The Textbook, Sociology

The Textbook, Sociology
The textbook "Sociology" has tons of information at its publisher website, which includes a different
variety of resources that can help expand a student's understanding of the book and review concepts
as well. The website not only has information about the textbook, but has other types of reliable
information from outside sources to help understand sociology on a different level. The resources
that the website provided were useful, but the resources that I believe that will help me the most is
the glossary, the exams, and career opportunities. The glossary has a list of all of the important terms
in the textbook in alphabetical order and I can use this to see all the important terms that I will need
to know. The midterm and final exam on the website serve as a preparation that can help me review
and be readily prepared once the exams finally approaches. The last resource that I consider
important is the career opportunities because not only does it provide information on job search, it
also includes websites that offer internships. The website provided many helpful resources, but each
chapter in the textbook has their own resources that can help explain the chapter more thoroughly.
Chapter three "Culture" has plenty of resources that are beneficial to me and other students. In
chapter three there is plenty of information that can be useful to many students, but two particular
resources that caught my attention were using your sociological imagination and internet
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The Shortcomings Of Bureaucracy : The Kitchen Of A Restaurant
The Shortcomings of Bureaucracy
The kitchen of a bustling restaurant is not the place for the faint of heart. The goings–on of a regular
kitchen staff are stressful enough to make some workers take off their aprons and walk out the door,
no concern for even their last check. These sweaty, fast–paced, profanity laden areas are quite
contrast to the front of restaurants, where nicely dressed hosts stand smiling and pristine, waiting to
seat you at a table where you will be treated like royalty. While most people are aware of the fact
that the kitchen of a restaurant is a heated and hectic hole of tension, few recognize the structure that
keeps it that way. In a foiled attempt at efficiency, many restaurants employ an assembly–line
inspired method to prepare guests ' orders. Moreover, the rest of the restaurant often operates in a
similar fashion, with workers being capable of but a few tasks each, having little power or ability
outside of those that they 've been taught. Due to this sad, cyclic path that usually ends in confusion
and stress, one might argue that the restaurant business is in need of a massive bureaucratic
overhaul.
In order to propose a transformation of this magnitude, one must first understand what bureaucracy
is, what it aims to do, and why it does not always reach its goals. Chron.com defines a bureaucratic
organization as, "one with rigid and tight procedures, policies and constraints; ...with stringent
controls as well as a reluctance to adapt or change.

The State Of Grand Canyon University
Bureaucracy Essay The term bureaucracy was coined by a well–known sociologist named Max
Weber in 1947. He used this term to describe corporations that held five main characteristics. These
characteristics include, hierarchical authority structure, a division of labor, written rules, written
communications and records, and impersonality and replaceability. In the modern day world, it is
easy to see several bureaucracies in place, however, one bureaucracy that is personally close to all
Grand Canyon University students is the institution of Grand Canyon University (GCU). This is a
great example of a bureaucracy due to the fact that it embraces all five characteristics of a
bureaucracy. The first characteristic that GCU follows is a hierarchical authority structure. They do
this by making clear levels of authority within the jobs that their employees hold. This is
accomplished by having deans that take accountability for their entire college. Under the dean of
each college, there are all of the instructors. The instructors then take on the responsibility of having
instructor assistants. Overhead each of the deans is the provost, this is the person that is accountable
for the deans of the university. Above the provost is the executive board. Since GCU is a private
university there is a board of directors with Brian Muller being the Chief Executive Officer (CEO).
However, there are aspects that lead up to the executive board other than teachers. An example of
this would

Civic Democracy
By threatening to change the composition of the receiving nation in a more profound manner, large–
scale immigration inevitably raises the question of collective self–identification: "Who are we?" and
"What defines us?" Even within stable liberal democracies, it is difficult to obtain a consistent
answer to these questions, although the responses likely influence who is allowed to enter a nation
and how they are perceived. Kohn (1944), Smith (1981, 1983, 1990), Castles and Miller (1993), and
Shulman (2002) have developed a perspective that defines societies, including their anticipated
forms of national identity, in terms of similar historical backgrounds. Reflecting the content of these
shared characteristics, three basic forms of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Betz (1998: 8) argues that the electoral success of the radical right, anti–immigrant parties "reflects
to a large extent the psychological strain associated with uncertainties produced by large–scale
socio–economic and socio–structural change." When negative economic and social trends appear at
the national level, some individuals respond by demanding more restrictive immigration policies
(McLaren 2003; Money 1997; Olzak 1992; Quillian 1995). National institutions often influence–and
also are influenced by–these negative reactions toward newcomers. Prominent opinion leaders, both
in the government and in the media, who oppose immigration and immigrants' rights often condemn
immigrants for problems ranging from unemployment to waning public education. Their critics
often argue that while these social and economic problems may be real, placing the sole blame on
immigrants is a form of scapegoating. Although anti–immigrant sentiments often coexist with
xenophobia, racism, and/or nativism, competition or the threat of economic competition can also
provoke negative attitudes towards immigrants (Bonacich 1972; Olzak 1992). This is often referred
to as ethnic competition theory. Some of the common economic rationales offered by individuals
and groups who oppose open borders and the immigrants who accompany them include job loss and
wage depression.

The Theory Of Mechanical And Organic Solidarity And Anomie...
When approaching the film Fight Club, the average eye would not expect to have the opportunity to
delve into the visual instrument serving as the illustrations of the classic social theorists Marx,
Weber, and Durkheim. The analysis of this film throughout this paper will begin with connecting
Marx's ideologies of commodity fetishism to the narrator's fixation on his items rather than
indulging in life, all while taking a close look at the members of Fight Club. Secondly, Durkheim's
theories of mechanical and organic solidarity and anomie will be analyzed throughout the amount of
compliance given by the members of the radical group.This is followed by a shift in focus which
delves into how Weber's theories of legitimate domination exploit the culture of the underground
society formed by the charismatic authority of Tyler Durden. The film opens to the narrator's
apartment being blown up, where he reveals throughout a conversation with himself how he was not
disappointed necessarily with the fact that he no longer had shelter, instead he was fixated on the
undeniable fact that the Ikea furniture purchased was not salvageable. This incident within itself
slightly hints at what Marx labels as the fetishizing of commodities to the point where one may not
realize the effect capitalism has over them. The Ikea furniture was a continuous serving reminder of
the single staple that represented his earnings and handwork; all while the narrator subconsciously
identified with these

Religion Is Not A Problem With Religion
Religion can unquestionably establish bonds amongst communities and societies. The encouraging
role of faith has tended to be overlooked due to other world affairs. Emile Durkheim summarised
religion as body of practices and beliefs that act as a basis of identification. Therefore theoretical
understandings can demonstrate that terrorism is not a problem with religion. Durkheim went further
by declaring that religion maintains social order and allows for social cohesion (Boundless, 2015).
According to Emile Durkheim all societies have religion which offers meaning to life as well as
enforcing religious morals and norms respectably. Similarly German sociologist Max Weber
concluded that religion brings meaning to life through specific codes of conducts. Guidelines are set
in order to follow the desired behaviour. This becomes a central element as Weber believes that
humans have always been challenged by crisis which is logically acceptable (Priya, 2014). As
opposed to religion being a problem, scholars have forwarded the idea that faith controls order and
impacts how one is to live in the expectation of a successful afterlife. Religion also makes us put up
with inequalities because of the concept of afterlife. This questions if terrorism is a problem with a
religion. A database was gathered showing terrorist attacks on American soil from 1980 to 2005. In
response to the media effect, data presented considerably different findings. A figure of 13% was the
amount in which

