkins, L. (2004). Media ethics: Issues & cases (5th ed.). Boston, MA: Mc-
Graw Hill.
Pickard, V. (2016). Media failures in the age of Trump. The Political Economy of Communica-
tion, 4(2), 118-122. Available at: http://polecom.org/index.php/polecom/article/
viewFile/74/264
Robertson, R. (1995). Glocalization: Time-space and homogeneity and heterogeneity. In
M. Featherstone, S. Lash, & R. Robertson (eds). Global modernities (pp. 25-44). Thou-
sand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Ruigrok, N. (2010). From journalism of activism toward journalism of accountability. The
International Communication Gazette, 72(1), 85-90. doi: 10.1177/1748048509350340
Russell, A. (2016). Journalism as activism: Recording media power. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.
Tuchman, G. (1978). Making news: A study in the construction of reality. New York: Free
Press.
Yao, Q. J., & C. S. Eigemann. (2013). Building a coordinate system: An ethical framework
for analyzing media coverage of disasters. American Communication Journal, 15(2), 1-16.
Available at: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/46fd/2797c5416fcd1bd76d9692fcfc-
c6e70f6bf7.pdf
Introduction & Analysis:
Ethical practice is vital to journalism, not only because journalists need
to maintain credibility to earn trust of their audiences but also because
media coverage impacts the interests of multiple parties in the societies,
including the media and journalists themselves (Entman, 1993; Patterson &
Wilkson, 2004; Yao & Eigenmann, 2013).
In this globalizing age (Robertson, 1995), facilitated by advances
of informational technology (Boudreau, Loch, Robey, & Straud, 1998),
the volume of human mobilization, communication, interaction, and
transaction has drastically increased, and people’s thoughts and interests
have been extended and complicated along the dimensions of both
universalization and particularization. Discourses, conflicts, and protests, in
real or virtual world, are inevitably prevailing everywhere, posing challenges
for journalists to cover (McLeod, 2007). While media cannot avoid a stance
to portray those issues due to the inevitability of news framing that generates
cognitive, attitudinal, and behavioral consequences (Entman, 1993; Gans,
2005; Gitin, 2003; Tuchman, 1978), mainstream media have struggled to
find a fair stance.
This study proposes an ethical framework, consisting of the axes of
ethical devotions (visibly at the personal, institutional, local, national,
regional, and global levels) and ethical reasoning approaches (teleology and
deontology), to analyze journalists’ ethical stance (Yao & Eigenmann, 2013).
Values serving as the foundation of deontological reasoning are heuristics
evolved from long-time teleological calculations in history, so teleology is
more fundamental between the two approaches and can avoid value-based
conflicts. Ethical devotion clarifies the relationship between journalism and
activism, which has been complexed (Ruigrok, 2010) by the emergence of
new media (Russell, 2016). Journalism is truthful informing with a larger
ethical devotion, while activism, in this context, is truthful informing with
a smaller one. So, covering a national issue with a national devotion can be
journalism but with a local or institutional devotion may be seen as activism.
In this global age, journalists need to subscribe to a global devotion with
a teleological reasoning approach, particularly when collecting or editing
global news, or their work fall into a type of activism. Pure journalism is
needed to enhance the credibility and accountability of this profession,
which are already under severe attack (Pickard, 2016), and maintain the
mediated platforms, or Habermas’ “public sphere” (2006), for global
discourses (Ruigrok, 2010).
Deontology
Egoism
Ethical
Reasoning
Ethical
Devotion
Institutional
Local
National
Regional
Global Journalism
Activism
Teleology
{Community
Oriented
Positive form:
Communitarianism
Negative form:
Individualism