The spanish march
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The Carolingian Empire dissolved in the 9th Century, forming three independent regions including the Aragonese counties and Catalan counties. The Kingdom of Navarra was ruled by the Jimena Dynasty in the 10th Century and expanded into La Rioja and Alava under Sancho III the Great until his death broke up the kingdom. The Catalan counties were originally dominated by the Carolingians but united under Wilfredo el Hairy in 874.
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Christian kingdoms
The document summarizes life in the Christian kingdoms in Spain at the end of the Middle Ages. It describes how the caliphate broke into small kingdoms and the Christian kingdoms of Aragon, Castile, Navarre and Portugal conquered more territory from the Moors. The kingdoms of Aragon and Castile united through marriage of their monarchs in 1479. Only the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada remained under Moorish rule until the Catholic Monarchs conquered it in 1492, completing the Reconquista. Society was divided between the privileged classes of nobles and clergy who didn't pay taxes, and non-privileged peasants, craftsmen and merchants. Cities grew in importance with fortifications, guild
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The document summarizes the Reconquest of the Iberian Peninsula by Christian kingdoms from the 8th to 15th centuries. It describes how Muslim forces invaded Iberia in the 8th century and established al-Andalus, while Christian refugees founded kingdoms like Asturias-Leon. Over subsequent centuries, the Christian kingdoms expanded southward through battles and taking advantage of conflicts between Muslim taifas. Major developments included reaching the Duero river by the 10th century, the Tajo river by the 12th century, and the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in 1212. The Reconquest was completed in 1492 when the Catholic Monarchs conquered the last Muslim kingdom of Granada
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The Visigoths took over Spain after defeating the Roman Empire, making Toledo their capital, until the Muslims invaded in 711 and established al-Andalus. For several centuries, Muslims, Jews, and different Christian groups coexisted and built significant architectural landmarks in al-Andalus's cities. By 1492, the Christians had fully reconquered Spain and established a society divided between privileged and non-privileged classes, developing Romanesque and Gothic structures as the Muslim influence on Andalusian culture and architecture remained strong.
Unit 7 The Christian Kingdoms
The document provides information about the early Christian kingdoms that emerged in the Iberian Peninsula following the Muslim conquest in the 8th and 9th centuries. It discusses the origins and establishment of the kingdoms of Asturias and León, as well as the kingdom of Castile. It also describes the three main artistic styles - Asturian, Mozarabic, and Mudejar - that characterized the art of the Christian kingdoms. Finally, it notes that after the conquest, Iberian society consisted of distinct Christian, Islamic, and Jewish cultures that generally lived separately.
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The Christian kingdoms of Asturias and Navarra emerged in northern Spain in the 8th century as refuge for Visigoths, led by King Pelayo who defeated the Muslims at Covadonda. Asturias expanded its territory under subsequent kings to include lands from Galicia to Álava by 800. In the 10th century, the capital shifted to Leon and it became the Kingdom of Leon. Meanwhile, the county of Castilla broke away and defended against Muslim attacks on Leon, establishing its independence under Count Fernán González. These nascent kingdoms initiated the Reconquest of the Iberian Peninsula from Islamic rule.
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The Christian kingdoms began forming in the 8th-9th centuries as the Visigoths established rule in northern Iberia after the Muslim conquest. The first were the Kingdom of Asturias and León in Cantabria and the Kingdom of Navarre and counties of Aragon and Catalonia in the Pyrenees. Over eight centuries, Christians and Muslims coexisted on the peninsula. The kingdoms of Castile and Aragon later evolved and expanded through the Reconquest, with Castile becoming the most powerful under the Crown of Castile and Aragon gaining territory along the Mediterranean coast.
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The document summarizes the history of Spain from the arrival of Germanic tribes in the 5th century AD to the Christian kingdoms that emerged after the Moorish conquest in the 8th century. It discusses the establishment of the Visigoth Kingdom in Toledo and its later conquest by Umayyad Moors from Africa in 711 AD. The Moors established control over the Iberian Peninsula and called the territory Al-Andalus, with its capital in Córdoba. As Al-Andalus flourished, the Christian kingdoms in the north resisted and eventually reestablished control over the rest of the Iberian Peninsula through the Reconquista over eight centuries.