Organizational Structure Of An Organization
1. Introduction
An organization is defined as a group of people who work together in an organized way for shared
purpose. When people come together, they can either compliment one another or potentially create
conflicts and disagreements in the course of pursuing common objectives with their differentiated
experiences, perceptions and knowledge.
Managing an organization involves putting a structure to the business so that managers can manage,
supervise and coordinate its people and organization's performance. A structure serves as a
framework for the purpose of outlining clear operating guidelines in order to keep the organization
functional. It defines the hierarchical lines of authority, establishing job roles and responsibilities,
details communication channels to determine how information should flow within the organization.
A well–fitted organizational structure will have positive impacts on both its employees' and its
performance.
2. Organizational Structures
Organizational structures exist in two basic forms, the organic and the mechanistic, each contrastive
of another (Burns & Stalker, 1961). Measured by four main elements of an organization's
characteristics; standardization, formalization, role specifications, and centralization of its operating
unit, the time taken and frequency of future activities and change implementations are also taken
into consideration.
Seen in Appendix 1, the diagram depicts the four elements an organization can structure itself.
In

Biography Of Alexander John Greenslade And Lady Mary Capelle
Alexander John Greenslade, Stepney, London, 1885. I was born to Lord John Greenslade and Lady
Mary Capelle. In my early years, me and my kin took residency in Millbank road; walking distance
from both the Palace of Westminster and Buckingham Palace.
We lived in a white bricked mansion: five stories tall; a small porters lodge just outside the front
door; white and gold incrusted foyer centred around a carpeted marble staircase, a glittering
chandelier hanging from The Creation of Adam on the ceiling. The lower few floors there were full
with an extensively lavish state dining room, drawing rooms, art galleries, studies and libraries, all
challenging the opulence of even Queen Victoria 's palaces. On the top floor, private apartments
were ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A young mother and son, both dirty and worn, walked down the depressed street. As our carriage
wheeled by, the boy and I managed to look at each other directly in the eyes. Just from the bloodshot
brown eyes, I saw the worry of a hundred grown men thrown onto his shoulders.
"Why is everything here so awful?" I asked my father. Both my parents faced me, their heads held
high.
"These people are not like us; they come of – unfortunate – bloodlines. Born into a poor family, and
will stay that way until they die." They said, splitting up the sentences.
"That 's sad,"
"Listen; they are none of your concern. They live their lives, and we live ours." My mother snapped
"Enough of this somber talk, we are nearly at Hyde Park." Father chimed in.
We made our way out of the slums, returning to the vicinity of the palace. The horses drew us
around Kensington Palace and the Russian embassy. Past Round Pond stood the Crystal Palace. A
magnificent building, made almost wholly of glass, was erected by the river running through the
park. Millions of 10 by 50 inch glass panes, all held together by iron reinforcements; reaching 170
feet high. Thousands of people surrounded the palace 's fountains and parks.
The carriage slowed to a halt outside of the transparent doors. The family strode into the emporium.
An explosion of colour and noise

Marxism And The State : An Analytical Approach Essay
Paul Wetherly is a member of Social Sciences faculty of Leeds Becket University, where he is
teaching Introduction to Governance; Political Ideologies and Movements; and The State; Theories,
Issues & Challenges. He is also a member of the Marxism Specialist Group. Some of his work in
Marxist politics theory are a book, Marxism and the State: An Analytical Approach (Wetherly,
2005); a chapter in the book, "Can Capitalists Use the State to Serve Their General Interests?"
(Wetherly, 2008); and some journal articles such as "In all essentials wrong '?: Miliband's critique of
pluralism revisited" (Studies in Marxism, 2013); "The theory of the state in Cohen 's functional
interpretation of Marx 's theory of history" (Science and Society, 2006); "Marxism and economic
determination: Clarification and defence of an "old–fashioned" principle" (Review of Radical
Political Economics, 2001).
In order to review Miliband–Poulantzas debate, we will use his book, Marxism and the State: An
Analytical Approach, and chapter he wrote "Can Capitalists Use the State to Serve Their General
Interests?" in Class, power and the state in capitalist society, where Wetherly became editor, together
with Barrow and Burnham.
According to Wetherly (2005), The central claim of Marxist instrumentalism is the state is an
instrument of agents or social groups, which use the state power to realize their interest. Thus, the
instrumentalist approaches being characterized as a form of 'inﬂuence' theory. By this

Income Inequality : The Perspectives Of Marx And Weber Essay
Income Inequality in American Society: The Perspectives of Marx and Weber In the United States,
income inequality is drawing more and more attention from the media, sociologists, politicians, and
everyday citizens like us since the economic difference during the past decades became more
pronounced than before. Karl Marx and Max Weber both discussed their ideas of social inequality
and addressed the relationship between inequality and social structure as an important theme in their
work. This paper compares and contrasts the approaches of Marx and Weber to the issue of
inequality in American society. The discussion includes their arguments concerning how
stratification in society influences income inequality and distinguishes their predictions about its
trends. According to Marx's theory, social stratification is created by unequal property relations and
by people 's differing relationship to the means of production: either they own productive property
or they provide labor for others. In a capitalist society, the bourgeoisie, or the ruling class, owns the
means of production, such as tools, machines or resources that can be used to produce commodities
or objects with value. The proletariat, or the working class, possess no means of production other
than their own labor power, which they sell to the bourgeoisie in order to earn wage and survive.
However, Marx believed that the capitalist economic order would corrode eventually, through its
internal conflict between two

Essay about Is Bureaucracy Irrational? Reflect Critically
18004992
Is bureaucracy irrational? Reflect critically
In sociological theories, bureaucracy denotes either a means of management, or a particular kind of
organization. Such organizations tend to have homogenous characteristics, including regularized
procedure, the existence of a discretionary budget, a tendency to expand their resources
continuously and progressively, and impersonal relationships with much competition for political
position within the organization. 'Bureau', is a French word meaning desk; thus, 'Bureaucracy' in
literal sense is to manage through a desk or office, so a form of organization heavily involved with
written documents or in these days their electronic equivalent. Most economic theories of
bureaucracy ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This leads to the measurement of numerical values becoming the governing element of decision
making to reach success. Alternatively, 'substantive rationality' involves considerations of social
justice, ethical standards and a concern for social equity. Weber believed that formal and substantive
rationality are totally different from each other, and that formal rationality does not rely on values
and ethics to make decision to reach goals.
It was also Weber who began studies of bureaucracy, and whose works led to the popularization of
this as a term. He developed theories of leadership, and how as society and organizational structure
have changed over time, leadership techniques and organizational structures corporations adopt have
adapted accordingly. Weber identifies three types of leader: the charismatic leader, who instills a
sense of energy and eagerness among their team members. He is dedicated to his organization for
the long run to produce adequate results. Secondly we have traditional authority, which is
legitimated by the sanctity of tradition. The ability and right to rule is passed down, and is often
often hereditary. But bureaucracies are typically led by the rational–legal leader, leading to a rise in
this type of authority in recent times. This rational–legal will establish a clear structure within their
organization, and follow procedures as they have been established, perfectly tying in with
instrumental rationality. Bureaucratic leaders

Max Webber
MAX WEBER By: JD Mojica Life and career Max Weber was born on April 21, 1864, the eldest of
seven children, and grew up in a cultured bourgeois household, ruled by a strong authoritarian
father. At University in Heidelberg, Weber studied economics, medieval history and philosophy as
well as law. A period of military service brought him under the care of his uncle, Hermann
Baumgarten, a historian, and his wife. Both uncle and aunt acted as mentors to Weber, the former as
a liberal who treated him as an intellectual peer, the latter as a person who impressed him with her
deep sense of social responsibility towards her charitable work. Both offered a stark contrast to
Weber's father, who treated his son with patronizing authoritarianism. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Bureaucratization Weber recognized the dangers of bureaucratization and spoke of how
measurement processes could turn people into cogs in a machine. In this, Weber's reflections are not
too distant from Marx's theories of alienation. Although organizational bureaucratization increases
efficiency and the capability for greater production that mechanical efficiency also threatens to
dehumanize its participants. Weber also believed, however, that the only way people could make a
significant contribution was to subjugate their personalities and desires to the impersonal goals and
procedures of large scale organizations. Paradoxically, Weber believed that the only way to escape
such a mechanical future was for a charismatic leader to transform the organization into something
new. Bureaucracy became the model for the twentieth century organization, and was encapsulated in
the organization of Alfred Sloan's General Motors and Harold Geneen's ITT. Perhaps the mundanity
and regularity of bureaucratic, corporate life was best described in William Whyte's The
Organization Man (1956) in which the individual was taken over by the bureaucratic machine, in the
name of efficiency. A more recent and humorous interpretation of life in a bureaucracy has been
depicted by Scott Adams in The Dilbert Principle. The bureaucracy may have outlived its age of
supremacy, but it is still hard to foresee a future without any need for the order,

Annotations: Childrens Literature
Bibliographic Annotations
List 1:
Sendak, Maurice. Where the Wild Things Are. New York: Scholastic Inc., 1983.
This book is about a boy named Max who goes on an adventure to where the wild things live. Max
gets sent to his room for being wild in the house and causing trouble. Then Max's room slowly turns
into a forest and Max goes on his adventure. Max gets there and scares all the wild things with a
magic trick. They name Max the wildest thing of all and he becomes king of the wild things.
Eventually Max gets lonely and comes home. This book has a few valuable messages. Imagination
is really encouraged in this story because it's such a creative story. Also, the book expresses the
importance of family. Even when Max is having fun being ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
This shows children that it's better to be honest and just have fun when you're playing games;
cheating does not pay and ruins the game for everyone. I really liked this book when I was younger
because Boland and his friends finally stopped the bully. I thought it was a really good story, and I
read it as often as a few times a day.
Wood, Don and Audrey Wood. The Little Mouse, The Red Ripe Strawberry, and The Big Hungry
Bear. New York: Scholastic, 1984.
This book is about a little mouse that finds a big red strawberry and picks it. The narrator in the
story interacts with the mouse; he tells him that the big hungry bear will come eat his strawberry.
They figure out that the only way to keep the strawberry safe is to eat it; and they do. This book
does not pack any real hidden messages. It's mostly just a good story book to entertain kids. The
writing is very simple and makes it a great book for kids to read by themselves. The illustrations are
great; everything is very detailed and it takes the reader into the mouse's world. I liked this book
when I was young because it's just a fun story to read and the pictures were great. The book doesn't
take very long to read but its a great book for young readers.
Viorst, Judith. Alexander and the Terrible, Horrible, No Good, Very Bad Day. New York: Scholastic,
1972.
This book is about a young boy named Alexander who is having a horrible day where nothing seems
to be

Noteabilitypro Essay
NoteAbilityPro is a music notation software editor developed by Hamel. This software was among
the first ones to address the issue of easing the integration between a musical score and a
computational music framework [Hammel, 2006]. NoteabilityPro started as a flexible music
notation editor and later the Integrated Interactive Music Performance Environment module
(IIMPE) was added to support interactivity with Max/Msp (PureData).
NoteAbiltyPro communicates with Max/Msp(PureData) by sending messages, so these messages are
added by the user to the score in the NotabilityPro environment as text messages and specifies the
measure and beat location with text–numbers. Figure 5, shows one sample score of the
NoteAbilityPro screen with some ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
2.2.2 Antescofo
Antescofo is a score–following system that enables to code interactions between the instrumental
parts and the computer–generated parts by providing a proprietary programming language [Giavitto,
Cont and Echeveste, 2015]. Antescofo stands for anticipatory synchronization and control of
interactive parameters in computer music, and its core is a score–following system based on Hidden
Markov Models (HMM) with some variants to be able to model time changes which are one of the
major drawbacks of the HMM algorithm.
The Antescofo score–following core performs tracking of audio events and triggers some
customized actions written in a text–based programming descriptor. In Antescofo, the text based
representation of computer generated events follows a Score Language design pattern, which has a
long tradition in computer music since the debut of Mathews' MUSIC–N languages in the late 60's [
Mathews, Miller, Moore, Pierce, and Risset, 1969 ], but Antescofo extends the concept to a reactive
language, meaning that customized actions responds to events. The current Antescofo public version
runs as a patch extension of Max/Msp (or PureData).
Antescofo is an event based customizable score–following, accordingly its most important
programming entities in Antescofo language are events and actions [Giavitto, Cont and Echeveste,
2015]. Figure 6 shows a sample code in Antescofo language with events and actions. Events
represents symbolic elements in the

Descriptive Essay About Having A Dog
At the young age of 14, I fell in love for the first time. Although not ideal, he was white, covered
with brown spots and innocent eyes; a young Chihuahua. Max and I came into each other's lives on
October 20, 2013, when my older brother told me that a dog was coming home soon. Although I
was afraid of dogs, having previously been bit by one, I was oddly excited, and kept glancing at my
phone and at the window for the arrival of the new member to our family. Once the duo arrived, my
whole life would change. As my brother placed the small creature down, he came running towards
me with his small wagging tale and innocent eyes. Once he began to lick my feet I knew I was in
love. Our family settled on the name Max, but I called him Marco, and from then on I would treat
Marco as if he was my true blood brother. This one lone puppy, taught me responsibility,
compassion, and grief for others, as no other person has ever made me feel.
Dogs are known for their gentle souls and friendliness, but they also teach humans unexpected
lessons; such is the same for Marco and my family. Having a dog is no easy task, from the
beginning Max created the label of being a handful. When my cousin first picked him up, he began
to urinate on her which generated a lot of laughter and disgust at the same time. I was tasked with a
lot of chores such as cleaning him, feeding him, and taking him for walks around the neighborhood.
Bathing Max and wetting a cat both produced the same results: water