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The document provides information about the early Christian kingdoms that emerged in the Iberian Peninsula following the Muslim conquest in the 8th and 9th centuries. It discusses the origins and establishment of the kingdoms of Asturias and León, as well as the kingdom of Castile. It also describes the three main artistic styles - Asturian, Mozarabic, and Mudejar - that characterized the art of the Christian kingdoms. Finally, it notes that after the conquest, Iberian society consisted of distinct Christian, Islamic, and Jewish cultures that generally lived separately.
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The Christian kingdoms began forming in the 8th-9th centuries as the Visigoths established rule in northern Iberia after the Muslim conquest. The first were the Kingdom of Asturias and León in Cantabria and the Kingdom of Navarre and counties of Aragon and Catalonia in the Pyrenees. Over eight centuries, Christians and Muslims coexisted on the peninsula. The kingdoms of Castile and Aragon later evolved and expanded through the Reconquest, with Castile becoming the most powerful under the Crown of Castile and Aragon gaining territory along the Mediterranean coast.
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The Crown of Aragón was created in 1137 through the marriage of Princess Petronila of Aragón to Ramón Berenguer IV, the Count of Barcelona. This united the Kingdom of Aragón and County of Barcelona. In the 12th and 13th centuries, the Crown expanded its territory through conquests led by kings like Jaime I, who took control of Valencia, Alicante, and the Balearic Islands. However, the Balearics became an independent kingdom after Jaime I's death. The Crown continued expanding along the Mediterranean coast in the following centuries through conquests and occupations of territories like Sicily, Sardinia, Athens, and Naples.
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The document provides information about the origins and development of the Christian kingdoms in Iberia following the Muslim conquest in the 8th century. It discusses:
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- The emergence of the Kingdom of Asturias in the 8th century under King Pelayo, with the capital established in Oviedo. In the 10th century, the capital moved to León.
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Created by María Jesús Campos Fernández, teacher of History and Geography in a bilingual section in Madrid. learningfromhistory.wikispaces.com
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From 711 to 1492, control of the Iberian Peninsula changed hands between Muslims and Christians several times. Muslims first entered the peninsula in 711 and defeated the Christians, forcing them into the northern regions where they established kingdoms like Asturias and Aragon. Over time, the Christian kingdoms grew stronger and began retaking lands from the Muslims, culminating in the conquest of Granada in 1492 by the Catholic Monarchs, bringing the entire peninsula under Christian control once more. The marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella united Castile and Aragon, and Aragon expanded its territories across the Mediterranean.
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The document discusses the formation and expansion of the peninsular kingdoms in Iberia following the Muslim conquest in the 8th century. It describes how the Kingdom of Asturias was established by Christians in northern Iberia and later expanded into the Kingdoms of Leon and Castile. It also discusses how other Christian states like the Kingdom of Pamplona and counties in the Marca Hispanica and Catalonia gained independence from Muslim and Frankish rule.
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The document provides information about the origins and development of the Christian kingdoms in Iberia following the Muslim conquest in the 8th century. It discusses:
- How the Christian kingdoms began as Visigoths took refuge in the northern regions and founded kingdoms between the 8th-9th centuries, coexisting with Al-Andalus for eight hundred years.
- The emergence of the Kingdom of Asturias in the 8th century under King Pelayo, with the capital established in Oviedo. In the 10th century, the capital moved to León.
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The document summarizes the art and culture that developed in the Christian kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula during the Middle Ages. It describes three main styles: Asturian art from the 8th to 10th centuries that was similar to Visigothic art; Mozarabic art from the 10th century that was influenced by Islamic art; and Mudéjar art from the 12th century developed by Muslims living under Christian rule using Islamic decorative elements. It also discusses important architectural works and the pilgrimage route to Santiago de Compostela that helped spread Romanesque and Gothic styles across Europe.