Strawberry Fields by Miriam Wells
There has been a long standing debate between the socio–economic theories of capitalism and
socialism. The current socio–economic system is capitalism but many feel it is not ideal due to the
fact that it is based on making a profit. On the other hand, socialism is based on equality of all,
which is enacted by paying all workers the same amount of money regardless of occupation. Miriam
J. Wells is against capitalism and holds a socialist view point. According to Wells, politics shape the
advantages and disadvantages that certain groups of people hold. The government plays an immense
role on how things are structured in the fields in order to make a profit based on capitalism. Wells'
argument of capitalism being an unjust system due to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Wells tries to prove here that not only does the government think about profits but they also think
about who has the power in the agri–business. America is usually thought of as "the land of equal
opportunity for all", but in fact the government does not provide equal economic opportunities.
Instead, the government helps big business owners exploit their immigrant employees.
Furthermore, Well's argument also shows how even in a capitalist society a system such as
sharecropping can exist and bring with it better class relations that benefit growers and workers. One
reason for the return of sharecropping was due to labor shortages caused by the termination of the
Bracero program. Growers decided to divide their farms into smaller groups which are headed by a
husband and wife; they supervised a couple of workers who were family members or friends. This
enhanced personal connections as personal relationships played a role in order to get a profit out of
the farm allocated. By working alongside family and friends, there was a motivation to perform.
Due to the personal work relations, there was no need of employers/employees. The sharecroppers
did not believe they were superior to their fellow laborers. This shows that even though there is a
capitalist society there was a sense of community. These people are not only thinking about
individual profits but also the profit for their family and friends. This also leads to there being no
labor resistance. Workers

Physical Activity Level And Health Status
Benefits of Physical Activity:
Many evidences are now showing that regular exercise is an effective strategy to prevent and treat
several chronic diseases (e.g., cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, cancer, hypertension, depression,
and osteoporosis) [29]. It has been demonstrated that the current CPAG is sufficient to elicit health
benefits, especially in people who were previously sedentary [30]. Generally, a positive linear
relationship exists between physical activity level and health status [31]. Both aerobic and resistance
exercises have been shown to be associated with positive health outcomes [32–34].
Barriers Associated with Physical Activity:
Many barriers have been identified which attribute to why people do not exercise regularly to obtain
and maintain health benefits [35, 36]. Commitment towards family, work pressure, and time have
been rated as common barriers people face to be physically active [8]. Recent advances in
technology have resulted in an increases in time spent sedentarily, especially at work [37], but also
in leisure time [38, 39]. In addition, long hours of work is specifically a barrier for adults as they are
mentally exhausted and do not feel like exercising [40]. Specifically for older adults, fear of getting
injured from physical activity and self–efficacy restricts them from being sufficiently physically
active to observe optimal health benefits [40]. In addition to these, weather conditions, lack of
transportation, poor facility,

Essay about Gain Richard Powers
Gain and Loss in the Circle of Life
In Richard Powers' novel, Gain, he intertwines two fictional stories to analyze the growth of large
corporation in America and the deterioration of the individual as a potential result. He tells the story
of the rise of a family soap making business, J. Clare and Sons, into a large–scale corporation over a
span of 150 years. As a second story line, he incorporates the end of the life of Laura Bodey, a
divorced real estate agent with ovarian cancer living in Lacewood, a town centered around the
corporation's headquarters. He makes a unique statement about the increasingly detrimental nature
of business as it grows in scale. He never condemns Clare International nor does he overly–
victimize any ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Samuel also represents the aspect of capitalism that Weber discusses in The Protestant Ethic and the
Spirit of Capitalism.
During the period of time that Samuel and his wife begin to follow Miller and his movement,
Powers most clearly shows Samuel's Calvinistic mindset. When arguing over the question of
whether or not the Clare's pursuit of profit was moral, Samuel gives the reader their biggest glimpse
into his views related to predestination and God's gifts to his chosen followers: "If they had been
committing some wrong, Samuel assured her, they could not have stayed in the business so long.
Prosperity only proved how fully they satisfied the wishes of both God and men" (89). Weber
believed that through their pursuit of eternal life, the Calvinists created a business model of hard
work and moral superiority, all things that Samuel brings to J. Clare and Sons.
In many ways, Powers shows that he values Weber's theory of Capitalism the most out of all those
the class has discussed. In creating the Clares' story, he acts as "God," and bestows streaks of good
luck onto them for their hard work and risk taking. For instance, when Douglas, Samuel's son, buys
huge amounts of rosin at an opportune time, he is at first chastised, but then rewarded when it ends
up being the

Future of Modernization
Future of Modernization SOC/120 May 4, 2013 University of Phoenix Future of Modernization
Modernization in the United States has four traits which were identified by Peter Berger in 1977.
The first trait was the decline of small, isolated communities. Approximately one hundred years ago
there were 40% of Americans living in cities. Today, 80% of the population lives in cities. The next
trait is the expansion of personal choice. Most people choose their lifestyles instead of allowing
others to make that decision for them. The next trait is the rising amount of diversity in the United
States. Interracial couples are more accepted now then it was even 20 years ago. The fourth trait is
the orientation toward the future and a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Modernization is a worldwide trend, as countries such as Japan and China combine traditional and
modern ways. In Japan they are advanced as far as technology, but there are still few women that are
corporate executives and politicians. In China, contemporary socialist thinking are mixed with
ancient Confucian principles. "What took decades or even centuries to transpire in the West has
materialized in a matter of a decade or two in China" (The Pros and Cons of Modernization: Cancer
in China, Bill Chameides, 2008). Other countries, such as Mexico and Saudi Arabia, struggle to
move ahead economically because of the respect they have for their religious beliefs. " In short,
although we may think of tradition and modernity as opposites, combinations of traditional and
modern are far from unusual, and they are found throughout the world" (Society: The Basics,
Eleventh Edition, by John J. Macionis, Ch 16, pg 495). The consequence of modernization is that
normal traditions will disappear. Some fear this will dehumanize our society. Though modernization
has been successful with diversifying our cultures, increasing our wealth, and expanding
opportunities, the processes of transformation ultimately leaves people feeling insecure and
dejected. The fear is that their jobs will be taken over by computers which ultimately will prevent
them from providing for their families.