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The document summarizes the Christian kingdoms that emerged in the Iberian Peninsula following the Reconquista. It discusses the Kingdoms of Castilla and León, the eastern kingdoms of Aragón, Navarra, and the Crown of Aragón. It also summarizes the Kingdom of Portugal which became independent from León in the 12th century and expanded southward until becoming a republic in 1910 after almost 800 years of monarchy.
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Castilla's economy was based on agriculture and livestock farming, particularly Merino sheep. Their high quality wool was exported or used in the domestic textile industry. Sheep farmers organized themselves into assemblies called mestas to coordinate transhumance, the seasonal movement of livestock between summer and winter pastures. The Mesta controlled cañadas, paths crossing Castilla that sheep used, and had significant political privileges. The sale of wool supported crafts and trade in Castilla.
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The document discusses the major military orders that originated in Spain during the Reconquest from the Moors. The most important orders were the Orders of Santiago, Calatrava, and Alcantara. The Order of Santiago was founded in 1170 and played a major role in the Reconquest and repopulation of regions. The Order of Calatrava was founded in 1157 to defend the fortress of Calatrava. It grew rapidly in power and territory. The Order of Alcantara emerged in the 12th century to fight the Almohad threat and was mainly located in Extremadura. With the completion of the Reconquest, the Catholic Monarchs sought to gain control over the extensive lands owned by the
Iberian Christian Kingdoms in Middle Ages
Presentation about Iberian Christian Kingdoms in the Middle Ages for the course of MYP (Social Sciences)
2
The document discusses four religious-military orders in Spain:
1) The Order of Calatrava, founded in 1158 to defend Christianity against Islam from their fortress in Calatrava. They grew in power and wealth over centuries until being annexed by the Crown.
2) The Order of Santiago was the most prestigious and elitist order, granting nobility, and leaving their mark through important buildings. Founded in the 12th century to support the Reconquest.
3) The Order of Alcántara played a large role in defending the border of the Kingdom of León in Extremadura against Islam from the 10th century.
4) The Order of Montesa was
History
The document summarizes the history between Turkey and the Netherlands from ancient times to the modern era in the following periods:
- Ancient and Medieval Ages: The Romans ruled the region until withdrawing in the 4th century. Germanic tribes then controlled the area.
- Renaissance: The Netherlands became possessions of the powerful Habsburg family and experienced a Reformation despite persecution.
- Ottomans and Tulip Heritage: The Ottoman Empire expanded into Southeast Europe and the Mediterranean. The tulip was introduced to the Netherlands from Turkey, sparking a trading craze.
- 19th century onward: The Turkish Empire declined while the Dutch Republic prospered. Formal relations began in 1612
The Catholic Monarchs. Spain 15ht century
Created by María Jesús Campos Fernández, teacher of History and Geography in a bilingual section in Madrid. learningfromhistory.wikispaces.com
learningfromgeography.wikispaces.com
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The document discusses life in Al-Andalus. The main economic activities were agriculture, stockbreeding, trading and crafting. Cities featured pacific coexistence between Muslims, Christians and Jews in early centuries, but religious intolerance increased later. After the battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in 1212, the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada was the last remnant of Al-Andalus, lasting over two centuries but paying tribute to Castile. The Nasrid Kingdom fell in war against Castile in 1492.
The Catholic Monarchs and the Habsbourg in Spain
1. The Catholic Monarchs, King Carlos I and King Felipe II, ruled Spain during the 16th century following the dynastic union of Castile and Aragon.
2. Their domestic policies focused on centralizing royal power over the kingdoms of Spain. Their foreign policies included expanding Spanish territories through military conquests in Europe and the Americas and pursuing strategic marriages to form alliances.
3. Some key events during their rule included the conquest of Granada in 1492, annexing Navarre and territories in North Africa and the Mediterranean, the dynastic succession of Carlos I after Isabel's death, and the global Spanish Empire reaching its peak extent under Philip II by the late 1500s.