A Study Of Public Administration
Since Woodrow Wilson (1889) published the article, "a study of public administration", the main
question in the field of public administration is how to govern a democratic and political entity.
Given public administration conventionally concerns about civil servants and agencies in the
executive branch, one among diverse and essential subfields is bureaucracy and organizational
theory. In general, the development of studies on bureaucracy and organizational theory has gone
through the period of classical theory to modern theory, and from modern theory to the advent of
post–modernism and post–positivism. After historically reviewing the growth of knowledge on this
subfield, forces behind the progress are the product of countless and ... Show more content on
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But with respect to the mean to this end, while the Federalist prefers centralized executive powers,
the anti–Federalist go another way suggested by communitarianism.
In terms of organizational theories, there are at least two main streams at that time can be identified.
The first is managerialism, including scientific management and human relation school. Basically,
both focused on management strategies. Nevertheless, one focused on principles of management for
formal organizations, the other cares more about psychological status and informal organizations.
For scientific management, the founding father is Frederick Taylors (1912) who employed scientific
methods, like natural science, to measure working loadings and should–be working times for
increasing efficiency and developing a fair payments systems. Under his guidance, Gulick (1937)
and Urwick (1945) make efforts to propose several principles of organizational operations and
design. The most famous one would be POSDCORB introduced by Gulick. On the other hand, Elton
Mayor (1930), as conducting the Hawthorne experiment, found the benign presence of researchers
would boost productivities, instead of changes in facilities in factories. Chester Barnard (1938)
argued that organizations are cooperative system maintaining the dynamic balances between the
needs of the organization and its employees. With respect to the need of employees, Maslow came
up with the need

Principles Of Organization And Management
Principles of Organization and Management The article in New York Times, "Yes, Silicon Valley,
Sometimes You Need More Bureaucracy" it discusses the real issues associated with modern
business practices. Management concepts and theories may be dated, but they are still just as
relevant today as they were a decade ago. Business may be extremely successful, as in the case of
Silicon Valley, but without the proper structure there will issues that could be detrimental to the
business. Organization and management theories aid in setting the groundwork for a success
business operation and focuses on protecting the business and employees equally. This article
addresses the common belief that the human resource department often is believed to ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
"Resistance to a change is not the fundamental problem to be solved. Rather, any resistance is
usually a symptom of more basic problems underlying the particular situation. Resistance can
[therefore] serve as a warning signal directing the timing of technological changes" (Judson, 1966).
Changes in business is inevitable, however implementing an entire department six years after the
company has opened is extremely difficult as GitHub can validate. This is by the organization
foundation needs to be established at the very beginning. The organizational structure is just as
important as the products or services the company provides. "Yet a human resource department is
essential. The two found that companies with bureaucratic personnel departments were nearly 40
percent less likely to fail than the norm, and nearly 40 percent more likely to go public – data that
would strike many Silicon Valley entrepreneurs as heresy" (Mill, 2014). According to Miles (1975) a
theory of management has three basic components: (a) a set of assumptions about human attitudes
and behaviors, (b) managerial policies and actions consistent with these assumptions, and (c)
expectations about employee performance if these policies and actions are implemented.
Expectations of employees including their behavior and attitude is established from the
organizational structure and policies. As GitHub was able to see, the company services

Bureaucracy : A Perfect And Flawless Form Of Organization
In principle adopted by Max Weber, bureaucracy was supposed to be a perfect and flawless form of
organization, but with its development it becomes more and more dysfunctional. To finish the
consderations about bureaucracy, its influence on the human and its relevance in today's world it's
worth to present what Raelin thought about this issue. According to him, the usability of
bureaucracy and formalization is dependent on the organisational culture. He tried to prove that
bureaucracy as a system itself is neutral, that the only factor that can make it become dysfunctional
or effective is organisational culture. He based his work on observations of the organisational
cultures amongst attorneys. in some of the offices bureaucracy was seen as something very positive
and in the other ones proceduralization has lead to discouragement and loss of motivation. There are
no clear criterias to be able to foresee when the negative effects of the bureaucracy will appear .
Looking at Raelin's research one can see that bureaucracy can lead to dysfunction, but not always.
Bureaucratic system is believed to be the oldest organisational system known to human.
Undoubtedly it had a big influence on the civilisation, without it probably the cities would not have
been established, would not have developed as qucikly as they did. Bureaucracy is still relevant in
everyday's life, it is present in the multinational companies, governments, army etc.. In summary,
bureaucracy often leads to

High Intensity Training Versus Traditional Exercise...
As a general guideline, a review paper equivalent to a 20 minute oral presentation might be 5–10
pages and include 10 or more references. Shorter papers and fewer references would be appropriate
if there is greater critical analysis of the subject area.
Literature review: High–intensity training versus traditional exercise interventions for promoting
health．
Emerging research examining high–intensity intermittent training (HIIT) indicates that it may be
more effective at reducing subcutaneous and abdominal body fat than other types of exercise. In
addition, it may promote health in various ways. I will focus on the comparison of HIIT and
traditional exercise on the exercise performance, fat loss, fitness, insulin resistance, etc. Possible
mechanisms underlying HIIT–induced fat loss and implications for the use of HIIT in the treatment
and prevention of obesity are also discussed.
High–Intensity Interval Training versus Traditional Exercise Interventions for Promoting Health
Abstract:
Keywords:
1. Introduction: High–intensity interval training (HIIT) as a compromise between time–consuming
moderate–intensity training and sprint–interval training requiring all–out efforts, is emerging as a
potential time efficient strategy for health promotion. Current recommended guidelines of 150
minutes of moderate physical activity per week is reduced by half to 75 minutes if the week's
activity is done at a vigorous intensity (ACSM, 2014).
HIIT, when compared to Traditional Exercise

Marx and Weber: Conflicting Conflict Theories
Two names that are repeatedly mentioned in sociological theory are Karl Marx and Max Weber. In
some ways these two intellectuals were similar in the way they looked at society. There are also
some striking differences. In order to compare and contrast these two individuals it is necessary to
look at each of their ideas. Then a comparison of their views can be illustrated followed by
examples of how their perspectives differ from each other. Karl Marx was born in Trier, Germany in
1818. He came from a middle–class German–Jewish background. He attended first the University of
Bonn, and later the University of Berlin. At the University of Berlin he was linked to the Young
Hegelians. The Young Hegelians was a group that criticized ... Show more content on
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He further explains that organization is usually disrupted by the competition between the laborers,
but it always comes back stronger. (Marx & Engels 1948, 31) He then describes capitalists and
argues the loss of individuality that the bourgeoisie fear from the threat of Communism and lays out
the foundations for the Communist revolution. He states that "political power, properly so called, is
merely the organized power of one class for oppressing another." (Marx & Engels 1948, 37) Marx
viewed society as a conflict between two classes in competition for material goods. He looked at the
history of class conflicts and determined that the coming of the industrial age was what strengthened
the capitalist revolution. Marx called the dominant class in the capitalist society the bourgeoisie and
the laborers the proletariat. The bourgeoisie owned or controlled the means of production, exploited
laborers, and controlled the goods produced for its own needs. He believed that the oppressed class
of laborers was in a position to organize itself against the dominating class. He felt that it was the
course of nature, that is, it is the way that society evolves and that the communist society would be
free of class conflict, "the free development of each is the condition for the free development of all."
(Marx & Engels 1948, 37) Max Weber was born in Erfurt, Germany on April 21, 1864. He also
came from a middle class background. Weber's father was a

Sociology
Major Essay
Critically evaluate both Karl Marx's and Max Weber's theories of social class. How do these theories
contribute, if at all, to an understanding of the class structure of Australian society?
It is important for us to understand how our society became what it is today, thus understanding how
we interact with each other and what affect an individual's social class status has on their life
chances, employment, social interaction and other key factors that will affect their life. There are
currently a great number of theories that are available to explain social class and aspects relating to
the interaction of these classes. There are two main theories that most of the others have been built
on, these two theories come from ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Thus the inherent structure, which capitalism has created within the society, would ultimately result
in it being overthrown by the 'working class'. He predicts, that when this occurs, there will be a
change to a communist social structure where the means of production are no longer owned by a
small percentage of the population, but the collective of the society owns it. Although in the past the
only time that capitalist societies have broken down, was when the society was about to enter
capitalism. It has not occurred regularly in a mature capitalist society as the structures of capitalism
are working effectively to prevent this from occurring[6].
Weber defines the different classes though their economical relationships but unlike Marx, Weber
believed that there are more then two important classes that need to be taken into account to
understand the workings of society, some of these classes are broken down to other strata, which
still have an important effect on social interaction. Within these class categories, class situations are
further differentiated according to the type of property that is usable for production and what
services it can provide for the market.[7]
Weber has identified three types of class that he believes is essential to the understandings of social
phenomenon, these are: The property class– determined by