A brief history of spain
Most of the Iberian peninsula has been populated since prehistoric times, with early evidence of human habitation dating back 800,000 years. Various groups settled in Spain over millennia, including Iberians around 4000 BC, Celts, Phoenicians, Greeks, Carthaginians, and Romans who ruled for six centuries. Following the fall of the Western Roman Empire, Spain was ruled by Visigoths and then occupied by Muslims for over seven centuries before the Christian reconquest was completed in 1492. The discovery of the New World and expulsion of Jews and Moors marked a turning point, though Spain's empire drained resources over time. After Franco's death in 1975, Spain transitioned to a democratic
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The document provides biographical information about Queen Isabel I of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon, who married and united the kingdoms of Castile and Aragon in 1469. It discusses their conquest of Granada in 1492 and breaking of promises to Muslims, leading to their forced conversion or exile. It also mentions the establishment of the Spanish Inquisition to enforce Catholic orthodoxy and expulsion of Jews from Spain.
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The early history of Al-Andalus saw the Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula in 711 and the establishment of an independent Emirate of Córdoba by Abd al-Rahman I in 756. Over the following centuries, the Caliphate of Córdoba rose to prominence as a center of culture and learning before declining and fracturing into taifa kingdoms in the 11th century. As the taifas fought each other, Christian kingdoms took the opportunity to advance southward in the Reconquista.
Unit 4 christian kingdoms
The three main kingdoms that emerged from the former Visigothic Kingdom were Asturias, Navarre, and the Carolingian Marca Hispánica. Asturias expanded under kings Alfonso I and II, with Oviedo becoming the capital. Over time, the kingdoms of Castile, Aragon, Catalonia, and Portugal broke off and solidified. Castile and Leon united repeatedly before forming the definitive Crown of Castile in 1230. The marriages of Petronilla of Aragon and Ramon Berenguer IV created the Crown of Aragon, while Navarre separated permanently from Aragon in 1134.
Al-Andalus & The Christian Kingdoms. 2 º ESO Best Compilation
The document summarizes the Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula in the early 8th century and the establishment of Al-Andalus. It then discusses the subsequent fragmentation of Al-Andalus into smaller Muslim states called taifas in the 11th century, and how this allowed Christian kingdoms in the north to expand. The document also outlines how the Almoravids and Almohads twice came from North Africa to assist Al-Andalus militarily against the Christians.
Unit 5 - The Iberian peninsula between the 13th and 15th centuries
The document summarizes the evolution of the Iberian Peninsula between the 13th-15th centuries, focusing on the kingdoms of Castile and Aragon. It describes how Castile expanded southward and became the most powerful Christian kingdom through conquests under kings like Alfonso VI and Fernando III. It established the Crown of Castile and continued the Reconquista. Meanwhile, Aragon grew through dynastic unions and conquests under kings like Jaime I, gaining territory in the Mediterranean. In 1479, the Catholic Monarchs Isabel of Castile and Fernando of Aragon married, uniting the kingdoms and completing the Reconquista by 1492.
The history of catalonia
The history of Catalonia dates back to 1000 BC, when Iberic tribes inhabited the region. Greeks and Phoenicians later established trading posts along the coast, introducing new technologies and alphabets to the Iberians. The Romans then conquered Catalonia and imposed their language, culture, and cities like Tarragona. During the Middle Ages, the Counts of Barcelona gained independence from France and expanded their territory through marriage alliances and conquest, while the regions' cities, monasteries, knights, and peasants developed distinct roles. However, Catalan culture and autonomy were threatened during the Modern Ages as Spain centralized power under the Castilian crown. Catalonia saw both industrialization and loss of its institutions in later centuries,
Kingdom of aragon
The Kingdom of Aragon was situated in the right inferior part of the Iberian Peninsula. It was formed in 1137 by the marriage of Petronila of Aragon and Ramon Berenguer IV of Barcelona, expanding their territories in different directions over time. The crown of Aragon had a federal political system with each kingdom having their own laws and courts. The economy was based on agriculture, animal husbandry, and Mediterranean trade. Art from this period included Gothic, Mudejar, and Romanesque styles which reflected the Muslim, Christian, and Jewish cultures that coexisted.
3
After the Muslim conquest of most of the Iberian Peninsula, Christian resistance groups formed in the northern mountains between the 8th and 10th centuries. These groups included the Cantabrian group centered around the Kingdom of Asturias and the Pyrenean groups consisting of the Kingdoms of Pamplona and Aragón and the Catalan Counties. Over time, these political nuclei expanded and some became independent kingdoms, serving as the standard for Christian resistance against the Muslim rulers of al-Andalus.
The Reconquest - Phase 3
The document summarizes the history of the Christian kingdoms in Iberia between the 8th-14th centuries. It describes the expansion and consolidation of the kingdoms of Castile, Leon, Navarre, Aragon, and Portugal at the expense of the declining Muslim rule. A key turning point was the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in 1212, which marked the beginning of Christian supremacy. This led to the conquest of most of the Guadalquivir and Guadiana river valleys by Castile and Aragon. By the late 13th century, only the Kingdom of Granada remained Muslim. The new territories were divided between nobility in Castile and remained under Muslim rule as Mudejars
Al-Andalus & Christian Kingdoms 2º B
Here are 3 activities related to the document:
1. Name 3 Christian kingdoms that participated in the Reconquest.
2. Which kingdom conquered territories in Portugal and Andalusia?
3. What were some privileges offered to attract settlers to newly conquered lands?
Al-Andalus & Christian Kingdoms 2ºC
The early history of Al-Andalus involved the Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula in the early 8th century. By 711, Muslims had expanded across North Africa and the Mediterranean region. They crossed into the Iberian Peninsula aided by a civil war among Visigoth factions. The Muslims defeated the Visigoth king Roderic at the Battle of Guadalete. Within a few years, they occupied most of the Iberian Peninsula, establishing the emirate of Al-Andalus with its capital at Córdoba. The emirate was initially dependent on the Umayyad Caliphate in Damascus but became independent under Abd al-Rahman I, who founded
Unit 5: Rebirth of Cities - Section 2 - Christian Kingdoms
1) The Christian Kingdoms advanced south into al-Andalus in the 11th-12th centuries, taking Toledo in 1085 and reaching the rivers Tajo and Ebro. This was halted by the Almoravids and Almohads.
2) After defeating the Almohads at Las Navas de Tolosa in 1212, the Christian Kingdoms continued advancing south, reaching the rivers Guadiana and Guadalquivir in the west and modern-day Murcia in the east.
3) The last remaining kingdom was the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada, occupying parts of Cadiz, Malaga, Granada and Almeria.
Reconquista timeline by centuries and map
The Reconquista began in the 8th century following the Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula. Over several centuries, the Christian kingdoms in the north grew stronger and were able to defeat divided Muslim territories, conquering areas from north to south. A major victory for the Christians occurred at the Battle of Navas de Tolosa in 1212. The final stage saw the marriage of Fernando II of Aragon and Isabella II of Castile, who formed a powerful united kingdom. This enabled them to conquer the last remaining Muslim kingdom of Granada in 1492, completing the Reconquista.
Al-Andalus & Christian Kingdoms 2ºA
The early history of Al-Andalus
By the 8th century, Muslims had expanded beyond Arabia and controlled North Africa. In 711, they crossed into the Iberian Peninsula, defeating the Visigoth King Roderic. They occupied most of the peninsula but not the mountainous regions. The Muslims called their new territory Al-Andalus, with its capital at Córdoba, dependent on the Umayyad caliphate. Over time Al-Andalus fragmented into taifa states and the Christian kingdoms grew in strength, gradually reconquering Muslim lands.
Unit 4 (part 2): The Creation of the Christian Kingdoms
1) The Kingdom of Asturias originated from Don Pelayo defeating the Muslims in 722 at the Battle of Covadonga and establishing himself as a local leader. Over time, the Kingdom expanded and its capital was moved to Leon, becoming the Kingdom of Leon.