The Maximal Oxygen Consumption Test
Introduction
The purpose of the maximal oxygen consumption test is to assess a participant's aerobic power and
fitness. Maximal oxygen is defined as the "single highest oxygen consumption elicited during
graded exercise to exhaustion" (Adams, 2014). However, peak oxygen is measured "during a
specific test, but it may not truly be the highest or maximal oxygen consumption possible" (Adams,
2014). To simplify, every test will show values for peak oxygen consumption; however every test
does not always show a value for maximal oxygen consumption. This could happen if a participant
is not able to fully reach the point of exhaustion due to physical pain symptoms or lack of
motivation. Maximal oxygen consumption is important to understand aerobic fitness because it
utilizes many systems in the body such as pulmonary, muscular, and cardiovascular. According to an
article in the Journal of Human Kinetics, "maximal aerobic power is commonly accepted as the best
measure of the cardiovascular systems' functional limits (Rowell, 1974) and has been shown to
predict mortality from all causes in healthy (Blair et al., 1989; 1996) and unhealthy individuals
(Myers et al., 2002)" (Hamlin et al., 2012). For this lab, the maximal oxygen consumption test used
was the Vo2 Max Bruce Protocol test and the equipment used was a Woodway treadmill.
Methods
Procedures:
In order to run the Bruce Protocol test for Vo2 max, you must first record basic client data such as
age, gender, and calculated maximum

Karl Marx and Max Weber Different Views on Capitialism
Introduction of Karl Marx and Max Weber Theories
Karl Marx and Max Weber speak about capitalism and social class. They both agree that modern
methods of organization have tremendously increased the effectiveness and efficiency of production.
However they both have different concept of theories. Karl Marx speaks about Alienation and
Critique of Capitalism .Marx argued that this alienation of human work is precisely the defining
feature of capitalism. He regards alienation as product of the evolution of division of labor, private
property and the state: When these phenomena reach an advanced stage, as in capitalist society the
individual experiences the entire objective world as a conglomerate of alien forces standing over and
above them. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Marx understood this struggle between these two classes, he knew this soon would become
unacceptable to workers and they would come to realization of the inequity in their society.
Max Weber theory of class is that capitalist and the proletarian meet in a market and come into it in
different ways as purchaser of labor power and as seller, as someone able to wait, not compelled to
buy or sell merely to survive another day that's the capitalist and as someone who must sell his
services today or starve. Therefore Marx two classes, in Weber view are distinguished essentially by
their relation to a market and precisely by their bargaining power. Bargaining power is matter of
monopoly or lack of it. Weber then analyses class mainly in terms of "monopoly". To Max Weber,
writing in the early 1900s, Marx's view was too simple –he agreed that different classes exist but he
thought that "Status" or "Social Prestige" was the key factor in deciding which group each one of us
belongs to. Where we live, our manner of speech, our schooling, our leisure habits, these and many
other factors decide our social class. He thought that the way each person thinks about his/her "Life
Chances"– if we feel that we can become a respected and highly valued member of the

Modernization Theory : An Effective Method For Development...
INTRODUCTION
Measurable changes in society, and the policies that drive them, spring from abstract strains of
thought that develop over time. This is the case with many paradigms of development theory, such
as that of Modernization Theory. Modernization theory is closely associated with modernity, a
concept that is particularly difficult to define in concrete terms; however, there are several points
that help one grasp its complexity. Giddens (1990) sees modernity as particular modes of social life
that reflect 17th century European values of progress and enlightenment thinking. As well, one can
view modernization as a continuous project, meant to liberate countries from their traditional
'backward' way of life and become more aligned with Western ideals (Cooper 2005). Modernization
became a popular theory due to its roots in the sociological theory behind modernity and capitalism,
as well as the perpetuation of its necessity by developmental economists. Modernization theory was
considered an effective method for development due to the assumption that its success domestically,
as shown by the Tennessee Valley Authority in the 1930's, would be just as effective on foreign
nations (Ekbladh 2002). Despite this, there are more recent criticisms that contest the efficacy of
modernization in current development discourse regarding non–economic barriers to development
and the theory's inherent euro–centric underpinnings. The first section of this paper discusses Max
Weber's spirit

Max Weber 's Theory Of Bureaucracy
Since its early translations, Essay's in Sociology (1948), Max Weber's theory of bureaucracy has
been used as a platform to study and understand the structures of an organisation, in service sectors.
However, many societies have undergone significant change since the development of the theory,
with the improvement of technology and globalisation, many view the bureaucratic model to no
longer have relevance in contemporary organisational structure in the 21st century. The notion that a
bureaucratic system can no longer be applicable to modern organisations is highly questionable, as
many suggest bureaucracy will continue to be a fundamental part of any organisation, but, the
application and implementation will adapt differently across the diverse range of organisations, even
coexist with contemporary theories, such as post–bureaucracy.
It was clear to Weber (1948) that historically there have been great empires from Ancient Egypt to
the Roman Catholic Church and to China, to have encompassed bureaucratic system of sort in order
to develop and achieve their respective organisations. It further transcends to modern Europe and to
"large modern capitalist enterprise" (Weber, 1948, p.204). However, rapid technological
advancement, and a globalised and diversified world, has seen the transformation of industrial
service society, to an information service society. These changes have had significant impact on
organisation structures (Bolin & Harenstam, 2008). It is perceived the key

Examine and Assess How Political Order Is Made and Repaired
Examine and assess how political order is made and repaired.
In this TMA I will examine and assess how political order is made mainly through the state. In order
to create, maintain and repair political order, the state needs authority from its citizens to do so and
this authority needs to be legitimate. 'Legitimacy refers to a belief in the states rightness, its right to
rule or the idea that its authority is proper.' I will then explain how today, legitimacy is closely
linked to democracy and it is through free and fair elections that the state receives legitimacy. The
degree to which individuals legitimise the state is varied and individuals or groups of people can
also engage critically with the state.
Creating political ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One way citizens can legitimise their relationship with the state is through 'citizenship ceremonies'
however most citizens do not attend such ceremonies.
'Many of the everyday practises and discourses of the state, its discourses, its symbols and the ways
in which state actors and institutions represent themselves to the people, are involved in the process
of legitimation; that is to say, the states claim of legitimacy from its citizens.' So through peoples
everyday practises and activities like paying taxes or taking the car for an MOT individuals are
involved in the making and remaking of the state. This is another way through which people
legitimise the state.
However, 'one of the main ways individuals express their acceptance or rejection of the state is
through the ballot box.' Elections 'provide a means for people to question and reflect on this or that
government policy, the adequacy of this or that government agency, or the talents and policies of
this or that party, candidate or official.' 'Today we would see free and fair democratic elections as the
main, if not the only, reasonable indicator of whether people have given 'express consent' to those
who hold state–derived power over them.'
Its possible to see that state legitimacy is closely linked to democracy. This is because through
democracy the state claims legitimacy to rule over people in a certain territory. Democracy is a form
of political order few dare to oppose (Sen) even if they