2) The Kingdom of Leon originated from the expanded former Kingdom of Asturias. Castile began as a county vassal to Leon, located in the east defending it from Muslim attacks. In the 10th century, the Count of Castile gained independence.
3) The County of Castile gained independence in the 10th century after originally being a vassal county of the Kingdom of Leon, located in the east defending it
Unit 5 the Christian Kingdoms
This document provides an overview of the Christian kingdoms that emerged in the Iberian Peninsula following the Muslim invasion in 711 AD. It discusses the formation of several kingdoms like Asturias, León, Castile, Navarre, Aragon and Portugal in the north. It also describes the expansion of these kingdoms southward as the Caliphate of Córdoba declined, culminating in the decisive Christian victory over the Almohads at the Battle of Navas de Tolosa in 1212. Additionally, it covers the economy, society and three-culture coexistence in the important city of Toledo during this period.
The Late Middle Ages in Europe and the Iberian Peninsula: the 15th century
The Late Middle Ages in Europe and the Iberian Peninsula: the 15th centuryMaría Jesús Campos Fernández
Created by María Jesús Campos Fernández, Geography and History teacher at a bilingual section in Madrid (Spain)Jaime i de aragón
James I of Aragon was born in 1208 in Montpellier, France. He had a difficult childhood and lived with Simon of Montfort until becoming an adult in 1218. He went on to conquer several territories including Valencia, Murcia, Mallorca, Menorca, Ibiza, and Formentera, expanding the Crown of Aragon. He wrote an autobiography called "Book of Deeds" chronicling his life and conquests. James I played an important role in developing Catalan trade and maritime power and establishing new laws and administration for his expanding kingdom.
The Catholic Monarchs: domestic and foreing policy.
The Catholic Monarchs, Queen Isabella I of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon, united their kingdoms through marriage in 1469. They completed the Reconquista of the Iberian Peninsula with the conquest of Granada in 1492 and established the Spanish Inquisition to enforce religious unity. They also sponsored Christopher Columbus' expedition in 1492, establishing Spain's empire in the Americas.
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Al-Andalus & The Christian Kingdoms. 2 º ESO Best Compilation
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Unit 5 - The Iberian peninsula between the 13th and 15th centuries
Unit 5 - The Iberian peninsula between the 13th and 15th centuries
Unit 5: Rebirth of Cities - Section 2 - Christian Kingdoms
Unit 5: Rebirth of Cities - Section 2 - Christian Kingdoms
Unit 4 (part 2): The Creation of the Christian Kingdoms
Unit 4 (part 2): The Creation of the Christian Kingdoms
The Late Middle Ages in Europe and the Iberian Peninsula: the 15th century
The Late Middle Ages in Europe and the Iberian Peninsula: the 15th century
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Here are the answers:
Muslims are followers of Islam. Arabs are people whose native language is Arabic. They traditionally inhabit the Arab world stretching from North Africa to Western Asia. Maghribians are people from the Maghreb region of North Africa, west of Egypt. Moors were the Muslim inhabitants of the Maghreb and Al-Andalus (Iberian Peninsula) between the 8th and 15th centuries AD.
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inQuba Webinar Mastering Customer Journey Management with Dr Graham Hill
The spanish march
- 1. From The Spanish March to Pyrenean kingdoms and Counties The Aragonese counties . In 922 Aragón came In the9th Century , the Carolingian Empire dissolved under the rule of the kingdom of Navarra . . Three different independent regions were formed , The family of Count Aznar Galindo achieved one of them was Catalan counties . independence after the death of Sancho III
- 2. Oriental kingdoms The Kingdom of Navarra, From 10th century , the Jimena Dinasty ruled in Navarra and extended their influence to La Rioja and The Catalan counties , The Carolingians Alava , Sancho III the Great became the dominated Catalan Pyrenees long time . most powerful Christian King in the Peninsula, In 874 Wilfredo el Hairy(Velloso) united but when he dead the Kingdom broke up the Catalan Counties