The Major Classical Theorists Influenced The Economics Of...
Three major classical theorists have attempted to interpret why societies change. They are Adam
Smith, Max Weber, and Karl Marx (Franks, 35). These three have inspired a lot of people down the
years. Adam Smith is known as the theoretical father of modern economics. In 1776, Smith argued
that the "invisible hand" of the market would change the economics of a nation and it would make
the nation better. In his invisible hand theory, he states that if one person strived to achieve success,
then the person would simultaneously benefit people around him. The prices and quality will be
determined by relationships between consumers and sellers through supply and demand (Franks,
34). In other words, the market will not be regulated by the ... Show more content on
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The history of Marxism is controversial, and the ideas have influenced a lot of men and women to
address social issues. Karl Marx stated that the occurrence of capitalism brought humanity a
necessary step closer to socialism and the conquest of human inequality (Frank, 30). This is an
inevitable part of the development of human society.
According to scholar Mario Barrera, traditional Marxists thinks that a class is a group of people who
have a similar relationship in things that they use in their daily lives, such as food, houses, and
appliances (Franks, 30). Also, Marxists address that each society has its own particular class
structure. In addition, Marxists have defined three primary classes that currently exist in a capitalist
social system, and they can be found in the United States. The first group of classes consists of
capitalists, people who own and control an enormous proportion of productive property in the
United States. Having productive property means being able to produce products, such as producing
products that people demand. In this case, capitalists are wealthy because they hold an
overwhelming amount of productive property.
The second group of classes consists of workers, people who have cars, computers. cell phones, and
homes, but they own little of productive property. The reason is that most of their income comes
from their wages, salaries, and tips. They do not own company themselves. The third group of
classes compose by the bourgeoisie, who

Compare and Contrast of the Classical School of Management...
Compare and contrast of the classical school of management and the human relations school of
management
The classical or traditional approach to management was generally concerned with the structure and
the activities of formal organization. The utmost importance in the achievement of an effective
organization were seen to be the issues such as the establishment of a hierarchy of authority, the
division of work, and the span of control.
The classical management focuses on the efficiency and includes scientific, bureaucratic and
administrative management.
The scientific approach required several major principles in its application to management: 1st –
develops a science for each operation to replace opinion and rule–of–thumb. 2nd ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Offices are highly specialized. Appointments to these offices are made according to specialized
qualifications rather than ascribed criteria. All of these ideal characteristics have one goal, to
promote the efficient attainment of the organization's goals.
Some have seriously misinterpreted Weber and have claimed that he liked bureaucracy, that he
believed that bureaucracy was an "ideal" organization. Others have pronounced Weber "wrong"
because bureaucracies do not live up to his list of "ideals". Others have even claimed that Weber
"invented" bureaucratic organization. But Weber described bureaucracy as an "ideal type" in order to
more accurately describes their growth in power and scope in the modern world. His studies of
bureaucracy still form the core of organizational sociology.
Weber's discussion of authority relations also provides insight into what is happening in the modern
world. Weber distinguished three main types of authority: Traditional authority, Rational–legal
authority and Charismatic authority.
Administrative management is a style of management that focuses on principles to be used by
managers to co–ordinate the internal activities of the total organization. This theory was developed
by Henri Fayol (1841–1925) to be taught to individuals with administrative responsibilities, which
lead to the five major functions of managerial activities, planning, organizing, commanding,

Critique the Power of Organizations from Weberian and...
Q 1. Critique the power of organizations from Weberian and Goffmanesque perspectives in the
Stanford Prison This document briefly reviews and critiques the ideas of Weber and Goffman in
applying them to the Standard Prison Experiment. Weber identified the significance of bureaucracy
within organizations. Within the bureaucratic organization there is a stratification of hierarchy where
the legal legitimate authority is invested in individuals who exercise command on the basis of rules
and not on the basis of personal authority (Morrison, 2006). Legitimate authority within a
bureaucratic organization aims to remove the subjectivity and unpredictability of human action thus
decisions are made and behaviours implemented in a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The admission process into an institution is routinely followed by guidelines and procedures
(Morrison, 2006) the guards give orders and the prisoners follow them, however the guards mocked
the prisoners through this process thus, removes impersonal authority. Clearly Weber's theory of a
rational system incorporating impersonal authority is not sufficient to explain the events of Stanford
Prison. Goffman, Power and Authority A correlation can be made between Goffman's theory on
'mortification of the self' when entering some institutions, and the prisoners entering Stanford
Prison. Goffman identifies; names and titles are lost, institutional uniforms replace personal
clothing, personal space is lost or disregarded, personal information discussed inappropriately and
constant humiliation (1959 in Smith). The men entering Stanford Prison were fingerprinted,
photographed, assigned a number, stripped naked and de–loused, personal items removed and issued
with prison clothing, while the men's' head were not shaved they had to wear a socking to illustrate
shaved head (Zimbardo, 2009). This was the result of a deliberate policy from the Superintendent to
remove any trace of individual identity (Zimbardo, 2009). Thus the power of the organization to
remove the prisoner's

Analysis Of Adorno And Horkheimer : Fact, Fiction, Or A...
Adorno and Horkheimer: Fact, Fiction, or a Little of Both? "The Culture Industry: Enlightenment as
Mass Deception" by Theodor Adorno and Max Horkheimer is a pivotal article in history that
changed the way in which many communications scholars viewed media. Both authors were
members of the Frankfurt School, a school of thought which looked further into Karl Marx's
theories about capitalism and the issues of mass production. Published in 1944, Adorno and
Horkheimer revealed their beliefs that the media, much like the economy, is becoming mass
produced, and is therefore turning people in society into media–consuming robots. Industrialization
created work lives for people in which they would work on only one part of a larger machine. As a
result, they felt less involved in the completion of the project as a whole, and therefore felt less pride
in their jobs and their lives in general. Instead, these people turned to media and pop culture so that
they would feel more fulfillment within their lives. Adorno and Horkheimer believed that these
people had a reduced capacity for original thought because media is now force feeding them the
ideas of what they can think and feel. This essay will prove that although Adorno and Horkeimer's
points were justified through the eyes of authors George Lipsitz, Lev Manovich, and Susan J.
Douglas, there are still exceptions to their theories that they do not account for. George Lipsitz in
"Popular Culture: This Ain't No Sideshow" agrees with

Complexities of the Capitalistic State
Complexities of the capitalistic state reinforce the higher economic class, while crises between
classes in society will reset the socially constructed inequalities. Social inequalities become
perpetrated by the state, by upholding the higher class. The way to equalize the classes is for
overthrow the state and expose the contradictions of capitalism. Quinney states that the role of the
state in capitalist society is to defend the interests of the ruling class" (Quinney 2001 261). The state
defends the ruling class interests through the creation of law. The law, created by people of power,
structures the class system. Distinctions of classes are based on social characteristics. This
dominance in society is "maintained and promoted" ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
. Quinney fights that any action of the state is done to benefit the higher class in the capitalist
system. The state does not act as a third party in conflict, but solely reinforces the higher classes.
Meanwhile, the conflicts between the classes are rooted in the economics of society. The state holds
citizens in their respective classes, politically and economically, even though our nation is declared
to be democratic. A critical analysis of our societal legal order, according to Quinney, must observe
certain aspects of crime control in the capitalist state (Quinney 2001 262). First, a look into the
nature of the state must be made. The state was designed as a system, which is designed to oppress
lower classes. The second assessment is the determination of the relationship between the
dominating economic class and the state, which is not distinguished between the ruling class and the
state. The important questions posed in this aspect are to discover how the ruling class came to rule,
and how the state governs in a way to maintain the inequalities. The third observation in assessing
the legal order is to observe how the state develops in comparison to the capitalist economy. Engles
is quoted to argue that the development of the state is to become an entity which protects the "riches
of individuals" (Quinney 2001 263) in opposition to

Management Theory : Classical And Contemporary Essay
Management theory has been a topical issue in several organizational fields for centuries. Both
classic and modern styles organizations have reinforced management principles to fulfil goals
efficiently and effectively. From the industrial to post–industrial evolution of organizations, the
emergence of several management theories and their components have been infused in business
polices, protocols and regulations that transfer onto the organisation's operations (Aldrich, 2008).
Today's literature on such practices informs the existence of two major styles of management
theories: classical and contemporary.
Classical and contemporary criticisms have approached bureaucracy as a vehicle for social
commentary. Classical theories emphasise the early ages of management, which heavily rely on the
structure of the organisation. In contrast, neoclassical theories argue that bureaucracy is 'dead' and
has no place in the modern workplace, criticizing that is it demoralizing and complex. Organizations
chose to adopt either a bureaucratic or a post–bureaucratic structure in their practices to achieve
their ultimate goal. However, in management terms, both styles have their strengths and challenges.
Underpinning these advantages and disadvantages is essential to build a deeper understanding of
why bureaucracy is a debatable subject, and why rules must exist in order to have a well–organized
work environment.
Having elements of bureaucracy in a workplace ensures central authority and

Expressionism : An International Artistic And Literary...
To understand Surrealism, we must first look at Dadaism, the art movement from which Surrealism
stems. Dadaism was an international artistic and literary movement which began in 1916 and lasted
until the mid 1920s. Artists involved in the Dada movement were experimental and controversial.
They constantly pushed and broke the boundaries of what art is defined as and what art–making
could be. They used chance based procedures and unconventional materials such as collages and
photo–montages created from newspapers, advertisements and political propaganda. They also
embraced poetry, music and performance art. The art movements prior to Dadaism, including
Impressionism, Fauvism and Cubism, were concerned with artists developing their talents, ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(See Visual 2) The title explains how this work was created – Arp tore up pieces of paper and let
them fall on to a background before sticking them down. The anarchistic and unpredictable way in
which this piece was created illustrates the typical mindset of a Dada artist and the movement itself.
Soon after arriving in Zurich, the Dada movement spread to New York, Berlin, Hamburg and
Cologne, before it finally erupted in Paris. The leader of the Dada movement in Paris was a poet
named Andre Breton. Breton is an important figure as he would go on to become the leader of the
Paris Surrealist movement as well.
Andre Breton served as a nurse during the first world war where he treated many soldiers who
suffered from shell shock as a result of the traumatic environment of the trenches and war zones.
One of the soldiers he came across deeply influenced him. This soldier believed that the war was
fake and that the government was using fake smoke, weapons and blood in order to convince him
that the war was taking place.
Breton concluded that the mind has an incredible power to see altern realities other possibilitites.
Breton began to use ideas from the famous psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud to help treat his patients –
in particular Freud's 'Interpretations of Dreams' from 1900. In this book, Freud proposed the idea of
the unconscious mind and the irrational things which stem from it – slips of the tongue, dreams,
strange meetings and weird. Like the

Organizational Planning And Decision Making
In modern society a bureaucracy is defined as any system or government where important decisions
are made by state appointed officials as opposed to elected officials. In the 1930's, a German
sociologist named Max Weber coined the term bureaucracy as an ideal way of organizing
governmental agencies relating to civil service. A bureaucracy represents a governmental hierarchy
in which a large number of people effectively work together towards a common goal. Weber's belief
on bureaucracies quickly spread to private organizations as an effective way to organize businesses
as well. According to Max Weber, the main characteristics of a bureaucracy include six main
principles. The first is that a bureaucracy is a formal hierarchy where an ... Show more content on
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Specialists are typically grouped by their specialty, the type of work they do. This may allow for
more efficiency and increased results. The mission is also a very important principle of a
bureaucracy. Weber described two types of missions; in–focus and up–focus. If the organization's
mission is an in–focus mission, the mission serves the organization and the people within the
organization. The focus is on achieving high profits. If the organization's mission is categorized as
up–focus then the organization's focus is to serve the agency that runs it, such as the board of
directors or stock holders. The bureaucracy operates on the belief that all people within the
organization are to be treated equally. The organization does not recognize individual differences.
Even people outside the organization, such as customers, are to be treated equally. The organization
does not recognize individual differences and purposefully remain impersonal. The last of Weber's
principles is that employment in an organization is based on qualifications. Employees are not
arbitrarily selected and hired. They must meet technical qualifications that are outlined at each level.
A bureaucracy is thought to have many positive aspects. Although many think the red tape that
bureaucracies create is a negative aspect, it can also be a positive aspect. Red tape refers to the
paperwork that is required to complete a task within a bureaucratic organization. By having

Biography Of Julius Robert Oppenheimer, An Artist And...
Julius Robert Oppenheimer was born April 22, 1904 to Ella Friedman, an artist and Julius
Oppenheimer, a wealthy German textile merchant in New York City, New York. As a child Robert
was interested in geology and was said to have even contacted locally famous geologist to discuss
the rock formations he observed in Central Park. At the age of 17 Oppenheimer began attending
Harvard, a prestigious and well known private University. He graduated Harvard with a major in
Chemistry in May of 1925. Later that year he enrolled at Cambridge University in England to study
physics thus beginning his atomic research in the Cavendish Laboratory under J.J. Thomson.
Then at the age of 22 he was invited to team up with Max Born at Gottingen University in Germany.
There he developed the Born–Oppenheimer Method. This method was an important addition to the
Quantum Molecular Theory. Quantum theory is the origin of modern physics that explains the
behavior and nature of matter and energy on the atomic and subatomic plane. He left Gottingen in
1927 with his PhD and a mark in the world of Quantum theory and Theoretical physics. A year later
Robert began as an associate professor at Berkley while having a joint appointment at the California
Institute of Technology, commuting between the two for the next 13 years. While at Berkley
Oppenheimer was the first to write papers of the astronomical examination of collapsed stars, a
phenomenon we know now as black holes 30 years before anyone else. He also

The Textbook, Sociology

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